Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) na gidan Skopina ne (Pandionidae). Ta kasance ɗayan biyu daga cikin wakilan sa na yanzu. Gabashin osprey (Pandion cristatus) suna zaune a Ostiraliya da tsibirin Oceania, yawancin masu karɓar haraji suna ɗaukar nauyinta. Sunan Latin da wannan tsuntsu ya samo asali daga sunan almara na Pandion, wanda ya rayu a tsohuwar Girka.
Shi, da yake Sarkin Athens, ya sadu da Dionysus, allahn giya, kuma shi ne na farko cikin Atinawan da sukasan yadda ake yin giya iri-iri. Dangane da labarin almara, sarkin da ya sha kaye bayan wata biki ya sha ya koma juhurma ya tashi a inda bai sani ba.
Osprey alama ce ta hukuma a lardin Kanada na Nova Scotia da kuma lardin Södermanland na Sweden.
Rarraba
Mahalli ya mamaye duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Osprey yana zaune a cikin Turai, Asiya, Afirka, Australia, Arewa, Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Yawan Arewacin Amurka yana tashi zuwa hunturu zuwa Kudancin Amurka, kuma yawan Turai da Arewacin Asiya suna tashi zuwa Afirka da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yawancin tsuntsayen hunturu a Indiya.
Heredan wasa, da ke zaune a yawancin Afirka, a Tsakiyar Amurka da tsibiran Caribbean su ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
Mafi yawan wuraren da ake kewayen suna a arewacin hemisphere a yankuna daga wurare masu ban sha'awa da yanayin yanayi. Osprey yana da mazaunin ruwa kusa da kogi mai santsi ko gawarwakin ruwa mai ɗumbin kifi. Sun fi son wuraren da ke da bishiyoyi masu tsayi, dutsen ko tsibiran da ba a zaune ba inda babu masu farauta.
Tsuntsayen suna zaune a bakin tekun, kusa da ruwa mai ɗaukar ruwa da gauraye da ruwa ko a cikin fadama. A cikin tsaunin zafi, suna da zama a cikin wuraren dazuzzukan kurmi.
Akwai ƙananan biyan kuɗi guda 4. Minungiyoyin masu ƙarancin ra'ayi sun zama ruwan dare a duk yankin Palearctic.
Halayyar
Ospreys sun bambanta da sauran masu farauta da rana. Yatsun su iri ɗaya ne, kuma maƙallan suna zagaye. A cikinsu, kamar mujiya, babban yatsa na hannu ne, wanda zai baka damar kama wanda aka azabtar da yatsunsu biyu a gaba da biyu a baya. Wannan yana da amfani musamman yayin kama kifi mai narkewa.
Tsuntsaye suna aiki cikin hasken rana tun daga wayewar gari har zuwa yamma. A lokacin hutu, sun sami damar zauna na awanni a saman bishiyoyin da suka mutu ko ginshiƙi.
A lokacin ƙaura yanayi, ospreys na iya tattarawa cikin ƙaramin garken mutum har mutum 10, amma galibi suna ƙaura shi kaɗai. A sararin sama, tsuntsaye sukan tashi cikin yanayin haɓaka tare da fuka-fukai masu tashi, suna haɓaka saurin kilomita 30-60 / h.
Osprey na iya nutse har da iyo na ɗan wani lokaci tare da fikafikan da aka shimfiɗa. Don tashi, sai ta kunna fikafikanta a saman ruwa, riƙe riƙe da hannunta a cikin falon. Kafin ruwa, maharfin ya shimfida kafafunsa a gaba kuma ya kama kifi tare da daddaɗa, mai kauri da kaifi mai kaifi. Tana ɗaukar ganima zuwa gida ko ta wani wurin ɓoyewa a hankali kuma ta ci shi.
Tsuntsu yana jin kunya sosai kuma yawanci yana jin tsoron mutumin. Ba yan ƙasa ba ne kuma ba shi da madawwamin gida, yana motsawa kamar yadda ya cancanta don ƙaura kifi. Jirgin sama na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren ciyarwa na iya faruwa a nesa na 8-14 km.
Yankunan kowane ma'aurata ba su ketarawa kuma mamaye yanki tsakanin radius na 5-10 kilomita daga gida. Sai kawai a lokuta masu wuya, an kirkiro kananan masarufi waɗanda ke da nau'i-nau'i da yawa daga 100-500 m daga juna.
Sau da yawa, gizo-gizo, haɗiye, da sauran ƙananan tsuntsaye suka yi sheƙunansu a ƙaramin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin gwanayen ospreys, suna ƙarƙashin kariyar su.
Manyan abokan hamayyarmu na sama sune mikiya (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) da kuma kuliyoyi budurwa (Bubo virginianus), kuma a cikin ruwa karuwai (Crocodylus niloticus) da caimans (Caiman crocodilus). A kan ƙasa, babban haɗari ga kajin da ƙwai yana wakilta ta rapeson rago (Procyon lotor).
Abinci mai gina jiki
Ospreys suna ciyar da kowane nau'in marine da kifin ruwan da suke sarrafawa. Kawai a lokuta na musamman suke kama kan kananan dabbobi masu rarrafe, 'yan dabbobi, da dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A farkon farauta, galibi suna mamaye wani wuri, kuma bayan binciken farko na wuraren farauta sai su tashi a kusa da tafki a tsawon 20-30 m. Bayan sun gano yiwuwar abin da za su iya faruwa, sai maharbanta su faɗi ƙasa da dutse, su kama shi da tokarsu a kai su cire daga saman ruwa. Wani lokacin suna rataye na ɗan gajeren lokaci a wuri guda, suna birgima kamar fuka-fuki na kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).
A cikin iska, osprey yana riƙe abinsa a tsaye zuwa gawar. Yawan nauyin da aka kama shine 150-300 g, matsakaicin kilogiram 2.
A lokacin kamun kifi, tsuntsu na iya nutsuwa gaba daya karkashin ruwa zuwa zurfin m 3. Fuka-fukansa suna shafawa tare da rufin coccygeal gland, wanda ke da kyan gani na ruwa.
Kiwo
Lokacin balaga yana faruwa ne da kimanin shekaru 3. A cikin wuraren da osprey suke zaune, lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin yakan wuce daga Disamba zuwa Maris, kuma a cikin yanayin mai daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu. A lokacin kakar, tsuntsaye sukan haifi zuriya sau ɗaya kawai.
Suna yin nau'i-nau'i, wanda ke dawwama cikin rayuwa duka. Bayan hunturu, mazan sune farkon waɗanda zasu koma kango. Bayan kamar sati daya, mata suka iso.
Mafi yawancin lokuta ana amfani da gida don shekaru, ana gyara kowace shekara da ma'aurata suka kammala su. Kayan gini gini ne mai suttura da katako. A cikin gida an yi layi tare da ciyawa da tsire-tsire na ruwa.
Bayan an gama ginin, namiji yakan ciyar da mace ya kawo kifin ga macen. Sannan haduwa ta faru, wanda zai wuce na dakiku kadan. Mace ta daga 2 zuwa 5, tare da adadin 7 qwai.
Shiryawa yana kwana 35-42. Dukkanin ma'auratan suna iya saka masonry a madadinsu. Chingyakin ciki yana farawa kai tsaye bayan kwanciya da kwan farko. Kayan kyankyasai suna kyankyashe tare da wani lokaci na kwanaki 1-2, don haka sun bambanta sosai da girma.
Manyan kajin sun fi yiwuwa su rayu, suna samun ƙarin abinci a lokacin ciyar da tilas. Namiji yakan ciyar da 'yayan na makonni biyu na farko, sannan mace ta tare shi.
Ana haihuwar kyankyasai tare da ƙoshin lafiya, amma har yanzu suna buƙatar a mai da shi ta zafin jikin mahaifiyarsu. Matashin tsufa ya fara girma yana da kimanin kwanaki 10. A makonni biyar na haihuwa, kajin sun kai kusan kashi 80% na iyayensu. A cikin kwanaki 50-60 suna zama mai fiɗa kuma ƙarƙashin ikon iyaye koya koya don samun abinci da kansu.
Lokacin da yake da makonni 10-15, matasa masu osprey sun haye zuwa rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Babu fiye da 20% tsira zuwa ga balaga daga brood.
Bayanin
Tsawon Jiki 55-58 cm, fuka-fukai 145-170 cm Weight 1300-2000 g .. Mace sun yi girma sosai kuma sun fi maza girma. Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin launi ba ya nan. Yawan jama'ar dake zaune a cikin tsaunukan ƙasa sun fi na kabilun arewa.
Zumun a baya, fikafikai da wutsiya mai launin shuɗi. Kowane gashin fuka-fukan a kansu yana da fari ko launin toka-toka. Fararen fararen kaya tare da ratsi mai duhu mai duhu. Ana shafa fentin kai, ƙusa, amai, kirji da ciki.
Kafafun an rufe su da kawunan wuta zuwa paws kansu. Yatsun suna da launin toka-toka, gashin baki da kambori duhu ko kusan baki.
Juveniles suna da ƙarin aibobi a bayanansu da fukafukansu fiye da na tsuntsayen manya. Suna da idanun ja-ja da suka yi launin ja yayin da suka girma. Plwararren saurayi yana bayyana a watanni 18.
Osprey yana da shekaru 20-25 a cikin daji.
Taxonomy
Bayanin azaman gani Buteo tsefe an wallafa shi a cikin 1816 daga masanin ilmin kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Louis Vieillot, wanda ya zama sananne da ƙarancin jinsuna. Epithet tsefe ya fito ne daga Latin "crest" tare da alaƙa da wani nau'in gashin fuka-fukan da suke tahowa daga bayan kai. Biyan kuɗin magani Soyayyar haliaetus tsefe yana rarrabe crest daga sauran tallafin P. haliaetus , sunan da aka karɓa daga tsohuwar Hellenanci haliaietos don "gaggafa teku".
Daga baya marubutan sun bayyana yawan yankin a matsayin nau'ikan daban Pandiona leucocephalus Gould, J. 1838 da Sannu-sannu gouldi Kaup, JJ 1847 ko a cikin subspe- Pandion haliaetus australis Burmeister, KHK 1850 da Pandion haliaetus melvillensis Mathews, bayanin GM 1912. Gould ya bayyana halaye da yawa waɗanda suka sa ya bambanta da sabon Kayan haliaetus dangane da samfuran da aka tattara a Tasmania, Rottnest Island a Yamma da Port Essington, raunin lithograph wanda ke nuna nau'in halittar da aka buga Synopsis (1838) zuwa Tsuntsayen Australiya -An kashe Golatu Gould. Wasu hukumomi suna tallafawa kula da mutanen gabashin osprey a matsayin ɗayan ƙasashe huɗu masu iko Kayan haliaetus , kawai jinsunan da suka rayu na halittar dangi. Lokacin da aka buga samfurori da lura da sababbin alkalumma a karni na sha tara, yawancin marubutan sun bayyana su a matsayin sabon nau'in halittu, canje-canje a kusa da farkon karni na ashirin da na farko sun fara ba da shawarar cewa matsayin cikakkiyar ɗabi'a ya barata.
Littafin kundin tsarin tarihin Australia ya yarda da cikakkiyar magani game da nau'in halittu, yayin da yake yin nuni ga sake fasalin shekarar 2008, ya lura da irin tsarancin halittar da aka kamanta ta da jinsin da ke da alaƙa. Hieraeetus da Akila (ƙage, da dr ., 2004) da ƙananan amma bambance-bambance masu daidaituwa a ilimin ilimin halittar mutum da rushewar launi. Bambancin hali tsakanin al'ummomin da ke rikice-rikice sun haɗa da wannan izinin zama a cikin mazaunin ruwan teku, yayin da a Arewacin Amurka yawanci ke kama kiwo da kuma mamaye wuraren kusa da ruwa mai kyau.
Sosai Aka bayyana shi daga masanin ilimin kimiyyar dabbobi na Faransa Jules César Savigny a cikin 1809, shine kawai asalin dangin Pandionidae, an ambaci sunan shi ne da sunan almara na Greek wanda aka fi sani da Pandion. Wasu hanyoyin da za a sanya shi kusa da shaho da gaggafa a cikin dangin shaho - Wanne daga kansa za'a iya la'akari dashi azaman babban ɓangare na tsari irin na shaho ko kuma ke alaƙa da Sokolina a falconiform. Sibl-Ahlquist taxonomy ya sanya shi tare da sauran ƙararraki masu mahimmanci a cikin Ciconiiformes da aka faɗaɗaɗa sosai, amma wannan yana haifar da rarrabuwa ga yanayin halitta.
An san su da sunan sanannen osprey, ko kuma an bambanta su da itacen osprey na gabas; wasu sunaye sun hada da osprey da m osprey. Gould ya lura da ƙaramar jujjuyawar da ba a sani ba wacce aka yi amfani da ita bayan kammala yarjejeniyar Australiya, "Little Fish-Hawk" a New South Wales da "Fish-Hawk" da aka yi wa rajista a cikin mashigin Swan River John Gilbert, sunan da ya zo mana shine Joor-jout a Port Essington kuma wani a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya, ana fassara daga harshen Nyungar, ana ba da wannan suna na ƙarshe don amfanin gabaɗa a kudu maso yamma Australia kamar yoondoordo [furta yoon'door'daw].
Rarraba da wurin zama
A cikin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, inda aka yi rikodin nau'in kamar yadda ke faruwa a Yammacin Australiya, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia da Tasmania, kewayon yanki ne mai fadi a kan tsibirin da tsibirin bakin teku, ko da yake ana samun wasu lokuta akan tsarin kogin budewa da kuma filayen kwari. Ziyarar ziyartar yankuna daga cikin arewa a lokacin damina na iya faruwa a lokacin tsawan ruwan sama mai yawa. A wannan nahiya, galibi rayuwa ce mai zaman kanta, ba ta ƙaura ba, sabanin sauran ƙasashe masu ikon shiga Kayan haliaetus . Suna faruwa ba tare da daidaituwa ba tare da rairayin bakin teku ba, kodayake wannan ba baƙi ne na zaɓi na gabashin Victoria da Tasmania ba. Akwai tazara tsakanin kilomita 1,000 (620 mil) wacce ta yi daidai da bakin tekun Nullarbor, tsakanin yankin kiwo na yamma a Kudancin Australia da wuraren kiwo mafi kusa a kudu maso yammacin Australia. An gabatar da ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan a matsayin marasa galihu a kudu maso gabashin Australia
Sauran yankuna da Philippines da Indonesia da kuma New Guinea suka mamaye. Baƙi na lokacin Sulawesi sun zo daga kudu, kuma yakamata su yi ƙaura daga arewacin Australiya.
Itace da aka zaba a matsayin itace mai tushe ko gida a Australia babban eucalyptus. Ana iya ganin su suna yawo a wurare daban-daban waɗanda ke faruwa tsakanin mazaunin su da farautar ruwa.
Farauta
Abincin abinci shine mafi yawan nau'in kifi na gida, kodayake maƙasudin maƙasudin Australiya, kamar yadda kuka sani, mullet ne, idan akwai. An ba da shigarwar abubuwa daban-daban don sauran macizai masu barazanar rayuwa a cikin teku, mayin katako da kifayen halittun dabbobi masu rarrafe, kwari, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. An san su da kama bakin teku a cikin jirgin.
Ospris yana da hangen nesa wanda ya dace da kyau don gano abubuwa ƙarƙashin ruwa daga sama. An fara gano ganuwar lokacin da itacen ostrey na gabas yakai tsawan mita 10 zuwa 40 a saman ruwa, bayan haka tsuntsun ya yi dan lokaci kadan sannan ya tsoma kafafunsa da farko tare da fuka-fukan sama, ana yin babban feshin yayin da yake shiga ruwan. Zuriyar hakar su za a iya yi a matakai da yawa, kuma za su iya nutse har zuwa zurfin mita 1. Bayan sun kama hanyar da suke so, sai suka yi amfani da barkonon tsohuwa don tashi daga saman ruwa, suna komawa aiki na yau da kullun tare da kifin wanda shine farkon wanda za'a fara kaiwa gaci. Ganima “ta jefa dodanni na mod” tare da jagoran gaba a bayan kai, dayan kuma an kama matsayin da ya dace da shi. Sosai daga sha'anin shawo kan farautar gaggafa masu kamun kifi. Babbar abincinsu ba a hadiye su nan da nan ba, maimakon a sassaka su cikin yanki ko yanki a waje da lokacin kiwo.
Kyau Sosai yana da sauye-sauye da yawa waɗanda suka dace da salon cin abincin kifayensu, sun haɗa da muryoyin yatsun da ke jujjuyawa, yatsun spacules a ƙasan yatsun kafa, ƙwallon ƙafa don rufe ruwa lokacin nutsewa, da kuma juzu'ai juji a kan maƙallan da ke aiki kamar barbs zuwa taimaka wajen kiyaye abin da ya kamace. Fetur na da daskararren danshi wanda yake mai shafawa kuma yana hana gashinsa dusar ruwa.
Haifuwa
Ana amfani da nau'ikan kifayen waje a Tsibirin Rottnest na bakin gabar yammacin Yammacin Australia, inda akwai wuraren 14 ko makamancin haka wanda 6:55 ana amfani dasu shekara guda. Da yawa daga cikinsu ana sabunta su a kowace kakar, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ana yin amfani da su tsawon shekaru 70. Gida babban tari ne na katako, sandar ciyawa, ko turf daga ruwan teku, waɗanda galibi ana gina su ne a cikin cokali mai yatsa na itace ko reshe, kuma ana amfani da fuskoki. bishiyoyi, fashewar dutse, ginshiƙai, dandamali na wucin gadi ko tsibiran teku. Tsarin ci gaba da mamaye yanayin zai iya kaiwa zuwa tsawan mita biyu. Gidaje na iya zama girmansa tsawon mita 2 kuma nauyinsa yakai kilo 135.
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ospreys na gabas ya isa lokacin balaga ya fara haihuwa tun yana da kimanin shekaru uku zuwa hudu.
Ospreys na Gabas yawanci suna aure don rayuwa, kodayake an ruwaito polyandry a lokuta da yawa. Lokacin kiwo ya bambanta da yanayin gida: yana farawa tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba a kudancin Ostiraliya, Afrilu zuwa Yuli a arewacin Ostiraliya, kuma daga Yuni zuwa Agusta a Kudancin Queensland. A lokacin bazara, ma'auratan sun fara yin kawance na wata biyar don bunkasa samartansu. Yawan kama shine yawanci biyu zuwa uku, wani lokacin har zuwa hudu, kuma suna iya brood sau biyu a kakar. An dage farawa na wata daya, kuma ya dogara da girman gidan don kiyaye dumama. Llsawan ƙwai suna fari ko mai son tare da mai mai mai launin launin ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi, wani lokacin duhu kamar baƙar fata, shuɗi ko aibobi mai launin toka na iya bayyana a ƙarƙashin harsashi. Kwai yakai kimanin 62 x 45 mm kuma yayi nauyi kimanin 65. Qwai ne ake kwantawa tsawon kwanaki 35-43 kafin a huda.
Kayan kwanan nan wanda aka tsinke a ciki ya yi awo daga nauyin 50 zuwa 60 da jingina a makonni 8 zuwa 10. Binciken a tsibirin Kangaroo yana da matsakaiciyar tsaka tsakanin kyankyashewa da toshewar kwanaki 69. Wannan binciken ya nuna matsakaita na kimanin 0.66 matasa masu cikakken shekaru a kowace shekara a cikin yankin da aka mamaye, kuma 0.92 matasa masu cikakken shekaru a kowace shekara a cikin gida mai aiki. Kimanin kashi 22% na matasa masu wanzuwa ko dai sun kwana a tsibirin ko kuma sun dawo ga balaga don shiga cikin yawan kiwo. Lokacin da babu isasshen abinci, kajin farko zuwa kyankyasar suna iya rayuwa. Matsayin rayuwa na yau da kullun shine shekaru 7-10, kodayake mutane basa iya tsufa har zuwa shekaru 20-25.
Ana la'akari da gida a cikin 1902 da aka samo ƙasusuwan kifayen a gefen kuma masana'antar tekun "redo face" ( Mersembryanthemum ) a cikin cikakkiyar girma.
Yanayi da Kariya
Akwai tabbacin raguwar yanki a Kudancin Ostireliya, inda tsoffin yankuna a wurare a cikin Spencer Bay da kuma gabar kogin Murray suka kasance ba kowa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Wuraren shimfidawa a Eyre Peninsula da Kangaroo Island suna da saukin nishaɗin rairayin bakin teku da ba a sarrafa su da ci gaban birane.
A cikin New South Wales, osprey wani nau'in kare ne mai kariya. A saboda wannan dalili, ciyawar osprey daga ƙananan hasken hagu na hasumiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya na filin wasa ba zai iya matsar da kula da yanayi ba.
Matsayin kariya a Yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin "ba barazanar" ba, a mafi yawan lokuta a Arewa kuma ba a yin rubuce-rubuce sau da yawa a kudu. Rahoton shekarar 1902 da Alexander Milligan ya yi game da kiwan kiwo a yankin kudu maso yamma an buga shi ne KYAUTA kazalika da bayanin wani gida tare da ƙwai biyu waɗanda ke kan Cape Mentelle wanda aka ɗauki hoto shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka wuce a AJ Campbell. An karɓi ƙwai ɗaya don ajiya a Gidan Tarihi na Milligan kuma, tare da darektan gidan kayan gargajiya, BH Woodward, sun ba da izinin mai kula da tsarin kogon tare da kariyar wurin.
Kamancin yana da wuya a Victoria kuma yanzu ba ya cikin Tasmania.