Songbirds | |||||
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Kalamunda | |||||
Tsarin kimiyya | |||||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Jariri |
Suborder: | Songbirds |
Songbirds (lat. Passeri) - wani yanki na tsuntsaye masu wucewa. Ana nuna su da ɗan gajeren tsawon farkon gashin fuka-fukai guda goma, wanda ya fi gajere girma fiye da sauran gashin fuka-fukai, wani lokacin rudimentary ko ma gaba ɗaya ba ya cikin, da kuma cikakkiyar ƙananan ƙuruciya, a cikin samuwar abin da duka ƙwayar cuta da na ciki suka ƙunsa, kuma wanda aka sanye shi don mafi yawan sashi tare da tsokoki nau'i-nau'i guda biyar. ƙarshen ƙawancen rabin zobba. An rufe metatarsus a gaba tare da manyan garkuwa da aka haɗe.
Bayanin
Mawaƙa suna da bambanci sosai game da yanayin jikinsu da yanayinsu, a girma, a tsarin gemunsa, fikafikansu da wutsiyarsu, da kuma salon rayuwarsu.
Yawancinsu suna zaune a cikin gandun daji. Sukan ciyar da hatsi, haka ma kwari ko wasu kananan dabbobi, daga kananan yara, kadan ne daga cikinsu suke cin hatsi kwatankwacinsu, kamar su hadiyewa, ko kuma akasin haka, tsuntsayen manya ne. A lokacin farauta, koyaushe suna kan rabe-raben abubuwa daban daban, kodayake wani lokacin, kamar rooks ko hadiye, jama'a gaba ɗaya suna fara gina gida. A wasu lokuta na shekara, manyan ko ƙananan garken yawanci sukanyi.
Qwai suna mottled a mafi yawan lokuta. Clutch ya ƙunshi akalla ƙwai 4. Karnukan da aka haife su marasa taimako kuma a mafi yawan lokuta tsirara, na dogon lokaci su kasance a cikin maza kuma ke ciyar da mace da namiji tare. Yawancin mawaƙa tsuntsaye ne masu ƙaura, wasu suna yawo a cikin hunturu. Suna tashi da kyau, amma jirgin su yawanci gajere ne.
Yawancin lokaci suna tsalle a ƙasa a cikin tsalle. Da karancin keɓancewa, mawaƙa suna fa'idantar da mutane ta hanyar kashe adadin ƙananan kwari. Ba kasafai ake amfani dasu don abinci ba, amma ana adana su sau biyu a cikin keji saboda jin daɗin wakokin su ko kyawawan launinsu suna ba mutum. Kadan ne daga cikinsu suke gujewa kusancin dan Adam kuma basa tsayawa kusa da wuraren zama. Aƙalla kusan rabin nau'ikan mawaƙan gaba ɗaya suna cikin rawun mawaƙa.
An rarraba shi a duk wuraren zoogeographic. Ragowar mawaƙa an san su tun lokacin Eocene. A cikin 2019, masanan kimiyya na Rasha daga Jami'ar Jihar Novosibirsk, Jami'ar Jihar St Petersburg, Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiya da Tsarin Kwaleji na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Siberian sun ba da rahoton cewa aƙalla iyalai tara na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yanki ana samun su a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na songbirds Passeri, an samo ƙarin chromosome wanda ba ya cikin sel. A lokaci guda, ya zama cewa a cikin nau'in tsuntsayen da suka wanzu a duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 35, ƙarin cromosome ba ya nan.
Ainihin ta hanyar gwanayen baki, an rarraba waƙar mawaƙa zuwa rukuni 4:
- Gashinan da aka yafa (Dentirostres) - gemun yana da siffofi masu girman gaske, beak yana a ƙarshen tare da ƙarin ko lessasa da za'a iya gani game da haƙori. Suna ciyarwa galibi akan kwari, kuma wasu suna kai hari ga ƙananan shinge. Wannan ya hada da iyalai kamar haka: corvidae (Corvidae), tsuntsayen aljanna (Paradisaeidae), tauraruwa (Sturnidae), corpius (Icteridae), titmouse (Paridae), Oriole (Oriolidae), magpie (Laniidae), flycatcher (Muscicapidae, turidae), Slavkovye (Sylviidae), wagtail (Motacillidae) da wasu mutane.
- Conebeak (Conirostres) - beak yana da ƙarfi, gajere, conical. Yawancin lokaci - mawaƙa na jama'a. Suna ciyar da yafi hatsi da berries, wani lokacin kwari. Wannan ya hada da babban, babban yanki na finch (Fringillidae), har ma da lark (Alaudidae) da saƙa (Ploceidae).
- Abun da aka yi kara (Tenuirostres) - gemu na da tsawo, na bakin ciki, ya fi ko ya lankwashe, yatsunsu, musamman na baya, sun yi tsawo. Suna ciyar da kwari, wasu akan ruwan fure. Waɗannan sun haɗa da iyalan alimentary (Certhiidae), shan zuma (Meliphagidae), nectarniferous (Nectariniidae) da wasu mutane.
- Shiroklyuvye (Latirostres) - baki ya zama gajere, lebur, trihedral tare da fadi da bakin tazara. Fuka-fukan suna da tsawo, kaifi. Babban tashi. Mawaƙa jama'a. Suna ciyar da kwari. Wannan ya hada da dangin haɗiye (Hirundinidae).
Yaya ake yin sautuna?
Ba kamar tsuntsaye na yau da kullun ba, mawaƙa suna da sirani - wani mawuyacin na'ura na maƙogwaron ƙasa, wanda ke da nau'ikan tsoka bakwai. Wannan sashin yana zaune a cikin kirji, a kasan ƙarshen rauni, kusa da zuciya. Syrinx ya ƙunshi keɓaɓɓen maɓallin sauti a cikin kowane maharin. Murmushi yawanci yakan faru ne yayin ƙoshin bacci ta hanyar motsawa medial da kuma gefen madogara a ƙarshen murfin. Ganuwar sune madaidaicin kayan haɗin keɓaɓɓe, wanda, lokacin da aka gabatar da rafin iska, haifar da rawar jiki waɗanda ke haifar da sauti. Kowane nau'i na tsokoki suna sarrafawa ta hanyar kwakwalwa, wanda ke ba tsuntsaye damar sarrafa kayan muryar.
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Babban adadin songbirds shine ƙanana ko matsakaici a girma, launi mai laushi da ƙyalli mai yawa. Gashi ba shi da kakin zuma. A cikin wakilan kwari, yawanci bakin ciki ne, mai jujjuyawa. Abincin hatsi - conical, mai ƙarfi.
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Dubi abin da "Songbirds" suke a cikin wasu ƙamus.
Songbirds * - (Oscines) Tsarin ƙarƙashin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. Ana nuna su da ɗan gajeren tsayi na farkon gashin fuka-fukai, wanda ya fi gajere girma fiye da sauran gashin fuka-fukai, wani lokacin rudimentary ko ma gaba ɗaya ba ya nan, da kuma cikakkiyar ƙaramin ƙananan larynx, a ... ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus da I.A. Efron
Songbirds - duba kundin tarihi ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus da I.A. Efron
Songbirds - Lyrebird ... Wikipedia
Waƙoƙin waƙoƙi -? Singing parrots Maɓallin launuka masu launuka masu launuka masu yawa Kalaran kimiyya ... Wikipedia
Songbirds - (kayan saukar yara, Oscines), wani nau'in tsuntsayen tsari irin na Passeriformes (duba SPARROW BIRDS), ya hada da kusan rabin tsuntsayen zamani na kusan nau'ikan 4,000. A kan iyakar ƙasar Rasha akwai kusan nau'ikan 300 na wannan yanki da ke da alaƙa ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Mockingbirds -? Mimus Mockingbirds ... Wikipedia
Hutsuna - Matar bukka ta satin ... Wikipedia
SAN SAUKI - taken yara (Oscines), jerin abubuwan wucewa. Siffofin magabatan P. karni da aka sani daga Babban Eocene, da na zamani. haihuwar haihuwa daga babba Oligocene. Iyalai sun bambanta kawai a waje. ilimin halittar jiki alamomin, ilmin jikin mutum. tsarin dukkanin karni na P. kyawawan kama. Don ... ... Bioarfin Bayanan Ilmi
Wakar Murya -? Singing shrikes Golden-kai n ... Wikipedia
Tsuntsayen hoto suna murƙushewa da daddare
Wuraren mawaƙa sukan zauna a wurare nesa da ɗan adam, amma yanzu ana iya same su ko da wuraren shakatawa na birni. Launin launinsa ba shi da ma'ana, amma waƙar yana da ban mamaki.
An sanya ciyayi daga ciyawa, twigs, moss. Shirya akan rassan. Hatching yana makonni 5, kuma kajin suna girma da sauri: a cikin sati na biyu sun riga sun koyo tashi.
Hoton tsuntsu mai dauke da daddare. Yana daga cikin dangin blackbird. Wannan ɗan littafin ya ɗan fi girma nesa da gizo-gizo. A launi ne mafi yawanci m-zaitun-m, haske a kan kirji, ciki ne m of buffy-mottled. Idanu sunyi duhu kamar beads.
Akwai nau'ikan 2 na nightingale a yanayi: gabas ta tsakiya da kudanci. Suna gama gari a gabashin Turai da yammacin Siberiya. Kuma za a iya haduwa da daddare a yamma da arewacin Afirka, a Asiya.
The Nightingale ne ja-nek. Wannan jerin littafin ƙaura ne. Wintering yana cikin arewacin Afirka da kuma kudancin Iran. Sun koma ƙasarsu a tsakiyar Afrilu, lokacin da kwari da yawa suka tashi. Nests karkatar da m m daga bushes, a cikin thickets na gandun daji, a cikin gidãjen Aljanna da wuraren shakatawa.
Hoton tsuntsu Goldfinch da Oriole
Goldfinch - karamin tsuntsu, amma mai matukar haske da kyan gani. Kyau mai launi mai launi na mawaƙin yana da wahala ta rikice tare da sauran tsuntsayen, koyaushe suna jawo hankalin mutane.
Waƙar goldfinch tana da ɗan ƙaramin abu, yana nauyin gram 20-25. Launuka masu zuwa suna fifitawa a cikin kaya: mai haske mai ban tsoro mai ban tsoro tare da zobe a kusa da baki, launin ruwan baya, rawaya-lemun tsami a fikafikan, fararen dige a kan wutsiya da fikafikai.
Goldfinch mawaƙi ne mai ban mamaki, waƙoƙin sa daban-daban ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan mawaƙa 20 na sonkai.
Hoto Oriolewanda yake da murya na musamman. Tana iya raira waƙa ta fannoni daban-daban: kukan mai kaɗaici, sautin sauti, sautuka da ƙari.
A gida saƙa kamar kwali rataye kwando. Don ita, ana amfani da ciyawar ciyawa, abubuwan amfani da gyada da bishiyar Birch. A ciki aka shimfiɗa shi cikin wadatarwa, ƙyallen bushe, gashin dabba da cobwebs.
Don waƙar Oriole, kasancewar ruwa kusa da mazauninsa yana da mahimmanci, tunda yana son yin iyo. A cikin wannan, Orioles suna kama da haɗiye lokacin da suka fada cikin ruwa su nitse.
Ta yaya kuma me yasa tsuntsaye suke rera waka?
Duk wani tsuntsu yana yin sauti, amma a cikin mawaƙa an haɗa su cikin abin da ake daidaitawa da ma'auni. A cikin sautuka, akwai waƙoƙi da siginar murya, ana rarrabe ta yanayi, tsayi da daidaita sauti. Kiran muryar rakaitacce ne, kuma waƙar ta fi tsayi, fayyace kuma mafi yawanci tana daidaita da halayen mating.
Yadda ake yin sauti
Tsuntsayen (sabanin dabbobi masu shayarwa) ba su da manyan fayilolin kiɗa. Sashin rayayyun tsuntsaye shine syrinx, tsari na musamman na kashi a cikin trachea. Idan iska ta ratsa shi, sai katangarsa da tarko suyi rawar jiki, suna fitar da sauti. Tsuntsu yana sarrafa mita / girma ta hanyar canza tashin hankali da membranes da ƙara sauti a cikin jaka.
Gaskiya. Lokacin da yake tashi, waƙar yana da ƙarfi: yana buɗe fikafikan sa, tsuntsun ya tura iska ta cikin shago, bronchi da huhu. Waƙar Yula a sararin sama an shimfiɗa shi sama da kilomita 3, kuma akan ƙasa yana jin daɗin kwantar da hankali.
An tsara kayan aikin mata da maza iri ɗaya ne, amma tsokoki na ƙashin ƙananan mata suna da rauni fiye da na maza. Abin da ya sa maza ke raira waƙoƙi a cikin tsuntsaye.
Me yasa tsuntsaye suke rairawa
Abin mamaki, tsuntsaye suna raira waƙa saboda… ba zasu iya taimakawa ba sai dai raira waƙa. Tabbas, ana jin roulades mafi zafi da kololuwa a cikin lokacin kiwo, wanda aka bayyana shi ta hanyar haɓakar hormonal wanda ke buƙatar zubar da tashin hankali.
Amma ... Don me yasa tsuntsaye masu kyauta (manya da ƙarami) suka ci gaba da raira waƙa a cikin kaka, wani lokacin kuma a cikin hunturu? Me yasa makarin dare, zaryanka, wren da sauran tsuntsaye ba zato ba tsammani sun fara raira waƙa, suna firgita da kwatsam wani maƙiyin? Me yasa tsuntsaye da aka daure a cikin keji suna raira waƙa da cikakkiyar murya kuma ba tare da la'akari da lokacin ba (ƙari ga hakan, suna raira waƙa da ƙarfi fiye da danginsu na kyauta)?
Af, kira don mating ya yi nisa da waƙar gaske. Yana da sauƙi koyaushe cikin yanayin karin waƙoƙi da rauni a sauti.
Masana ilimin dabbobi suna da tabbacin cewa waƙar ce wacce ke ba da cikakken ƙarfin kuzarin da aka tara a cikin tsuntsu, wanda yake ƙaruwa yayin lokacin kiwo, amma baya ɓacewa yayin kammalawa.
Songbirds
Sun bambanta da sauran tsuntsayen a cikin hadaddun tsarin ƙananan larynx. Kusan dukkanin mawaƙa suna da haɓakawa na 5-7 sau nau'i na tsokoki na murya, godiya ga wanda tsuntsayen ba kawai raira waƙa da kyau ba, har ma sun san yadda za su yi wa kansu ba'a. Gaskiya ne, ƙwayar cutar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta onomatopoeia ba a haɓaka ta ko'ina cikin jinsin halitta ba.
A cikin tsari na Passeriformes, mawaƙa suna yin yanki tare da mafi yawan (kusan 4,000) nau'in jinsin. Baya ga su, akwai karin karin kwayoyi 3 a cikin tawagar:
- manyan beaks (Kakakin bebi),
- kururuwa (azzalumai)
- rabin-waƙa.
Mawaƙa sun sha bamban da junan su a tsarin jiki da girmansa, da kuma yadda yake rayuwa. Mafi yawan mutane suna zaune a cikin gandun daji kuma ana ɗaukarsa ƙaura, sauran suna masu tsarguwa ne ko yawo. A ƙasa fi sau da yawa tsalle.
Idan akai la'akari da na'urar beak, an rarraba ƙananan ƙwayar choroid zuwa rukuni 4:
- mazugi
- belin haƙori
- cikakken-biya
- bakin ciki
Mahimmanci. Babban rikicewar rikice-rikice ana lura da shi a cikin jerin mawaƙa. Ya danganta da tsarin kulawar, masu binciken masana sun bambanta daga 761 zuwa 1017 na haɓaka, haɗin kai cikin iyalai 44-56.
Dangane da ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwa, an san iyalai masu zuwa a matsayin mawaƙa: larks, larvae, leafy, warks, dulids, wrens, curls, thimelias, Swallo, wagtails, bulbule (gajere-ɗan) maƙawarar, magpie, ja-gaban, cyanifolia, dolphin, sarki, tit, flycatcher, nuthatch, fure-tsotsa, fararen-sa ido, oatmeal, aline, nectarnaceous, zuma-tsotsa, tanagra, woody, hadiye tanagra, fure, fure Hawaiian tsy, saƙa, fayel, tropial, mashin mashin, orioles, gouii, haɗiye, shrikes, huts, starling, drongovye, magpies, larks, sarewa tsuntsaye, hankaka da tsuntsayen aljanna.
Mawaƙa maɗaukaka suna da haske da ƙarfi sama da waɗanda aka haife su a yankuna masu ƙarfi, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar toshe sautunan kwari kuma ana jin su a cikin kurmi mai yawa. Mawaƙa na ɓangaren Turai na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha suna da ƙarami: babban murfin ana kiransa blackbird, ƙarami - ladle da sarki.
Nightingale
Virtuoso na solo mai tsarkakewa, yabo a cikin shayari da litattafai. A tsakiyar yankin na Rasha, ya bayyana a farkon Mayu, yana raye da raye ba kawai da daddare ba, har ma da hasken rana. Karancin dare, memba na dangin tashi, yana ƙaunar inuwa da danshi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake zaune cikin mutane da yawa a cikin gandun dazuka.
Mawaƙa gandun daji "ba da" mazaunin halayyar, haɗe tare da halaye da za'a iya sani da kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da su. Ya fara waka, yana tsaye a ƙafafunsa baya, yana ɗaga wutsiyarsa kuma yana saukar da fikafikan sa. Tsuntsu ya sunkuya gabadaya, yana jujjuya wutsiyarsa kuma yana bayar da motsin tsawa mai natsuwa (mai kama da "trrr") ko sautin tsawa mai tsayi.
A cikin waƙar dare, ana murɗa fata, leuyoyi masu laushi da maɓalli, kuma kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke ciki, wanda ake kira gwiwa (suna ƙidaya a kalla dozin), ana maimaita su sau da yawa. Tsarin dare yana koya waƙa tare da manyan hisan uwansa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa: wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Kursk nightingales ke raira daban da na Arkhangelsk, kuma nightan wasan dare ba sa son Tula.
Polyphonic mockingbird
Tsuntsu mai tsayi 25 cm tsayi, tare da mafi yawan haske launin toka mai haske da kuma dogon wutsiya mai baƙar fata tare da fararen fata (na waje). Mockingbird sanannu ne don ƙwararren masaniyar onomatopoeic mara kyau da kuma maimaitawa mai arziki na 50-200.
Yawan nau'in ya fara ne a kudancin Kanada, yana wuce Amurka zuwa Mexico da tekun Caribbean, amma yawancin tsuntsayen suna zaune ne a yankin daga Florida zuwa Texas. Mockingbird ya saba da shimfidar wurare daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da wadanda aka noma, da kuma gandun daji, hamada, filaye da kuma farin ciki.
Namiji yana izgili da rana, yana iya murza muryoyin wasu dabbobi (gami da tsuntsaye) da kuma sautikan da ake jinsu, alal misali, sautin fitowar mota da kukan motoci. Waƙar Mockingbird koyaushe yana da rikitarwa, mai tsawo da ƙarfi.
Yana ciyarwa a kan tsaba, 'ya'yan itatuwa da invertebrates, suna nema a ƙasa. Mockingbird ba tsuntsu ba ne mai tsoro: yana da karfin hali da karfin gwiwa ya tashi ya kare mazaunin nasa, yana yin taro da makwabta don su kori mai kare.
Filin Lark
Wani tsuntsu, don ƙarni da yawa suna ɗokin da mawaƙa. Tsuntsu mara izini wanda girmansa ba mai girman gida yake ba - 40 g na nauyi ne kawai a cm 18 na jikin mutum. Mace sun fi maza yawa kuma kusan ba sa kama ido: yayin da namiji yake rera waka, budurwarsa tana neman abinci ko tana jiransa a ƙasa.
Lark yana fara waka a cikin iska, yana tashi sama sama sama a da'irori har sai ya narke a sararin sama. Bayan sun isa matsakaicin matsayi (100-150 m sama da ƙasa), gonar filin tayi saurin dawowa, tuni ba tare da da'irori ba, amma da gajiya ta buɗe fikafikanta.
Lokacin da lark din ya sauka, wakarsa zata zama mara kyau, kuma sautuka masu zafi suna fara mamaye shi. Kimanin mil biyu na dozin daga ƙasa, lark ya dakatar da waƙa kuma yana shirin sauka ba zato ba tsammani tare da fuka-fukansa su yada.
Waƙar lark, tana jin sautin a filayen tun daga wayewar gari har zuwa maraice, duk da ƙaramin abin lura, yana sauti sosai. Sirrin ya ta'allaka ne da ingantaccen hadewar sautuna waɗanda suka cika tare da kararrawa (akin don karrarawa).
Wren
Karamin (10 g a 10 cm tsayi) amma tsuntsaye masu launin fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin fari da ke zaune a Eurasia, Amurka da Arewacin Afirka.Godiya ga silsilar sako-sako, wren yayi kama da kwallon ƙwallo mai ɗanɗano tare da gajeren wutsiya.
Wren ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tsakanin rassan bishiyoyi, tsalle-tsalle tsakanin katako ko kuma ya mamaye ciyawar. Yana komawa zuwa wuraren farauta da wuri, lokacin da facin facin da aka shimfiɗa a cikin gandun daji, kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi a wuraren buɗe.
A cikin yankunan karkara na Moscow, ana iya jin wakar wren waka a watan Afrilu. Waƙar ba kawai waƙar ba ce ba, har ma da babbar murya, samarwa ne ta hanyar samari, amma ya bambanta da juna, masu sauri. Wren ya tsayar da wakarsa, yana hawa dutsen kututture, tari mai katako ko motsawa tsakanin rassan. Bayan kammala wasan, namiji ya yi tsalle daga tsokar zuwa nan da nan ya shiga cikin zurfin zurfin ciki.
Songbird
Tana dauke da lakabin “dajin daddawa,” tunda ta fi son ta zauna a cikin dazuzzukan daban daban kuma ta fito da kararrakinsa masu ban tsoro da kuma sauti. Gban littafin ya kasance memba na dangin blackbird kuma mazaunan Asiya, Turai da Siberiya sun san shi sosai.
Wannan tsuntsu ne mai launin toka-mai launin toka-mai-nauyin launin ruwan sama wanda yakai 70 g da tsawon tsayinsa na 21.5-25 cm Tsuntsayen suna bayyana a wuraren da ba su da farawa fiye da tsakiyar watan Afrilu, suna mamaye sasannun da suka dace don kiwo.
Mawaƙa suna raira waƙoƙi har maraice, amma musamman ma da yamma da safiya ta fito. Karin waƙa mai ban dariya, mara sauti da rarrabe yana ɗaukar tsawon lokaci: waƙar ya haɗa da launuka masu yawa mara nauyi da kuma laconic trill. Murmushi ya maimaita kowace waka gwiwa sau 2-4.
Singing blackbirds, zaune a saman wata itaciya. Yawancin lokaci suna kwaikwayon sauran tsuntsaye, amma duk da haka wakokin nasu ana ɗaukarsu mafi kyawu.
Babban wasa
Tsuntsaye na farko da ya fara isa tsakiyar Rasha tare da facin farko na daskararru, yawanci a watan Maris. 'Yan' Starlings sun fi son yanayin wuri, amma kuma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin manyan biranen gandun daji, dajin-gandun daji, dazuzzuka da kwari.
Waƙar tauraron sauti yana sauti da ƙarfi-kamar. Namiji ya mika wuya ga sha'awar gaba daya, amma tare da irin wannan sha'awar da har ma da wasu kalamai masu ban dariya da aka sanya a ciki ba zasu lalata aikin sa ba.
Ban sha'awa. A farkon bazara, tauraron dangi ne wanda ya rera murya da ƙarfi sosai fiye da duk tsuntsayen da ke kewaye da su, musamman mahalli da kuma nomadic, musamman tunda sauran nau'in ƙaura ba su dawo zuwa daji ba.
Har ila yau, tauraruwar tauraro suna ba da izgili, suna iya haɗa sautunan guda biyu a cikin waƙoƙinsu - haɓakar kumburi, karewar kare da haushi, rarrafe da keken keke kuma, ba shakka, kwaikwayon sauran tsuntsaye.
Starling ta halitta saƙa cikin waƙa ba kawai dangi ba, har ma yana jin sautin lokacin hunturu / tashi, ba tare da yin tuntuɓe ba kuma tsayawa na minti ɗaya. Matasa, da daɗewa a zaman talala, suna yin kwaikwayon muryar mutum, suna furta kalmomin guda da jumla guda.
Sarauniya mai launin shuɗi
Sonan ƙaramin sonan ƙarami, wanda bai fi 10 cm ba, gama gari a yankin gandun daji na Turai da Asiya. Sarauniya mai launin shuɗi yana kama da ƙarami, mai launin zaitun mai launi tare da fikafikan fuka-fukai, wanda aka dasa ƙaramin ƙwallo - kai ne mai idanu masu launin shuɗi da madaidaicin madaidaicin rawaya mai haske wanda yake adon kambi.
Maza na sarki mai rawaya-rawaya suna raira waka a watan Afrilu da farkon Mayu - Waɗannan su ne sautuka masu daddaɗan hankali waɗanda aka ji daga lokacin ɓoɓin rassan rassan.
Kinglet din galibi yana zaune ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu dumbin halitta (yawanci spruce), amma kuma yana faruwa a cikin gandun daji masu gauraya da yankewa, yana motsawa can cikin hunturu, lokacin yawo da bayan farauta. Sarakuna suna yawo tare da jerin gwano, waɗanda halayensu ke da kusanci da su.
Tsuntsaye tare da sauri suna hawa dutsen da allura, suna jingina tare da datsewar ban mamaki da ƙyallin rassan bakin ciki kuma suna ɗaukar manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa na acrobatic. A lokacin rani, sukan sami abinci a ɓangaren sama na kambi, suna sauka kusan ƙasa a cikin hunturu / kaka ko tattara abincin da suka dace a dusar ƙanƙara.
Tsuntsayen daji (tare da tsawon jiki na 23 zuwa 40 cm), suna rayuwa ne kawai a New Zealand. Iyalin guiyi suna da jinsuna 3, kowannensu yana wakiltar asalin halittar monotypic. Dukkanin tsuntsayen ana saninsa ta kasance gaban catkins (girma mai haske) a gindi na baki. Fuka-fukan su na zagaye, gabobi da wutsiya suna da tsawo.
Guinging Guia yana da baki mai santsi, wanda ƙarshen wutsiya, ana zanen shi da fari, ya bambanta. Tana da 'yan kunne rawaya da baki. Na ƙarshen, ta hanyar, ya bambanta sosai a cikin mata da maza: a cikin mace yana da tsawo kuma mai ɗauka, a cikin maza yana da ɗan gajeru kuma madaidaiciya.
Dogon gajere da bakin ciki, dan kadan bera mai kama da makamai yana dauke da wasu nau'in daga dangin guiyi, saddle-spin. Bangaren baƙar fata shima ya fi kamshi a launinsa, amma an riga an lalace shi da zafin kirji a kan fuka-fukan rufe da baya, inda yake yin “sirdi”.
Kokako (wani nau'in) fenti ne mai launin toka, yana da sautunan zaitun a kan wutsiya / fuka-fukan, kuma yana da ɗan gajeren toka wanda ke ɗauke da ƙugiya a kan baki. Kokako, kamar saddle-spin, ba ya tashi da kyau, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba tare da son sake dawowa da metersan mitoci ba, kuma ana samun su a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa na Kudancin Beech (notophagus).
Ban sha'awa. Mazan biyu na ƙarshe sunada kyakkyawan murya da ƙarfi, ake kira da suna “sarewa”. A dabi'a, galibi suna nuna wakoki da wake-wake.
Kokako da saddleback suma suna da alaƙa ta wannan matsayi a cikin Jerin Rukunin IUCN - dukkansu suna cikin haɗari.
Takaɗaɗen rawa
Karamin tsuntsu mai kamshi, yayi girma bai wuce 12-15 cm a nauyi ba daga 10 zuwa 15. Girman-ido mai sauƙin ganewa ne ta launi mai saninsa. Maza a saman su mai launin shuɗi-mai-baki da ruwan hoda-ja akan ciki, kambi da manyan wutsiya suna ma alama a ja. Matan da kananan tsuntsaye an libi su da alkyabbar mulufi, amma jikinsu fenti.
Wakar da aka fi sani a turance ta fi son zama a cikin taiga, tundra da tundra-daji na Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. A cikin taiga, yana da kanana a cikin kananan fadama murna ko a cikin dunƙule na dwarf Birch, idan muna magana ne game da tundra shrub.
Gaskiya. Taka rawar waka tayi kadan, yawanci a lokacin tarawar. Waƙar ba ta daɗaɗa da kiɗa, saboda tana ƙunshe da busassun kayan bushewa kamar "trerrrrr" da kuma saitattun kira "che-che-che".
A cikin wuraren tsattsauran ra'ayi na babban yanki mai tsayi da yawansu ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a cikin tundra / taiga Eurasian - ash ja. Duk rawar rawa ana kiyaye shi a tsiro kuma yana ci gaba da gudana a yayin tashi, yana yin sauti kamar "che-che", "cheny", "che-che", "chevy", "cheeei" ko "chuv".
Wagtail Rawaya ko Pliska
Da kadan kadan fari fari, amma wannan siririn daya ne, amma, ya fi kama da kyau saboda launinsa mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi-baki da wutsiya mai baƙar fata, da wutsiyar gashinsa (matsanancin takalmi) masu fenti fari. Dimorphism na jima'i ya bayyana kansa a cikin launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi-saman da kai da ƙyallen a ƙirjin mata. Adult pliska yana da nauyin kimanin 17 g. Tare da tsawon 17-19 cm.
Buƙatar wagtail mai launin shuɗi a yammacin Alaska, a Asiya (ban da kudurta, kudu maso yamma da yankuna musamman na arewacin), har ma a arewacin Afirka (Nile Delta, Tunisia, arewacin Aljeriya) da Turai. A tsakiyar yankin ƙasarmu, rawaya wagtails dawo wani lokaci a tsakiyar Afrilu, nan da nan rarraba a cikin m low-kwance har ma da boggy makiyaya (inda ba a lura da ciyawa a wasu lokutan) ko a cikin mummunan peat na bogs.
Shortan ƙaramin tsarukan tukunyar katako ana jinsu nan da nan bayan isowar su daga lokacin hunturu: namiji ya hau kan turɓaya mai tsayi kuma yana buɗe bakinsa baki ɗaya, yana yin aikinsa mai sauƙi.
Pliska tana neman abinci ne ta hanyar raɗaɗa tsakanin ciyawa ko cizon kwari a cikin iska, amma tana yin hakan a kan tashi, ba kamar farin wagtail ba, ba sau da yawa. Ba abin mamaki bane, abincin rana na wagtail mai launin rawaya sau da yawa ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar marasa galihu.
"Karin" chromosome
Ba haka ba da daɗewa, hasashen ya bayyana cewa godiya ga wannan baƙar fata, songbirds yayi nasarar yadawa a duniya. Masana ilimin halitta sun tabbatar da wanzuwar ƙarin ƙwayoyin chromosome a cikin ƙwayoyin sel na yara, daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta da Kwayoyin Kwaleji na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha, Novosibirsk da Jami'o'in St.
Masana kimiyya sun kwatanta DNA daga nau'ikan yara guda 16 (daga iyalai 9, da suka hada da bijimi, siskin, tsuntsaye da haɗiye) da kuma nau'ikan 8 daga wasu umarni, waɗanda suka haɗa da aku, akuya, geese, ducks da falmo.
Gaskiya. Ya juya cewa nau'in jinsin marasa waka, sun fi tsufa yawa (tare da sama da shekaru miliyan 35 na kwarewa a duniya), suna da kasa da kwaya daya fiye da wacce take bayyana akan duniyan daga baya.
Af, a karo na farko da aka samo "yawan 'cromosome" a cikin 1998 a cikin zebra amadina, amma ya danganta wannan ga halayen mutum. Daga baya (2014), an gano ƙarin chromosome a cikin Amadina na Jafananci, wanda ya sa masu sa ido na tsuntsaye suyi tunani game da shi.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittar Rasha sun ba da shawarar cewa karin kwayar halitta ta kirkiro sama da shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata, kuma juyin halittarta ya banbanta ga duk mawaƙa. Dukda cewa ba a fahimci rawar da wannan kwayar halittar chromosome ta kera wajan wucewar wakar ba, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa ya fadada karfin da tsuntsayen ke iya canzawa, yana basu damar su zauna a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyi.
Muryoyin tsuntsaye
Kodayake mafi kyawun mawaƙa, irin su kalilan na dare ko na blackbird, sune waƙoƙin kide-kide, wasu suna da muryoyi masu kaifi, masu tsaurin ra'ayi ko kuma babu sauti ko kaɗan. Haƙiƙar ita ce nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban ana bambanta su da nau'ikan launuka daban-daban da kuma nauyin murya, wanda kowane nau'in ya haɗu a cikin sautin nasa. Wasu tsuntsayen suna iyakance ga notesan bayanan bayanan, yayin da wasu suna ƙarƙashin cikakke oct እንጀራ. Tsuntsayen da waƙoƙin suke kunshe da saututtukan marasa ƙima, misali gizo-gizo da ya yi girma ko da ɗaurin talala, sun fara waka kamar yadda aka zata lokacin da suka kai wani zamani. Arin mawaƙa mawaƙa, irin su kayan kwalliyar dare, lallai ne su koyi wannan dabarar daga wurin brothersan uwansu.
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An tabbatar da wata hakika mai ban sha'awa, wacce ke nuna cewa bayyanar tsuntsaye iri ɗaya sun sha bamban sosai, yayin da kyakkyawar bayyanar za ta iya zama ɗaya. Wannan halayyar tana kiyaye tsuntsaye yayin wasannin matsi daga danshi tare da wakilan wani nau'in.
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