Masana ilmin halitta na Amurka da ke aiki akan wani shiri na juyar da halittar tsuntsaye, wadanda akafi sani da "kurosaur", sun samu nasarar kawar da beak. Haɗe da jela mai siffa fan, rashi hakora da ɓoyayyen paws, shine baki wanda shine ɗayan mafi mahimmancin halayen da ke bambanta tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Don haka, “dawowar dinosaurs”, ko kuma, daidai yake, gina kamannin tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrafe daga kayan zuriyarsu, yana samun nasarar ci gaba.
Kwanyar kaji daga ƙungiyar sarrafawa (hagu),
"Kurosaur" (a tsakiya) da kuma alligator na zamani (dama)
Kamar yadda kuka sani, dinosaurs sun lalace a iyakar Cretaceous da Paleogene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata. Descendantsaya daga cikin zuriyar da ke raye a wannan zamanin sune tsuntsayen zamani, waɗanda wasu masu binciken suka karkata ga yin la'akari da ƙungiyar dinosaur ta musamman. “Yanzu a duniya akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri 10 zuwa 20, wato, aƙalla sau biyu fiye da yadda aka san nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Don haka, a hanyarmu, har yanzu muna rayuwa a zamanin dinosaur, ”in ji marubucin sabon binciken, Bart-Anyang Bullar, masanin burbushin halittu kuma masanin halitta a Jami'ar Yale.
Tare tare da Arhat Abzhanov daga Harvard, Bullar yana aiki akan ƙirƙirar kurosaur - tsuntsu, wanda da izinin dawo da fasalin tsarin magabatan dinosaur. Scientificungiyar ilimin kimiyya ta kira babban aikinta shine maye gurbin beak tare da fuska mai santsi. “Gemu na da matukar muhimmanci ga ciyar da tsuntsaye kuma muhimmin bangare ne daga kashinsu. Wataƙila wannan sashin na musamman ita ce mafi bambancin yanayi da kuma aiki - ka tuna, misali, yadda gemu na ƙanƙwalwar wuta, aku, shaho, pelican ko hummingbird suka bambanta, ”in ji Bullar. "Koda yake, ya zuwa yanzu, 'yan ayyuka kalilan ne aka buga a jikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma canjin gemu." An tsara beak don sauƙaƙe kwarangwal gwargwadon abin da zai yiwu, adana kuɗin kuzari don samuwar hakora, kuma a lokaci guda maye gurbinnn manyan goshin da ya canza zuwa fuka-fuki.
Don dawo da fasalin fasalin halayyar magabata, “pre-beak” siffofin uffan, masu binciken dole ne su bincika tabbacin duk tarihin rikodin burbushin halittar da aka samu a tsuntsaye. An samo kayan don waɗannan karatun, musamman, a cikin ɗayan ajiyar kada na Louisiana da a cikin gonar ostrich a Massachusetts.
Ka tuna cewa babban aikin kirkirar gemu mallakar kasusuwa ne na intermaxillary. A cikin halittun masu rarrafe, su kananan kasusuwa ne kawai da ke kusa da kashin, amma kwaron tsuntsaye ya kunshi kusan gaba daya. Sakamakon matakin farko na aikin masana ilmin halitta na Amurka shine gano kwayoyin halittar guda biyu wadanda ke sarrafa ci gaban tsakiyar kashi na murabus, kuma musamman, kasusuwa. A cikin halittu masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa, wadannan kwayoyin halittar a farkon farawar tayi ba su nuna alamun aiki ba, amma a cikin tsuntsaye suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen aiwatar da tayi. Don kashe su, masana kimiyyar halitta dole sai sun kirkiro wani “inhibitor kwayoyi na musamman” wadanda suka toshe ayyukan wadannan kwayoyin. Sakamakon haka, tayi na gwaji maimakon beak da aka samu kusan fuskoki iri ɗaya kamar yadda magabatansu na dā, Velociraptors.
“Dabbobin gwaji ba su da baki, sun kafa tarko, mai zagaye. Koyaya, har yanzu ba su da hakora, kuma an rufe babban dutsen da murfin kaho,
- Bullar ta ce. - Amma har yanzu bamu canza kwayoyin halittar kansu ba, kawai mun damu da sunadaran da kwayoyin halitta suke samarwa. ” A cewar masanin, ya yi latti don yin magana game da juyar da kaji zuwa dinosaurs ta hanyar gyaran kwayoyin, amma a yayin gwaje-gwajen, an bayyanar da hujja mai ban mamaki - a layi daya tare da canje-canje a cikin baki, kashin palatine na abubuwan gwajin an canza su gaba daya. Su ma, sun zama sun zama kamar dinosaur.
Don haka, Bullar ya ce, canje-canje masu sauƙin halittar jini na iya haifar da canje-canje na ɗabi'a mai ban mamaki, gami da waɗanda aka yi rikodin rikodin burbushin halitta. Bayan haka, wadannan canje-canjen da aka bayyana ba wai kawai a cikin tsuntsayen zamani bane na mallakar Subclass Neornithes, har ma a cikin danginsu na d - a - mawuyacin lokacin shakatawa na mallakar kundin masassarar Hes Emperornithiformes.
Nau'in: Nurosaurus = Nurosaurus † Dong, 1992 ko Lizard Nur
Nurosaurus a bayyane yayi daidai da wakilan abubuwan halittar dan adam Mamenchisaurus.
"Nurosaurus" wanda aka fassara zuwa harshen Rashanci yana nufin "Nur Lizard". Wannan sunan a halin yanzu suna ne da ba na hukuma ba ga asalin halittar dinosaurs daga Tsarin Sauropoda = Zauropod, wanda ya rayu a Cretaceous na kimanin shekaru miliyan 130 na naz.
Nurosaurus sananne ne don gano sassan ɓangaren kashin, wanda yawancin lokuta ana nuna su a cikin nune-nune nune-nune da kuma kwafi iri daban-daban. Nurosaurus kasusuwa da aka samo a cikin Mongolia na Inner na China. Babu wani cikakken bayani game da wannan nau'in, amma akwai bayanai kaɗan game da wannan binciken, saboda rashin fassara daga Sinawa.
Nurosaurus na ɗaya daga cikin manyan dinosaurs na gargajiya mafi tsufa na kasar Sin. Wataƙila yana da dangantaka da dangin Camarasaurus na Arewacin Amurka. Wannan ya tabbata ne daga gaskiyar cewa "Nurosaurus" yana da tsari irin na kansa da sifar jikinsa. Hotunan hotunan sun kuma nuna cewa suna da daidai irin kasusuwa a kashin jikinsu.
Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na sunan Nurosaurus kuma, kamar yadda ka sani, waɗanda suka fi kowa bayan "Nurosaurus" sune "Nuoerosaurus" (Dong da Lee, 1991). Burbushin wannan nau'in har ma ya yi tafiya a karkashin wannan suna a wasu rangadin zuwa Arewacin Amurka. Kuma kamar yadda aka rubuta sunan nau'in "qaganensis" ko "chaganensis". Ba za a san ma'anar rubutun kalmomi ba har sai an bayyana wannan sigar a cikin littattafan kimiyya.
Dabbobi Dabbobi Dabbobi Dabbobi:
Masanin ilimin Jafananci Akira Iritani, daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar halittar mammoth, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s ya kasance har yanzu yana fatan samun kwai mai kwazo da maniyyi a cikin gawawwakin mambobi na Siberiya, kuma suka dasa sakamakon hadewar su cikin giwayen giwayen. Gane da rashin gaskiyar irin wannan bege, wannan dattijon mai ƙarfi (yanzu ya wuce 80) bai daina ƙoƙarin samun aƙalla cikin ƙwayar wata ƙwaryar ƙwayar cuta ta somatic (zai fi kyau tushe) don samun mammoth ba tare da shahararrun “Hanyar Dolly” - canja wurin wannan cibiyar zuwa kwai na hauren giwa.
Da alama cewa wannan bindiga bazai kunna wuta ba saboda dalilai goma (ko watakila hamsin). Da fari dai, yuwuwar gano kwayoyin da ke kwance a shekaru 10,000 a cikin permafrost wani kwayar halitta tare da kwalayen kwayoyi a zahiri ba sifili: za a lalata su da lu'ulu'u, aikin enzyme saura, haskoki na cosmic ... Zamu bincika wasu dalilai ta amfani da wata hanyar, maras ma'ana ta rashin hankali.
Tsarin Iyali Sauƙaƙan itace na dangin giwayen
Rukunin masana kimiyya na duniya suna karanta mammoth mammoth kusan gaba daya a cikin 2008. Kwayoyin halittar jikinta ana iya tara su “birki ta birki” - don samar da sarƙoƙin sarƙar nucleotides, kuma ba ma duka duka biliyan shida ko sama da haka ba, amma dubunnan kwayoyin halittar dubu ɗaya (daga kusan 20,000) waɗanda suka bambanta da irin wannan sashin DNA na mafi kusancin dangin mammoth - giwar Asiya. Abinda ya rage shine "karanta" genome na wannan giwa, kwatanta shi da mammoth genome, samun al'adun ƙwayoyin giwaye, maye gurbin mahimmancin kwayoyin halittar a cikin ƙwayoyinsu - da gaba, a hanyar da Ian Wilmut ya buge, yana jagorantar tumaki a kan igiya.
Dabbobi da yawa, daga kifi zuwa birai, sun ci gaba tun daga ɓoye. Gaskiya ne, an ɗauki sel daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa yayin rayuwa kuma, idan ya cancanta, an adana shi a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, kuma jarirai masu yiwuwa su sami ƙasa da 1% na ƙwai tare da ƙwayar motsi. Kuma kwayoyin halitta a lokaci guda, idan sun canza, to ɗaya ko biyu, ba dubbai. Kuma an watsa kwai zuwa dabbobin da ke iri daya ko kuma suna da kusanci sosai, kuma giwayen Indiya da dabbobi masu mambobi iri ɗaya ne kamar 'yan adam da chimpanzees.
Shin giwar za ta iya karɓar tayin mammoth, ta ɗauke shi shekara biyu kuma ta haifi ɗa mai rai da lafiya? Mai matukar shakku. Kuma me za ku yi da mammo ɗaya? Don kula da yawan jama'a, har ma a cikin “wurin shakatawa na lokacin Pleistocene”, ana buƙatar garken akalla aƙalla kwallaye ɗari.
Kuma yana da matuƙar kyawawa cewa ba 'yan uwan juna ba ne, in ba haka ba zuriyarsu sun yi yawa - kuma mammoths na ƙarshe ya lalace saboda gaskiyar cewa ba za su iya dacewa da ɗamara ta gaba ba saboda yawan canjin kwayoyin halittun su. Da dai sauransu Amma idan wata rana har yanzu suna yin nasarar rufe mammoth, a arewacin Yakutia sun daɗe suna shirya tebur da gida.
Pleistocene Park
Dubun dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata, a wannan yanki na yanzu, a cikin yanayin yanayi iri ɗaya kamar savannah, an ga wani tundra-mai kama da savanna, wanda akwai kusan bison, mammoths, daskararn saƙo, zakuna kogo da sauran halittu masu rai kamar yadda yanzu akwai giwaye, Rhinos, kwari, zaki da sauran dabbobi a cikin reshen Afirka. A takaice lokacin rani ya isa ga tsirrai su tara isasshen biomass wa kansu kuma don ciyar da herbivores a cikin daren bazara.
Amma a lokacin dumamar yanayi ta karshe, kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, dabbobi masu shayarwa suka mutu daga baya (watakila mafarauta na zamani sun kara hanzarta aiwatar da hakan). Tsire-tsire sun bushe ba tare da taki ba, yanayin da ke lalacewa yana tafiya, kuma bayan dubun dubunnan tundra ta zama marar-ganuwa kuma kusan fanko ce.
Amma a 1980, a cikin ajiyar kusa da garin Chersky a bakin Kolyma, ƙungiyar masu goyon baya, karkashin jagorancin Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Arewa-ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha Sergey Zimov, ta fara aiki don sake nazarin yanayin yanayin mammoth steppe ta hanyar gabatar da tsira daga dabbobin Pleistocene ko analogues na zamani da zasu iya kasancewa a cikin tundra. yanayin arctic.
Sun fara da wani yanki mai cike da kadada 50 da kuma wani karamin garken dawakai na Yakut, ba da daɗewa ba suka kakkarye kuma suka tattake kusan ciyawar da ke cikin wannan "kraal" kaɗan ma. Amma wannan farkon ne. Yanzu (har yanzu - a kan ɗan ƙaramin yanki, kadada 160) faɗada, reindeer, musk ox, deer da bison sun riga sun sauka ga dawakai.
Nasarar da aka samu
Lastarshen dogsarshen karnukan Dingo waɗanda minatedan asalin gari suka ƙare kuma a ƙarshe, magabatan Europeanan Turai na karnukan ƙungiyar Tasmania marsupial Wolves - tilacins (Thylacinus cynocephalus) sun mutu a cikin gidan dabbobi a cikin 1936. A shekara ta 2008, masu bincike daga jami'ar Melbourne sun ware daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittar masu sarrafa abubuwa daga giya na kayan tarihin kayan tarihi wanda ke kara inganta kwayar halittar wasu kwayoyin, wacce ke da alhakin ci gaban gurneti da kasusuwa, tare da maye gurbinsu da wani nau'in mai ba da izini mai sarrafawa a cikin qwai. A cikin ciki na sati biyu-mako na ciki (ba a ba da damar a haifi abin da ke ciki ba), ba Mouse ba, amma sunadarin protein na protein na tilain. Amma mutum ya isa ya ma yi mafarki na farfado da kyarkeci akan ƙyallen maƙasudin ƙira - wannan kawai maida hankali ne ga tsararraki, sakamakon hakan wata rana zai iya zama da amfani, alal misali, nazarin ayyukan kwayoyin halittar da suka lalace.
A cikin Ostiraliya guda, a cikin bazara na wannan shekara, masu binciken ilimin halittu daga Jami'ar New South Wales sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka tsintsiyar Rheobatrachus silus, wadda ta mutu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka wuce, ƙaramin dabba, da sha'awar cewa matan sa sun kware a bakinsu. Masana kimiyya sun gabatar da kwayayen daga sel mai sanyi na R. silus a cikin qwayayen nau'in kwaya mafi kusa da ita, Mixophyes fasciolatus, kuma har ma sun jira da rarrabuwar kwayar, kuma bayan hakan ne tayi tayi. Amma matsala ta fara lalacewa, kodayake ga jama'a wannan matsala mai karfin gaske ba komai bane illa abubuwan da dinosaur suke.
Rashin nasarar, kodayake mafi ƙaranci, ya ƙare gwajin masu bincike daga Jami'ar Zaragoza kan ɗaukar hoto na akuyar dutsen Pyrenean, wakili na ƙarshe wanda ya mutu a 2000.Attemptsoƙarin farko guda biyu don cin nasarar haihuwar yara daga tayin da aka samo daga nuclei na sel da aka daskare yayin rayuwar mutum na ƙarshe, da ƙwai na akuya gida, sun ƙare cikin ɓarna. A karo na uku (a shekara ta 2009), masana kimiyyar kasar Sifen suka kirkiro amurka 439, wadanda 57 daga cikinsu suka fara rarrabasu kuma aka sanya su cikin mahaifa na iyayen mata masu haihuwa. Abin takaici, daga cikin awaki bakwai masu juna biyu, guda daya kacal ya isa haihuwar, kuma yaron ya mutu minutesan mintuna bayan haihuwa saboda matsalolin numfashi.
Gaskiya ne, bison mazaunan gandun daji ne mai tsayi, kuma idan sun kasa daidaitawa a cikin Arctic, suna shirin maye gurbinsu da wani jinsin da yafi dacewa - bison daji. Abin sani kawai wajibi ne a jira har sai ƙananan garken su ya karu, waɗanda abokan aiki suka aiko daga asirce a arewacin Kanada kuma sun yi niyyar tsayawa a wani gandun daji a kudancin Yakutia
Yaushe (kuma idan) maimakon babban wurin shakatawa, aikin yana karɓar yankin da ya isa ga ƙungiyar ta ajiyar, zai yuwu a saki karnukan kyarkeci da bears daga cikin jiragen sama har ma suna ƙoƙarin gabatar da damisar Amur - mafi kyawun canji don zakuna zakuna. Lafiya, da dabbobi masu shayarwa? Kuma mammoth - to. Idan wannan aiki ya kare.
Guda kurciya?
Ba a haɗa aikin farfado da purtons masu yawo Amurka (Ectopistes migratorius) ba tare da lafuzzan ƙasa ba ta kowace hanya. Akasin haka, a farkon karni na 19, a gabashin Arewacin Amurka, yawo masu yawo suna birgima a cikin garken daruruwan miliyoyin tsuntsaye, suna cin gandun daji kamar kwari da barin wani yanki mai zurfi na zuriyar dabbobi a baya, sun shirya wuraren mallakar daruruwan nunannun bishiyoyi kuma, duk da ƙoƙarin masu cin naman, Indiyawan, sannan kuma fararen fari, ba su raguwa ba adadi.
Amma da shigowar hanyoyin jiragen kasa, farauta masu pigeons sun zama kasuwanci mai riba. Harba ba tare da duba cikin gajimare da ke tashi a kan gona ba ko tara kajin kamar apples, kuma mika wa mai siye - bunch na dinari, amma da yawa adadin abubuwan da aka makala. A cikin kwata-kwata na ƙarni, biliyoyin damisa masu yawo sun bar dubbai - kaɗan kalilan ne don maido da yawan waɗannan ivan kwastomomin, koda kuwa ya faru ga wani a wancan zamanin. Kurciya ta ƙarshe ta mutu a gidan zu a shekarar 1914.
Wani matashin Ba'amurke ɗan asalin nan ɗan asalin nan mai suna Ben Novak ya cika burin da ya yi na farfado da kurciya. Har ma ya sami damar samun kuɗaɗe don ra'ayin sa daga Gidauniyar Revive da Restore, ɗayan reshe na ƙungiyar Long Now wanda marubuci Stuart Brand ya kafa wanda ke goyan bayan almubazzaranci amma kuma ba ƙarancin ayyukan a fannoni na kimiyya ba.
A matsayin kayan don ƙimar asalin halitta, Ben yana shirin amfani da ƙwai na tattabara-kunkuru, nau'in da ke da alaƙa da yawo. Gaskiya ne, sun rabu da magabata na yau da shekaru miliyan 30 da adadin maye gurbi sama da tsakanin mammoth da giwaye. Kuma gwajin tare da maye gurbin halittar halittar halittar halittar tsuntsaye ya kasance ko sama da haka ba a aiki kawai ba, kuma har zuwa yanzu babu wanda ya yi magana da pigeons ...
Amma an riga an karanta tsohuwar tsintsiyar pomeon daga samfurin nama wanda ɗaya daga cikin gidajen kayan tarihin ya bayar, kuma a cikin Maris 2013, Novak ya fara sake gina wani tsuntsu wanda ya ƙare a Jami'ar California a Santa Cruz. Gaskiya ne, koda aikin yayi nasara, sakamakon sa zai rayu a wuraren dabbobi: a cikin yanayin yawo pigeons na iya zama kawai a cikin garken da yawa. Me ke jiran belin masara na Amurka idan waɗannan garken za su iya dacewa da sabon yanayin rayuwa?
Kodayake, koda ba zai yiwu a sake shakatawa da pigeons masu yawo ba, sakamakon da aka samu zai zama da amfani ga ƙoƙarin farfado da dodo (tsuntsayen Dodo masu ban dariya), guguwar New Zealand, kamarsu Madagascar tsararraki da sauran nau'in tsuntsayen kwanan nan.
A cikin watan Janairun 2013, labarai masu ban mamaki suka bazu a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya: sanannen ɗan masaniyar halittar ɗan adam George Church na Jami’ar Harvard yana neman mace mai ƙarfin hali da za ta yi rawar da uwar gwadabe za ta yi a kan koyon Neanderthal. Kwana guda bayan haka, duk kyawawan labaran da suka tabo wannan karar sun buga martani: amma an gano cewa Jaridar Daily Mail tayi kuskure wajen fassara hirar a sati na Jaridar Spiegel ta mako. Cocin, wanda bai taɓa shiga cikin tsararrakin Neanderthal ba, kawai yana jayayya cewa a zahiri yana iya yiwuwa a rufe shi wata rana, amma ya zama dole?
Kurosaurs: ci gaba ga abubuwan da suka gabata!
Yanzu, ga masanin kimiyyar da muka fara da shi, Jack Horner daga Jami'ar Montana, marubucin Yadda ake Gina Dinosaur. Gaskiya ne, zai zama kamar kurosaur: ana kiran aikin Chickenosaurus, kuma aiwatarwa, a cewar marubucin, zai ɗauki shekaru biyar kawai. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar "farka" abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan cin abinci na dinosaur da aka adana amma cikin amsar kaza. Kuna iya farawa da hakora: archeopteryx da sauran tsuntsayen farko suna da hakora masu kyau. Gaskiya ne, mafi girman da masu binciken da ke aiki a wannan yanki suka sami damar samu shine mahaifar tayi na kwana goma sha shida wacce take da hakora masu rauni a gaban baki, amma tafiyar dubu ko makamancin haka ta fara da matakin farko ...
Wannan daidai ne, a matakai da yawa - mataki-mataki, gene by gene, protein ta furotin - Horner kuma yayi niyyar haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar sa. Cire yatsu na huɗu, juya fuka-fuki zuwa paws ... Kuma zai ɗauki shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai na aiki da dala miliyan biyu don matakin farko na aikin. Gaskiya ne, babu wani bayani har yanzu cewa aikin Kurosaurus ya sami kuɗi. Amma tabbas za a sami majiɓinci: ba mahimmanci ba ne cewa ba za su kasance dinosaur na ainihi ba, kuma don farawa - girman kaza. Amma kyakkyawa.
Da yake magana game da kyakkyawa: launin launi mai duhu da sikelin dinosaurs a cikin Jurassic Park yana sa su zama mafi ban tsoro, amma tabbas ba gaskiya ba ne. Dukansu Horner da sauran masana binciken burbushin halittu sun dade da ra'ayin cewa yawancin, idan ba duk dinosaurs na ƙasa yana da farin jini ba kuma an rufe shi da fuka-fukai mai haske. Ciki har da Mummunan Mallakar Sarauta - Tyrannosaurus rex. Aukar jini a matsayin har ila yau, amma babu tabbas game da alamun fuka-fukai a cikin burbushin ragowar dangi - Yutyrannus huali (an fassara shi daga Latin-Sinawa - “Kyakkyawan azzalumi a cikin gashin fuka-fukai”, nauyi - kusan tan 1.5, tsawonsa - 9 m) - kwanan nan aka gano balaguron masana kimiyyar bincike na kasar Sin. Me kuma game da gaskiyar cewa a cikin tsarin gashin fuka-fukansa na fari har zuwa 15 cm tsayi sun fi kama da na kaji maimakon hadaddun fuka-fukan tsuntsayen zamani? Da kyau, ba zai iya zama ba ma an yi masu zane-zane da kyau!
Kuma idan dabbobi masu shayarwa a nan gaba, dodos, dinosaurs da sauran dabbobi masu ƙarewa ba ainihin bane, amma kusan iri ɗaya ne ga masu halitta - wanene a cikinku zai ƙi tafiya a wurin shakatawa na zamani, wanda a farkon kallonsa ba a rarrabe daga Jurassic ko Pleistocene?
Tail Gyara
Tsuntsayen zamanin da, kamar su Archeopteryx, suna da dogon wutsiya. Tsuntsayen zamani har yanzu suna da wutsiya mara nauyi. Babban burin aikin Horner shine gano asalin (mahaifar) da ke hana ci gaban wutsiya a matakin tayi. Ta hanyar canza yanayin magana da wadannan kwayoyin, mutum zai iya haifar da kaji tare da wutsiyoyi na dinosaur.
Wannan ra'ayin ya jawo hankalin zargi daga masana kimiyya da yawa. Sean Carroll, masanin ilimin halittu masu haɓaka, yayi gwajin haɓakar kwari iri ɗaya, amma waɗannan gwaje-gwajen galibi suna kashe su.
Shirya Talla
Kuna iya tallafawa aikin da kanka anan.
Tunanin kirkiro Kurosaurus ya daɗe. Jack Horner ya ba da shawarar wannan ra'ayin a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Ya rubuta cewa mutane suna son ra'ayinsa, amma bai taɓa samun wadatar da zai fara wannan aikin ba. Lokacin da Larsson da Horner suka fara aikin, Horner ya ba da $ 20,000 don shekara ɗaya don ɗaukar nauyin aikin postdoc a ɗakin labarun Larssons. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aikin ya sami gudummawa da yawa masu zaman kansu, ciki har da darektan Star Wars George Lucas.
Sensation - Chicken Dinosaur
“A cikin garin Alberta da ke Kanada, ragowar ɗakunan dinosaur! "Maganin kaji ya rayu a duniyar tamu shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata kuma suka ci, bisa ga zaton, tsinkayen farko."
Sunan ban sha'awa, mafi dacewa don gabatarwa zuwa labari mai ban mamaki. Amma gaskiyane. Binciken an kira shi "Albertonykus borealis", ana zargin cewa an gano wadannan dabbobin a matsayin kananan dinosaur a Arewacin Amurka.
Spielberg bai taba yin mafarkin ko Hotunan Calabian ba ya wakilta
Jurassic Park fim ɗin Hollywood, da sauran abubuwan finafinai masu zuwa nan gaba, suna da alaƙa da yardar masana kimiyya. Don haka wannan shari’ar ba ta da banbance.
Mindswararrun tunanin ɗan adam, ba wai kawai sun kasance ɓangare na ƙwararrun wannan sanannen sanannen Hollywood ba (Jack Horner, Jami'ar Montana, Amurka) sun ba da shawarwari na fasaha ga darektan, amma su da kansu sun yanke shawarar "samar da ƙwararrun ma'abuta" - fassara yawancin tunani da aka bayyana a fim ɗin cikin gaskiya. .
Bayan fim - har zuwa zance
Yana da kyau a lura cewa kaza ta kasance cikin binciken nemo dalilin motsawar ciki.
A farkon shekarar 2005, kwararru a fagen binciken kansar dabbobi - John Fallon da Matt Harris (Wisconsin, Amurka) sun gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji tare da kumburin kaji. Yayin gudanar da bincike na kimiyya, sun yi bayanin bayyanar wasu abubuwa da ba a saba ganin su ba a jawayen amfrayo.
Girma mai girma ya zama bai zama kamar haƙoran fitila mai kama da hakoran tayi. Bayan jerin bincike, masu binciken sun yanke shawarar bisa dalilin kajin na DNA don su "tashi daga hibernation" lambar kwayoyin halittar dabbobi na prehistoric.
Ofungiyoyin masana kimiyya daga cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban waɗanda suka fara aikin kimiyya sun annabta samar da kaji tare da dukkan sifofin da ke cikin yanayin zaluntar.
Tare da tutocinsa, da sikeli, da wutsiyarsa, da kuma gabansa, zai yi kama da na dinosaur na ainihi, da kuma sanannun ma'anar "masu maye", ta hanyar wannan dangi, zai zama magana mai kawo rigima.
Kalli bidiyon - kaji yana tafiya kamar dinosaur!
Klusha mai hakora
Bari mu koma zuwa bayanin aikin kaji. Ma'aurata masu rikitarwa sun mallaki hanyar haihuwa wanda ke iya kashe tayin kafin haihuwa.
Yayin da ya juya, wani abu mai kama da yanayin wannan aikin shine asalin tsohuwar ɗabi'ar da ke da alhakin ci gaban haƙoran haƙoran, amma wanda ya ɓace a cikin hanyar juyin halitta.
Masu binciken Amurkawa sun kirkiro wata kwayar cuta wacce dabi'unta iri daya ce da kuma dabi'ar kwayar halittar da ta rage, amma ba ta haifar da mutuwar wani abin gwaji ba. Mutagen da aka gabatar da shi zuwa ga tayin al'ada na farawa hakora na hakori.
Yawo, fikafikai. Babban abu shine wutsiya.
Mataki na gaba na bincike an qaddara ya zama wani abin mamaki. Masanin binciken burbushin halittu Hans Larsson (Jami'ar McGill, Amurka) ya bayyana gaskiya A gaban rudiments wutsiya, ya bayyana a farkon kaza na cinikin tsirrai amma “ɓace” a wani lokaci.
An danganta sakamakon sakamakon aikin da yake sauya wata hanyar canzawar jinsi, kuma har yanzu ba a sami nasarar kokarin aiwatar da aikin ba.
Amma cikin motsi kamar yadda aka ba su, masana kimiyya suna iya tsara amfrayo don bayyana wasu halaye da aka gada daga magabata na nesa.
Kurosaurus, na yi imani da kai
Yana fasaltawa kasar Sin magana kadan, muna samun fassararmu: “Ba za ku sami kwai na dabbar dragon ba daga cikin kaji” Wannan shine abin da duniyar kimiyya ke jagorar ta, kamar yadda ta yarda da shi, a zahiri ya musanta hadaddiyar dinosaur da kaji da tsuntsayen zamani.
Larsson yana ɗaya daga cikin paan tsirarun masanan ilimin kimiyya waɗanda ke yin la'akari da alamar jingina dangantakar tsakanin tsuntsaye da dinosaur.
Biyan kuɗi zuwa sabuntawar shafin yanar gizon kaza, ku ne farkon wanda zai karanta labaran mu.