Daya daga cikin mafi girman rodents a duniya (na biyu bayan capybaras), beavers na zamani (lat. Castor) jagoranci tarihin kasancewar su daga tsoffin manyan beavers da ke zaune a Turai (nau'in Tarkace) da Arewacin Amurka (duba Castoroides) miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata.
Binciken da aka samu ya nuna cewa tsoffin masalan ba su gina madatsun ruwa ba, suna rayuwa cikin kwari masu fadi, kuma rayuwarsu ba ta da kusanci da jikin ruwa kamar zuriyarsu.
A cikin miliyoyin shekaru, bayyanar waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba ta canza da yawa ba, amma masu bea na zamani ba za su iya yin alfahari da ƙarfi da ikon magabatansu ba - manyan giwaye suna da kayataccen incisors game da santimita goma sha biyar, dogon wutsiya mai tsayi fiye da rabin mitir, kuma ba su da ƙanƙan da ƙarfi ga maza baƙar fata.
Centuriesarni biyu da suka gabata ba waɗanda suka fi farin ciki a cikin rayuwar beavers ba - an kashe su sosai, farauta don ulu mai daɗi, wanda a lokacin aka yi amfani da shi azaman kuɗi. Kuma kawai a cikin shekaru hamsin na ƙarshe yanayin ya fara canzawa don mafi kyau, kuma waɗannan dabbobin na zamanin da suna da hankali suna dawo da matsayinsu a daji.
A duk masarautar dabbobi, babu mafi ƙwararrun magina kamar masu gyara. Tare da ikon da zasu iya canza yanayin da ke kewaye da su, sun zama na biyu ga mutum kawai. 'Yan Beavers suna daya daga cikin' yan dabbobin wadanda ayyukan su suka dogara bawai kawai ba, har ma a kan kwarewar da suka samu, sun sami damar koyo da kuma inganta kwarewar injiniyarsu a dukkan rayuwarsu.
Babban kayan aikin beaver shine hakora na gaba mai kaifi, an rufe shi da daskararre mai ɗorewa. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗarin guda huɗu suna girma a duk rayuwarsu, kuma bokon ba ya buƙatar damuwa da abin da suka yi kama da tsufa. Bugu da kari, ana ta karaya kullun, suna kasancewa ingantaccen kayan aiki don gini.
Dukkanin ayyukan injiniyar bea an warware shi da sha'awar ta'aziyya da aminci. Sun gina gida-gida - bukka - a tsakiyar tafkin, kuma sun karya hanyoyin da ake bi zuwa gare su a karkashin ruwa don ware duk wani kutse daga baƙi da ba a gayyata ba. Bukatun da kansu sun ƙunshi manyan rassa waɗanda ake haɗa su da laka.
A cikin kaka, kafin farkon sanyi, beavers suna karfafa gidajensu tare da sabon keɓaɓɓe na datti, wanda, lokacin daskarewa, ya maida bukka a cikin wani tsari mai ɗorewa wanda zai iya tsayayya da yanayin hunturu.
Koyaya, don gina jirgin ruwa, dole ne sai ka fara gina madatsun ruwa wanda zai samar da kwanciyar hankali. Don yin wannan, beavers suna rushe bishiyoyi, sa’annan, ta duk ka'idodin fasahar injiniya, sa su cikin kogin, a rage guduwa.
Irin waɗannan madatsun ruwa sun zama gida mai gamsarwa ba kawai ga magina kansu ba, har ma da sauran mazaunan ramuka - kwaɗi, kifi, tsuntsaye da kunkuru.
'Yan Beavers ba sa hibernate. Suna yin tsawon lokacin hunturu a cikin bukka mai sanyi wacce ke kewaye da danginsu - mace da cuban shekaru shida zuwa takwas. Don hana zuriya daga matsananciyar yunwar, shugaban dangi ya tanadi rassan bishiyoyi, yana jingina su ƙarƙashin ruwa zuwa ƙarshen mazaunin. Ko da a ƙarƙashin lokacin farin ciki na kankara, ana ba dangi duk abin da ya wajaba.
'Yan Beavers suna iyo da kyau kuma sun iya zama a karkashin ruwa na kimanin minti goma sha biyar. Idan kuma akwai haɗari, mai sa bewa ya yi sauri ya mutu, yana matse babban wutsiyarsa a ƙasan ruwa. Da yake jin wannan siginar, sauran beavers suna bi misalinsa nan da nan.
03.09.2018
Bean asalin Kanada na Kanada (Latin Castor canadiens) babban adoniya ne daga dangin Beaver (Castoridae). Wakilan wannan nau'in sun shahara saboda kyawun ginin gini. A cikin 2007, sun gina a cikin Kanada mafi girma a cikin ruwa a duniya tare da tsawonsa game da 850 m. Kuna iya sha'awar irin wannan aikin gine-ginen a gandun dajin Buffalo National Park, wanda ke lardin Alberta.
Kafin hakan, madatsar ruwan beran kusa da karamin gari mai suna 'For Forks' a cikin jihar Montana ta Amurka ana daukar mafi girman tsari. Rikodin da suka gabata sun kasance 652 m.
Ba kamar Turawa na Turai ba (Castor fiber), wanda a farkon karni na 20 yana gab da lalacewa, wannan dabba ta tsira daga mulkin Turawa ta Arewacin Amurkawa daga hannun Turawa.
Girman yawanta a halin yanzu an kiyasta mutane miliyan 10-15.
Yaɗa
Mahalli ya mamaye kusan dukkanin yankin Arewacin Amurka. Ya tashi daga Alaska ban da yankunan yamma da arewa maso yamma da Kanada ta hanyar Amurka zuwa arewacin Mexico.
Masu bautar Kanada ba su cikin Nevada, sassan Florida, da arewacin California. A cikin jihohi 15, yawan jama'arsu sun ragu sosai saboda farauta da ba a sarrafa su da kuma raguwa a mazauninsu na asali.
A cikin 1946 an kawo su ga tarin tsibirai na Tierra del Fuego, inda suka sami nasarar tattara su kuma, saboda rashin abokan gaba, an karu da sauri cikin kusancin Lake Fagnano.
A cikin shekaru 50, farashin su ya karu daga nau'i-nau'i 25 zuwa mutum dubu 100.
Ana aiwatar da wannan nau'in halittun a cikin Finland, Kamchatka da Sakhalin.
Tashin teku ya zauna kusa da koguna, tafkuna da tafkuna. Sun zabi bakin ruwa wanda ya mamaye filayen gabar teku da itaciyar itace mai laushi, wadanda suke zama abinci da kayan gini na masaukin giya.
Zuwa yau, tsare-tsaren bambanta mabambantan fannoni 24 na Castor canadiens.
Halayyar
Beabilar Kanada suna zaune a cikin gungun dangi, wanda ya ƙunshi tsararraki da yawa na iyaye da zuriyarsu. Dabbobin da suka manyanta yawanci suna barin danginsu yana da kimanin shekaru 2. Mata sukan mamaye maza.
Rodents suna jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa-ruwa. Suna aiki da dare, yayin rana ana iya ganinsu da wuya. Ba a taɓa cire dabbobi da nisa daga jikin ruwa, a ɗan ƙarancin haɗarin da suke ɓoye cikin ruwa. Suna iyo da nutsewa daidai, suna zama a cikin ruwa har zuwa minti 10. An ba da ƙararrawa ta hanyar buga wutsiya a gaban ruwa.
Mafi yawan lokuta a cikin dangi akwai mutum 5-8. Suna kare yankunansu daga mamayewar 'yan uwansu kabilu tare da yin alama sosai kan iyakokinsu tare da tonon glandon gwari, suna sanya su a kan kananan tsibin laka da karkatarwa. Wannan sirrin yana da ƙamshi mai ƙamshi mai ƙanshi kuma ana amfani dashi don tsaftacewa da jiƙa Jawo.
Beavers suna gina gidaje daga shinge daga bishiyoyi da ciyawa, suna lullube bangon su da katanga. Kofofin shiga karkashin ruwa guda biyu sun dace da su, an lullube da bene da haushi da murhun katako. Tsawon gidan ya kai mita 1 da tsawonsa ya kai kimanin m 2. Yawancin lokaci suna da siffar zagaye.
Dabbobi guda ɗaya a cikin dare suna iya yankan itace da aan kansa daban-daban na murafin na 30 cm 40. Don yin wannan, yana tsaye a ƙafafunsa biyu kuma yana hutar da wutsiyarsa a bayan ƙasa. Ganyen ganye da ganye suna zama abinci, sauran kuma ana amfani da su ne don gina madatsun ruwa wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita matakan ruwa a cikin tafkunan. Masu ƙarancin magina suna iya yin amfani da manyan kututture har ma da dutse yayin ginin su.
Irin waɗannan ayyukan gine-ginen suna da ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi. Wadansun su suna iya jure dokin tare da mahaya.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Abincin ya ƙunshi kawai abincin asalin tsiro. Tsarin ƙwayar gastrointestinal yana ba ka damar narkewar roughage. Kwayoyin halittar dake jikinta suna da karfin rushe sel. Haushi da busasshen bishiyoyi masu lalacewa suna mamaye menu na yau da kullun musamman lokacin hunturu: Willow (Salix), maple (Acer), poplar (Populus), Birch (Betula), alder (Alnus) da Aspen (Populus tremula).
Ana kuma cin tsire-tsire iri-iri na yardar rai da yardar rai, da farko ciyayi na gari (Phragmites australis) da lilin na ruwa (Nymphaea alba). A ƙarshen lokacin rani da damina, dabbobi suna yin abinci don hunturu. A cikin wuraren kiwon dabbobi, suna farin cikin cin karas, letas, dankali, kabeji da dankalin turawa mai zaki.
Kowace rana, wannan abincin mai shayarwa yana ciyar da adadinsa zuwa 20% na nauyin sa.
Manya da yawa ba sa zama abin farauta. Wolarnukan wolf (Canis lupus) coyotes (Canis latrans), baribals (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), Wolverines (Gulo gulo), lynx (Lynx canadiens) da otters (Lutrinae) suna haifar da babban haɗari ga saurayi.
Kiwo
'Yan Beavers sun zama iyalai masu aure da suke jurewa har mutuwar daya daga cikin abokan. Lokacin balaga yana faruwa yana da shekaru uku. 'Ya'yan suna bayyana sau ɗaya a shekara. A cikin kudu na iyaka, lokacin mating yana cikin ƙarshen Nuwamba da Disamba, kuma a arewa a cikin Janairu ko Fabrairu. Estrus na tsawon awanni 12-24 ne kawai.
Matar na haihuwar zuriya gwargwadon yanayin yanayin daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Cutar ciki tana kwana 105-107. A cikin lilin ɗaya akwai beavers 1-4. Jariri ana haife shi ta ganuwa kuma ya zama cikakke, sa'a guda bayan haihuwarsu zasu iya iyo.
Lokacin haihuwa, nauyinsu shine 250-500 g, tsayin jikin mutum ya kai 30-35 cm.
Ciyar da madara yana kimanin watanni 3, kodayake beavers sun fara ɗanɗano abincin da aka shuka a ƙarshen sati na biyu. Duk iyayen sun tsunduma cikin tarbiyyar su. A karo na farko, yara sun bar bukka a kwanakin 7-10. Uwa a hankali ta tura 'ya'yanta a cikin tafkin kuma tana tafiya tare da su don gano yanayin da ke ciki.
Bayanin
Dabba tsakanin dabba tsakanin biyu shine kawai ga capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) a girmanta. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 85-115 cm, kuma nauyin yana tsakanin kilo 19 zuwa 32. An rufe jikin murfin murfin lokacin farin ciki. Launi mai launin ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa.
Kirji na da fadi, kafafu gajere. Tsakanin yatsun kafafu na kafaffun kafaffun kafafun hura suna iyo membranes. A takaice dai, amma babba babba, an sami manyan wadatar abinci; an saita idanu gaba daya.
Tsawon wutsiya mai faɗaɗɗen yaɗuwa a saman ya kai 20-25 cm, kuma faɗin faɗin shine 13 cm cm 8. Ya ƙare da ɗan ƙaramin abu mai ma'ana tare da sikelin keratinous baki. Kunnuwa da kuma kafafen hancin juna suna gudana ƙarƙashin ruwa. Ruwan incisors an rufe su da ruwan adon ruwan 'ya'yan itace m-orange. A gindin wutsiya suna haɗuwa gland shine yake ɓoye ɓarkewar musky.
Tsawon rayuwar beaver na daji a cikin daji shine shekaru 15-20. A cikin zaman talala, tare da kyakkyawar kulawa, yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30.
Me zan yi don hana wannan a nan gaba?
Idan kun kasance akan haɗin kai ne, kamar a gida, zaku iya yin gwajin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta akan na'urarku don tabbatar da cewa ba kwayar cutar ba ce.
Idan kuna a ofishi ko hanyar sadarwar da aka raba, zaku iya tambayar mai gudanar da cibiyar yanar gizon don yin skanin a duk hanyar sadarwar da ke neman kayan aikin da ba su dace ba.
Wata hanyar da za a hana samun wannan shafin a nan gaba ita ce amfani da Bayanin Sirri. Kuna iya buƙatar saukar da sigar 2.0 yanzu daga Gidan Yanar Gizo na Chrome.
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Sauran abubuwan bayarwa:
Village Holiday "Fairy Tale"
Mafi kyawun cibiyoyin nishaɗi 50 a cikin yankin Saratov
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Berezhok"
Village Holiday "Hut"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Dubrovka"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Oriole"
Cibiyar nishaɗin "mazaunin Maryamu"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Revyaka"
Village Holiday "Gostiny Dom"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Krasnaya Polyana"
Village Holiday "Cape Verde"
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Nunin Nymph"
Village Holiday "Robin"
Village Holiday "Islet"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Domostroitel"
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Volga Coast"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Glade"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "VICTORIA"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Birch"
Village Holiday "Sunny Beach"
Village Holiday "Rainbow"
Village Holiday "Dewdrop"
Village Holiday "Prostokvashino"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Volozhka"
Village Holiday "Sunflower"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Lyubava"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Oriole"
Holiday Village "Farm"
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Tsohon Mill"
Village Holiday "Laguna"
Dabbobi na yankin Saratov
Abincin da aka fi sani, ko kuma beaver bea (Latin Castor fiber), shine madara mai ruwa-ruwa na tsarin karɓa, ɗayan wakilai biyu na zamani na gidan giya (tare da beaver na Kanada, wanda a baya ake ɗaukar ƙarancin kuɗi). Rodungiyar mafi girman hadarin fauna ta tsohuwar duniya da kuma mafi girma ta biyu bayan ƙarfin capybara. Teku ko tamu Kamchatka bera ne na bakin teku (otter teku), kuma bewam beaver nutria ne. Ba su da wata alaƙa da dangin Beaver. Wannan dabba tana jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-ruwa, tana gina madatsun ruwa a koguna da koguna. Jawabin ta na da matukar kyau a masana'antar kyakkyawa, da jet dinta a masana'antar harhada magunguna. Beaver yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da suka rayu a kan iyakar ƙasarmu tsawon ƙarni. Mutanensa ne suka sami nasarar kirkirar kambin ma'aikacin gandun daji, wanda, da girman sa, za su iya faɗo babban katuwar bishiya.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kalmar "beaver" tana ma'anar fur da beaver, ba dabbar da kanta ba. An gadar da kalmar "beaver" daga yaren pre-Indo-Turai, wanda ya kasance wanda bai cika sunan mai launin ruwan kasa ba, ma'anar sunan sa ta kasance "launin ruwan kasa, dabba mai launin ruwan kasa." Ginin da aka sake ginawa * bhe-bhru-. Dangane da hanyoyin ilimin harsuna na 1961, ya kamata a yi amfani da kalmar beaver a cikin ma'anar dabba daga tsarin jijiyoyi tare da fur mai mahimmanci, kuma beaver a ma'anar fur ɗin wannan dabba: abin wuya na beaver, sutura a kan dutsen beaver. Koyaya, a cikin yarukan kalmomin, ana amfani da kalmar beaver a duk duniya a zaman kalma mai ma'anar kalma ta beaver (kamar su daw da fox, ferret da polecat).
Matsakaicin girman bea ya kai kimanin mita a tsayi kuma tsayinsa ya kai kimanin cm 25. Fushinsa yayi kauri da launin ruwan kasa. Amma baƙon wutsiyar fata, mai santsi na flipper ko oar, an bayar dashi da kyau. Wutsiya tana da silala, tana da kauri sosai daga sama har ƙasa, tsawonta ya kai cm 30, faɗi 10-13 cm ne. Gashi a kan wutsiyar yana a gindinsa. Beaver yana da gajerun kafafunsa tare da ƙara ƙarfi. Tsakanin yatsunsu akwai membranes na yin iyo, daɗaɗa kan gaba da kuma ƙashin bayan gaban. Hannun yatsu a kan paws yana da ƙarfi, yana kwance. Hannun yatsan na biyu na yatsun hannun riga an shayar da su - mai gemu ya haɗu da Jawo da shi. Wannan dabba ce mai ƙoshin lafiya da yanka da ke ba da kariya ga kauri mai ƙoshin kitse. A bayyanar, kunun bea suna da faɗi sosai, amma wannan ya ishe shi ya ji haɗarin a nesa mai nisa. Musamman tunanin tsarin kariya daga hankula daga ruwa. Idan mai gemu ya mutu, fatar ido na uku ya rufe idanunsa, hancinsa da kunnuwansa kawai suna toshe hanyoyin. Mashahurin incisors kayan aikin sa ne na musamman. Haka kuma, yanayin bakin bea yana da ban mamaki: yana iya sauƙaƙe gangar jikin ruwa, amma ruwa ba zai shiga ta bakinsa ba.
Beaver yana da kyawawan fur, wanda ya kunshi gashi mai gashi mai kauri da kuma tsananin farin ciki da ke ƙarƙashin gindin zama. Launin Jawo daga haske zuwa ƙwallan duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin baƙar fata. Wutsiya da ƙafafun baƙi ne. Shedding sau ɗaya a shekara, a ƙarshen bazara, amma yana ci gaba kusan har zuwa hunturu.
A cikin yankin anal an haɗa gland kamar su, wen da beaver rafi kanta, wanda ke ba da sirrin murmushin ƙarfi - rafin beaver. Kamshin ruwan beaver yana amfani da shi azaman jagora ga sauran masu bi a game da iyakar wurin ginin beaver, yana da bambanci kamar yatsun yatsa. Sirrin Wen, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da jet, yana ba ka damar kiyaye alamar beaver a cikin "aiki" mafi tsayi saboda tsarin mai, wanda ke ficewa sosai fiye da asirin rafin beaver.
Beaver yana zaune a gefen rami iri-iri: ƙananan ƙorama ta daji, a hankali suna gudanar koguna, tafki, tafkuna da tafkuna. Guji manyan koguna masu yawa, da kuma wuraren wanki da suke daskarewa zuwa ƙasa a cikin hunturu. Ga masu beavers, yana da mahimmanci a sami bishiyoyi da shukoki daga katako mai taushi a gefen rafin, kazalika da yalwar ciyayin da ke tsiro da ruwa da kuma tsibirai waɗanda ke girke abincinsu. 'Yan Beavers suna iyo da karfin gaske. Babban huhun hanta da hanta suna basu irin wannan ajiyar iska da jini na jijiyoyi wadanda beavers zasu iya kasancewa a karkashin ruwa tsawon mintina 10-15, suna iyo har zuwa 750 m a wannan lokacin, beavers yanada matukar damuwa.
Beaver ɗan cin ganyayyaki ne, a lokacin rani yakan ci ganye da ƙananan harbe na bishiyoyi da shishiyoyi, rhizomes na tsire-tsire na ruwa, a cikin hunturu yakan wuce zuwa ga rassan bishiyoyi da haushi. Suna ciyar da haushi da harbe bishiyoyi, sun fifita Aspen, Willow, poplar da Birch, har da tsire-tsire iri iri (ruwan Lily, kwalayen kwai, iris, cattail, ciyawa, da sauransu, har zuwa abubuwa 300). Yawancin bishiyoyi masu laushi sune yanayin zama dole don mazauninsu. Hazel, Linden, Elm, ceri tsuntsu da wasu bishiyoyi suna da mahimmanci a cikin abincin su. Alder da itacen oak yawanci ba sa cin abinci, amma ana amfani dasu don gine-gine. Acorns da yardar rai ci. Yawan abincin yau da kullun ya kai 20% na nauyin beaver.
Kusa da faduwa, 'yan bea fara kawo kayan reshe, wanda a wasu lokuta manya-manyan bishiyoyi ana sare su, ana jan su a gindin gangar jikin. Dabba tana jan sassan itacen zuwa rafin, wanda wani lokacin yakan haƙa magudanar dubun ko ma tsawon daruruwan mita. Yana kwance a ƙasan, a ƙofar zuwa mazaunin.Ofimar hannun jari na iya zama babba - har zuwa tsawon mita 60-70 a kowace iyali.
Manyan hakora da cizo mai ƙarfi suna barin beavers su iya shayar da abinci mai ƙarfi. Abubuwan abinci masu arziki na cellulose suna narke tare da microflora a cikin hanji. Tsawon hanjin mai gemu ya wuce tsawon jikinsa har sau goma sha biyu. Sashin ingantaccen makaho na hanjin, wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyi, yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar roughage. Yawancin lokaci, beaver yakan cinye nau'in ɗan bishiyar don abinci, don canzawa zuwa sabon abincin yana buƙatar lokacin daidaitawa yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka dace da sabon abincin.
Tsarin gina madatsun ruwa da masaukin wake shine gaba daya kimiyyar dabbobi. Ya shirya ainihin labyrinth wanda baƙon zai iya rasa komai kwata-kwata. Amma wanda ya shiga gidansa ba zai shiga ba: ƙofar koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin ruwa, akwai hanyoyin fita na gaggawa. Gidan beaver da farko hadaddun rami ne mai zurfi tare da mafita ta cikin ruwa. Koyaya, idan tudun bakin ruwa ya yi ƙasa ko kuma marshy don tono ramuka, beavers shirya wani bukka - ɓarna mai kama da goge-goge, wanda aka ɗaure ta ƙwanƙwasa har zuwa mita biyu zuwa uku, a ciki suka shirya ɗakunan gida - sake tare da mashigar ruwan karkashin ruwa.
Beavers a cikin ƙasa ba su da jinkiri kuma suna iya zama masu sauƙin ganima ga yawancin masu hasara, don haka suna ƙoƙari su nemi mafaka koyaushe a cikin ruwa, kuma su shiga mafaka ba tare da sun bayyana a farfajiya ba. Don kula da matakan ruwa a koyaushe a cikin rafi ko kogi, beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa daga ramuka na rassan rassan da kuma rassan, suna karfafa su da turf da ɓuya. Sau da yawa, lokacin da ruwa ya tashi, dazuzzuka na bakin teku a matsayin sabon tallafi don fadada dam. Ana buƙatar madatsar ruwa domin mafita daga tsari koyaushe ya kasance ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma a cikin hunturu - saboda daskarewa daskarewa ba ya toshe wannan mafita.
Idan tafki yana da matsakaicin matakin ruwa ko sama da kasa da manyan bankuna, beavers za su iya rayuwa a ciki ba tare da ginda wani tsari ba. Abin takaici, masu bea suna yin amfani da irin waɗannan wurare masu dacewa kamar bututun magudanar ruwa domin lalata magudanan ruwa, tare da haɗa su da reshe da ɓoyewa, wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ko lalata sassan titunan.
Beavers suna aiki da dare da maraice. A lokacin rani, sukan bar gidajensu a safiya kuma suna aiki har zuwa 4 na safe. A cikin kaka, lokacin girbin abinci don hunturu ya fara, ana kara ranar aiki zuwa awa 10-12. A cikin hunturu, aiki yana raguwa da canzawa zuwa hasken rana, a wannan lokaci na shekara kusan babu beavers da ke bayyana a farfajiya. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da −20 ° C, dabbobi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin gidajensu.
Don ganin waɗannan dabbobin da ke da hankali, suna jagorancin rayuwar rayuwa mafi yawanci, ana buƙatar babban sa'a, amma ana iya samun halayen zamansu - madatsun ruwa, bukkoki, ɓoye da bishiyoyi da dama - ana samun su a yankuna da yawa na gandun daji, gami da manyan biranen waje. A lokacin balaguron maraice tare da bankunan tafkunan, zaku iya tsoratar da beaver na ciyarwa. A lokaci guda, dabbar, wacce yawanci take mutuwa a hankali, tana fitar da ƙararrawa - da bugu mai ƙarfi ya buge ruwa da wutsiyarsa. Idan akwai haɗari, masu giya a bakin ruwa suna tafa wutsiyarsu da ƙarfi a saman ruwa da nutsewa, wanda ya kasance wani sautin ƙararrawa.
Halin halayen rayuwa. Kasancewar beavers an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar halayen halayen. Rassan sun fi bakin santimita muni .. Ba'a yiwa 'yan bola cizo nan da nan (wanda babu wani ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyin mu wanda zai iya yi). Itace bishiyoyin suna gnaw a cikin da'ira, yayin da alamun hakora suke bayyane a sarari, kamar dai ƙyamar semicircular chiisel ce. Ta hanyar kasancewar rajistan ayyukan tare da irin waɗannan cizon, mutum zai iya rarrabe madatsar ruwa ko da a farkon matakin ginin daga katangar halitta. A kusa da madatsar ruwan beaver, zaku iya samun ramuka sun fada cikin ta har zuwa rabin zurfin mitoci - tashoshi wadanda zasu bawa dabbobi damar zuwa wuraren ciyarwa, ko kuma sayen kayan gini karkashin ruwa. A wuraren da 'yan bea a kai a kai suke ketare daga wannan tafki zuwa wani, suna tattake waƙoƙi kusan 30-35 cm faɗin, gabaɗaya tsire-tsire ne kuma yawancin lokuta ƙasa mai zurfin cm cm 10.
Cikakken iyali ya ƙunshi mutane 5-8: ma'aurata masu aure da kuma matasa 'yan beavers - zuriyar da ta gabata da na yanzu. Gidan yanar gizon yana wani lokacin shiga cikin dangi don tsararraki. Wani karamin kandami ya mamaye iyali guda ko kuma beaver guda. A cikin manyan ruwa na ruwa, tsayin dangi a gefen gabar ya tashi daga 0.3 zuwa 2.9 km. Da wuya a cire beavers daga ruwa sama da m 200. Tsawon shafin ya dogara da adadin abinci. A wuraren da ke da wadatar ciyayi, shafuka na iya taɓawa har ma da rarrabuwa. 'Yan Bea alama suna iyakokin iyakokin su tare da sirrin gland musk - rafin beaver. Ana amfani da alamomi ga mayukan ruwa na musamman na laka, rami da rassa 30 cm tsayi da kuma tsayi 1 m. Beavers suna tattaunawa da juna ta yin amfani da alamomin kamshi, daddare, wutsiya suna bugun ruwa kuma suna kururuwa mai kama da yiyi.
'Yan Beavers suna da aure, mace ce ta fi rinjaye. 'Ya'yan itace ana kawo su sau daya a shekara. Lokacin mating yana daga tsakiyar Janairu zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu, an yi canjin yanayin cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin kankara. Cutar ciki tana kwana 105-107. Cubs (1-6 a cikin brood) za a haife shi a watan Afrilu da Mayu. Su ne masu gani da ido, ingantaccen abinci, suna yin nauyin kilogram 0.45. Bayan kwanaki 1-2 za su iya yin iyo, mahaifiyar ta koyar da masu bea, a zahiri ta tura su zuwa farfajiyar karkashin ruwa. Da yake yana da makonni 3-4, beavers suna ci gaba da abinci tare da ganye da ƙwayayen ganye mai laushi, amma mahaifiyar tana ci gaba da ciyar da su da madara har tsawon watanni 3. Yarinyar da suka girma girma yawanci baya barin iyaye na wasu shekaru 2. Shekaru 2 kawai matasa beavers suka isa ga balaga da ƙaura.
A cikin zaman talala, bewa yakan rayu har zuwa shekaru 35, a yanayi 10-17.
[gyara] Asali
Iyalin beaver wanda ya tashi a cikin Tertiary sanannu ne a Arewacin Amurka daga Lowerasar Oligocene - shekaru miliyan 32 da suka gabata, a Turai - daga babba Oligocene, da Asiya - daga ƙarshen Miocene. Don haka, a cikin tarihi, abubuwa daban daban suka yi nasarar juna ko kuma suka wanzu.
An bayyana janareto 22, kuma wakilan wasunsu sunada girman girma. Don haka, a cikin Pleistocene, Trogontberium na Turai da Castoroides na Arewacin Amurka ya kai girman bera mai launin ruwan kasa kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 200-300.
A yau, beaver shi ne mafi girma a cikin lardin Arewacin Hemisphere, yana kai matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 30. A daya hemisphere, a Kudancin Amurka, mai rikodin shine capybara, wanda kuma shine ƙwaƙwalwar ruwa mai ruwa mai nauyin kilo 50.
[edit] Bayani game da dangi
'Yan Beavers sune mafi girman girman sandunan zamani, sun kai 1 m a tsayi da kuma nauyin 30 kilogiram, wanda ya dace da salon rayuwar ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa a cikin rijiyoyin shara.
Torso stocky, squat, sanye take da in mun gwada da rauni gaban da kuma mai ƙarfi hind biyar yatsu yatsunsu.
Haske Yatsin yatsun hannu masu kyau, da kuma bayanin yananan a cikin dukkan yatsunsu.
Claws a kan dukkan yatsunsu da haɓaka da kyau, ya daidaita da dan kadan. Hannun yatsan na biyu na yatsun hannun riga an shayar da su, tare da sashin kasan sa yana motsa dangi zuwa na sama. Dabbar tana hada gashinsu da ita.
Tail zagaye da rufe gashi kawai a gindi, har zuwa tsawon cm 30, fadiwa 10-13. Mafi yawansu tsirara ne kuma an lullube su da kunci mai ban tsoro, tsakanin wanda gashi mai saurin gashi da gajeren wando ke zaune. A tsakiyar wutsiya akwai keel mai ƙarfi.
Murfin Fur tsananin bambanta cikin m rumfa da lokacin farin ciki laushi undercoat. Launin Jawo daga haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Anya ƙarami, tare da blinking membranes.
Kunnuwa gajere, fadi, da kankantar hawa sama da matakin Jawo. Ramin kunne da hanci sun rufe lokacin ruwa yayin ruwa.
Gashi tsayi, lokacin farin ciki da taushi, tare da ingantaccen ruwa.
Dindindin hakora nada fa'ida, mai girma-kambi, tare da ci gaba mai dorewa.
[edit] Dabbobi da ƙananan tallafi
Halin zamani na Beaver ya kasu kashi biyu.
- Aabilar kowaCastor fiber), yana zaune a cikin yankin daga gabar tekun Atlantika, zuwa yankin Baikal da Mongolia
- Kanad Beaver (Castor canadensis) - yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka.
Waɗannan su ne wakilan ƙarshe na rai na ɗayan ɗayan yawan masu garkuwa da dutsen - beavers.
Wasu masana binciken dabbobi sun dauki wannan beaver a matsayin wata dama ce ta kowa, amma wannan ra'ayin ya sami sabani ta hanyar yawan chromosomes (48 cikin kowa da 40 a cikin Kanada).
Karatun ilimin zamani ya bambanta ra'ayoyi guda takwas na masu ruwan wake.
[edit] Tsarin tsare-tsaren cikin gida na dangi
- Castor Linnaeus, 1758
- Castor kumar † (Schlosser 1924)
- Castor californicus † (Kellogg 1911)
- Castor canadensis (Kuhl, 1820)
- Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Hystricops † (Stirton 1935)
- Hystricops browni † (Shotwell 1963)
- Hystricops venustus † (Leidy 1858)
- Mai Sanyi † (Matasa 1934)
- Steneofiber † (Geoffroy 1833)
- Steneofiber depereti † (Mayet 1908)
[gyara] Range
Ko da a farkon lokacin tarihi, 'yan bea suna mamaye dazuzzuka na arewacin hemisphere, sun isa mafi yawan adadin yanki na dazuzzukan daji da kuma shiga tare da gandun daji da ke nesa har zuwa yanki na hamada, gandun daji da tundra-tundra.
Yankin sararin samaniya yana fadada kudu har zuwa arewacin Mexico, Transcaucasia, arewacin Mongolia da tsakiyar sassan arewa maso gabashin Siberiya, a farkon karni na 20. ya fara zuwa yankuna daban.
Gidajen zamani a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya.
[edit] Tsarin rayuwa
'Yan Beavers sun gwammace su zauna kan kananan, a hankali kogunan koguna koguna. Manyan tafkunan an hana su.
Suna iyo da kuma nutsewa cikin nasara. A ƙarƙashin ruwa, suna iya kasancewa har zuwa mintuna 4-5 har ma da ɗan ƙaramin tsayi da yin iyo yayin wannan lokacin har zuwa 750 m.
[gyara] Gina-gine
Don dabbobin gidaje suna shirya burrows ko bukkoki.
Burrows tono a gaban m gefen. Entranceofar ramin koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin saman ruwa.
Hutsuna suna yin gini a wuraren da tono ba shi yiwuwa, - a kan ƙananan raɓoɓin rami ko kanana.
A cikin bazara a cikin ambaliyar, beavers suna yin gini a saman ciyawar bushes gado na rassa da rassa tare da gado busassun ciyawa.
Wani lokacin a cikin ɗayan biaryar beaver akwai kuma hutsuna da burrows. 'Yan Bea suna da tsabta, ba su taɓa zubar da gidajensu tare da tarkace abinci da tarkace.
[gyara] Burrows
Burrows suna birgeting a cikin tsaunuka masu tsauri; wannan yanki ne mai rikitarwa tare da ƙofar 4-5. Ganuwan da rufin ramin suna da kyau kuma ana leɓe su. Dakin zaune a cikin ramin yana daga zurfin da bai wuce mita 1. Girman ɗakin zaune ba ya wuce mita, kuma tsayinsa ya kai santimita 40-50.
Dole kasan ya zama santimita 20 a saman ruwa. Idan ruwan da yake cikin kogin ya haye, bea ya tasar da bene, yana narkar da ƙasa daga rufin.
Wasu lokuta wasu beavers suna rusa rufin wani rami kuma a wurin sa suna shirya ɓarnar katako da katako, suna jujjuya rami a cikin wani tsari na wucin gadi - rabin sha biyu.
[gyara] Gidaje
Maƙallan suna da bayyanar babban rumfa na katako, da aka ɗaure su da ƙarfi, har zuwa 1-3 m zuwa tsayi kuma zuwa 10 m.
Ganuwar bukka a hankali tana da dunƙulen murɗa da yumɓu, don haka ya zama ainihin sansanin soja, da ba a yarda da shi ga masu farauta, iska ta shiga cikin rufin. Beavers suna amfani da yumbu da kafafunsu na gaban.
A cikin bukka akwai manholes a cikin ruwa da wani dandamali wanda ya haura sama da matakin ruwa. Tare da sanyi na farko, beavers bugu da insuari yana hana bukatan da sabon yumɓu na yumɓu.
An shirya shinge mai zurfi a cikin bukka, hanyoyin fita daga ciki wanda ya jagoranci zuwa ruwa. A cikin hunturu, ana kiyaye ingantaccen zazzabi a cikin bukka, ruwan ba ya daskarewa, kuma beavers suna da damar fita zuwa cikin kankara na tafki.
A cikin tsananin sanyi a kan bukka ya kasance tururi, wanda alama ce ta mazaunin gidaje.
[gyara] Dam
A wuraren ajiyar ruwa tare da matakin ruwa mai tsayayye, wanda a yayin raguwa na iya haifar da magudanar hanyoyin fita daga kabarbari ko masaukai, masaniyar beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa a kasa daga katako na katako, rassan da katako, wadanda aka sanya su cikin yumbu, silt da sauran kayan. Idan jikin ruwan yana da kwarara mai sauri kuma akwai duwatsun a kasa, ana amfani dasu azaman kayan gini. Yawan nauyin duwatsun zai iya kaiwa kilogiram 15-18.
Don gina madatsar ruwa, an zaɓi wuraren da itatuwa ke kusa da ƙarshen bakin. Ana fara ginin da beavers tsaye mai danko rassan rassan da kuma kututture a cikin tushe, yana ƙarfafa gibba da rassan da kuma reeds, ciko gilasai tare da murɗa, yumbu da duwatsu. A matsayin tushen tallafi, masu bea sukanyi amfani da itace wanda ya fada cikin kogi, a hankali a rufe shi da kayan gini daga dukkan bangarorin.
Tsawon dam na yau da kullun shine 20-30 m, nisa a ginin shine m 4-6, a cikin fifiko shi 1-2 m. Tsawon dam ɗin yana yawanci 2 m ne, kodayake yana iya kaiwa 4.8 m.
Idan mai halin yanzu yana da ƙarfi sosai, to yan bea gina ƙananan additionalarin madatsun ruwa na saman kogin. A cikin madatsar ruwa, ana shirya magudanar ruwa ta yadda ba za ta iya fashewa ba.
A matsakaita, dangin beaver yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda don gina madatsar ruwa 10. 'Yan bewaye suna lura da amincin madatsar ruwa da gyara shi idan yayyo yayye. Wasu lokuta wasu iyalai da yawa da ke aiki a cikin juzu'i suna aiki a cikin ginin.
[gyara] Kariya da matsayin nau'in
Beaver yana ba da furfura mai tsayi, mai daɗin ci, "beaver stream" ana amfani dashi a masana'antar ƙanshin. Dangane da wannan, dan adam ya dade yana fuskantar tsanar zalunci.
Sakamakon kamun kifi mai zurfi, yana kan gab da ƙarewa: a farkon karni na 20, jimlar ba ta wuce dabbobi 1000 ba, ƙauyukan da aka keɓe sun kasance a cikin tasoshin Rhone, Elba, Don, Dnieper, a cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya, a cikin Yenisei na sama. An yi ajiyar cikin ajiyar
An dauki kwararan matakan inganta lambobin sa.
[gyara] Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa
Ma'aikata a cikin National Park na Kanada da aka samo a cikin mafi kusurwar kusurwa na Alfred Wood Buffalo Park mafi girman bangon beaver tare da girman filayen kwallon kafa 8 - m 850. Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada sun wallafa hotunan babbar madatsar dabbar beaver a duniya, wanda ya yi girma sosai har a bayyane yake a sarari. Wani wakilin hukumar ta Park din ya ce ma'aikatan sun gano game da madatsar ruwan shekaru 2 da suka gabata kuma suka gina hanyar tashi saboda babu wata hanyar da za a kalli wannan babban gini.
