• Double-lazy (Megalonychidae)
• Megatheriidae
• Lo Milodonts (Mylodontidae)
• El Scelidotheriidae

Manyan maganganu - rukuni na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sloths, wanda aka san shi da manyan masu girma dabam. Sun tashi a cikin Oligocene kimanin miliyan 35 da suka gabata kuma suna zaune a cikin Sabuwar Duniya, suna isa da adadin tan da yawa da tsawo na 6. M wasu nau'in manyan katattun wurare sun mutu kawai a ƙarshen Pleistocene, megalocnuses game da. Kyuba ya tsira zuwa Holocene kuma ya kasance kusan shekaru 4 da suka wuce, ƙarnuka da yawa bayan mutanen farko sun bayyana a tsibirin. Ba kamar sloths na zamani ba, manyan danginsu basu rayu akan bishiyoyi ba, amma a duniya.

A cewar masana ilimin halittar da ke bin DNA na milodon Darwin (Mylodon darwinii), layin milodontids (Mylodontidae) da ninki biyu (Megalonychidae) sun ragargaje kimanin shekaru miliyan 22 da suka gabata.

Sanadin lalata

Gano burbushin halittu masu tarin yawa ya nuna cewa mutanen farko a Amurka, magabatan Indiya ne, suka samo wadannan dabbobin kuma tabbas hakane, suna da hannu cikin rushewar su. An daɗe, ana ɗaukar dalilin halakarwarsu a matsayin canjin yanayi mai kaifi a ƙarshen lokacin ƙanyen ice na ƙarshe. Mingarfafawa ya haifar da wurare da yawa canji cikin tsarin taɓarɓarewar yanayi, narke glaciers da hauhawar matakan teku. Wasu masana kimiyyar suna da ra'ayin cewa yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi, ciki har da manya-manyan alamomi, ba za su iya isa da sauri su dace da sabon yanayin waje ba.

A kan wannan hasashe shine gaskiyar cewa rikice-rikice masu ban mamaki fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da kasancewar su sun sami sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa. Kari akan haka, sun kasance ne ga kadan daga cikin jinsunan Kudancin Amurka wadanda bayan bayyanar gada ta ƙasa tare da Arewacin Amurka, zasu iya yadawa zuwa arewacin arewacin, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin canjin yanayinsu. Mutane sun kafa tsibirin na Amurka daga shekaru 15 zuwa 10,000 da suka wuce, kuma ƙarshen katse-tarnace ya ɓace a ɓangaren duniya misalin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Wannan yana nuna cewa an farautar waɗannan dabbobin. Wataƙila sun kasance masu sauƙin ganima tunda, kamar danginsu na zamani, sun koma da hankali. Sabili da haka, abin da yasa sanadin lalacewarsu ya kasance mutum ya fi canje-canjen yanayi.

An samo kayan adon daga kasusuwa na tsoffin dattijai da tsoffin Baƙi suka yi a Santa Elina a cikin jihar Mato Grosso na ƙasar Brazil. A cikin shekara ta 2017, an yi kwanan watan shekaru 23.12 dubu da suka gabata. A cikin White Sands National Park ko White Sands a cikin jihar New Mexico (Amurka), kimanin. 10-15 dubu lita n fiye da 100 tabbatattun burbushi na manyan sloths da burbushi na mutane a cikinsu. Tunda babu wani kwarangwal na sloth da aka samu, masana kimiyyar sun kammala cewa farauta baiyi nasara ba. Ragowar manya-manyan tasoshin yanar gizo daga Campo Labode a cikin aljihun Argentine wanda ya fara da Holocene (9,730 bp), ta amfani da hanyar saduwa ta zamani wacce zata baka damar kawar da gurbata yanayi da kimanta tsararraki ta hanyar amino acid din, wanda ya zuwa zamanin da ya gabata - 14-12 shekara dubu zuwa yau, wanda yayi dace da ƙarshen Pleistocene.

Legends na Indiyawan suna magana ne game da halittar Mapingari, wanda, bisa ga bayanin, ya zo daidai da babbar ma'ana. Wannan sha'awar ta ba da labari game da waɗannan tatsuniya, masu ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa sun yi ƙoƙarin nemo waɗanda suka tsira a cikin Amazon, amma ba su yi nasara ba.

Abin da ya ciyar

Sloth megaterium ya rayu a cikin gandun daji mai haske, wanda miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata suka girma a kan yankin Kudancin Amurka na zamani. Ya ci ganye, ciyawa, da tsire-tsire kamar yucca da agave. 'Yar uwarsa Eremotherium tana zaune a arewacin arewacin ƙasar. Wannan katuwar katuwar dutsen ya hau kan kafafunsa biyu don isa ga rassan bishiyoyi, kuma yana amfani da wutsiyarsa lokacin farin ciki. Tare da paws tare da kaifi mai kaifi, dabba ta tanadi rassan. Sloth yana da hakora masu sauƙi, wanda ya tauna da yan abincin, wanda aka inganta ta da ingantattun ƙwayoyi masu tauna. Cutar tasa ta sami karbuwa ga abinci mai narkewa. Wataƙila tare da yatsan maƙoshinsa ya tsage ƙasa kuma ya ci amfanin gona. Miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, wannan babbar rura wutar ba ta da abokan gaba, sabili da haka, zai iya kasancewa mai aiki a lokacin. Ko da lokacin da masu ɓarna da haɗari suka bayyana, alal misali, murmushi (saber-toothed tiger), ma'anar sloth bai shuɗe ba. Wannan ya sauƙaƙe ta fata mai kauri, an rufe ta da kauri, dogon gashi. An samo ƙusoshin fata a cikin kauri na fata na sloth, wanda ya kara ƙarfafa fatarsa ​​kuma yana hana magabatan cutar da shi.

LIFESTYLE

Ba a san ƙarami game da rayuwar babban gizinin sloth, magabacin edentulous na zamani ba. Wata babbar dabba ce, mai jinkirin, da babu kamawa. Tsaye a kan kafafu huɗu, megaterium shine haɓakar giwa. Lokacin da dabbar tayi ta hawa dutsen kafafunsa don kaiwa ga matasa, tsiron sa ya kusan ninki biyu. An rufe jikin mai kauri, an rufe shi da kauri. Megaterium ya ci abincin tsirrai. Ya cinye ganyen ciyayi masu yawan gaske, wanda galibi yake nema a kusa da ƙasa. Lokacin tafiya, ban jingina da ƙafa ɗaya ba, amma a gefen sa. Suna tunanin cewa za'a iya kiyaye waɗannan dabbobin a cikin kananan rukuni ko kuma su kaɗai.

CIGABA

Lokacin da magabatan megateria suka sauka a yankin Kudancin Amurka, ƙasar da ta haɗa Arewacin Amurka da Ta Kudu (Panama ta zamani) ta cika da ruwa. Sloths, kamar sauran wadanda ba yatsun kafa, suna iya yin shuru a hankali, saboda a wancan lokacin basu da gasa da abinci tare da wasu nau'in halittu.

A cikin ɓoye halayen ɓoye da yawa daban-daban sun inganta, amma duk wakilan suna da alamu gama gari: hakoran da ba su da kyautuka da kuma nau'ikan jijiyoyin da ke daɗaɗawa, wanda ke ba su babbar motsi. A cewar wata ka'ida, wannan tsarin na vertebral ya taimaka masa da ɗaukar nauyi.

Bayan kusan shekaru miliyan 60, wani yanki tsakanin nahiyoyi ya sake farawa a saman. Sannan megaterium da sauran wakilan edentulous sun sami damar motsawa zuwa arewa, inda suka zauna a wurare da yawa, amma daga baya suka bace a wasu yankuna. Wannan ya bayyana ne ta hanyar kasusuwa wadannan dabbobin da aka samo a Arewacin Amurka. Megateria sune magabatan sloths na zamani, waɗanda suke ƙanana kaɗan kuma suna rayuwa akan rassan bishiyoyi. Manyan katunan ayyukan megateria an yi imani sun mutu sakamakon canjin yanayi da sauye sauye.

SKELETON MEGATERY

Girman: yana tsaye a kan kafafu huɗu, wannan sloth shine haɓakar giwa.

Vertebrae: saboda tsari na musamman na kashin baya, dabba ce mai yawan gaske.

Wuta: Tare da taimakon wutsiya, sloth ya sami daidaito, musamman idan ya tsaya akan kafafunsa na baya.

Claws: A kowane reshe akwai matakai 5 da sandunansu ya kama rassan ya sunkuya su.

Rarrabar Hind: lokacin da sloth ya tsaya a kan kafafunsa na hagu, ya samu sauki ga rawanin bishiyoyi.

- Habitat megateria

DAGA CIKIN MAFARKIN SAUKI

Sloaƙƙarfan martaba sun rayu a kan yankin Kudancin Amurka na zamani, watau, a Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina da Uruguay. Wasu nau'ikan daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka, inda suke zaune shekaru da yawa miliyan.

Gano binciken masu bincike da binciken masana kimiyya

A karon farko, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Spain suka gano ragowar katuwar ma'anar sloth a cikin 1789 a Argentina, kusa da Buenos Aires. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Patagonia sun yi tunanin cewa ƙasusuwan sunadarai ne daga cikin manyan kwayoyin. Dangane da labarin almara, wata rana ya tashi daga ƙasa kuma hasken rana ya kashe shi.

Mataimakin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya na Marquis Loreto nan da nan ya aika ƙasusuwa zuwa Madrid. A cikin babban birnin, masanin binciken Jose Garriga ya dauki nauyin ragowar "tawadar". Tuni a cikin 1796, ya buga aikin kimiyya wanda ya ba da labarin wata dabba da ta mutu.

Garriga ya kwatanta shi da giwa, tunda girman dabbar Kudancin Amurka ba ta da daraja da komai kwata-kwata. Koyaya, cinyoyinsa da manyan ƙafafunsa sun fi tsayi kuma sunfi giwaye girma, da kuma yanayin kwanyar, kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar ya lura a cikin aikin sa, yayi kama da na sloth.

Saboda girmanta mai ban sha'awa, an kira dabbar "megaterium", wanda ke nufin "babbar dabba." Don haka an kira shi masanin dabi'ar halitta Georges Cuvier, yana kallon hotunan kwarangwal din da Mutanen Espanya suka aika zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris. Masanin ilimin Faransanci, kamar Jose Garriga, ya gane a cikin dabbar da ba a san asalin kakannin sloth na zamani ba.

Matsayi na gaba ɗaya game da dabba mai ƙonewa

Gano abubuwan bincike da binciken masana kimiyya ya zama ainihin abin mamaki a Turai. Sannan babban mawaƙin Jamusanci na I.V. Goethe ya ba da labarin gaba ɗaya ga babbar ma'ana. Gidajen tarihi, don samun kasusuwarsa, sun kasance a shirye su daina dukanin kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara. Kuma Sarkin Spain, Carlos na III, ya nemi kawo wannan dabbar a Madrid. Haka kuma, mai mulkin bai damu ko yana raye ko ya mutu ba. Ya yi imani da cewa New World, kamar yadda ake kiranta America, har yanzu mutanen Megateriyya suna da zama.

Jin daɗin da ke kewaye da su bai ragu ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XIX, lokacin da aka samo ragowar dinosaur. A wannan lokacin, masu bincike da yawa sun ziyarci Patagonia. Baya ga kasusuwa na megateria, an gano abubuwan da ke jikinta a bakin kogunan koguna, zuriyar dabbobi, ragowar fata da gashi a cikin kogon. Godiya ga yanayin sanyi da bushewar Patagonia, ana kiyaye ragowar, wanda ya ba da izinin masana ilimin ba don kawai sake bayyanar da dabbar tsohuwar ba, har ma don bayyana halayenta da abinci.

Fitowar wata katuwar ma'ana sloth megateria

Babban gizamin megaterium ya kai tsayin mita uku. Haka kuma, girman dabbar ya ninka lokacin da ya hau kan cinyoyinsa na baya. Babban dabbar da ke nauyin tan hudu a wannan matsayi ya ninka giwa sau biyu. Wannan shi ne wani ɓangare saboda tsawon jikin jikin sloth, wanda ya kasance mita shida.

Abubuwa masu kauri suna rufe Megateria, kuma a ƙarƙashinta akwai fataccen fata. Fatar wata katuwar tasirin fata da aka karfafa shi ta hanyar kananan filayen kwari. Irin wannan murfin ya sanya megateria kusan mara amfani. Har ma wannan dabba mai hatsarin gaske kamar damisa mai tsamiya, ba zata iya cutar da shi ba.

Babban gizanin rukunin yana da kwari mai fa'ida, kafafu masu ƙarfi tare da maƙallan ƙanƙanun siffa wanda ya kai tsawon cm 17, da kuma wutsiya mai kauri wanda ba irinta ba wanda ya isa ƙasan.

Shugaban dabba ya kasance karami idan aka kwatanta shi da babban jikin, kuma makircin sa yana da sihiri na da da elongated.

Ta yaya manyan hotuna masu iko suka motsa?

Megaterium bai hau dutse ba kamar zuriyarsa ta zamani. Charles Darwin, wanda ya bincika ragowar sa a karni na 18, ya lura da wannan sifar dabbar a daya daga cikin ayyukan ta. Ga alama a gare shi ra'ayin ne mai raɗaɗi game da wanzuwar tsirrai masu iya shayar da wannan girar.

Farfesa Richard Owen shima ya shiga cikin binciken ragowar da Darwin ya kawo daga Patagonia zuwa Ingila. Shi ne ya ba da shawarar cewa megaterium ya koma ƙasa. Lokacin da kake tafiya, babbar hanyar da ba ta dace ba kamar anetater na zamani ba ta jingina da ƙafa ɗaya ba, amma a gefen ta, don kar ta manne ƙasa da maƙulli. Saboda wannan, sai ya koma a hankali da ɗan takaitaccen.

Masana kimiyyar zamani sunce megaterium zai iya tafiya a ƙafafunsa na baya. Don haka, binciken biomechanical wanda A. Casino ya buga a shekarar 1996 ya nuna cewa tsarin kwarangwal ya ba da izinin girman mutum izuwa cikin kawai. Koyaya, adalcin dabbar nan har wa yau ya kasance abin tattaunawa a duniyar kimiyya.

Fasali megateria abinci mai gina jiki

Megaterium mallakar dabbobi masu shayarwa ba tare da ciyar da ciyawa ba musamman kuma suna ciyar da ciyayi. Tsarin faifan mujiya na sama na nuni da cewa dabbar tana da lebe mai tsayi babba mai girman gaske, halayyar dabbobi na duniyar dabbobi.

Wata katuwar ƙasa mai zurfin ƙasa ta tashi a ƙafafunsa na baya, ta cire rassan bishiyoyi zuwa kanta, yanke ganyayyaki masu ban sha'awa, har da ƙananan harbe kuma suka ci su. Babbar shimfidarsa, babba ƙafafunsa da dabbar doguwar ƙashi ya yi aiki a matsayin tallafi kuma an ba da shi, ba tare da ƙoƙari ba, don cin abinci a cikin ganye. Har zuwa kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gamsu cewa sloth ya tsaga ganye tare da wani harshe na yau da kullun. Koyaya, binciken zamani ya nuna cewa tsarin muƙamuƙinsa ya hana ƙirƙirar tsokoki waɗanda zasu iya riƙe shi.

Baya ga ciyawar bishiyoyi, megaterium kuma ya ci amfanin gona. Sai ya tsage su daga ƙasa, ya yi amfani da dogayen kalamun.

Shin megaterium zai iya zama maƙiyi?

Megaterium yakamata ya zama ɗan kayan dabbobi. Masanin kimiyya M. S. Bargo ya gabatar a shekara ta 2001 bincike game da aikin haƙori na babban gizanin. Ya nuna cewa ya ci abinci ba kawai kayan lambu ba, har ma da nama. Gefen dabbar suna da siffar triangular kuma sunada kaifi a gefunan. Tare da taimakonsu, wata katuwar almara ta iya cin ganye ba kawai, har ma da nama. Wataƙila ya ɗanɗaɗa iri-iri a cikin abincinsa, cin abinci, ko cin abin da ya samo daga masu farauta, ko farauta da kansa.

Megaterium yana da gajeriyar hanyoyin gwiwar hannu, godiya ga wanda goshinsa ya zama yanayin tsufa da gaske. Wani fasali mai kama da wannan shine dabbobi masu yawan dabbobi. Don haka, megaterium ya mallaki isasshen iko da saurin kai hari, misali, glyptodonts. Bugu da kari, sakamakon binciken halittu ya nuna cewa babban gizanin zai iya amfani da dogayen kalam a matsayin makami a cikin fadace-fadace tare da sauran dabbobin. Koda yake, masana kimiyya da yawa suna tunanin irin wannan dabbar da ake shakkar da ita.

Rayuwar rayuwar tsohuwar dabba

Ko da kuwa megaterium ya kasance mai zafin rai ko a'a, ba shi da abokan gaba. Babbar dabba zata iya wucewa cikin dazuzzukan daji da gonaki ba tare da tsoro ga rayuwarta ba, dare da rana.

Babbar ma'ana, a cewar masana kimiyya da yawa, sun bata cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Akwai ra'ayi sabanin ra'ayi, bisa ga abin da waɗannan dabbobin suka zama guda ɗaya kuma suka zauna daban a cikin kogon ɓoye, kuma ma'abuta sihiri sun kasance kusa da juna kawai a lokacin aure da kuma haihuwar zuriya.

Yaushe megateria ya bayyana kuma a ina suka zauna?

Kamar yadda binciken radiocarbon ya nuna game da ragowar, yanzu dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bayyana a duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, a cikin zamanin Pliocene. Da farko, katuwar katako ya mamaye makiyaya da sassan itace a Kudancin Amurka. Daga baya sun sami damar daidaitawa da wuraren da yanayin yanayi mai daɗi. Masu binciken sun gano kasusuwan dabbobi ba kawai a cikin Argentina ba, har ma a Bolivia, Peru da Chile. Wasu megateria da alama sun ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka. Wannan na nuni da ragowar manya-manyan alamomin da aka gano akan Nahiyar.

Matsaloli masu yuwuwar lalata dabbobi na zamanin da

Waɗannan dabbobin burbushin halitta sun rayu zuwa ga Pleistocene kuma sun kasance kusan shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna jayayya game da abin da ya sa wannan ya faru. Dayawa sun yi imanin cewa dabbobi ba za su iya jure canjin yanayi ba. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa megateria tsawon dubunnan shekaru da aka samu nasarar dacewa da sabon yanayin yana nuna wani dalili na daban game da hallaka, shine bayyanar babban yankin mutumin da ya lalata ƙwararrun shaggy, farauta da fatansu. Wataƙila saboda magabatan tsohuwar Indiya, megateria ta mutu. Koyaya, raguwar raguwa cikin yawan jama'a da kuma lalata nau'in zasu iya shafar abubuwan biyu gaba ɗaya.

Legends na tsira da megateria

Tare da ilimin kimiya, almara suna zuwa cikin jayayya cewa babban dabbar, wanda Spaniards da suka gano sau ɗaya waɗanda suka bincika Sabuwar Duniya, har yanzu suna da rai.Kamar ƙanƙanƙan mutum mai sanyi, yana ɓoyewa daga idanun mutane. Jita-jita tana da cewa katuwar tashoshi ya sauka a ƙafafun Andes na zamani. Tabbas, sigar da dabbar da ta gabata ta shuɗe har yanzu tawo a cikin sararin Kudancin Amurka ba ta da tushe, amma wannan ra'ayin ƙauna yana fifita hasashen mutane, tilasta musu don neman tabbataccen tabbacin gaskiyar nasu.

Masana ilimin kimiyya sun gano saukakkun ƙaddara a cikin injin "Mabuɗin Abubuwan Gano"

Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Konstanz (Jamus) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Alfred Leitenstorfera a karon farko kai tsaye suka rubuta abubuwan da ke faruwa na kwalliyar ƙwayoyin kwalliya (oscillations of the electromagnetic filin) ​​a cikin wani yanayi. Yin amfani da sabon saiti na gani ta amfani da kayan bugun haske na musamman a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar, masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi sun sami damar lura da wannan sabon abu. Abubuwan da aka samo suna ba mu damar kusanci don fahimtar abubuwan "babu komai" kuma, ba shakka, muhimmin mataki ne na haɓaka kimiyyar lissafi. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin Jaridar Kimiyya.

A labarin, kasancewar sanannen sanyin yanayi ne sananne wanda ya daɗe, amma har yanzu babu wanda ya sami nasarar ganin wannan abin. A cikin kalmomin masu sauki, kasancewar yanayin canzawar yanayi yana nufin cewa ko da cikin duhu da shuru, wasu canji a fagen lantarki har yanzu yana faruwa. Har izuwa yanzu, an yi imanin cewa wannan sabon abu yana nuna kansa kawai kai tsaye: alal misali, a cikin yanayin mara haske da iskar gas ke fitarwa a cikin fitilar mai kyalli.

Wata rukunin masana kimiyyar lissafi ta kasa-da-kasa, wanda ya hada da masu bincike na Rasha Denis Seletsky da Andrei Moskalenko, sun kirkiro wani tsarin gwaji wanda zai iya auna filayen lantarki tare da tsayayyen yanayin lokaci da azanci. Masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da ƙwarewar manyan nasarorin da aka samu a fagen fasahar gani da ido. Shigarwa ya haɗa da sabon tsarin laser wanda ke iya samar da katako mai ƙarfi na yanayin tsaro.

Godiya ga abin da suka ƙirƙira, masu binciken sun sami damar auna canjin filayen cikin cikakken rashin abin da ke faruwa cikin miliyoyin biliyan ɗaya na sakan na biyu (femtosecond). Yana da mahimmanci cewa lokacin lura ya kasance ƙasa da lokacin oscillations na raƙuman haske. Iyakar abin da ya danganta yayin gwajin shine yanayin filin. Masana kimiyya sun tara bayanan ka'idojin gwajinsu dangane da ka'idar jimla.

Farfesa Leitenstorfer ya ce gwajin da kuma tabbatar da binciken ya sa kungiyar ta kwashe tsawon shekaru biyu na rashin barci - masana kimiyya sun cire duk wasu abubuwan da za su iya haifar da isharar sakonnin zube.

Muhimmin mahimmanci, wannan gwajin yana ba da damar yin amfani da ƙasa don tsarin adadi a cikin yanayinsa na halitta, ba tare da yin amfani da kayan haɓaka na musamman da sauran gyare-gyare ba. Masu bincike yanzu suna da mabuɗin duniya don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin rayuwar dan adam.

Don fahimtar menene ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suke, kuma ƙari, ɓarna mai ƙari. Ina ba ku shawara ku kalli bidiyo na, inda na yi bayanin komai cikin sauki, menene sarari
P. S: Kasance da kyakkyawan kallo

# 1 Goldbach hypothesis

Jiya, na buga wani rubutu a littafin "Matsalolin Babban ilimin lissafi", Na yarda da gaskiya, ban yi tsammanin irin wannan amsa ta masu karatu ba. A cikin bayanan, na karanta cewa mutane da yawa suna son sanin menene.

Sabili da haka, batun wannan labarin zai zama daidai da hypothesis na Goldbach

A gare ni, a matsayina na ɗalibin makarantar sakandare, lissafi yana da ban sha'awa.To, idan a cikin ku (masu karatu) akwai kuma ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke son matan, ku rubuta a cikin jawabai ku ga yadda yawancinmu suke.

Don haka, a yanar gizo na sami littafin Enrique Grassia mai suna "Lissafi The Long Road to Infinity", wannan littafin ya fasalta fasali da tarihin bincike kan lambobin Firayim, a wurin ne na samo ambaton farko game da zubin Goldbach.

Bayan haka a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na sami wani littafi wanda Ian Stewart ya rubuta, "Matsaloli Mafi Girma na lissafi," wanda a ciki ma an ambaci jigon Goldbach.

Masanin ilimin lissafi na kasar Jamus Christian Goldbach ne ya kirkiro taken Goldbach sannan aka fara bayanin sa a wasikarsa zuwa ga Euler.

Duk wani ma'asumi da ya fi biyu girma ana iya wakiltar shi a matsayin jimlar primes biyu. (Sashin Binance na Binance)

Amma akwai wani sashe na ternary na wannan tunanin da ke sauti kamar haka: Duk lambar da ta fi 5 girma za'a iya wakilta azaman adadin guda uku masu sauƙi.

Da alama a nan yana da rikitarwa

6 = 3 + 3 kuma komai ya bayyana sarai, amma wannan ba haka bane .. Gaskiyar ita ce cewa irin waɗannan mafita ba su amsa tambayar game da ainihin asalin tunanin ba.Kuma musamman, akwai wuraren da wannan hypothesis ba ya aiki kuma me yasa?

Don magance matsalar ternary, masu ilimin lissafi sunyi amfani da abin da ake kira hanyar zoba.

Wannan hanyar ta rage girman abubuwan primes, kuma daga nan ne ake samun damar yin nazarin .. Daga baya, Schnerelman ya kirkiri wani lokaci cewa wani adadi C yana daidai da adadin wasu lambobi n.

A cikin 1923, Hardy da Littlewood sun yi amfani da ka'idar yiwuwa don warware hasashen, yana tabbatar da cewa yanayin Schnerelman mai lamba ne zuwa 10

A cikin shekarun 1990s, Olivier Ramare ya tabbatar da cewa adadin shine 6. Kuma a cikin 2013 ne kawai masanin lissafi daga Peru ya tabbatar da maganganun zinare ta hanyar rage adadin daga shida zuwa 4 da amfani da ka'idar yiwuwar.

Amma ba a warware matsalar Goldbach binary ba tukuna

Hasashe na Goldbach da kansa yana da wani abu daya tare da ka'idar Fermat.Wannan kuma yakamata a lura cewa, a cewar masana kimiyyar halittu, zance na Goldbach na iya zama wata tabbaci na rashin girman duniyarmu da wanzuwar tsutsotsi.

1. A kan taken Goldbach, an rubuta Roman Uncle Petros da zubin Goldbach a tsakiyar labarin shine labarin wani masanin lissafi wanda yake kokarin tabbatar da hasashe.

2. Jami'ar Cornell ta biya dala miliyan 5 don magance maganin Goldbach

Menene ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya?

Kafin kirkirar rubutu, shugabannin mutane kawai suke haddacewa. Yi magana da wani ya kasance kawai hanyar da za mu iya koya game da abubuwan da suka gabata. Tare da wani wanda ya fi kwarewa kuma ya ji karin bayani, yayi karin haske kan hakan. Har ila yau, tare da kowane nau'in kafofin watsa labarai a kusa, mafi tsufa a cikinmu ya kasance ɗakunan karatu na abin da kafofin watsa labaru na zahiri da na zamani ba za su iya adana su ba, ko dai ba za su iya ba, ko kuma ba za su iya ba.

Kamar duk hanyoyin kiyayewa, mutane basu dawwama. Masu ɗauke da motoci na iya zama wanda ya gaza. Ko da katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana kusa, ƙila akwai wata hanyar karanta shi. Na'ura ta gaza lokaci kamar yadda muke mantawa.

Ta yaya za mu tuna?

Lokacin da kai koyi wani sabon abu, wani alagammana ko wani abu makamancin wannan bai fito daga kwakwalwa ba. Kwakwalwahalitta"Sarkar" daga neurons da aka haɗa. Domin tuna wani abu, kwakwalwa tana bukatar kunna wannan sarkar. Duk lokacin da kwakwalwar take yin hakan, da karfi ake danganta shi.

Zai yi wahala abokina ya jera sunayen duk littattafan da ya karanta. Amma idan kawai na fadi sunan littafin, to da wuya zai ce ko ya karanta shi. Sunan da kuka ji mai yiwuwa yana kunna “sarkar,” wanda ke haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar abin da kuka karanta. Wani lokaci, idan na kalli litattafai akan shiryayye, Nan da nan nakan tuna yadda na sayi, a ina kuma da wa.

Amma idan kun yanke "sarkar" da ke hade da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya? Shin zai yiwu a kawar da tunanin da ba a so a wannan hanyar?

Sai kawai idan kun yanke mafi yawan kwakwalwa. Ba'a adana abubuwa a wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa, amma bazuwar rarraba a duk sassan. Ma'anar dandano a bangare guda, rawaya cikin wani, da sauransu. Tare sun kafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a farkon lokacin da na gwada dankalin turawa.

Menene girman girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mu?

Ana iya ɗaukarsa sosai idan kun ƙididdige ƙididdigar neuron kuma nawa neuron ɗin zai iya ƙirƙirar "sarƙoƙi". Paul Reber, farfesa a ilimin halin dan adam a Jami'ar Northwwest, ya kirga cewa kwakwalwa na iya adana shi a cikin lambobi 2.5 petabytes ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan kusan iri ɗaya ne kamar srikodin tashar talabijin na shekaru 300. Wannan bayani ne game da duk kwarewarku, mutanen da kuka sadu da su, da dai sauransu. Amma ƙwaƙwalwarmu ba ta da aminci kamar yadda zata iya ɗauka. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa suka lalace, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rana ta ƙare, kuma tuna wani sabon abu yafi wuya.

Nelson Mandela, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu daga shekara ta 94 zuwa 99, ya mutu a shekara 95 a gidansa da ke Houghton a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2013. Amma mutane da yawa sun ce suna tuna mutuwar Mandela a kurkuku a shekarun 80s. Yawancin “shaidun karya” harma suna tuna da jana’izar, wacce aka yi zargin ana yada ta a talabijin. Tasirin Mandela shine rashin kulawa mai tsabta. Ba muyi kokarin tuna dukkan bayanai dalla-dalla ba. A 2007, George W. Bush ya ce da alama Nelson ya mutu. Wannan shine ma batun labarin gabaɗaya.

Shin zaka iya tuna wani abin da bai faru ba da gaske?

A cikin littafin "Duniyar da ke cike da aljanu: Kimiyya tana kama da Haske cikin Duhu," in ji Carl Sagan dasa mutane da tunanin karya cikin sauki. Da farko dai, kimanta amincin mutum. Sagan ya kawo misali da mutane misali cewa, a dagewar likitoci ko masu sihiri, sun fara yarda cewa baƙi ne suka sace su ko kuma su tuno da cutar da yara da ba su taɓa faruwa ba. Ga waɗannan mutane, layin tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da hasashe ya ɓaci, kuma abubuwan da ba su taɓa faruwa ba sun zama abin tunawa kamar gaske. Mahalarta cikin gwaje-gwajen na iya bayanin abubuwanda ke faruwa a dunkule, kamar dai suna faruwa ne da gaske. Abubuwan tunawa na arya suna da kaya iri ɗaya kamar na gaske.. Hanya guda daya da zamu banbance tsakanin su shine neman hujja. don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke buƙatar "bincika." Tunawa da arya sun daidaita a cikin shugabannin mutane masu ƙarancin IQ, yara da waɗanda ke fama da cutar hauka (schizophrenia). Idan mutum ya rarrabe bambancin almara daga gaskiya, to kuwa ambaton ƙarya zai iya tashi a kansa. Tuna-tatsuniyar duk abubuwan da suka faru ba su da yawa kamar ɓangare (don tunanin cewa mun ga alamar hanya ɗaya maimakon wani)

Tunawa na iya tabbatarwa ko rusa cajin.

A Amurka, an yanke wa wani mutum da laifin yi wa ‘ya’yansa tallafin fyade. 'Yan mata tun suna da shekaru mafiya yawa sun yi masa aikace-aikace. An yanke wa mutumin hukuncin daurin rai da rai. 'Yan mata suna da wahala yara. Tushewar fyade ya mamaye Amurka gaba daya, wanda ya ba da haske game da saninsu. 'Yan'uwan mata bayan sun ɗora mahaifin mahaifinsu, sun ce ya yi biki, ya kuma binne sauran dabbobin a cikin gida. 'Yan sanda sun tona dukkan yadin da ke ciki, amma ba su sami komai ba. Wannan shi ne kararrawa na farko don 'yantar da mara laifi. Bayan kammala jerin gwaje-gwaje da sauran bincike, an gano 'yan matan a matsayin hauka.

Elizabeth Loftus, wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗalibai a Jami'ar California, Irvine, ta sadaukar da ayyukanta don nazarin ambaton ƙarya. A 1980, ta gayyaci masu sa kai don bincike. Loftus ya zo da wani labari game da bala'in tafiya zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci, inda suka ɓace. Don sa abubuwan da suka faru su zama abin gaskatawa, danginsu ma sun yi ta murna. Kashi uku bisa uku na abubuwan sun tuno da taron Loftus dalla-dalla.

Amnesia, confabulation, paramnesia - cututtukan da ke hade da ƙwaƙwalwa. Amnesia - Wannan rashi cikakke ne ko asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Paramnesia Shin gurbata tunanin. A sarrafawa amma mutum yana gurbata tunanin ta hanyar ƙara musu labari. Marasa lafiya tare da paramnesia suna haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka gabata da na yanzu, abubuwan tunawa na ainihi da ƙamus. Wannan saboda mutum yana ɗaukar mahimmancin gaske ga abubuwan da suka faru da shi a da. Sanadin cutar ita ce damuwa, yawan aiki. "Laifuffuka" na gargajiya - maye gurbin tunanin da ba shi da kyau tare da mafi yawan abubuwan tunawa. Dalilai na ilimin halin dan Adam - hadadden tsarin rayuwa ko kuma tunanin mutum yayi rauni. A halin yanzu babu takamaiman magani na magani.

Me yasa mutane basa talauce lokacin ƙuruciyarsu?

Tare da shekaru, a cikin kwakwalwar mutum, za'a sake rubuta tsoffin ƙwayoyin zuwa sababbi, yayin da ake share abubuwan tunawa da farko. Kwakwalwar yara bata iya adana bayanai masu yawa.

Tunawa shine ɗakin karatun mu wanda zamuyi hankali. Fadada shi, horar da kwakwalwa da ayyuka masu ma'ana, da sauransu. Duk wannan zai inganta ingancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma bayyana ma'anar tunani.

Megateria

Wakilan wannan dangi sun kai girman giwayen. Ofaya daga cikin mafi girma generali shine megaterium (Megatherium), ya kai tsawo na 6 6. Thewafin ɗan Adam daidai yake da girman Madamaraadana har zuwa ƙarshen Pleistocene. An gano burbushin nasa a cikin Kudancin Amurka da Florida. Sauran abubuwan haihuwa Nothrotherium da KawaIkarin, sun yi kama da juna sosai kuma sun tsira har zuwa ƙarshen Pleistocene - ɗayan kudanci, ɗayan a ɓangaren arewa. Babban gizon, wanda aka alaƙa da thalassocnus, ya jagoranci salon rayuwa mai ruwa kuma yana zaune a bakin tekun Peru na zamani. In mun gwada da samarda jigo Littattafai da Hapalopssuna zaune a Kudancin Amurka a cikin Miocene kuma suna kusa da dangin megaterium. Hapalops kai tsawon 1.2 m.

Milodons

Milodons sun haɗu da rukuni na ƙarami kaɗan. Mafi girma milodons mallakar halittar suna iri ɗaya ne kuma ya kai tsawon 3 m, wanda a cikin girman yayi dace da bijimai. An samo burbushin farko a cikin 1895 a cikin wani kogo da ke kusa da garin Puerto Natales a Chile Patagonia. Da alama, waɗannan dabbobin sun ƙare kusan shekaru 11 da suka wuce. Akin gare su Glossotherium harlani An samo shi a cikin ramuka na igiyar ruwa a kan wata hanyar La Brea kusa da Los Angeles. Kyau Scelidotherium ya bambanta a cikin tsarin kwanyar ta musamman kuma ya rayu a Kudancin Amurka daga Farko Pliocene har zuwa Late Pleistocene. Akwai wata halitta Lestodon.

Asalin wakilan

Megatherium (Megatherium) - asalin halittar mutum ne mai cike da rudani, wanda ya wanzu daga miliyan biyu zuwa dubu 80 da suka shude

Masana kimiyya basu cimma yarjejeniya akan waye asalin magabacin megateria ba.

Wataƙila, kamar yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗannan Kattai suna daga asalin hanyar haɓaka tsakanin dabbobi da dinosaur.

Da alama, manyan gantsin zama da yawancin Sabuwar Duniya lokacin Oligocene, sama da miliyan 35 da suka gabata.

Koyaya, wakilan megateria na ƙarshe sun mutu kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce, da kamawar wayewar magabatan ɗan adam a Amurka.

Milodons da biyu masu lalaci na iya raba dangi tare da megateria, amma sun kasa kaiwa ga girman kakanin kakanninsu.

Idan daidaikun mutane na zamani suka kai mita mita ɗaya da rabi ba tare da tsayi ba, to kuwa a wasu lokatai manya manya ma sukan wuce har da alamar mita shida.

Babban nauyi mai ban sha'awa ya ba su kariya ta halitta daga mafi yawan masu farauta, ta haka ya ba su damar zama ɗayan fewan halittun da suka sami nasarar dacewa bayan shekarun kankara na ƙarshe.

Habitat

Harshen sloth na zamani ya fi son rawanin itace da kuma yanayin canjin yanayin ƙasa / can ƙasa.

Ba kamar shi ba, kakan ya motsa sosai a ƙasa kuma bai ma yi tunanin ra'ayin murɗa wata bishiya ba, tunda yawancin wakilai na flora kawai ba zasu iya ɗaukar nauyin girman girman komai ba.

Megaterius ya fi son kasancewa wurin garken kuma ya canza filin ajiye motoci kawai bayan abincin ya ƙare.

An yi imanin cewa mafi yawan mazaunin Sabuwar wereasa sune mazauninsu mafi girma ga wuraren rashin jin daɗi, duk da haka, sabbin bincike sun nuna saurin karbuwa na megateria kuma, a sakamakon haka, yawan bambance-bambancen wuraren mazaunan ƙasashe.

Girman katuwar sloth

Megaterium hakika babbar nasara ce. Irin wannan nutsuwa ba ta wuce girman zuriyar zurinta a cikin zamani na zamani ba, zai iya yin jayayya da girma har ma da giwa.

A matsakaici, megaterium ya kai tsayin mita 4-6, ya dogara da ƙafafunsa na gaba kuma ya kasa yin sauri.

Nauyin tan yawa da yawa yana iyakance saurin sa, amma ya ba da fa'ida akan ƙananan masu hasara.

Wsarfin palon mai ban sha'awa ya ƙare cikin manyan fararen hular, wanda sloth ya cire haushi daga bishiyoyi ya kuma cire rassa na sama.

Tare da busa guda, zai iya karya itace ko kuma tsararren 'mai son nama'.

Dalilin da yasa manyan jambatun sun mutu

Akwai shahararrun ka'idoji guda biyu game da dalilin da yasa manyan katuwar rayuwar ba suyi rayuwa har zuwa zamani ba
zamanin.

Na farko abu ne na halitta kuma yana nuna cewa yanayin jinkirin, jinkirin da ba shi da jinkiri ba zai iya dacewa da canjin yanayin ba kuma kawai ya mutu sakamakon karuwa a cikin yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar iska wanda narkewar dusar ƙanƙara ta samar.

Koyaya, masu adawa da wannan hasashe suna da'awar cewa sloth a lokaci guda ya yi amfani da canjin ƙasa zuwa Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya riga ya yi magana game da sauƙin shigar da shi cikin sauri.

Na biyu hypothesis abu ne mai sauqi qwarai kuma yana haifar da tasiri na rashin nasara akan samuwar wannan reshe.

A saukake, wani babban wahalar da ya sami rauni ya fara neman farautar Indiyawa na farko a Amurka.

Wannan gaskiyar tana da goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa a yayin rami a wuraren ƙauyen Santa Elina, an samo ƙasusuwa na sloth, mai yiwuwa shekaru dubu 23, bisa ga binciken 2017.

Megaterius zai iya dacewa da yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun har ma ya riƙe kasancewar sa wani sirri.

Don haka, alal misali, masanan kimiyyar cryptozoologists daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna zuwa tasirin Amazon don bincika Mantipuari, wani kira mai ban mamaki daga tarihin tarihin Indiyawan, yana kama da bayyanar babbar ma'ana.

Iri manyan giloli. Megateria

Wataƙila waɗannan shahararrun wakilai ne na wannan rukunin. A cikin girman, zasu iya yin gasa tare da giwaye kuma sun kai mita shida a tsayi. Baya ga megaterium, wakilan genus Eremotherium, wanda ya iya rayuwa har zuwa lokacin da marigayi Pleistocene, shima ya bambanta da girman girman guda. An samo ragowar waɗannan dabbobin a Kudancin Amurka, amma kuma an samo su a cikin jihar Florida. Sauran abubuwan da suka haifar da katuwar hanyar sun yi kama sosai kuma sun rayu har zuwa ƙarshen Pleistocene - ɗayan a Kudancin Amurka da ɗayan a yankin na Arewacin Amurka.

Bayan su kuma, akwai wasu halittattun Hapalops da Pianops, wadanda suka mamaye yankin Kudancin Amurka a Miocene kuma sun nuna kusancin kusanci ga dangin megateria. A kowane hali, tsawon Hapalops ya kai santimita 120.

Girman katuwar ruwa

Bugu da kari, akwai kuma wata katuwar thalassoknus, wanda ke zaune a gabar tekun Peru ta zamani kuma ya jagoranci rayuwar ruwa ko, wataƙila, yanayin rayuwa mai ruwa-ruwa. Abin takaici, akwai ƙananan abu don wannan sloth kuma suna da alaƙa da Miocene da Pliocene. Wataƙila, waɗannan katunan cikin ruwa na ruwa suna wadatar da ciyawar kan ciyayi da bakin teku. Da wuce lokaci, sun fara cinye ciyayi mara ƙaran gaske, suna ƙaura zuwa wani mai zurfi. Da alama sun kasance suna amfani da wannan babban ƙarfin ƙarfe, wanda ya riƙe jikinsu kusa da ƙasa, kamar yadda ruwa na yau da kullun ke yi mana. Wannan kwayar kuma ta kasance kusa da megateria.

Shugaban Arewacin Amurka ta Amurka, Thomas Jefferson, ya gabatar da sunan Megalonics a cikin 1797.

Biyu-mara hankali

Wannan gidan ya kasance har wa yau. Hanyoyin zamani da yatsunsu biyu sune ɓangare na wannan dangin. Game da wakilan da suka fi karfi a wannan dangi, alal misali, Megalonyx jeffersonii, wanda aka gano ragowar gawarsa ta farko a tsakanin sauran manya manya. Wannan ya faru ne a 1796. Hakanan, wasu alamomi na zaune a kan Mafi Girma Antilles, waɗanda aka bambanta su da manyan masu girma dabam, a cikin dangin mai-biyu ne.

Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.