Martens suna da jiki mai santsi, wanda tsawonsa akan matsakaici ya kai 50-80 cm. Wutsiya mara nauyi shine 34-44 cm. Weight - daga 0.5 zuwa 5.7 kg. Maza sun fi mata yawa.
Jawo daga cikin waɗannan dabbobi suna da kauri, yawancin lokuta launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa mai launi tare da tabo mai haske akan kirji, amma launi ya bambanta dangane da jinsin.
Shafaffu suna da madaidaiciyar paws tare da yatsu biyar waɗanda ke ƙare da dogon zango mai kaifi Lokacin tafiya, sun dogara da yatsunsu.
An nuna maƙarƙashin Marten tare da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan idanu masu duhu.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Tushen abincin Martens shine abincin asalin dabbobi: ƙananan tsuntsaye, beraye, gami da beraye, da ƙwaiƙun tsuntsaye. Wasu dabbobi ma suna farautar ungulates, misali, barewa.
Jinnoni sun kawo hari ba mazaunan gandun daji ba, har ma da wuraren kiwon kaji. Dabbobin zasu iya hawa cikin kajin kaza, su lalata duk abubuwan kwanciya da liyafa a kan qwai.
Martens sun karya kashin baya ga wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suna shan jininsu yayin da suke da rai.
Idan ya cancanta, waɗannan dabbobin za su iya cin samfuran shuka: ƙwaya, berries da sauransu.
Fasalin halayen
Martens dabbobi ne masu lalata, suna son yin kowane irin aikin motsa jiki. Yatsun su ya bunkasa sosai - suna iya sarrafa su bama wani mummunan halin da ya wuce shekaru uku. Martan martens ƙanana suna ciyar da kusan duk lokacinsu a cikin wasanni, suna sa sauti mai ba da hankali.
Tsawon rayuwa na waɗannan dabbobi a cikin daji ya kai shekaru 10, kuma a zaman fursuna - har zuwa 20.
Bayanin Marten
Wannan babbar dabba ce. Gidajen Marten birni ne da ke hade da kuma gandun daji, waɗanda akwai wadatattun tsoffin bishiyoyi masu banƙyama da na bushes. A cikin irin waɗannan wuraren ne Marten zai iya samun abinci da sauƙi ya sami mafaka, wanda yake shirya cikin ramuka mai tsayi.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Marten na iya hawa bishiyoyi da sauri har ma ya tsallake daga wannan reshe zuwa wani, yana amfani da wutsiyarsa mai marmari kamar parachute. Tana yin iyo kuma tana gudana sosai (gami da cikin dusar ƙanƙara, tunda lokacin farin ciki a kan paws ɗin yana hana dabbar ta faɗa cikin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara).
Sakamakon saurinsa, ƙarfinsa da lalata, wannan dabbar kyakkyawar mafarauta ce. Animalsanan dabbobi, tsuntsayen da kuma amintattun mutane suna zama ganima, kuma a cikin neman squirrel, Marten yana da ikon yin manyan tsalle-tsalle tare da rassan bishiyoyi. Marten yakan shagaltar da kukan tsuntsun. Ba wai kawai tsuntsayen ƙasa kawai ke wahala daga hare-hare ba, har ma, da gina mazaunin su, a kan bishiyoyi. Hakanan ya kamata a lura cewa Pine marten yana amfanar mutum ta hanyar daidaita yawan ƙwayoyin dabbobi a mazauninsa.
Menene ma'anar martens?
Waɗannan ƙaddara masu matsakaici ne: tsawon jikin jikin dabbobi, ya dogara da nau'in halittu, daga 30 zuwa 75 cm, tsawon wutsiya shine 12-45 cm, kuma nauyin shine 0.5-6 kg. A duk jinsunan halittar, maza sun fi maza yawa.
Marten yana da jiki mai zazzagewa na matsakaici, furucin sphenoid da kunnuwa masu zagaye, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na takwarorinsu - weasels da trochees. Wutsiya, wacce take aiki a matsayin mai daidaitawa, kuma babban dansandan da ke da dusar ƙwari tare da daskararren dabbobin, suna ba da babbar fa'ida ga waɗannan dabbobin da ke daɗaɗɗu - suna sauƙin tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Hakora, kamar yadda ya cancanci azabtarwa, masu kaifi ne.
A cikin hoto, marten ya nuna hakora.
Jawo marten yayi laushi da kauri, launin ruwan kasa, duhu akan wutsiya da wata gabar jiki. Akwai haske daidai a makogwaro, da wuya baƙar fata.
Bayyanar
Marten yana da riguna mai kyau da kyau, wanda yake silky sosai a cikin hunturu sama da lokacin bazara. Launinsa na iya samun launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa (cakulan, kirji, launin ruwan kasa). Komawar dabbar tana da launin toka-shuɗi mai launi, kuma ɓangarorinta sun fi haske. A kan nono, tabarau mai launin shuɗi mai haske yana bayyane a bayyane, wanda yafi haske a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.
'Ya'yan marten suna da gajeru, tare da yatsu biyar wanda akwai kaifi mai kaifi. Makarfan da aka nuna, tare da gajeren kunnuwa sau uku, pubescent tare da gefuna tare da Jawo fur. Jikin Marten squat ne kuma yana da sikeli mai elongated, kuma girman manya yakai rabin m. Yawan maza sun fi mace yawa kuma ba sa wuce kilo 2.
Me suke ci?
Martens suna ciyar da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, kifi, kwari, da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa. Dukkansu mafarauta ne masu gajiya, suna farauta da bin dukiyar daji, komai makamancin wannan. Suna da kyawawan kwayoyi masu guba kuma suna iya kama tsuntsaye da dabbobin a dama. Don tsira da rashin yiwuwar ciyarwar, dabbobi suna samun abinci mai yawa yayin lokutan da yawa suna da yawa. Sukan kashe duk abin da suke so, wani lokacin ma sun fi abin da za su ci.
Rayuwa
Jiki na dabba kai tsaye yana shafar salon rayuwarsa da halayenta. Marten yana motsawa musamman ta tsalle. Jiki mai santsi, mai santsi a cikin dabbar ya bashi damar motsawa tare da saurin walƙiya a cikin rassan, yana fitowa kawai na biyu a cikin gibin da aka lalata da filayen wuta. Marten ya fi so ya rayu a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi. Tare da taimakon kalamun ta, ta sami damar hawa ko da akan mafi tsananin rauni kuma mafi yawan koshin lafiya.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Wannan dabba mafi yawanci tana zaɓar salon rayuwar rana ne. Yana yawan ciyar da lokaci akan bishiyoyi ko farauta. Yana ƙoƙarin gujewa mutum ta kowane fanni.
Marten kansa a cikin rami mai zurfin tsayi sama da mita 10 ko a rawanin bishiyoyi. An haɗa shi sosai ga shafukan da aka fi so kuma baya barin su har ma da wasu rashin abinci. Duk da irin wannan yanayin rayuwa, wadannan wakilan dangin marten suna iya yin ƙaura bayan sunadarai, waɗanda wasu lokuta suna yin ƙaura zuwa wurare masu nisa.
Daga cikin yankunan daji inda martens suke rayuwa, ana iya bambance nau'ikan wurare guda biyu: wurare, inda kusan babu su, da kuma "filin farauta", inda suke kusan duk lokacinsu. A cikin lokacin dumi, waɗannan dabbobin suna zaɓar ƙaramin yanki, masu wadataccen abinci kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma suyi ƙoƙarin barin su. A cikin hunturu, ƙarancin abinci yana tura su faɗaɗa ƙasa kuma suna sanya alamomi a kan hanyoyin su.
Marten Amurka
Marten Amurka ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Arewacin Amurka. An dauke shi da dabba ba safai ba. Ba a karanci halayenta ba.
Yana da Jawo mai kauri mai taushi, launinsa wanda a hankali yake canzawa daga launin rawaya mai wuya (a wuyan) zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da jan launi (a wutsiya da kafafu).
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 1.3 kg, jiki - har zuwa 45 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 23 cm.
Yana ciyar da abinci da dama: ƙwayoyin dabbobi, tsuntsayen da ƙwaiyensu, kifi, kwaɗi, kwari, namomin kaza, 'ya'yan itatuwa da sauransu. Zai iya bin ganima cikin kwari.
Gon yana faruwa a watan Yuli da Agusta, bayan watanni 9 ana haihuwar yara uku zuwa huɗu.
Ilka
Ilka (pecan, Pine marten) yana zaune a yankin daji na Arewacin Amurka. Ya fi son gandun daji na coniferous. Yana zaune a cikin zurfin bishiyoyi ko a cikin ramuka (a cikin sanyin sanyi).
Tana da kauri, doguwar fur, mai wuya ga taɓawa. Launin rigar tana da launin ruwan kasa duhu, a kai yana da kayan silve.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 5 kilogiram, tsayin jiki tare da wutsiya - har zuwa 120 cm.
Zaune baya, yana aiki a agogo.
Ana ciyar da shi a kan katako na katako, squirrels, hares, tsuntsaye da sauransu.
Lokacin kiwo shine Fabrairu - Maris. Cutar ciki tana kusan shekara guda, an haifi cuba defensea marasa tsaro waɗanda ke rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu tun yana ɗan wata biyar.
Marten dutse
Marten dutse (farin fararen fata) yana zaune a wani yanki mai girma daga Yankin Iberian zuwa Mongolia. An dauki mafi marten gama gari a Turai. Yana zaune a cikin wani fili a buɗe tare da bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da maɓallin dutse, har ma a cikin tsaunuka. Kamar yadda mafaka yakan zaɓi ɓuɓɓugar duwatsu, tarin duwatsun da baƙon da aka watsar. Iyakar dangin ta ba ta tsoron zama kusa da mutane. Ana iya samunsa a cikin wuraren shakatawa da kuma cikin mahimmancin gine ginen gidaje.
Tafin mayafinta ne, mai zane a launuka masu launin shuɗi, farar fata mai haɓaka a wuyanta. Ba kamar sauran nau'in martens ba, ƙafafun ƙafafunsa ba a rufe da fur.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa kilogram 2.3, jiki - har zuwa 55 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 30 cm.
Yana jagorantar rayuwar dare kaɗai. Kowane mutum yana da nasa yankin. Hawan itatuwa da kyau, amma galibi yana motsawa a ƙasa.
Yana ciyarwa a kan rodents, tsuntsaye, qwai, amphibians, kwari, 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries. Wani lokaci yakan kawo hari akan kaji da tattabarai. Sau da yawa yakan kashe ƙarin tsuntsaye fiye da yadda zai ci.
Lokacin mating yana faduwa ne a watan Yuni da Agusta. Ana haihuwar jarirai uku zuwa huɗu a watan Maris ko Afrilu. Ciki yana da dogon latent - kusan watanni 7.
An lalata martens dutse saboda karewar fur mai inganci, haka kuma saboda lalata su. Baya ga lalata gonakin gona, sun washe igiyoyi da motocin hawa. A wurare da yawa an basu damar farauta.
Pine marten
Pine marten (yellowhead) yana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan Turai da yammacin yankuna na Asiya. Yana zaune a cikin manyan duwatsun bishiyoyi da manya a manyan filaye.
An rufe jikin ta da furfura mai launin shuɗi, launin shuɗi a wuyan.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 1.8 kg, jiki - har zuwa 58 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 28 cm.
Ayyuka suna farawa da fara duhu. Yana tsalle ya hau rassa sosai. Kowane mutum yana da kusanci da yankin sa, wanda ke kare shi daga dangin jinsi daya.
Ya fi son cin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma kuma yana iya cin 'ya'yan itace da kwayoyi. Karshen faduwa yana sanya ajiyar lokacin hunturu.
Sake bugun yana faruwa kamar yadda martens dutse.
Nilgir Harza
Nilgir Harza, wanda aka fi sani da sunan ɗan Kunih, ya na zaune ne a cikin tsaunukan dazuka na wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Indiya.
Jawo gashinsa mai kauri a cikin launi mai launin shuɗi, a kan kirji da wuya akwai tabo mai haske na launin shuɗi-orange.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 2.5 kilogiram, jiki - har zuwa 70 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 45 cm.
Babu cikakken bayani game da halayenta. An san cewa yana zaune akan bishiyoyi, amma farauta a ƙasa, ƙari, da rana. Yana ciyarwa a kan mice, squirrels na Indiya, saka idanu masu amo, gwari da kwari.
Sable
Sable ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsibirin Rasha da kuma tsibirin Hokkaido. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yana zaune a cikin matsanancin kusa da duniya.
Launin rigar sa ya sha bamban daga kusan baki zuwa launin shuɗi.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 1.5 kilogiram, jiki - har zuwa 56 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 20 cm.
An dauki shi da dabba mai ƙazanta da ƙarfi. Samun sha'awar sauraro da wari. Ya hau sosai, yana motsawa a ƙasa yana tsalle. Yana farauta a sanyin safiya, maraice da dare.
Yana ciyarwa akasari akan voles, squirrels da hares, kuma yana iya kai farmaki grouse da capercaillie. Har ila yau, yana son cinn itacen Pine da berries.
Mating - a watan Yuni-Yuli, an haifi threea threean uku zuwa hudu bayan kwana 290.
Sakamakon furcin kyawawa mai mahimmanci, mai mahimmanci, da ake kira "zinari mai laushi", sable suttura ana aiwatar da shi sosai. Bugu da ƙari, an girma cikin yanayin wucin gadi.
Harza
Wannan wakilin dangin Kunih ba sabon abu bane a launi wanda mutane da yawa ke rarrabe wannan dabba a matsayin jinsin masu zaman kanta. Kharza babban dabba ne. Tsawon jikin mutum (tare da wutsiya) wani lokacin ya wuce mita ɗaya, kuma nauyin samfuran mutum zai iya zama kilo 6. Mayafin yana da kyawawan sheen. Tana cin zarafi musamman akan squirrels, sables, chipmunks, karnukan karnukan rakoni, hares, tsuntsayen da jijiyoyi. Zaku iya bambanta abincin saboda kwari ko kwaro. An taɓa samun lokuta na kai hari na ƙarar charza akan ƙwayoyin muzuru, barewa, da ciyawar daji. Hakanan ta ci kwayoyi, berries da zuma daji.
Saban Jafananci
Sable na Jafananci ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji na Japan da Koriya. Yana zaune a cikin burrows da bishiyoyi.
Launin furcinsa launin ruwan kasa (daga launin shuɗi zuwa duhu). Akwai tabo mai haske a bayan kai.
Sigogi: nauyi - har zuwa 1.6 kilogiram, jiki - har zuwa 54 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 23 cm.
Yana jagoranci rayuwar rayuwar mutum ba Kowace dabba tana da kaidi nasa.
Yana ciyarwa akan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwari, tsuntsaye, 'ya'yan itace, da kuma' ya'yan itace.
Gon - a cikin bazara, a ƙarshen lokacin bazara har ya zuwa ƙanana biyar.
An ƙare saboda fur. Ana kiyaye wasu ƙananan hanyoyin.
Nawa ne Marten rayuwa?
A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, rayuwar Marten zata iya kaiwa shekaru 15, amma a cikin daji suna rayuwa da karancin rayuwa. Wannan dabba tana da gwanaye da yawa dangane da samar da abinci - duk matsakaici da manyan mazauna gandun daji. Koyaya, babu abokan gaba da ke haifar da mummunar barazana ga al'umar Marten a yanayi.
A wasu yankuna, adadin dabbobin sun dogara da ambaliyar ruwan bazara (a lokacin da wani sashi mai girma na rodents, wanda shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan abinci na martens, ya mutu) da lalata kullun (lalata tsohuwar gandun daji na ƙarshe zai haifar da cikakkiyar ɓacewar waɗannan dabbobin).
Habitat, mazauni
Rayuwar Marten tana da alaƙa da kurmi. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana iya samun shi a cikin spruce, Pine ko wasu gandun daji coniferous. A cikin yankin arewacin mazaunun, wannan shine tsiro ko kuma fir, kuma a yankuna na kudu, gurnani ko gandun daji gauraye.
Don zama na dindindin, sai ta zaɓi gandun daji masu wadataccen iska, tsofaffin bishiyoyi, manyan gefuna, kazalika da yalwataccen bayyani tare da ƙaramin underanƙara.
Marten na iya kasancewa cikin ƙauna tare da filayen da gandun daji inda suke zama a kwarin manyan koguna da koguna. Wasu nau'ikan wannan dabbar suna son ƙauyukan dutse da masu ajiye dutse. Yawancin waɗannan wakilan marten suna ƙoƙarin guje wa mazaunin ɗan adam. Banda shi ne marten dutse, wanda zai iya tsayawa kai tsaye kusa da matsugun mutane.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Ba kamar sauran membobin dangi ba, misali, sables (zaune kawai a Siberiya), ana rarraba marten kusan a duk yankin Turai, har zuwa tsaunin Ural da kuma Kogin Ob.
Abincin Marten
Sharin dabbobi dabbobi ne masu iko, amma manyan abubuwan da suke nema shine kananan dabbobi (squirrels, mice filin). Sukan farautar beraye, wadanda yawancin kuliyoyi suke kokarin gujewa saboda girman su. Suna iya lalata gidan tsuntsayen su, kuma suna cin ganyayyaki a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe da 'yan dabbobi. Wasu lokuta sukan kyale kansu su ci abinci. A cikin lokacin dumi, martens sun sake dawo da kansu tare da 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, berries, musamman ash.
A ƙarshen bazara kuma a ko'ina cikin kaka, martens suna yin hannun jari wanda zai taimake su tsira lokacin hunturu. Abincin da ake amfani da shi daga marten ya dogara da tsawon lokacin sanyi, mazaunin, wanda ya dace da yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi, tsuntsaye da tsirrai. Kodayake dabba tana motsawa daidai tare da rassan bishiyoyi, yafi ciyar da ƙasa. A cikin tsiri ta arewaci da tsakiyar Rasha, babban abincin shine sunadarai, baƙar fata, ƙyallen hazel, partridge, ƙwayayensu da kajin.
A Marten dutse ne rigakafi ga kwari da ƙudan zuma da wasps, don haka Martens wani lokacin hari apiaries ko ci zuma daga daji ƙudan zuma. Lokaci-lokaci sukan hau zuwa matattarar kaji ko wasu gidaje. Tsoro na tsuntsu mai firgita ya farkar da tunanin magabatan mutum a cikinsu, wanda ke haifar musu da kashe duk wani abinda ya mallaka, har ma da abinda basu iya ci ba.
Kiwo da zuriya
Yawan martens ba ya canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, saboda yanayin girman dabba. Rashin abinci guda, wannan dabbar tana iya maye gurbin wani. Increasearuwa ko raguwa a yawan jama'arsu na faruwa ne saboda wuce haddi ko rashi abinci na shekaru da yawa a jere, amma, irin waɗannan canje-canje suna da wuya. Strongerarfi da yawa a kan adadin martens a cikin wani yanki yana shafar kamun kifin mutum a kan wannan dabbar da ke ɗauke da dabba.
Martens sun kai ga balaga bayan shekaru uku na rayuwa. Lokacin mating yana farawa a ƙarshen bazara. Matar tana ɗaukar yarinyar tsawon watanni 7-9. Irin waɗannan dogayen lokuta suna da alaƙa da kasancewar lokacin haila a cikin tayi, wanda zai sake farawa ne kawai a lokacin bazara.
Nan da nan, 'yan biyu zuwa 8 sun bayyana a mace. An haife su tsirara da makafi (hangen nesa yana bayyana ne kawai bayan wata daya) kuma basu cika nauyin 30 ba.Bayan wani kankanin lokaci, hakoransu suka bushe sannan uwa ta fara basu abincin dabbobi. Martens matasa sun fara tsalle da hawa bishiyoyi a cikin watanni 3-4, kuma a cikin rabin shekara don farauta da kansu. Daga lokacin da ya kai watanni biyu, mace na fara zama mara nauyi a cikin nauyi daga maza kuma yana kula da wannan bambancin a rayuwa.
Zuwa lokacin hunturu, sun kai girman dabbobin da suka girma, kuma tsintsiyar ta karye. Da farko, kananan dabbobi suna farauta a wurin masu juna biyu, daga nan suka fara kware a wuraren da ba a rufe su ba, wadanda suke da muni sosai kuma suna da karancin mafaka fiye da wadanda suka bunkasa. Don haka, a farkon kamun kifi, su ne ke yin babban adadin farautar farauta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Yana zaune yawancin Eurasia. Wurin zama ya yadu daga Pyrenees zuwa Himalayas. Yalwa ko'ina cikin ƙasa yana da matuƙar girma kuma an yarda da marten ya yi farauta. A wasu jihohin Arewacin Amurka, an gabatar da martani ta musamman kuma an yi bita don farauta.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Marten wakili ne na babban gidan Marten. Ita dabba ce mai matukar amfani, kuma tana da tsananin farin ciki mai danshi ko kuma ja mai launin shuɗi.
Marten
Marten - Dabba mai shayarwa ce na matsakaiciyar matsakaici, tana da kyakkyawan jiki da babban wutsiya. Wakilan dangin Kunih kyawawan mafarauta ne wadanda suka inganta kwazon motsi, gami da tsummoki da kaifi wadanda zasu iya haifar da yadin jikin mutane.
Manya suna yin wasan motsa jiki, wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20, kuma thean wasan suna wasa kullun, suna yin ɗumi.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Tambayar asalin Martens mai rikitarwa ce mai wuyar ganewa. Don yin wannan, Dole ne in gudanar da cikakken bincike, tare da yanke hukunci game da mallakar dukkan nau'in halittu masu rai:
- Sable.
- Marten daji
- Marten dutse.
- Ussuri marten (harza).
- Kidus (cakuda sable da Pine marten).
Wadannan nau'ikan suna cikin kwayoyin halittar halittar dangi kuma kusanci ne na halittar halittar halittar halittar halittattun abubuwa, weasels, rodents, Wolverines, ferrets, dressings, badgers, har ma teku da otters. Wadannan dabbobin suna dacewa sosai ga rayuwa akan duk nahiyoyin da mutane ke rayuwa cikin 'yanci. Kuna iya haɗuwa da su a cikin Taiga, Turai, Afirka, Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, kuma tabbas ko'ina.
Sun fito ne daga magabata na gama gari wanda wataƙila sun rayu shekaru miliyan 35 da suka gabata. Dabbobin da ke sama suna cikin dangin Marten kuma suna da alaƙa ta dangi tare da karnukan karnuka, raccoon, bear da kuli. Zai yi wuya a iya tunanin, amma da gaske sun yi daidai, saboda suna wakiltar ɗaukar makircin.
Mysterarin banmamaki shine myacid na magabata na yau da kullun, wanda ya zauna duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata! Ana tsammanin cewa shine babban magabatan duk sanannun halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ya kasance karami, mai sassauƙa, mai dogon wutsiya da babban kwakwalwa, wanda ke nuna ingantaccen hankali a lokacin. Bayan shekaru miliyan 15, wasu wakilai sun fara samun sifofin martens, daga wannan lokacin labarinsu ya fara.
Ina marten yake?
Hoto: Marten
Za a iya samun kwalin Marten a Turai, arewacin Asiya da Caucasus. A ƙasa yana zaune a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi na Urals da Western Siber. Wasu lokuta ana iya samo shi a cikin wuraren shakatawa na birni na Moscow: Tsaritsyno da Vorobyovy Gory. A hankali, a hankali ana iya fitar da shi daga kogin Ob, a farko an samo shi can da wadataccen adadin.
Sable ya mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi: Siberiya, arewa maso gabashin Sin, Korea, arewacin Japan, Mongolia, wani ɓangaren Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ba kamar itacen maraba, ya fi son yin gudu a ƙasa maimakon hawa bishiyoyi, yana ƙaunar zama a cikin daji fiye da daji. Wadannan dabbobin marasa galihu ba sa canza mazaunin su, kawai a lokuta masu tsauri: gobara, rashin abinci ko maƙarƙashiyar masu farauta.
Kidas, a matsayin magajin ga mahalli na marten da sable, yana zaune ne a kusa da shigawar waɗannan mutane masu lalata. A cewar shaidun gani da ido, ana samunsa mafi yawan lokuta a cikin kwarin kogin Pechora, a cikin Trans-Urals, Urals da arewacin Urals. Kamar sable, yana son zama duniya.
Marten Pine, ba kamar danginsa ba, yana son yanayi mai zafi kuma yana zaune a kudu. Gidajen ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin Eurasia kuma sun haɗu daga Pyrenees zuwa ga Mongolian steppe da kuma Himalayan. Yana ƙaunar yankin mai amfani da tsire-tsire masu yawa. Wasu alumomin suna jin daɗin tsawan mita 4000, wanda saboda sunan su.
Harza ya fi son yanayin yanayi mai zafi kuma yana zaune a kudu har sama da Pine marten. Ya yi yawa sosai a gabar ruwan Hindustan, filayen Sinawa da tsibirai. An samo shi a cikin Malesiya, kazalika da Yankin Amur, Yankin Primorsky da Khabarovsk. Wasu mazauna yankin Amur wani lokacin ma suna haɗuwa da charza, amma ƙasa da kullun.
Me Marten yake ci?
Hoto: Marten
Martens gandun daji ne omnivores. Sukan farauta, musamman a dare, don squirrels, hares, voles, tsuntsaye da qwai. Wani lokaci ku ci katantanwa, kwaɗi, kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wuraren shakatawa na birni suna yin yaƙi a cikin berayen ruwa da muskrats. A cikin kaka, ku more 'ya'yan itace, ƙwayaye da berries. Kama kifi da ƙananan kwari. Wani lokaci shinge. A ƙarshen bazara da farkon kaka, yana samarwa abinci don hunturu.
Sable, kamar sa Kidas, shima yana kiyaye gandun daji. Amma, ba kamar martaba na itacen pine ba, yana ba da fifiko ga farauta a ƙasa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa chipmunks da moles sun fi rinjaye a cikin abincin. Manyan maza sun sami damar kashe zomaye. Daga cikin tsuntsayen, farauta suna yin nasara akan kangulu, rabe-raben gado da filato-dama - damar da zasu rayu idan sun sadu ba komai bane.
Neman farawa ya zama mai ban sha'awa - wanda ake azabtarwa yana bi shi a cikin bishiyoyin, lokaci-lokaci tsalle daga tsayi mita 7.
Hakanan ana haihuwar dutse masu farauta, tare da kyakkyawan gani, ji da kamshi. Godiya ga wanda suka sami damar bin diddigin kowane dabbar da alama ba ta kasance a gare su. Sun banbanta da wakilan mutanen Kunih da suka gabata ta ƙarfin hali da zalunci: sun shiga cikin pige tare da dafaffen kaza, inda suke lalata duk abin da ake ci.
Harza shine mafarauci mafi karfi na dangi. Yana gudana da sauri kuma yayi tsalle zuwa nesa na mita 4. Tana birgima a kan rodents, tsuntsaye kuma baya ma raina ciyayi. Sau da yawa ana bin abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Ana cin 'ya'yan itace da berries a cikin adadi kaɗan don kula da isasshen matakin bitamin a jiki. An fi so a ci abinci a kan barewar musk.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Dabbobin Marten
Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, manoman pine suna cinye yawancin rayuwarsu akan bishiyoyi. Suna tafiya da kyau tare da su, suna tsalle a nesa na mita 4. Mata da maza suna da yankinsu, wanda zai iya kutsawa cikin juna, a inda suke yin gini ko amfani da mafaka na murabba'ai ko tsuntsayen. Don gano asirin ƙasarsu, suna amfani da asirin glandon da yake ɓoye. Suna barci da rana, farauta da dare.
Babban fasali na sable: haɓaka ji da ji da ƙanshi. Mai ikon yin tafiya mai nisa, wanda ke nuna kyakkyawan ƙarfin hali. Katin kiran Sable hanya ce mai ban sha'awa don sadarwa. Mafi yawan lokuta, suna taushi a hankali, idan kuna buƙatar faɗakarwa game da haɗarin - suna birgima, kuma yayin wasannin cin nasara game da ƙauna.
Rayuwar Kidas ya dogara da ƙwayoyin halittar da mahaifan sa suka ba shi: gamsarda marten ko sable, da kuma menene matsayin su ga tarbiyyar. Wannan dabba ce mai matukar ban mamaki, dabba da karancin karatu, wanda a wani matashi za a iya samu tare da wakilai daban-daban na dangin Marten: sable da Pine marten.
Martens dutse farauta da dare, amma da rana suna barci cikin tara duwatsun da fasa dutse, ba a kan bishiyoyi, kamar itatuwan daji. Wannan nau'in yana kusanci da mutane saboda akasari akasari ana amfani dasu azaman mafaka da ganima akan kaji da tattabarai waɗanda manoma suka gina. A waje da lokacin mating, suna tafiyar da rayuwar rance, ba sa son yin ma'amala da irin nasu.
Kharza ya fito fili yana neman farauta a cikin fakitin kuma dabba ce ta zamantakewa mai adalci. Bugu da kari, tana da matukar karfi da ikon iya jure da kwatankwacin babban dabbar, alal misali, deer ko boar daji. Yayin kokarin wanda aka kashe, ya takaita sosai, yana ratsa shingen dusar kankara tare da rassa. A karkashin dusar ƙanƙara ba ya faɗuwa, saboda tana da kafafu masu yawa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Gasar martens yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon watan Agusta. Ciki yakan kai kimanin watanni 9, kuma ana haihuwar 'ya'yan a cikin bazara daga mutum 3 zuwa 5. Da farko, mace tana cikin rami tare da daddaɗa kullun, bayan wata ɗaya da rabi sun fara ciyar da nama, lokacin da aka yanke haƙoran madara, bayan wata guda suna hawa bishiyoyi.
A cikin sables, lokacin mating daidai yake, amma yawanci ana haife jarirai 2-3. Maza suna da matukar fa'ida ga dangi kuma kar su bar mace bayan haihuwar zuriyarsu, suna kare yankin da samun abinci. Sabanan sabulu suna ciyar da madara har tsawon watanni biyu, kuma bayan shekara biyu sukan fara dangi da kansu.
Yaran yara dangane da samar da iyalai sun gaza. Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon hana haihuwa, maza sun rasa ikon haihuwa. A cikin garken, kamar charzas, su ma ba sa ɓatarwa, saboda haka ana kiransu ma'abuta ɗabi'a.
Martens dutse tare da tsarin zamantakewa suna kama da na daji. Dangantaka tsakanin mace da namiji an gina ta a dai-dai, wucewar ciki da kuma yayan. A matsakaici, suna zaune a cikin daji tsawon shekaru 3, mafi sa'a ko nasara - har zuwa 10. A cikin bauta, yawanci suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 18.
Arsarshe, duk da yawan ayyukan haɗin gwiwar da suke yi, da sauri sun rabu bayan mating. Tare da mahaifiyar, zuriya suna zaune har zuwa na gaba, sannan kuma ya bar ta. Amma galibi 'yan'uwa maza da mata suna manne wa juna, wanda yake taimaka musu su rayu cikin yanayi mai wahala. Idan mutane suka sami 'yanci, sai su rabu.
Abokan gaba na Marten
Hoto: Marten tsalle
Komai girman marten gandun daji iri-iri, a cikin daji kowane majibinci yana da nasa ƙaddara. Abokan haɗari sune shaho da gaggafa na zinare - ba za a iya ceta ba a cikin yanayin halitta, wato a kan bishiyoyi. A dare, yayin farauta, akwai haɗarin gaske na zama ganima ta gaggafa. Kuma a ƙasa, foxes, Wolves da lynxes suna jira. Mafi yawan lokuta suna kai hari martens ba saboda abinci ba, amma ta hanyar cire mai gasa.
Sable zai iya kama beyar, kyarkeci da dawakai. Amma sun yi nasara musamman da wuya. Haƙiƙar haɗari ya fito ne daga wakilin shahidai - harza. Hakanan, in ya yiwu, na iya kai hari da mikiya ko mikiya da fari. Masu gasa sun kasance ermines, capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, jarkoki da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cin berries wanda ke ci a kan sable.
Martens dutse ba su da abokan gaba masu haɗari musamman. Wani lokacin Wolverines, dawakai, damisa ko kyarketai suna farauto su, amma bin irin wannan dabba da sauri yana da matsala. Problemsarin matsaloli na iya tasowa tare da tsuntsaye: gaggafa na zinariya, gaggafa, shaho kuma yawancin mujiya.
Kharza babbar inji ce ta kisa wacce za ta iya tsayayya da masu farauta, daga abin da sauran wakilan wakilan za su fi son tserewa. Kuma waɗanda suke da ikon kama shi da gaske ba sa yin hakan saboda takamaiman ƙanshin nama, wanda da gaske abin cutarwa ne. Amma bears-beas da bears kuma damisa suna kashe waɗannan dabbobi.
Martens
Marten dabba ce mai tsinkaye, wanda aka kwatanta shi azaman mai sauri da wayo, mai iya motsawa ba tare da wahala ba ƙarƙashin yanayin manyan matsalolin masu yawa. Bugu da kari, marten sauƙin ya hau dogayen bishiyoyi kuma yana yin yawo da hankali tare da rassan su. Ana ɗaukarsa dabba mai mahimmanci saboda kasancewar kyakkyawan fur da dumi, wanda aka bambanta shi da launi mai launin shuɗi.
Halayya da salon rayuwa
Siffar jikin mutum, harma da guntun kafafu, suna nuna cewa mafarautan yana motsawa tare da taimakon jijiyoyin halayyar, wanda ke shafar rayuwar dabbar. Bugu da ƙari, jiki mai sassauƙa da siririn yana nuna cewa dabbar tana jin daɗin girma a kambi na bishiyoyi daban-daban, cikin sauri kuma tana tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Marten yana jin daɗin jin daɗinsa zuwa tsawo, tun lokacin da maƙalari masu kaifi suka ƙyale shi ya zauna a kan mafi faffadar shimfidar wurare.
Batu mai mahimmanci! Ya fi son ya jagoranci rayuwar yau da kullun, yana motsawa cikin rawanin bishi don neman abinci. Yana tsoron mutum kuma koyaushe yana ƙoƙarin gujewa wannan haɗuwa.
Za a iya samun gidan da marten yake a tsayi aƙalla akalla mita 10, kuma saboda wannan yana iya amfani da rami na tsohuwar bishiya ko kuma kambin itace. Wannan mafarautan da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa sosai kuma ya bar ta a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe. Gaskiya ne ainihin lokacin ƙaurawar murabba'i, lokacin da martens ya bi su, bar yankuna da ke zaune.
Akwai abubuwan da ake kira takaddun gandun daji, waɗanda ba kasafai ake samun alamar martaba, kuma abin da ake kira “filayen farauta”, wanda ɗanɗano ke cinye kusan duk lokacinta. A lokacin rani, “filayen farauta” na iya kunkuntar idan akwai isasshen abinci. A cikin hunturu, akasin haka, yankin yana faɗaɗawa sosai saboda karancin abinci.
Mahalli na zahiri
Marten da gandun daji tunani ne da ba za a iya raba su ba, tunda wannan dabbar ta fi son zama a cikin wuraren dazuzzukan daji. Zai iya zama tsiro, bishiya ko gandun daji gauraye, ba tare da la'akari da wurin zama ba - arewaci ko kudanci.
Don abubuwan rayuwarsu, dangi yana zaɓar maɓuɓɓuka tare da ɗimbin bishiyoyin da suka faɗi, da kuma bishiyoyi masu tsayi. Bugu da kari, kasancewar farin ciki da saurayi mai zurfi na da matukar muhimmanci.
Hakanan ana samun Marten a cikin ɗakin kwana, kuma a cikin tsaunuka, a gaban ciyayi. Hakanan ana iya samun ta cikin kwarin manyan koguna da koguna. Wasu nau'in sun fi so su zauna a tsakanin duwatsu da masu ajiye dutse. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawancin membobin wannan dangi suna guje wa kasancewar mutane. Wani banbanci ga dokar shine marten dutse, wanda za'a iya samun shi kusa da gidan mutum.
Lokaci mai ban sha'awa! Ga Marten, halayyar ce ta yadu akan yawancin Yuro-Asiya, ba kamar wasu wakilan dangin “marten” ba.
Tyra
Tyra yana da kusanci ga martens, amma ya kasance ga wani nau'in halittar jini (Eira). Ya bambanta da girma girma, ƙarancin jikin mutum, bsarfin ƙafafu. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na Amurka daga Mexico zuwa Argentina da kuma tsibirin na Trinidad.
Tyra yana cin tsuntsaye, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, yawanci suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar filayen banana.
Sable na Amurka
Yana zaune yankuna na Arewacin Amurka.
Wannan nau'in yana kama da girmansa zuwa sable na Jafananci. Launi ya bambanta daga zinari zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Mau kirim ya sanyata tabo.
Fasali da mazaunin Pine Marten
Yankin daji na Eurasia gabaɗaya yake da wakilai na wannan nau'in. Martens suna rayuwa cikin gandun daji a kan babban yanki. Ana samun su a wurare daga Great Britain kuma suna ƙare tare da yammacin Siberia, Caucasus da tsibiran Rum, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran da Asia Minarami.
Dabba ya fi son yanayin dazuzzuka da daɗaɗɗu, ba ƙasa da conifers. Ba da daɗewa ba, a wani lokacin marten yakan hau tuddai a tsaunuka, amma a cikin wuraren kawai akwai bishiyoyi.
Dabba ya fi son wuraren da bishiyoyi tare da wuraren shakatawa. A cikin bude yanki na iya fita kawai don farauta. Maƙasudin duwatsu don marten wuri ne wanda bai dace ba; ta nisanta kanta.
Babu wani tsayayyen mazauni a cikin jaririn rawaya. Ta nemi mafaka a cikin tsawan mita 6, a cikin huɗaɗɗun kwari, da kantuna, da ɓarna. A irin wadannan wuraren, dabbar tana tsayawa na hutawa na kwana ɗaya.
Da isowar magariba, maƙiyin ya fara farauta, bayan ya nemi mafaka a wani wuri. Amma tare da farko na tsananin sanyi, yanayin rayuwarta na iya canza ɗan ɗan lokaci, marten na dogon lokaci yana zaune a cikin tsari, cin abinci ne wanda aka tanada. Pine marten yana ƙoƙarin sasantawa daga mutane.
Hotunan Marten tilasta mata kallon ta da tausayawa da wasu muradin sha'awar shan dabba a hannunsa da bugun jini. Da yawan samun masu farauta don ƙarancin waɗannan dabbobin da ƙaramin gandun daji tare da yanayi mai kyau na Marten, zai zama mafi wahala ga rayuwarsu da kuma kiwo. Marten a Rasha har yanzu an dauki muhimmin nau'in kasuwanci saboda ƙimar furcinsa.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Pine marten fi son zama da kuma farauta itatuwa fiye da kowane sauran wakilan da irin. Tana iya hawa kwandonsu cikin sauki. Kayanta yana taimaka mata ta jimre da wannan, yana aiki a matsayin marten, ƙafafun mota, wani lokacin parachute, godiya ga dabba dabba tayi ƙasa ba tare da wani sakamako ba.
The fi na Marten itatuwa ne da cikakken ba mai ban tsoro, yana sauƙin motsa daga wannan reshe zuwa wani kuma zai iya tsalle mita hudu. A ƙasa, ita ma ta tsalle. Yana iya wasan ninkaya da fasaha, amma ba wuya.
A cikin hoto wani katon marten a cikin rami
Wannan dabba ce mai ƙazanta da sauri. Tana iya rufe nesa da sauri. Hankalinta game da wari, hangen nesa da sauraranta sun kasance a matakin farko, wanda ke taimakawa da yawa cikin zafi. Ta yanayinsa, dabba ce mai ban dariya da ban sha'awa. Tsakanin kansu, martens suna sadarwa tare da purrs da girma, kuma sautuna masu kama da twitter sun fito ne daga jarirai.
Kiwo da rayuwa irin na Martine
A lokacin rani, waɗannan dabbobin sun fara farawa. Ma'aurata namiji ɗaya tare da mace ɗaya ko biyu. A cikin hunturu, Martens sau da yawa suna da tseren gudu. A wannan lokacin, suna nuna hali marasa ƙarfi, suna zama kamar yaƙi da ɗaukar hoto, amma dabbar ta hanyar canjin ba ta faruwa.
Haihuwar mace ta kasance tsawon kwanaki 236-274. Kafin ta haihu, sai ta kula da matsuguni kuma ta zauna can har jariran su bayyana. 'Ya'yan 3-8 suna haihuwa. Dukda cewa an lullube su da karamar fur, yaran ba makaho ne da kurma.
Hoto na samari mai hoto
Jin kuma sun yanke ne kawai a rana ta 23, kuma idanun suka fara gani a rana ta 28. Mace na iya barin jariran na tsawon lokacin farauta. Idan akwai yiwuwar hatsari, sai ta kai su wani wuri mafi aminci.
Lokacin da ya kai watanni hudu, dabbobi za su iya rayuwa da kansu, amma na ɗan lokaci suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarsu. Marten yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10, kuma a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi, tsammanin rayuwarsa kusan shekaru 15 ne.
Habitat
Yankunan rarraba suna da faɗi sosai. Marten yana raye a kusan dukkanin ƙasar daji da tuddai suna tare da ciyayi mai yawa, inda yanayi mai sanyi ko sanyi yake. Yankin da aka fi so shine yanki mai fadi, yanki mai rikitarwa ko gauraye tare da bishiyoyin da aka watsar da gefuna. Dabbobi suna rayuwa bisa ga sifofinsu:
- Pine marten fi son Pine, coniferous da kuma cakuda gandun daji na Turai da arewacin Asia, ya zaɓi massifs daga Yammacin Siberiya zuwa tsibirin Baltic, shi ma yana zaune a cikin Caucasus da kuma a kudu na Rum,
- Ana samun dutse mai dutse a cikin tsaunin dutse kusan a cikin Eurasia, tun daga Himalayas har zuwa Iberian Peninsula, an kuma zauna cikin wucin gadi a cikin jihar Wiscontin (Amurka),
- Kharza tana zaune a cikin lardunan Ussuri da Amur na Rasha, gabas da kudu na Sin, tsaunukan Himalayan da gabashin Asiya,
- Ameriki dan Amurka yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka, ya mamaye gandun daji daga jihar New Mexico zuwa arewacin Alaska,
- Nilgir marten yana zaune a duwatsun Nilgiriya, a cikin tsaunin tsaunin yammacin Ghats - wannan nau'in kawai za'a iya samu a kudancin Indiya,
- hoto na zaune a gabas, yamma, da kuma tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka, ciki har da a cikin tsaunukan California a kan iyakokin West Virginia.
Sable na Jafananci wani nau'in halittar yara ne mai wuya, kuma yana zaune a cikin adadi kaɗan a tsibirin Jafananci (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), da kuma a Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu.
Tsawon rayuwa
A zaman talala, marten ya dauki tushe ba tare da bata lokaci ba kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban - ko dai ya zama cikin gida, ko kuma yana da m. Tare da kyakkyawan sakamako, ta sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15 ko fiye. A cikin yanayin halitta, mai ƙaddara mai mahimmanci zai iya rayuwa shekaru 11-13, amma a zahiri da wuya ya kai ga wannan zamanin. Dabbar tana da rauni zuwa kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da mutuwarta.
Hakanan a cikin daji, sauran nau'in mazaunan gandun daji suna gani a cikin marten da mai yin gasa, da kuma abincin rana mai yiwuwa. Abokan gabadaya waɗanda suke aiki su ne dawakai, lynx da kyarkeci, da kuma tsuntsayen da ke lalata daji - muguwar gaggafa, mikiya da gwal.
Amma babban laifin a cikin kisan dabba shine mutum. Jawo Jawo koyaushe yana da tsada. Ko da a cikin nau'ikan da ke yaduwa, kamar su Marten dutse ko kifin kifi, ba a taɓa samun sauki ba
Marten farauta
Marten dabba ce mai darajar kasuwanci. Lokacin farauta yana farawa a watan Nuwamba kuma yana ƙarewa har zuwa Maris, yayin da furcin dabbar yana da kauri da ƙoshin lafiya. A cikin bazara, fatar jiki ta gaza kuma ta zama saniya, sannan kuma maharbi ya lalace kawai a matsayin kwaro (yawanci dutse marten, wanda ke fusata manoma). Mafi yawan lokuta martons suna kama su da tarko da jirgin sama.
Nilgir Harza da Jafananci Sable na doka ne ke ba da kariya. Marten farauta duk wadannan fitattun wakilan jinsin Kunih haramun ne. Sauran masu ƙaddara za su iya yin farauta idan akwai lasisi na lokaci guda, farashin abin da ya dogara da nau'in dabba. Lokacin da aka kama marten ba tare da wannan takaddama ba, ana farauta ɗan farauta ne kuma doka ta tuhume shi.