Dangane da sabon binciken da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature Communications, masana kimiyya suna amfani da rakodin sauti waɗanda ke halayyar lafiyar murjani mai ƙarfi don haɓaka halayen kirki a cikin yankuna da suke buƙata, don haka suna iya dawo da sassan da suka lalace na Babban Barrier Reef. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, cutar ta kama su da dumamar duniya.

Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta ƙasa daga Jami'ar Exeter da Jami'ar Bristol a Burtaniya sun lura cewa da taimakon sautin za su iya gyara lamunin murjani da sauri. Binciken Great Great Barrier Reef da aka lalata a Ostiraliya, masana kimiyya sun sanya masu magana da ruwa a karkashin ruwa wadanda suka sake yin rikodin sauti na ingantattun wuraren kiwon ruwa a wuraren da murjani matacce, kuma suka sami kifin sau biyu da suka isa wannan yankin.

Tim Gordon na jami'ar Exeter ya ce "Kifi yana da matukar muhimmanci ga aiki da murjani a cikin halittar lafiyayyun halittu."

Masana ilimin kimiyya sun gano cewa ƙara yawan kifayen yana taimakawa wajen haifar da sake tsarin halitta ta hanyar lalata lalacewar da suke gani akan ɗakunan murjani da yawa a duniya.

Yanzu ana daukar lardunan murjani a matsayin daya daga ingantattun alamomin yanayin yanayin yanayin kasa da yadda tasirinsu ya shafa da suka hada da samar da ruwan teku da dumamar duniya.

"Abin mamaki murfin murjani wurare ne mai ban mamaki da yawa wurare." Koyaya, yayin da tayi shuru a kewayen reefs, wannan tabbatacciyar alama ce cewa wannan tsabtace yanayin ƙasa matsala ce. Zamu iya canza wannan ta yin kwaikwayon sautunan da muke buƙata har sai yanayin yankin ya murmure, ”in ji masanan.

Babban Bako Reef

Babban Barikin Reef shine babban murjani mafi girma a duniya tare da tsawon mil dubu 2.5. Tana cikin Tekun Bahar Rum kuma tana shimfiɗe da gefen gabar arewa maso gabas ta Ostiraliya. Dutsen yana da filayen murjani sama da 2.9 dubu da tsibiran 900 a cikin Kogin Coral (ya ta'allaka ne a gabar gabar Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia).

Dangane da lura da Majalisar Binciken Binciko ta Ostireliya (wata hukuma a karkashin gwamnatin Ostireliya), kashi biyu cikin uku na kudann ruwan sun rasa launi a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Masana kimiyya sun danganta aiwatar da ɗumamar yanayi ta duniya: dumamar ruwa, murjani yana ƙarƙashin yanayi mai saurin birgewa kuma yaɓar da ƙwayoyin symbiotic. Hagu ba tare da algae da sauran lasisi ba, murjani yana rasa launi, dakatar da girma da rushewa. A cewar Farfesa Terry Hughes, wanda ya jagoranci binciken, murmurewa na iya daukar shekaru da dama.

Hanyar dawo da madadin hanyoyin

Rayayyun ruwan kwaro suna daya daga cikin kyawawan halittu masu rai a duniya. Yawancin lokaci ana kiran su "gandun daji na teku," saboda, suna mamaye wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki, suna ciyar da mafi yawan rayuwa a cikin teku. A yankin murjani na ruwa, kusan kashi 9% na hannun jari na duniya suna da hankali.

A cewar jaridar Amurka The New York Times, rabin mutane biliyan biliyan a duniya sun dogara ne da kifin da aka samo a jikin abincin. Ga wasu ƙasashe tsibiri, wannan shine tushen tushen furotin kawai.

A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman Ostiraliya, reefs sune manyan abubuwan yawon shakatawa waɗanda ke kawo miliyoyin kasafin kuɗi.

Masana kimiyya a duniya suna neman hanyoyin da za a iya mayar da Great Barrier Reef. A cewar jaridar New York Times, manazarci a dakin binciken Sarasota Aquarium Laborat (Florida), David Vaughan, ya rarraba murjani zuwa kananan gabobin, ya dasa sabbin yankuna, kuma ya dasa su cikin teku. "Ya kasance yana ɗaukar shekaru shida don ƙirƙirar murjani 600. Yanzu zamu iya shuka murjani 600 a cikin rabin rana kuma dasa su a cikin 'yan watanni."

Masu bincike a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Asiya ta Australiya da ke Townsville sun tattara tsoffin 'yan iska da suka sami damar yin tsayayya da “mummunan yanayin rayuwarsu,” suka haifar da “murjani mafi kyawu tare da mafi kyawun kwayoyin halitta” tare da mayar da su zuwa tekun. Masana kimiyya suna fatan "gina" ƙarin raƙuman ruwa mai iya jurewa da za su iya rayuwa a dumamar duniya.

Coral reef // pixabay.com

Zooxanthellae nau'in dinoflagellate ne, rukuni wanda ya hada har da algae waɗanda ke da alhakin "jan ragin". Tunda suna daukar hoto, zooxanthellae suma suna sanya murjiyan kwayar halitta tayi kama da shuka, a cikin sigar roba. A ƙarshe, murjani yana ɓoye kwarangwal, dabbar da suttura a cikin kwano na dutse da aka yi da ma'adinin hangenite.

Tarihin Binciken Binciken Murya

Godiya ga halayensu na musamman, an yi nazarin murjani na dubban shekaru. Ko da Aristotle ya bayyana su a cikin “tsaran Halittun”Scala naturae) Koyaya, idan muka kalli tarihi, to tabbas Charles Darwin zai iya zama sanannen mashahuran masu binciken murjani. Ya gabatar da ka'idar asalin ma'anar murjani da kuma, musamman, atolls a cikin Tekun Pasifik, wanda ya juya ya zama daidai, duk da cewa masana kimiyya sun dauki lokaci mai yawa don tabbatar da hakan.

Ka'idar Darwin, wacce aka fara bayyana shi a cikin littafin tarihin shi, Tsarin da kuma rarraba Coral Reefs, yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ya ba da shawara cewa idan akwai dutsen mai gudu a kan saman teku, reefs za su iya haɓaka tare da gefensa. Yayin da wutar dutsen ta fara sauka a hankali cikin ruwa, yana daina yin aiki da ƙarfi, murjani yana wanzuwa. Sakamakon ƙarshen shi ne abin da ake kira shinge reefs. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai wani tsibiri a tsakiyar lago da zobe na murjani a ciki. A tsawon lokaci, dutsen mai girgiza ƙasa har ƙasa, wanda yasa tsibirin ta ɓace, kawai murfin murjani ya rage. Don haka atoll na gargajiya ya bayyana. Abin mamaki ne cewa Darwin ya kirkiro wannan ka'idar ta hanyar kawai kallon taswirar kafin ya gani da idanunsa murjani a yayin da yake tafiya a kan Beagle.

Bayan Darwin, a farkon karni na 20, an yi balaguro zuwa Babban Barrier Reef don yin nazarin murjani. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin aikin Thomas Goro, wanda ya fara la’akari da murjani kamar dabbobi da kuma nazarin symbiosis din su. Tarihin nazarin murjani yana da wadata: reefs, musamman a farkon lokacin, masanan ilmin halitta da masanan ilmin halitta sun yi nazarin su daidai.

Coral reef samuwar

Symbiosis tare da ƙwayoyin shuka yana ba da murjani guda ɗaya na haɓaka da sauri. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda yiwuwar sake halittar reshe ya dogara da wannan: halittu daban-daban suna rayuwa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kullun suna tauna lamuran murjani da lalata reef. Akwai wani nau'in tsere tsakanin halitta da halaka, kuma a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ba zai kasance babban dabbar ruwa ba tare da symbionts, wanda ke samar da karuwa a cikin kayan kwarangwal na dogon lokaci.

A cikin ruwa mai zurfi, akwai karancin dalilai masu rikitar da jiki da na halitta, kuma wasu muryoyin teku masu zurfi suma suna samarda ruwa, dukda cewa basu da wadannan alakar, kuma suna wanzu ba tare da tallafin karfin hasken rana ba.

Bugu da kari, akwai kananan murjani da yawa wadanda suke rayuwa a matsayin halittu guda, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin kananan yankuna, basa gina manyan reefs.

Coral reefs an kirkira shi ne a cikin tsaunukan cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Hakanan za'a iya samun su a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin, amma ba a cikin ruwan sanyi ba. Babban Balaraki mai shekaru dubu 20, wanda yake kusa da Ostiraliya, mafi girma kuma yana da tsawon kilomita 2000.

Bambancin murjani

Corals suna da sauki a cikin tsari kuma suna da alaƙa da hydra, anemones teku da jellyfish. Suna da takamaiman sifar siket, wanda ya bambanta da irin murjani, da kuma tsari mai suna polyp. Ainihin yana kama da murfin lemu tare da murfin tsage a gefe ɗaya, don haka akwai buɗewa a ƙarshen ƙarshen silinda wanda aka kewaye da tantuna. Abinci yana shiga ta wannan buɗe, sannan an cire sharar gida. Don haka wannan tsarin halitta ne mai sauqi qwarai - ba shi da gabobin gaske, kamar a cikin dabbobi masu girma.

Duk da wannan saukin, akwai nau'ikan murjani da yawa - kusan nau'ikan 1,500. Jinsunan Acropore (Acropora) mafi rarrabuwar kawuna, kuma waɗannan sune muryoyin yau da kullun a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, musamman a tekun Pacific. Dukkansu suna fitowa ne ta hanya daya ko wata: wasu suna yankuna masu yawa da suke kama da ciyayi tare da ruwan ɗamarar daga itacen tonon, yayin da wasu kuma ke jujjuya su. Wasu suna girma a cikin manyan faranti ko tebur. An bambanta su da gaskiyar cewa suna girma da sauri don murjani.

Wani nau'in ban sha'awa shine babban murjani murjani (Montastraea cavernosa), wanda shine murjani na dutse wanda za'a iya samu a cikin Caribbean. Abin mamaki, duk da cewa an rarraba shi sosai kuma masana kimiyya da yawa sunyi nazari, ya juya ya nuna cewa wannan ba wani nau'in halitta ɗaya bane, kamar yadda muke tsammani a da, amma da yawa. Wannan yana nuna yadda yawancin binciken bincike na ilimin murjani ba tukuna aka yi, gami da bincike a mafi mahimmancin matakin.

Sake bugun murjani

Murjani na da dabi'un haihuwa mai ban mamaki: da yawa suna haihuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a lokacin taro, lokacin da suka saki fakitoci na ƙwai da maniyyi a cikin wani nau'in megaorgia na ruwa. A wannan yanayin, haihuwar jima'i tana faruwa ne ta hanyar saki gametes.

Murjani kuma na haifarwa ta hanyar budo wasu sabbin polyps ko ma ta hanyar rarrabuwa cikin sassan, daga nan ne ake sake dawo dasu. Ko da a wannan batun, murjani yana bambanta sosai.

Matsayin murjani a cikin yanayin ƙasa

Reefs sune mafi yawancin ire-iren yanayin ruwa. Godiya ga kwarangwal dinsu, murjani yana haifar da yanayi na zahiri, a fannoni da yawa na samar da hadaddun mahalli, wanda sauran kwayoyin da ke rayuwa a cikin nooks da crannies na murjani, ko haɗiye zuwa saman farfajiyar, ko kawai cinye su.

Ba a san kaɗan game da kwayoyin da ke rayuwa tare da murjani ba, kuma wannan shine aƙalla nau'ikan miliyoyin daban daban, kuma watakila kusan miliyan goma - ba zamu iya tunanin kwatancen daidai ba. Idan ka duba cikin kogin, zaka iya samun bambancin da babu bambanci, kuma dukkanin wadannan kwayoyin, wadanda suke da ban sha'awa, kyau, suna rayuwa tare cikin kankanin sarari. Idan ka hada dukkan ruwayoyi, zaka sami yanki daidai yake da yankin Faransa, kuma a lokaci guda suna dauke daga kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa rubu'in dukkan halittu masu rai a cikin teku.

Iyalai masu yawa na kifi, ruwan teku, katsewa, mollusks da octopuse, shrimps, crabs, lobsters da sauran ƙungiyoyi waɗanda bamu san mu ba suna zaune a murƙushe. Almostauki kusan duk wanda ke zaune a cikin teku, kuma zaku iya samun wakilin nau'ikansa akan murjani na murjani. Wasu lokuta waɗannan kwayoyin har ma suna taimakawa reefs. Kifi, alal misali, sarrafa algae, wanda yake da matukar mahimmanci ga murjani, tunda algae suna gasa dasu. Ana buƙatar yawan kifayen da zasu kare murjani daga mamayar su. Koyaya, a yau wannan ba shine mafi girman haɗarin barazanar murjani ba.

Tasirin dumamar yanayi

Murjani da ke rayuwa tare da algae na symbiotic suna kula da ƙarancin zafin jiki. Sakamakon haka, lokacin da ya wuce mafi yawan lokacin yanayi ta hanyar ko da digiri ɗaya Celsius ko Fahrenheit guda biyu, wannan ya keta ikon dinoflagellates zuwa photosynthesis. Sakamakon haka, ɗaukar sarkar yana farawa, wanda ke haifar da rushewar dangantaka: murjani yana kawar da symbionts a cikin wani tsari da ake kira murƙushe murjani, tunda ba tare da symbionts ba kusan suna fari.

Ba dole ba ne murjani ya mutu nan da nan, amma idan yanayin bai koma al'ada da wuri sosai ba, za su fara mutuwa. Kuma suna mutuwa saboda matsananciyar yunwa, saboda suna buƙatar abincin da suke karɓa daga sutudiyon. Amma wannan misali ne na tasirin dumamar yanayi kai tsaye. Carbon dioxide - babban dalilin yin dumama - shima yana canza yanayin sinadaran ruwa, yana sanya shi ya zama ruwan acidic, wanda ke haifar da matsalolin ci gaban murjani. Makomar murjani da gaske ya dogara da wane irin dabarun ɗabi'a mutane suka zaɓa don shekaru goma masu zuwa. Wannan zai tantance yadda za a yi dumin zafin, da kuma bushewar teku.

Zuwa yau, lalacewar mafi girma ga murjani ba ta haifar da dumamar yanayi da canjin yanayi ba, amma sakamakon sakamakon kamun kifi, gurbacewar iska da lalata muhalli. Don haka, idan za mu iya ba da kariya ta gida, wannan zai ba mu lokaci don gano yadda za a iya magance matsalar mafi yawan duniya da rikitarwa ta canjin yanayi.

Binciken murjani na zamani

A yau mun sami yawancin bayanai game da murjani ta amfani da sabbin hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, munsan abubuwa da yawa game da yadda murjani ke amsa damuwa ga damuwa, gami da dumama. A cikin shekaru goma ko ashirin da suka gabata, an yi aiki da yawa don gano abubuwan da zasu ba da damar wasu murjani su jure yanayin dumamar yanayi. Sakamakon farko yana da alaƙa da gano cewa wasu symbionts sun fi tsayayya wa karuwa yawan zafin jiki fiye da wasu, kuma wannan ya haifar da babban aiki a kan ilimin halayyar dan adam na alaƙa tsakanin murjani da dinoflagellates.

Kwanan nan, muna nazarin nau'ikan halittar murjani ta dabbobi da yadda zata iya kawo juriya ga dumamar yanayi a duniya. Nazarin bambance-bambance masu alaƙa da murjani da suturar su, da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar murjani waɗanda ke da tsayayya da canjin yanayi, babban ɓangare ne na binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, amma akwai sauran fannoni na aiki. Misali, cutar murjani yanzu tana haifar da babbar matsala, kuma ana yin bincike da yawa akan wannan. Yanzu mun san abubuwa da yawa game da cututtukan murjani da kuma fadinta.

Hakanan muna da masaniya da yawa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin bayyanawar gida da lafiyar lafiyar murjani. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da wani taro a Haiti, wanda kusan mutane dubu biyu suka halarta, an gudanar da zaman 112 a taron sama da kwanaki hudu zuwa biyar, don haka aka gabatar da daruruwa da daruruwan labaran. Daga wannan adadi mai yawa game da murjani, masana kimiyya suna fatan ƙarin koyo game da waɗannan kyawawan halaye, na dabam da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki.

Wannan fassarar wata kasida ce a cikin Siffar Ingilishi mai girma ta Turanci. Kuna iya karanta sigar asali ta rubutu anan.

Ilimi

Yawancin kwayayen murjani waɗanda muke lura dasu a yau sun samo asali ne bayan zamanin kankara, lokacin da narkewar kankara ta haifar da hauhawar matakin teku da ambaliyar magudanar ƙasa. Wannan yana nuna cewa shekarunsu bai wuce 10,000 ba. Dangane da shiryayyen tsari, turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara girma har suka isa saman tekun. Coral reefs kuma ana samun nesa daga tsararren mahaifa a kewayen tsibiran da kuma nau'in atolls. Yawancin waɗannan tsibiran asalinsu na asalin wutar lantarki ne. Bangaren da ba a saba ba ya tashi sakamakon motsi da aka samu a cikin tectonic. A cikin 1842, Charles Darwin a cikin tarihinsa na farko, Tsarin da Rarraba Coral Reefs, ya kirkiro ka'idar nutsewa wanda ya bayyana samuwar atolls ta hanyar ru ru en da kuma kudin shiga ru en Duniyar ɓawon burodi a ƙarƙashin teku. Dangane da wannan ka’idar, tsarin samuwar atoll ya wuce matakai uku masu nasara. Na farko, bayan damuna mai gudu da kasa ta sauka, wani yanki mai tsibi mai zurfi ya tashi a kusa da tsibirin da ke da wutar lantarki. Tare da cigaba da zama, rafin ya zama katanga kuma, a ƙarshe, ya zama juzu'i.

Dangane da ka’idar Darwin, tsibirin mai ba da wuta mai zurfin wuta ya fara bayyana

Kamar yadda kasan ke zaune, tinging reef form ta kewaye tsibirin, sau da yawa tare da lagoon m

A lokacin matsakaici, rering reef tsiro ya zama babban shinge mai shinge tare da babban lagoon da zurfi.

A ƙarshe, tsibirin yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa, kifayen katangar ta juya zuwa juzu'I da ke rufe babban lagos

A cewar ka'idar Darwin, muryoyin polyps suna gudana ne kawai a sararin samaniya na wurare masu zafi, inda ruwa ke haɗuwa sosai, amma zai iya wanzu ne kawai a iyakataccen zurfin ƙasa, farawa daga ƙasa kaɗan. Inda matakin ƙasa ya ba da izini, murjani yana girma a kusa da tekun, yana haifar da tsiran tekun da ƙarshe zai iya zama shingen hana ruwa.

Darwin yayi hasashen cewa a karkashin kowace lagos yakamata a sami tushe na dutse, wanda shine ragowar babban dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Rijiyar da mai zuwa ta tabbatar da hasashenta. A shekara ta 1840, a tsibirin Hao Atoll (Tsibirin Tuamotu), ta amfani da kayan tarihi mai zurfi na 14 m, an gano murjani na musamman. A shekara ta 1896-1898, yayin ƙoƙarin murƙushe rijiyar zuwa ginin Funafuti Atoll (Tsibirin Tuvalu), ya yi zurfin zurfin 340 m a cikin karshin murjani mai kama da juna. Rijiyar mai 432 mai zurfi a kan tudu mafi tsayi na Quito-Daito-Shima (Tsibirin Ryukyu) shi ma bai kai ga matattarar wutar ba. A cikin 1947, rijiyar mai mai zurfin 779 m da aka haƙa a kan Bikini, ta kai ga adibar farko Miocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 25. A cikin 1951, rijiyoyin biyu 1266 da 1389 zurfi a kan Envetok Atoll (Tsibirin Marshall) sun haye da Estene limestones kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da haihuwa kuma sun isa tushen asalin asalin na volcanic asalin. Wannan binciken yana nuna asalin halittar ɗan adam mai tushe daga tushen atoll.

Inda kasan ya tashi, reefs na bakin teku zasu iya girma a bakin tekun, amma, yana tashi sama da matakin teku, murjani ya mutu ya zama dutsen gini. Idan ƙasa ta sauka a hankali, ƙimar girma da yalwar kiwo a kan tsohuwar tsufa, murjani matacce ya isa ya samar da shingen katanga da ke kewaye da lagoon tsakanin murjani da ƙasa. Furtherarin rage ƙasa na teku yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa tsibirin an ɓoye gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma a saman akwai ragowar zoben ruwan teku - atoll. Kofofin hana shinge da atolls ba koyaushe suke samar da ƙarar rufewa ba, wani lokacin hadari yakan lalata ganuwar. Tashi mai sauri a matakin teku da kuma kashin ƙasa na iya murɓin haɓakar murjani, sannan polyps na murjani zai mutu sannan dabbar ta mutu. Corals da ke zaune a cikin symbiosis tare da zooxanthellae na iya mutuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa isasshen haske ba zai sake shiga zurfin hoto ba.

Idan kasan teku a karkashin tudu ya hau, tsibiri tsibiri zai tashi. Rearshen bangon da ke karewa a kowace shekara zai zama tsibiri tare da sassa da yawa. Tare da ci gaba da zuwa ƙasa, wurare zasu bushe kuma lagoon zai juya ya zama tafkin sake buɗewa.

Yawan haɓakar murjani yana dogara da nau'in kuma jeri daga fewan milimita zuwa 10 cm a kowace shekara, kodayake a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau yana iya kaiwa 25 cm (acropores).

Murjani na farko a duniya ya bayyana ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 450 da suka gabata. Tabarfin tabuli tare da spromatoporid sponges sune tushen tushen tsarin halittar ruwa. Daga baya (416)

Shekaru 416-359 da suka shude) murjani mai launin shuɗi huɗu-huɗuu ya bayyana; yankin rafin ya kai ɗaruruwan murabba'in kilomita. Shekaru 246-229 da suka shude, murjani na farko ya bayyana, yana zaune cikin symbiosis tare da algae, kuma a cikin zamanin Cenozoic (kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata), murjani na yau da kullun, waɗanda suke wanzu a yau, sun bayyana.

Yayin kasancewar murjani, yanayin ya canza, matakin tekuna ya tashi kuma ya ragu. Declinearfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe na ƙarshen teku ya faru shekaru 25-16 da suka gabata. Kimanin shekaru dubu 16 da suka wuce, narkewar ƙusoshin glaci ya haifar da karuwa a cikin teku, wanda ya kai zamani kusan shekaru 6 da suka wuce.

Yanayin Halittu

Don fitowar bioralosis na murjani, haɗuwa da wasu halaye da suka shafi zazzabi, ƙyalli, bayyanar haske da sauran wasu abubuwan abune na wajibi. Coral Germatypic an haɓaka shi da babban ƙarfin hali (rashin iya jurewa manyan ɓacewa daga yanayin ingantacce). Kyakkyawan zurfin don haɓakar murfin murjani shine mita 10-20. Iyakar zurfin ba saboda matsin lamba bane, amma don raguwar haske.

Duk muryoyin germatypic suna thermophilic. Mafi yawann muryoyin murjani suna cikin wurin da yawan zafin jiki na watannin sanyi na shekarar bai faɗi ƙasa ba + 18 ° C. Koyaya, haihuwar jima'i a wannan zazzabi bashi yiwuwa, kuma ciyayi yakanyi saurin sauka. Yawanci, raguwar zazzabi a ƙasa + 18 ° C yana haifar da mutuwar murƙushewar murjani. Samuwar sabon masarautu yana iyakance ga waɗancan wuraren da zafin jiki bai faɗi ƙasa da +20.5 ° C ba, a fili wannan shine ƙarancin zafin jiki na ovogenesis da spermatogenesis a cikin muryoyin hermatipal. Iyakar babba ta wanzu ta wuce +30 ° C. Yayin tafiyar rana a cikin lagos mara zurfi na yankuna na daidaituwa, inda ake lura da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan yawa da haɓaka murjani, zazzabi ruwan zai iya kaiwa + 35 ° C. Yanayin zafin jiki a cikin halittun da ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali ya kasance mai natsuwa a duk shekara, sauye-sauye a shekara-shekara 1-2 ° C ne, kuma a cikin tsaunukan ba su wuce 6 ° C.

Matsakaicin salinity akan saman tekun a cikin yankin mai zafi shine kusan 35.18 ‰. Lowerarancin iyakanin salinity wanda a cikin samuwar murjani rerals mai yiwuwa ne 30-31 ‰. Wannan yana bayanin rashi muryoyin madrepore a cikin kewayen manyan koguna. Rashin murjani a bakin Tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Amurka ya yi bayani daidai da ma'anar ambaliyar ruwan teku saboda Amazon. Baya ga gabar ruwa ta ƙasa, hazo kuma yana shafar ruwan ƙasan ruwa. Wani lokaci doguwar ruwa da ke saukar da salinity na ruwa na iya haifar da yawan mutuwar polyps. Salinity bakan da ya dace da rayuwar murjani a sararin samaniya yana da faɗi sosai: murjani daban-daban suna tartsatsi duka a cikin ƙananan tekuna tare da ƙarancin farin ciki (30-31 ‰), wanke ruwan tsibiran Sunda da Philippine (Celebess, Yavan, Banda, Bali, Flores, Sulu) da Tekun China ta kudu da Bahar Maliya, inda salinity ya kai 40 ‰.

Yawancin kwayoyin halitta dake sake hadewa suna buƙatar hasken rana don rayuwa. Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical lokacin da ake fitar da lemun tsami daga bakin ruwa da kuma samar da kwarangwal din murjimin hermatotype suna hade da photosynthesis kuma sun sami nasara sosai a cikin haske. A cikin kyallen takaddun su akwai algae unicellular, symbionts, symbioniums, wanda ke yin ayyukan gabobin na hoto. A cikin mazaunin murjani na coral, tsawon tsawon rana a shekara bai canza ta sosai ba: ranar kusan ta yi daidai da dare, yamma ta yi gajere. Kusa da mai daidaitawa, mafi yawan shekara a bayyane yake, a cikin tsaunukan yawan adadin kwanakin gizagizai bai wuce 70. Yawancin hasken rana a nan shine aƙalla kilo 140 a kowace 1 cm year kowace shekara. Wataƙila, murjani suna buƙatar hasken rana kai tsaye: a cikin wuraren da ke da inuwar rafin ƙauyukan ƙaƙƙarfan su ne. Ba a tsara sarakuna a tsaye ɗaya sama da ɗayan ba, amma ana rarraba su a sarari. Wasu nau'ikan murjani waɗanda ba sa aiki da aikin daukar hoto, kamar jan tubastrae mai haske da ruwan shuɗi, ba su ne tushen sa ba. Yayinda zurfafa ke ƙaruwa, haske yana sauka da sauri. Ana lura da mafi girman adadin ƙauyun murjani a cikin kewayon 15-25 m.

Yawancin reefs suna aiki akan madaidaicin tsari. Coral baya haɓakawa a kan sassaƙaƙƙun duwatsu da katanga mai cike da damuwa. Murjiyan da ke rayuwa kan dogayen rigingimun da ke cikin tashe-tashen hankula ba za su iya yarda da zazzagewa ba. Ganin cewa banbancin reshe ne a yankin tsakanin tudun da tudu akwai wasu yankuna da ke da laka inda su murjiyan kwalayensu ke tasowa. Babban murjani mai siffar naman kaza ya yi girma a kan sako mai sako-sako, babban falo wanda ba ya basu damar nutsewa daga bakin. Yawancin murjani na bakin ciki (Acropolis Kuelcha, Psammocore, farar fata mai fareti) da ke zaune a cikin lagos masu launin sillen suna kafe tare da wuce gona da iri. A kan kasa masu yashi, murjani ba sa kafa matsuguni, tunda sands ɗin wayoyin hannu ne.

Rarrabawa

Dangane da dangantakar zamani da matakin teku, reefs sun kasu kashi biyu:

1) matakin, kai matakin kololuwar yankin da ya dace ko kuma ya girma, yana iya kaiwa ga mafi girman yiwuwar wanzuwar masu sake gini (tsirai) a matakin teku da aka bayar,

2) tsinkaye - wanda aka samo a sama, a cikin tsarinsa ana gano murjunan hermatyphic a sama da iyakar girman rayuwarsu,

3) nutsar da ruwa - ko dai matacce, saboda raunin tectonic, ya nitse zuwa zurfin inda ba za'a sake gina rayayyun halittu, ko rayuwa ba, gindin ruwan, tare da ganiya wanda baya bushewa da ƙarancin ruwa.

Dangane da batun gabar teku, reefs sun kasu kashi biyu:

• canjin ruwa ko filayen bakin teku
• shinge reefs
• atolls
• Akuya - lagoon reefs - facin reefs, pinnack reefs da murjani tsaunuka. Ginin da aka keɓe wanda ya tashi sama da ƙasa a cikin hanyar tuddai da tuddai. An kirkiresu ta hanyar al'adun murƙushe masu sauri. Acropora, Stylophora, Labarai da sauran. branaukar sararin shiga cikin Intralagoon suna da rassa mai sauƙi kuma mafi sauƙi ga sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da murjani masu kama da ke rayuwa a wajen lagoon. Tsakanin rassa da suka mutu, mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes da sauri za su daidaita, farfajiyar an rufe ta da ɓarnar daɗaɗɗan nau'ikan fata. Garkuwa da dabino suna zama mafaka ga kifi.

Zones

Tsarin reral reefystem ya kasu kashi uku zuwa yanki wanda ke wakiltar nau'ikan mazauna. Yawancin lokaci akwai yankuna da yawa: lagoon, dutsen lebur, gangara ta ciki da dutsen reef (dutsen Reef). Dukkanin bangarorin an hade su da lafiyar muhalli. Rayuwa akan raƙuman ruwa da tafiyar teku yana haifar da damar don haɗuwa da ruwa, ɗakuna, abubuwan gina jiki da abubuwan rayuwa.

Harshen waje mai zurfi yana fuskantar bude kogi, an hada shi da murjani mai murjani, an rufe shi da murjani mai rai da algae. Yawancin lokaci yana kunshe da dandamali mai zurfi a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren da kuma babban sashi na spurs da hollows ko spurs da tashoshi. Ana shimfidar shinge ta waje tare da tudun hauhawa sama da matakin teku, da kuma shimfiɗar ɗan kwalliya mai laushi - reef-flat - shimfiɗa a bayan sa. Crest shine shafin mafi girman murjani mai girma. Reef-lebur ya kasu kashi biyu, na ciki da na yanki na toshewa ko shinge (tsaftataccen ƙyallen shinge da aka yi da magina). Gangaren ciki na gangara zuwa kasan lagoon, inda aka sami murjani da yashi da yashi da dunƙulen rami da kuma zurfin dutsen lagoon.

Ilimin halitta

Murjani mai rai sune tushen polyps tare da kwarangwal mai narkewa. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan ƙananan kwayoyin ne, kodayake wasu nau'ikan sun kai 30 cm ko'ina. Yankin murjani yana ƙunshe da polyps masu yawa waɗanda suke da alaƙa da jikin gama gari tare da ƙananan ƙarshen. Polyps na mulkin mallaka basu da tafin kafa.

Polyps-Reef-polyps na rayuwa na keɓantacce a cikin yankin da ke cikin girgiza a zurfin har zuwa 50. polyps kansu ba su da ikon daukar hoto, amma suna zaune a cikin symbiosis tare da algae symbiodiniums. Wadannan algae suna rayuwa cikin kyallen polyp kuma suna samar da abubuwan gina jiki. Godiya ga symbiosis, murjani suna girma da sauri a cikin ruwa bayyananne, inda ƙarin haske ya shiga. Idan ba tare da algae ba, haɓaka zai yi jinkirin girma don ɗumbin murjani mai girma. Corals suna karɓar har zuwa 90% na abincin su ta hanyar symbiosis. Bugu da kari, an yi imanin cewa iskar oxygen da ke cikin ruwa tana wanke Babban Barrier Reef bai isa ya numfashi polyps ba, saboda haka idan ba tare da samar da iskar oxygen ba, yawancin muryoyin zasu mutu saboda karancin iskar oxygen. Samun aikin photosynthesis a kan murjani na ruwa ya kai 5-20 g / cm ² kowace rana, wanda kusan sau 2 ya fi ƙarfin samar da phytoplankton na farko a cikin ruwayen da ke kewaye.

Reefs na girma ne saboda sakawar kasusuwa na sel polyps. Waves da dabbobin da ke ciyar da polyps (daskararru, kifin akuya, urchins) suna lalata tsarin kifin, wanda aka ajiye a kusa da kogin da kuma kasan lago a cikin yashi. Yawancin sauran kwayoyin halittar ruwa na biocenosis suna ba da gudummawa ga adana sinadarin alli a daidai wannan hanyar. Cogain gaba ɗaya yana ƙarfafa murjani, yana haifar da ɓarnar daɗaɗɗen zube a farfajiya.

Daban-daban na murjani

Gabaɗaya, murjani mai ƙarfi wanda ke samar da reef za a iya rarrabe shi zuwa nau'in wucin gadi (madrepor) da m, dutse (kwakwalwa da mendrine murjani). Yawancin murjani na yau da kullun ana samun su ne a ƙasancin da ke da ƙasa da lebur. An zane su da shuɗi, shuɗi mai launi, shuɗi, ruwan hoda, ruwan hoda, haske mai haske da rawaya. Wasu lokuta fiɗa suna da launi mai bambantawa, alal misali, rassan kore tare da fiɗa na lilac.

Murjani na kwakwalwa zai iya kaiwa fiye da mita 4 a diamita. Suna zaune a mafi zurfi idan aka kwatanta da shahararre. Ana rufe murfin murjani a cikin kwakwalwar mutum. Brown ya mamaye launi, wani lokacin a hade tare da kore. Dogayen katako suna samar da wani nau'in kwano, ginin da ya ƙunshi murjani na mutu, kuma waɗanda ke raye suna a gefen gefunan. A gefuna girma, ƙara kwano kwano har abada, wanda zai iya kai mita 8. Yankuna na Live live ana fentin su cikin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, alfarwansu na polyps masu launin shuɗi.

A kasan biyun, murhun da ke kama da naman kaza wani lokaci sukan zo wucewa. Sashin ɗakin su na ƙanƙan da juna ya yi daidai da ƙarshen zuwa ƙasa, kuma babba yana da faranti a tsaye waɗanda ke haɗuwa a tsakiyar da'irar. Murjani murjani, ya bambanta da manyan murjani mai ƙarfi, waɗanda sune yankuna, ƙungiyar rayuwa ce mai zaman kanta. A cikin kowane murjani, polyp guda ɗaya ne kawai ke rayuwa, alfarwar wadda ta kai tsawon 7.5 cm.Wakilin murhunn naman ne aka zana shi a cikin launuka masu launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi. Launin ya ci gaba har a lokacin da polyp ya zana cikin tantunan.