Tun lokacin da aka fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, an haɗu da matukan jirgin sama a masana'antar mai. Ba tare da samar da na karshen ba, ya zahiri ya zauna a ƙasa. Har zuwa wani lokaci, irin wannan yanayin kusan bai haifar da wata gunaguni ba, kuma nuna rashin gamsuwarsa galibi yana da alaƙa da dabaru ko farashin mai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani canji mai ma'ana ya faru a wannan yanki - don rage farashin kayan aiki na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da farko sojoji sannan sai farar hula farar hula suka fara neman hanyoyin rage farashi masu yawa. A baya, an yi wannan ne ta hanyar inganta sararin samaniya na jirgin da rage amfani da mai. Yanzu an shirya don "haɗi" ma man fetur mai araha zuwa ƙananan amfani.
Iyakar abin da kawai madadin samfuran mai a yanzu shine biofuel. Baya ga kimanta tsadar da aka kiyasta idan aka kwatanta da burbushin daskararren gas, kayan masarufin halittu shima ya dace da yanayin muhalli na yanzu. Ta hanyar ma'anar, ana yin biofuels ne daga kayan halitta na sabuntawa, don haka amfani da su ya kamata ya lalata yanayin muhalli a duniya. Damuwa ce ta muhalli lamarin da ya haifar da wasu manyan hukunce-hukunce a fagen matatar mai ta jirgin sama. Ba haka ba da daɗewa ba, manyan masana'antun kera jirgin sama da kamfanonin dillalai sun karɓi takarda inda a shekarar 2020, ƙarfin aikin jirgin sama ya kamata ya karu da aƙalla kashi ɗaya da rabi. Daga shekara ta ashirin a Turai, za a bullo da sabon takunkumi game da gurbataccen iska a cikin abubuwa masu cutarwa, kuma a tsakiyar wannan karni, “hayaki” na jiragen sama ya zama rabin carbon dioxide. Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don cimma irin wannan, har yanzu abin ban mamaki, alamomi. A lokaci guda, kawai amfani da man da aka samo daga albarkatun ƙasa mai sabuntawa shine mafi ƙaranci ko ƙasa da alƙawari. Fahimtar wannan, jami'an EU suna ba da shawara nan da 2020 don ƙara yawan amfani da man man shuke-shuken zuwa kashi huɗu na jimlar adadin man da jirgin sama ya cinye.
Ya kamata a san cewa a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, jiragen sama da masu saukar ungulu na azuzuwan da ire-irensu sun sanya jirage sama da dubu daya da rabi ta amfani da asalin halitta mai lalacewa. Tabbas, ba duk hanyar tafiye-tafiyen da aka bari ba tare da gunaguni ba, amma har yanzu an sami kyakkyawan yanayi da kyakkyawar makoma a bayyane. Jiragen da kawai jiragen sun yi gwaji ne kawai fiye da cikakken aiki. Bugu da kari, koda kashi 4% na yawan kudin mai shine dubban tan. A halin yanzu, masana'antun man shuke-shuken ba zai iya samar da irin waɗannan ɗimbin ɗimbin samfura ba. Wata matsalar yau da kullun kusan dukkanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire suna da dangantaka ta fuskar tattalin arziki kawai. Misalin wannan shine kwarewar Lufthansa na shekarar da ta gabata. A tsakanin watanni shida, fasalin jirgin saman Airbus A321 ya yi saurin tashi a kan hanyoyin fasinjoji. Ofaya daga cikin injunan jirgin sama sunyi aiki akan daidaitaccen kerosene, ɗayan akan cakuda kerosene da man shuke-shuken a cikin rabo ɗaya zuwa ɗaya. Sakamakon haka, ya zama cewa amfani da man da ke amfani da man ya zama kaso daya cikin dari da farashin kerosene. Ba mafi kyawun nuna alama ba, kodayake yana ƙarfafa bege. Koyaya, duk wata fatawa da ta danganci adana adadin kuɗin da take kashewa, to saidai har yanzu zata ba da fatan tattalin arziki. Yawancin tsire-tsire da za a iya amfani da su a cikin jirgin sama sun ninka biyu zuwa uku mafi tsada fiye da kerosene mai sauƙi.
Masu ruwa da tsaki na ra'ayin biofuels sunyi jayayya cewa tare da tura kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, farashin mai zai rage. Amma farashin kerosene na jirgin sama zai fara tashi saboda wasu dalilai na tattalin arziki.An yi zargin cewa a wani lokaci farashin zai zama daidai, sannan biofuels zai zama riba fiye da mai. Wannan matsayin na da 'yancin zama. A lokaci guda, hauhawar farashin mai da abubuwan sarrafawa da aka lura a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba mai yawa ba ne na halitta a sakamakon ayyukan musayar da ƙungiyoyi masu sarrafawa. Yana yiwuwa a nan gaba, idan biofuels suka zama tartsatsi, matsalolin farashin zasu fara da albarkatun kayan don samarwa. Bugu da kari, man da aka samar daga kayan shuka yana da wata matsalar halayyar. Don haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa, muna buƙatar wuraren da suka dace waɗanda ba za su iya fitowa daga ko'ina ba, kuma ba wanda ya sake warware matsalolin da yawan amfanin ƙasa. A rabi na biyu na 2000, masu binciken Amurka sunyi lissafin “farashin” tallafin tallafi. Dangane da bayanan su, don tabbatar da sauya kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ɗimbin mai, ya wajaba a ba da kashi goma na ƙasar noma na ƙasar Amurika gaba ɗaya ga albarkatun "biofuel". A zahiri, ba za a kira irin wannan fatan da amfani.
Daga cikin abubuwan, biofuels na ƙarni na farko yana da fasalin mara kyau game da halayensa. Don haka, giyar ethyl da aka samu daga kayan shuka bashi da matsala tattalin arziki saboda tana buƙatar mahimmanci fiye da kerosene. Game da gas man gas, a tsauraran tsauraran yanayi suna iya yin kauri ko ma gurnani. Don amfani da su a cikin jirgin sama, man fetur mai inganci ba kawai ya zama mai rahusa ba kuma mai kama da halayen sa na kerosene. A wannan yanayin, don canja wurin jirgin zuwa sabon mai, ba lallai ne ku canza injin din ba, wanda ke barazanar ƙarin ƙarin farashi, gami da ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan injina. A saboda wannan dalili, manyan kasashe na duniya har yanzu sun gwammace, idan suka saka jari a halittar kere-kere, daga baya ga nazarin sabbin nau'ikansa da kirkirar fasahar kera masana'antu. Abu ne mai amfanuwa: a wannan yanayin, farashin zai kasance mai yawa, amma har yanzu ba a kai ga cewa zasu iya kasancewa tare da sake fasalin duk masana'antar da ke buƙatar mai mai.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Amurka na shirin kashe kusan dala biliyan biliyan kan ci gaban sababbin fasahohin kere-kere, tare da masu hannun jari masu zaman kansu da suke karbar wani kaso na kudin. Wani sabon nau'in man da ya kirkiro a ƙarƙashin wannan shirin kuma ya sami takardar shaidar dacewa don amfani a cikin jirgin sama na iya zama abin da ake kira. ACJ. Ana yin wannan man ta hanyar sarrafa ethanol, wanda, biyun, ana iya samun shi daga rake na sukari, kamar yadda ake yi a Brazil, ko kuma daga masara (fasaha da aka yi amfani da shi a Amurka). ACJ man fetur yana da sauƙin ƙirƙira kuma, a sakamakon haka, yana da arha idan aka kwatanta da sauran maki. Koyaya, tuni a matakin ci gaba, an soki shi. An yi jayayya cewa wasu matakai na samar da ACJ kusan rage gaba ɗaya zuwa ƙimar duk fa'idodin muhalli na man fetur. An yi jita-jita ne don tabbatar da samar da kayan ƙasa, gami da yiwuwar gabatar da mai mai sauƙi a cikin yawo ba tare da buƙatar sake fasalin kayan aikin ko kayan aikin ba. An lura musamman cewa man na ACJ an yi shi ne don amfani mai zaman kansa, kuma ba a gauraye shi da kerosene ba, wanda duk matakan da suka gabata suka buƙata. ACJ nan da nan ya haɗa da mahimman abubuwan daskararren ruwa, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa a cimma sifofin halayen kerosene.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa game da yanayin mai asalin halitta shine asalin abubuwan albarkatun ƙasa dangane da yankin. Misali shine asalin rake na sukari ko ethanol masara. Yawancin iri iri da nau'ikan tsire-tsire a cikin shekaru na juyin halitta da zaɓi sun dace da haɓaka a wasu wurare kuma ba za'a iya tura su zuwa yankin mai kyakkyawan yanayin ba.Bugu da kari, babu wani daga cikin kasashen da ya zuwa yanzu da zai iya tabbatar da samar da irin wannan albarkatun albarkatun kasa wanda zai iya, idan ba zama dan jari-hujja ba, to a kalla ya mamaye babban kaso na kasuwar biofuel. Kuma kamfanonin da ke da hannu a cikin hakar wannan mai har yanzu ba su da ra'ayin baki daya game da ingantaccen albarkatun albarkatun mai don samar da mai. Don haka, kamfanin Boeing a halin yanzu yana da hannu a cikin sarrafa wasu nau'ikan algae da ke tsibiran bakin tekun China, Airbus ya sanya wani tsiro na Turai da ake kira Saffron, kuma wasu kamfanoni da yawa suna aiki akan tsirrai na ire-iren irinsu, sauran algae, da dai sauransu. Zuwa yanzu, duk wani mai banda ACJ yana buƙatar tsarma tare da kerosene, wanda a fili baya bada gudummawa ga farkon shigowa kasuwa. A gefe guda, yin "kerosene" da aka yi daga rakumi ko algae na iya zama mafi aminci ga ma'anar muhalli.
Halittar hadewar hadewar tsirrai da aka hada da "mai" yanzu an dauki matsayin shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar ci gaban kwayar halitta. A takaice dai, ana samar da samfuran mai na rabin albarkatu daga kowane tsire-tsire, wanda ke da kyau, amma isassun halaye don amfani a cikin jirgin sama. Sannan an ƙara hadadden kayan maye wanda aka yi daga kayan adon mai. Itiveara abubuwa, ba shakka, na iya lalata sigogi na muhalli na cakuda kaɗan, amma zasu haɓaka mahimmancin alamun. Saboda haɓaka mai inganci, irin wannan cakudawar ba ta da muni fiye da kerosene na jirgin sama da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu. Babban abu a cikin haɓaka irin wannan abubuwan haɗin man fetur shine don daidaituwa tsakanin farashin, adadin gurɓatattun abubuwa masu ɓoyewa da takamaiman amfani. Wataƙila haɗin haɗin waɗannan abubuwan kawai kawai zai iya gaske cimma nasara raguwa sau biyu cikin watsi da carbon dioxide.
A kasarmu, ana nazarin batun biofuels mafi muni fiye da yadda kasashen waje suke. Akwai wasu karatuttukan da ci gaba, amma har ya zuwa yanzu ba za su iya gasa da abin da ake yi a ƙasashen waje ba. Ba haka ba da daɗewa ba akwai rahotannin cewa Rasha na iya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓakawa da kera ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Kamfanin sufurin jirgin sama Lufthansa, tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin Airbus, suna gudanar da ayyukanta don samar da mai mai inganci. A farkon wannan bazara, kwamitin kwararru daga kamfanonin biyu sun ziyarci gonaki da dama na Volga. An ba da wasu fannoni na waɗannan gonakin don madara mai tsiran saffron, wanda yakamata a yi amfani dashi azaman ɗan ƙaramin abu don mai. Tun da farko, alkama tayi girma akan waɗannan ƙasashe, duk da haka, saboda matsaloli na yau da kullun game da yawan aiki, an cire wani ɓangaren filayen daga jujjuyawar amfanin gona. Lufthansa da Airbus suna fata, tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin yankin da manoma, ba wai kawai dawo da ƙasar don amfani ba, har ma don sanya riba. Idan an samu wadataccen madarayen bishiyar saffron, ana iya gina tsire-tsire masu sarrafa abubuwa da yawa a yankin Volga, kuma jama'ar karkara zasu sami guraben ayyuka da yawa. Baya ga ƙasashen Volga, Airbus da Lufthansa sun “duɓi ido” a wasu sassan Afirka. Yanayin wani ɓangare na Contasashen baƙi yana ba ku damar shuka tsire-tsire kamar jatropha, wanda kuma zai iya kasancewa kayan albarkatun ƙasa. Nan gaba, wannan na iya haifar da gasa tsakanin manoma daga kasashe daban-daban. Gaskiya ne, takamaiman aikin gona tare da rashin ingantaccen samarwa na iya haifar da rashin gwagwarmaya don kwangiloli: za a rarraba abubuwan sarrafawa da sarrafa kayan albarkatun ƙasa zuwa yankuna da yawa saboda lalacewar amfanin gona a cikin gari guda bai zo daidai da rashin samar da wani ba.
Matsala ta ƙarshe da ke kan hanyar amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama shine rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Yin hukunci da ayyukan "Lufthansa" iri ɗaya, kamfanonin kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki dole ne su gina tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kansu tare da tsara tashoshin sufuri masu dacewa.Saboda haka, a cikin shekaru 10-15 masu zuwa, kerosene zai riƙe matsayinsa na gaba a fagen matatun mai na jirgin sama. Daga baya, man shuke-shuken zai fara samun riba mai yawa a kasuwannin mai a cikin jirgin sama, kodayake ba da sauri kuma ba nan da nan. Amma game da mafi girman hangen nesa, da yawa abubuwan yakamata ya kamata a la'akari da su don dalilai kan wannan batun. Farashin danyen mai zai iya faduwa sosai a bangarorin biyu, takunkumin kasa da kasa, da dai sauransu ana iya amfani da shi akan wasu kasashe da ke hako mai. A karshe, samar da kayan masarufi iri-iri a cikin irin wadannan matakan da zai isa ba kawai don samar da jirgin sama daya ba har yanzu al'amari ne na gaba. Saboda haka, da farko ku nemo mafi kyawun nau'ikan tsire-tsire, fara abubuwan da suke samarwa sannan kawai kuyi la'akari da fa'idodin a cikin dogon lokaci.
Mun lura da kuskure .. Zaɓi rubutun kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar
Mene ne biofuel
Biofuels sun kunshi tsiro ko kayan rayuwa. Akwai matatun ruwa na ruwa da ke gudana akan injunan konewar ciki, gas mai kauri (kamar su, itace, breditestes, kanti, kwakwalwar katako, bambaro da hutu), gaseous. Duk da cewa ana tattaunawa game da albarkatun kasa a matsayin man tsirrai a yanzu, a zahiri, kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya sun riga suna amfani da shi. Wannan gaskiya ne don amfanin katako, rarar ciyawar, taki bushe da ƙari mai yawa.
An raba kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga tsararraki dayawa. Na farko ya hada da amfanin gona. Suna da yawan kitse, sitaci, sugars. Ana iya sarrafa su cikin man gas da ethanol.
Generationungiyoyi na biyu sun haɗa da kayan albarkatu daga ragowar abincin da ba su da abinci na tsirrai, ciyawa da itace. Daga gare su za ku iya samun cellulose da lignin, wanda za'a iya inganta shi.
Algae ana ambata zuwa ƙarni na uku.
Biofuels a cikin aikin soja da na jirgin sama
A yau, ana kiran biofuels makomar jirgin sama na soja da na soja. Kuma wannan ba kawai game da varnar kayan lambu bane. Ana iya yin shi daga tsirrai da dabba, sharar gida da kayayyakin sharar gida. Koyaya, a halin yanzu babu wata hanya mafi arha da za a iya samar da iskar gas. Koyaya, waɗannan kamfanonin jiragen saman suna jagorar su. Ba haka ba da daɗewa, Etihad Airways ta yi jirgin sama na kasuwanci na biofuel. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da man shuke-shuken da ke kan ruwan gishirin ruwa - waɗannan tsire-tsire ne waɗanda ke cikin tudun teku. Akwai babban gishiri a cikin ƙasa. Kamfanin "ya" lalata "wannan man da kerosene.
A Netherlands, suna so su "juyawa" da jirgin saman soja cikin biofuel. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kasar ta sanar da wannan ra'ayin a hukumance. Ana gabatar da daidaitaccen tsari wanda a ciki aka ƙara 20% biofuel a cikin tankuna. Ana tsammanin nan gaba wannan adadi zai kai kashi 70%. Bugu da kari, a cikin Netherlands, an gudanar da gwajin jirgi mai tashi wanda a ciki akwai kashi 5% na biofuel.
Biofuel kuma yana amfani da jiragen saman soja a Indiya. A watan Mayun 2019, sun yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa samfurin muhalli. 10% na man da ke cikin jirgin sama na soja a Indiya zai ƙunshi albarkatun ƙasa bisa ga tsirrai da 'ya'yan itacen tsirrai da ke girma a wannan ƙasa. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ƙasar ta lura cewa wannan yana da mahimmanci daga yanayin tattalin arziki - a Indiya babu mai mai yawa. Masana kimiyya daga Indiya sun kirkiro wannan man da ke amfani da shi. A cikin 2018, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan jiragen sama.
Kasar Amurka har ila yau tana cikin rukunin ƙasashe masu haɓaka jirgin sama na soja zuwa rafuffukan ƙasa. Koyaya, a cikin jirgin sama na soja, ba kasashe da yawa suna shirye don irin waɗannan matakan zuwa ilmin kimiya. A cikin jirgin sama na farar hula, komai ya fi ban sha'awa. Don haka, Qantas ya tashi daga Amurka zuwa Australia akan man fetur, wanda shine 10% ... mustard oil.
A Japan, an buɗe katafaren filin samar da kayan sarrafa sinadarai don jirgi da motoci a ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata. Kamfanin an tsara shi ne don amfani da kwayoyin halittattun kwayoyin halittar Euglena da man kayan lambu.Wannan man ya wuce nasarar gwajin jirgin saman sojin Amurka. An yi kiyasin cewa tsiron zai samar da kimanin lita miliyan 125 na biofuel a shekara. Bayan kimanin shekaru 6, suna so su ninka ƙarfin. A cikin duka, Japan tana shirin samar da sama da biofuels biliyan 1 a kowace shekara nan da 2030.
Ana tsammanin idan aka juya duk jigilar kwayar halitta zuwa biofuels, to, gurbataccen carbon dioxide zai ragu da kashi daya bisa uku. Wannan shine, ci gaban kwayar halitta mai riba zai iya haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin ilimin halittu da rage tasirin mutum akan g
Tafiyawar iska da dumamar duniya
Lokacin da aka kammala shahararren yarjejeniyar Paris game da dumamar yanayi, kwararru sun lura cewa ba ya aiki da jiragen sama da kuma jigilar kayayyaki. Wannan tabbas yana faruwa ne sakamakon karancin rabo a cikin jimlar tsarin watsi - kusan kashi biyu. Amma masana a cikin wannan filin ba su ɗauki wannan fassarar daidai ba.
Ban da haka, MDD ta hada da sauya fasalin jirgin zuwa biofuels a cikin shirin muhimman batutuwa. Ana tunanin cewa ya zama dole a magance matsaloli da yawa nan da 2020. Masana ba su yi imanin cewa a wannan karon za a iya samun sakamako mai mahimmanci ba, gami da saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama don magance matsalar. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon karancin riba. Yawanci, matatun mai sun fi tsada farashin mai. Yawancin kamfanoni, idan sun sauya zuwa irin wannan man, kawai ba zai tsaya gasar ba kuma ba zai rayu ba. Koyaya, ana tsammanin cewa buƙatar samar da tsire-tsire za su iya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar wadata da raguwa a farashin farashin ta lita ɗaya.
Sannu abokai!
Kwanan nan, ra'ayoyi sun bayyana a kan shafin yanar gizon game da man fetur na jirgin sama da kuma abubuwan da suka danganci shi, musamman ƙaunar muhalli, farashi da ajiyar kayan albarkatun ƙasa don samarwa.
Tambayar ba da gaske bace ce. A halin yanzu suna aiki da shi a cikin matakan da keɓaɓɓun matakai a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya. Ofayan ɗayan ɓangarorin wannan aikin shine haɓaka madadin mai na gargajiya - kerosene, wanda kamar yadda kuka sani, ana samun shi ta hanyar gurɓatar mai. Musamman ma, haɓaka iri iri ne na jirgin sama biofuel.
Muhimmancin jirgin sama don duniyar zamani ba zai yuwu ba don wuce gona da iri. A halin yanzu shi ne kawai hanya irin ta sauri wanda ke haɓakawa da haɓaka haɓaka kasuwancin duniya tsakanin ƙasashe tare da magance matsalolin yawon shakatawa na duniya.
Akwai wurare da yawa na tattalin arzikin duniya inda akayi nasarar amfani da sufurin sama. Kowace shekara, tare da taimakonsa, sama da biliyan 2 da rabi ana jigilar su a duk duniya. fasinjoji. Yawan mutanen da suke aiki a masana'antar sama (sunan ya cancanta a ganina :-)) ya zarce miliyan 33.
A cewar wasu bayanai, a cikin zabin kudin, rabon zirga zirgar ababen hawa a duniya kusan biliyan 430 ne. dala, da jigilar fasinjoji, watau yawon shakatawa mafi yawan lokuta, yana gab da dala tiriliyan. Idan jirgin saman kasuwanci na duniya ya kasance ƙasa, to, zai zama na 21 a cikin duniya dangane da GDP.
Lambobin suna da ban sha'awa :-). Koyaya, babu abin da ya taso daga karce, kuma dole ne a biya komai. Don irin wannan haɗin jirgin sama, dole ne mutum ya biya.
Me muke so mu samu daga injin jirgin sama? A bayyane yake cewa farkon shine ingantaccen kamfani, na biyu shine riba (wani lokacin yakan faru ne a wata hanyar :-)), kuma a lokaci guda zaiyi kyau (kuma yanzu ya zama dole :-)) don yin injin mai ƙaunar yanayin. A bayyane yake, gwargwadon ikonsa. Haka kuma, wadannan dama an tsara su kuma da dadewa.
Kuma kawai tare da dabarun karshe guda biyu akwai wasu matsaloli. Da fari dai, riba. Injin din turbojet bai taba yin karancin amfani da mai ba, kuma wannan shine babban koma-bayan sa.
Inganta ingantaccen mai ya kasance fifiko a aikin injiniyan jirgin sama.Injinan sun inganta, dual-circuit sannan kuma injin turbofan ya bayyana. Idan aka kwatanta da jirgin saman fasinja na farko na ƙarshen 50s da 60s, jiragen sama na zamani sun zama kusan tattalin arziƙi 70%.
Yanzu, bisa ga kimantawa na yau da kullun, ga manyan rukunin jiragen sama na sabon jirgin sama, yawan mai yana kusan lita 3.5 a cikin fasinja kowane kilomita 100. Kuma ga A380 da B-787, ana iya rage wannan adadi zuwa lita 3. Wato, gabaɗaya, waɗannan jiragen sama dangane da amfani da mai za a iya kwatanta su ta wata ma'ana tare da motar iyali :-).
Koyaya, duk da nasarorin da aka samu a inganta fasahar, ana cin mai mai yawa. Misali, IL-96 (injin PS-90A) a cikin jirgin sama na iya cinye kilogram 8 na kerosene a cikin awa daya na tashi. Kuma jiragen sama nawa suke cinye mai yayin da suke cikin iska kullun? ....
Hanyar samar da ababen hawa masu rai (wadanda ke sake tayar da motoci a duniya, a duniya, akan ruwa da kuma iska) suna narkewa a sararin samaniya, kuma farashinsu yana da karfin akasin haka :-). Haka kuma, a zahiri, ba koyaushe ne ake iya yin hasashensa, wanda ke sanya wahalar shirya kasafin kuɗin jiragen sama. Irin wannan gaskiya ne, kuma makomar wannan ma'ana ba ta da kyau.
Yanzu bangare na biyu shine abokantakar muhalli na injin turbojet. Tunanin kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli ya fara nuna damuwa sosai game da dan adam kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Kuma a lokacin wayewar injunan turbojet, ba wanda kawai yayi tunanin sa kuma mutane kalilan ne ke damuwa da cewa ya shiga sararin samaniya da iskar gas.
Kuma da yawa daga munanan sun zo cikin :-). Wannan carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, dioxide, dioxide da dioxide, dioxide dioxide da wadatattun abubuwa masu kyau a cikin karami kuma, hakika, sanannen carbon dioxide CO2, wanda ke shafar canjin yanayi a kai tsaye. Akalla masana kimiyya sun ce haka :-).
Koyaya, idan an mutunta adalci, ya dace a ambaci cewa rabon sufurin iska a cikin abubuwan da ke fitarwa na CO2 na duniya shine kashi 2% a yau. Koma yaya, wannan shine kimanin tan miliyan 650 (jimlar iskar kusan tan tan biliyan 34). Kari akan haka, da farko, ana samarda wadannan gurbatattun bazuka a cikin manya-manyan kwarafunan da suka fi dacewa da sauye-sauye (da kuma a cikin yanayin canzawa).
Abu na biyu kuma, an san cewa karuwar zirga-zirgar iska a cikin shekara ya kusan 5%, kuma a cikin wannan, akwai karuwa a cikin shekara-shekara na hayawar CO2 ta jirgin sama zuwa kashi 2-3%.
Idan irin waɗannan kudaden sun ci gaba a nan gaba, to nan da 2050 yawan jigilar iska a duniya daga kashi 2 zai yi girma zuwa 3. Ga yanayin gabaɗaya, wannan yana da yawa. Kuma, la’akari da canjin yanayin duniya a duniya, a bayyane yake cewa ana bukatar matakai don rage yawan gurbataccen iska da kuma kara kyautata yanayin muhalli na injunan jirgin sama. Koyaya, wannan ya daɗe sanannen sananne ne.
Daidai ne kan tushen waɗannan abubuwan biyu da aka ambata a sama cewa ana ɗaukar wasu matakan jirgi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na duniya (zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, dole ne in faɗi :-)). Ingantawa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, tsirran wutar lantarki na jirgin sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu. Inganta kayan aikin filayen jirgin sama, tsarin da tsarin dabaru, tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama domin a samu damar rage lokacin jirgin "ramu" a cikin iska.
Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙoƙarin neman da kuma amfani da madadin man fetir ɗin jirgin sama yana ƙaruwa. A baya nayi rubutu game da danyen mai. Amfani da, alal misali, LNG (gas mai tsabta) na iya rage hayaƙin CO2 da 17% (adadi mai ban sha'awa, ba haka ba ne :-)), ba tare da rasa ikon injin ba. Amfani da ruwa na hydrogen ya kara inganta wadannan hanyoyin.
Koyaya, cryogenics, rashin alheri, yana buƙatar canji mai mahimmanci na tsarin jirgin sama idan aka kwatanta da tsarin zamanin. Bugu da kari, kayayyakin aikin filin jirgin sama suma suna bukatar manyan canje-canje. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙarin aikace-aikacen sun zo kan gaba. biofuel don injunan jirgin sama, amfanin wanda, kamar yadda ya juya, ba juyi bane.
Ma'anar biofuel kamar haka: man fetur ne ko dai daga tsirrai ko albarkatun dabbobi, ko daga sharar masana'antu (ba shakka kwayoyin), ko daga samfuran sharar rayayyun halittu. Jirgin Sama biofuel ya zama mai sauyawa (da gaske cike yake) don kerosene na jirgin sama.
Wannan samfurin yana da babban fa'idodi biyu game da iskar gas na gas na gargajiya. Da fari dai, ana samarwa ta amfani da hanyoyin sabuntawa. Man mai, da rashin alheri, ba zai iya yin alfahari da wannan ba, har ma da ci gaban farashinsa :-).
Kuma, abu na biyu, yawan gurɓataccen iska zuwa cikin sararin samaniya yayin amfani da man gas. Musamman, alal misali, 'yan iskar gaɓaɓɓun ƙarfe. Wato, sulfur dioxide SO2, ɗayan abubuwa masu haɗari ga haɗuwa da iskar gas na gargajiya, baya shiga cikin sararin samaniya.
Kari akan haka, kamfanin CO2 wanda har yanzu yake shiga cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon aikin injunan jirgin sama biofuel, sa’annan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka girma don samarwa, yayin haɓaka su a cikin kusan girman guda.
Misali misalin daskarar da carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ta amfani da iskar gas da makamashin gas.
Wannan ya bamu damar rage yawan gurbata yanayi saboda aikin injin din zuwa kusan sifili. Gaskiya ne, akwai ragowar CO2, wanda aka gabatar dashi cikin sararin samaniya yayin samar da kwayar halitta. Wannan shine aikin samarwa da haɓaka inganci (sakewa), sufuri da ajiya.
Koyaya, bisa ga ƙididdigar zamani, waɗannan iskar gas kusan kashi 80% ƙasa da waɗanda suke don manufar samar da albarkatun mai. Amfanin wannan batun a bayyane yake.
Da yake magana game da matatun ruwa na ruwa, ya kamata a lura cewa duk ya fara, a zahiri, tare da jigilar ƙasa. Kowane mutum, ina tsammanin, ya san waɗannan sunaye kamar biodiesel da bioethanol. Na farko shine wanda zai maye gurbin dizal, na biyun kuma don fetur.
Kayan albarkatun don tsohon shine asalin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na mai, don ƙarshen shine tushen sukari (ko wasu tsire-tsire masu samar da sukari, watau, moonshine, magana mai ƙarfi :-)), kuma, kamar yadda ba abin bakin ciki bane, itace. Abin da ake kira biofuel na ƙarni na farko.
Babban kuskuren da ake samu shi ne cewa ana samarwa ne daga kayan abinci guda ɗaya kamar abinci. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da ruwa mai yawan gaske a samarwa, an sare gandun daji. Dukansu wannan, da kuma wani, na ukun akan duniyarmu kwanannan akwai kasawa mai yawa. Don haka, ba zai zama wayo ba ko jujjuya irin waɗannan mahimman albarkatun ƙasa zuwa mai.
Dangane da wannan, lokaci ya zo don samar da abin da ake kira biofuels na zamani. A saboda wannan, ana amfani da biomass na tsire-tsire, wanda kusan ba sa shafar sarkar abinci na mutum. Zasu iya girma ba tare da shafi amfanin gonar da muke buƙata ba, gami da wuraren da aka shuka iri guda waɗanda ba a shuka irin kayan abinci na ɗan lokaci ba, ko kuma a cikin ƙasashen da ba su yi girma ba.
Yankunan duniya da aka dace da su don haɓaka wuraren sayar da sinadarai.
Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire sun haɗa da, alal misali, Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas) - tsirrai da ke kunshe daga man zuwa 27% zuwa 40% na tsiro a kan busassun ƙasa. Ko Ginger (Camelina) - da gaske sako ne don amfanin gona na gargajiya. Bugu da kari, kayan kwalliyar microscopic da ke girma cikin ruwa gurbatacce kuma suna dauke da mai har ya kai dari biyu dari sama da wanda ake amfani da shi na gargajiya anan za'a iya amfani dashi.
Ginger oileded (Camelina).
Shuka Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
Amfani biofuelAn yi shi daga tsire-tsire masu zuwa (wanda aka haɗe da kerosene na gargajiya) jiragen sama da yawa sun riga sun faru, sun kasance masu mahimmanci, ciki har da fasinjoji a cikin jirgin.
Akwai kuma wata hanyar samar da kwayar halitta ta zamani. Waɗannan su ne sharar gida da na birni, sharar gona, ba tare da ambaci sharar gida ba daga abinci, dazuzzuka da masana'antar katako.
Da kyau, kuma a ƙarshe, biofuels na ƙarni na uku. Don samarwa na musamman algae tare da babban mai ana amfani dashi. Zuwa yanzu, wannan yafi a matakin bincike. Abubuwan da ake tsammanin suna da kyau qwarai, amma akwai isassun matsalolin fasaha da suka danganta da aikin algae.
Albarkatun kayan abinci na rayayyun halittu masu ruwa (algae).
Koyaya, biofuels na ƙarni na biyu sun riga sun sami ikon maye gurbin wani ɓangare ko kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da matukan jet a cikin jirgin sama ba tare da lalata ingancin da aikin injin ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa dangane da yanayinsu bai kamata ya zama da muni fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a aikin mai ba.
Babban sigogi sune: ƙarancin zafin wuta, daskarewa, ƙarancin makamashi, danko, abun cikin da ke a cikin mai, da kuma yawaitar.
Waɗannan halayen an rage su ne cewa ba lallai ba ne mu aiwatar da kowane canji na asali a cikin fasahar fasahar jirgin sama da abubuwan hawa na filayen jirgin saman. Manyan ƙarni na farko (kamar man gas da bioethanol) ba su cika yanayin da aka saita ba a wannan batun. Koyaya biofuel ƙarni na biyu cikakke daidai da ƙayyadaddun sigogi kuma wasu lokuta ma har sun wuce su.
Wannan shine, hangen nesa yana da ainihin gaske. Tuni a wannan matakin, biofuels na zamani don injunan jet za a iya amfani da nasara cikin nasara a aikace. Wannan an tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar jiragen saman gwaji masu yawa waɗanda kamfanonin jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya suke gudanarwa.
Hoto na ɗayan gwaje-gwaje na jirgin sama yayi ƙuna da sinadarin biofuel.
Wadannan nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje ana aiwatar dasu tare da cikakken bincike na aikin injin a dukkan matakai na jirgin. A wasu halaye, an yi gwaje-gwaje tare da injin din sannan aka fara shi da gudu.
Yawancin waɗannan kamfanonin yanzu suna da burin dogon lokaci don gabatar da biofuels a cikin aikin jirgin. Gaskiya ne gaskiya game da Amurka. Misali, Aungiyar ASTM ta Amurka (ta ƙasa da ƙasa), tana ma'amala da batutuwan daidaituwa, a cikin Yuli na 2011 wanda aka kafa a cikin ma'aunin D7566 (daidaitaccen bayani game da iskar gas jirgin sama), sabbin gyare-gyare da ke ba da izinin amfani da man jirgin saman HRJ na aiki (don jiragen sama na kasuwanci).
50% na wannan man na iya kunshi bioadditives da aka yi da halittar jatropha, koina ko algae. Babu wannan bambanci da kerosene da ake samu a cikin amfanin yau da kullun (nau'ikan J-A da J-A-1).
Kawai a farkon lokacin bazara na 2011, wani jirgin Boeing 747-8F ya yi wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda injunan sa ya kama da wuta, kashi 15% na kayan da aka yi daga kamfani.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin Amurka, yunƙurin Rundunar Sojan Sama, duka ƙasa da teku, sun zama babban maɓallin ƙarfi don haɓaka canjin jirgin sama zuwa sabon nau'in man. Tuni akwai tsare-tsaren canjin dukkan matukan jirgin saman Amurka zuwa cakuda kerosene da makamantansu daga shekarar 2020. Da alama hakan zai kasance mai jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na HRJ.
Cikakken amfani duk da haka biofuel A cikin duka jirgin sama a wannan lokacin a cikin tattalin arziki har yanzu yana da rashin illa. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon karancin ci gaban da ake samu na samar da irin wannan man.
Koyaya, an kiyasta cewa don irin wannan samarwa don kafa kanta, kuma don samun damar haɓaka ta gaba, ya zama dole aƙalla kashi 1% na kowane kerosene na ƙasa da ke ƙarewa a duniya tare da maye gurbin biofuel.Gabaɗaya, quite kaɗan.
A ƙarshe, Ina so in nuna zane mai ban sha'awa. Ya nuna irin wuraren da ake buƙata don haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa don raƙatun ƙasa, muddin sun maye gurbin kerosene na gargajiya gaba ɗaya. Anan 1 - algae, 2 - yankin Ireland, 3 - yanki na jihar Montana, 4 - amfanin gona na masara na shekara-shekara, 5 - Ryzhik, 6 - Jatropha, Yankin Ostiraliya ... Akwai wani abu da ya kamata a yi tunani game da :-) ...
Daidaitaccen ma'aunin bangarorin da ake buƙata don samar da albarkatun ƙasa don tsire-tsire iri iri, muddin sun maye gurbin kerosene na al'ada. Da kyau :-).
Waɗannan dama ce da kuma abubuwan da suke akwai. Abubuwan da za su juya cikin duniyar da muke canzawa ba a bayyane suke ba. Ina so in yi imani da cewa ga mafi kyau :-) ...
Amintar muhalli na jirgin sama WFD da biofuel
Kwanan nan, ra'ayoyi sun bayyana a kan shafin yanar gizon game da man fetur na jirgin sama da kuma abubuwan da suka danganci shi, musamman ƙaunar muhalli, farashi da ajiyar kayan albarkatun ƙasa don samarwa.
Tambayar ba da gaske bace ce. A halin yanzu suna aiki da shi a cikin matakan da keɓaɓɓun matakai a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya. Ofayan ɗayan ɓangarorin wannan aikin shine haɓaka madadin mai na gargajiya - kerosene, wanda kamar yadda kuka sani, ana samun shi ta hanyar gurɓatar mai. Musamman ma, haɓaka iri iri ne na jirgin sama biofuel.
Muhimmancin jirgin sama don duniyar zamani ba zai yuwu ba don wuce gona da iri. A halin yanzu shi ne kawai hanya irin ta sauri wanda ke haɓakawa da haɓaka haɓaka kasuwancin duniya tsakanin ƙasashe tare da magance matsalolin yawon shakatawa na duniya.
Akwai wurare da yawa na tattalin arzikin duniya inda akayi nasarar amfani da sufurin sama. Kowace shekara, tare da taimakonsa, sama da fasinjoji biliyan 2.5 ke jigilar su a duk duniya. Yawan mutanen da suke aiki a masana'antar sama (sunan ya cancanta a ganina :-)) ya zarce miliyan 33.
A cewar wasu bayanai, a cikin zabin kudin, rabon jigilar kayakin kaya a duniya kusan dala biliyan 430 ne, kuma jigilar fasinjoji, wato yawon shakatawa mafi yawanci, yana gab da dala tiriliyan. Idan jirgin saman kasuwanci na duniya ya kasance ƙasa, to, zai zama na 21 a cikin duniya dangane da GDP.
Lambobin suna da ban sha'awa :-). Koyaya, babu abin da ya taso daga karce, kuma dole ne a biya komai. Don irin wannan haɗin jirgin sama, dole ne mutum ya biya.
Me muke so mu samu daga injin jirgin sama? A bayyane yake cewa farkon shine ingantaccen kamfani, na biyu shine riba (wani lokacin yana faruwa ta wata hanyar :-)), kuma a lokaci guda zaiyi kyau (kuma yanzu ya zama dole :-)) don yin injin mai ƙaunar yanayin. A bayyane yake, gwargwadon ikonsa. Haka kuma, wadannan dama an tsara su kuma da dadewa.
Kuma kawai tare da dabarun karshe guda biyu akwai wasu matsaloli. Da fari dai, riba. Injin din turbojet bai taba yin karancin amfani da mai ba, kuma wannan shine babban koma-bayan sa.
Inganta ingantaccen mai ya kasance fifiko a aikin injiniyan jirgin sama. Injinan sun inganta, dual-circuit sannan kuma injin turbofan ya bayyana. Idan aka kwatanta da jirgin saman fasinja na farko na ƙarshen 50s da 60s, jiragen sama na zamani sun zama kusan tattalin arziƙi 70%.
Yanzu, bisa ga kimantawa na yau da kullun, ga manyan rukunin jiragen sama na sabon jirgin sama, yawan mai yana kusan lita 3.5 a cikin fasinja kowane kilomita 100. Kuma ga A380 da B-787, ana iya rage wannan adadi zuwa lita 3. Wato, gabaɗaya, waɗannan jiragen sama dangane da amfani da mai za a iya kwatanta su ta wata ma'ana tare da motar iyali :-).
Koyaya, duk da nasarorin da aka samu a inganta fasahar, ana cin mai mai yawa. Misali, IL-96 (injin PS-90A) a cikin jirgin sama na iya cinye kilogram 8 na kerosene a cikin awa daya na tashi. Kuma jiragen sama nawa suke cinye mai yayin da suke cikin iska kullun? ....
Hanyar samar da ababen hawa masu rai (wadanda ke sake tayar da motoci a duniya, a duniya, akan ruwa da kuma iska) suna narkewa a sararin samaniya, kuma farashinsu yana da karfin akasin haka :-). Haka kuma, a zahiri, ba koyaushe ne ake iya yin hasashensa, wanda ke sanya wahalar shirya kasafin kuɗin jiragen sama. Irin wannan gaskiya ne, kuma makomar wannan ma'ana ba ta da kyau.
Yanzu bangare na biyu shine abokantakar muhalli na injin turbojet. Tunanin kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli ya fara nuna damuwa sosai game da dan adam kusan shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Kuma a lokacin wayewar injunan turbojet, ba wanda kawai yayi tunanin sa kuma mutane kalilan ne ke damuwa da cewa ya shiga sararin samaniya da iskar gas.
Kuma da yawa daga munanan sun zo cikin :-). Wannan carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, dioxide, dioxide da dioxide, dioxide dioxide da wadatattun abubuwa masu kyau a cikin karami kuma, hakika, sanannen carbon dioxide CO2, wanda ke shafar canjin yanayi a kai tsaye. Akalla masana kimiyya sun ce haka :-).
Koyaya, idan an mutunta adalci, ya dace a ambaci cewa rabon sufurin iska a cikin abubuwan da ke fitarwa na CO2 na duniya shine kashi 2% a yau. Koyaya, kusan miliyan 650 ne.
tan (jimlar iskar kimanin dala miliyan 34). Kari akan haka, da farko, ana samarda wadannan gurbatattun bazuka a cikin manya-manyan kwarafunan da suka fi dacewa da sauye-sauye (da kuma a cikin yanayin canzawa).
Abu na biyu kuma, an san cewa karuwar zirga-zirgar iska a cikin shekara ya kusan 5%, kuma a cikin wannan, akwai karuwa a cikin shekara-shekara na hayawar CO2 ta jirgin sama zuwa kashi 2-3%.
Idan irin waɗannan kudaden sun ci gaba a nan gaba, to nan da 2050 yawan jigilar iska a duniya daga kashi 2 zai yi girma zuwa 3. Ga yanayin gabaɗaya, wannan yana da yawa.
Kuma, la’akari da canjin yanayin duniya a duniya, a bayyane yake cewa ana bukatar matakai don rage yawan gurbataccen iska da kuma kara kyautata yanayin muhalli na injunan jirgin sama.
Koyaya, wannan ya daɗe sanannen sananne ne.
Daidai ne kan tushen waɗannan abubuwan biyu da aka ambata a sama cewa ana ɗaukar wasu matakan jirgi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na duniya (zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, dole ne in faɗi :-)).
Ingantawa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, tsirran wutar lantarki na jirgin sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu.
Inganta kayan aikin filayen jirgin sama, tsarin da tsarin dabaru, tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama domin a samu damar rage lokacin jirgin "ramu" a cikin iska.
Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙoƙarin neman da kuma amfani da madadin man fetir ɗin jirgin sama yana ƙaruwa. A baya nayi rubutu game da danyen mai.
Amfani da, alal misali, LNG (gas mai tsabta) na iya rage hayaƙin CO2 da 17% (adadi mai ban sha'awa, ba haka ba ne :-)), ba tare da rasa ikon injin ba.
Amfani da ruwa na hydrogen ya kara inganta wadannan hanyoyin.
Koyaya, cryogenics, rashin alheri, yana buƙatar canji mai mahimmanci na tsarin jirgin sama idan aka kwatanta da tsarin zamanin.
Bugu da kari, kayayyakin aikin filin jirgin sama suma suna bukatar manyan canje-canje.
Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙarin aikace-aikacen sun zo kan gaba. biofuel don injunan jirgin sama, amfanin wanda, kamar yadda ya juya, ba juyi bane.
Ma'anar biofuel kamar haka: man fetur ne ko dai daga tsirrai ko albarkatun dabbobi, ko daga sharar masana'antu (ba shakka kwayoyin), ko daga samfuran sharar rayayyun halittu. Jirgin Sama biofuel ya zama mai sauyawa (da gaske cike yake) don kerosene na jirgin sama.
Wannan samfurin yana da babban fa'idodi biyu game da iskar gas na gas na gargajiya. Da fari dai, ana samarwa ta amfani da hanyoyin sabuntawa.Man mai, da rashin alheri, ba zai iya yin alfahari da wannan ba, har ma da ci gaban farashinsa :-).
Kuma, abu na biyu, yawan gurɓataccen iska zuwa cikin sararin samaniya yayin amfani da man gas. Musamman, alal misali, 'yan iskar gaɓaɓɓun ƙarfe. Wato, sulfur dioxide SO2, ɗayan abubuwa masu haɗari ga haɗuwa da iskar gas na gargajiya, baya shiga cikin sararin samaniya.
Kari akan haka, kamfanin CO2 wanda har yanzu yake shiga cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon aikin injunan jirgin sama biofuel, sa’annan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka girma don samarwa, yayin haɓaka su a cikin kusan girman guda.
Misali misalin daskarar da carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ta amfani da iskar gas da makamashin gas.
Wannan ya bamu damar rage yawan gurbata yanayi saboda aikin injin din zuwa kusan sifili. Gaskiya ne, akwai ragowar CO2, wanda aka gabatar dashi cikin sararin samaniya yayin samad da man shuke-shuken. Wannan shine aikin samarwa da haɓaka inganci (sakewa), sufuri da ajiya.
Koyaya, bisa ga ƙididdigar zamani, waɗannan iskar gas kusan kashi 80% ƙasa da waɗanda suke don manufar samar da albarkatun mai. Amfanin wannan batun a bayyane yake.
Da yake magana game da matatun ruwa na ruwa, ya kamata a lura cewa duk ya fara, a zahiri, tare da jigilar ƙasa. Kowane mutum, ina tsammanin, ya san waɗannan sunaye kamar biodiesel da bioethanol. Na farko shine wanda zai maye gurbin dizal, na biyun kuma don fetur.
Kayan albarkatun don tsohon shine asalin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na mai, don ƙarshen shine tushen sukari (ko wasu tsire-tsire masu samar da sukari, watau, moonshine, magana mai ƙarfi :-)), kuma, kamar yadda ba abin bakin ciki bane, itace. Abin da ake kira biofuel na ƙarni na farko.
Babban kuskuren da ake samu shi ne cewa ana samarwa ne daga kayan abinci guda ɗaya kamar abinci. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da ruwa mai yawan gaske a samarwa, an sare gandun daji. Dukansu wannan, da kuma wani, na ukun akan duniyarmu kwanannan akwai kasawa mai yawa. Don haka, ba zai zama wayo ba ko jujjuya irin waɗannan mahimman albarkatun ƙasa zuwa mai.
Dangane da wannan, lokaci ya zo don samar da abin da ake kira biofuels na ƙarni na biyu. A saboda wannan, ana amfani da biomass na tsire-tsire, wanda kusan ba sa shafar sarkar abinci na mutum.
Zasu iya girma ba tare da shafi amfanin gonar da muke buƙata ba, gami da wuraren da aka shuka iri guda waɗanda ba a shuka irin kayan abinci na ɗan lokaci ba, ko kuma a cikin ƙasashen da ba su yi girma ba.
Yankunan duniya da aka dace da su don haɓaka wuraren sayar da sinadarai.
Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire sun haɗa da, alal misali, Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas) - tsirrai da ke kunshe daga man zuwa 27% zuwa 40% na tsiro a kan busassun ƙasa.
Ko Ginger (Camelina) - da gaske sako ne don amfanin gona na gargajiya.
Bugu da kari, kayan kwalliyar microscopic da ke girma cikin ruwa gurbatacce kuma suna dauke da mai har ya kai dari biyu dari sama da wanda ake amfani da shi na gargajiya anan za'a iya amfani dashi.
Ginger oileded (Camelina).
Shuka Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
Amfani biofuelAn yi shi daga tsire-tsire masu zuwa (wanda aka haɗe da kerosene na gargajiya) jiragen sama da yawa sun riga sun faru, sun kasance masu mahimmanci, ciki har da fasinjoji a cikin jirgin.
Akwai kuma wata hanyar samar da kwayar halitta ta zamani. Waɗannan su ne sharar gida da na birni, sharar gona, ba tare da ambaci sharar gida ba daga abinci, dazuzzuka da masana'antar katako.
Da kyau, a ƙarshe, biofuels na ƙarni na uku. Don samarwa na musamman algae tare da babban mai ana amfani dashi. Zuwa yanzu, wannan yafi a matakin bincike. Abubuwan da ake tsammanin suna da kyau qwarai, amma akwai isassun matsalolin fasaha da suka danganta da aikin algae.
Albarkatun kayan abinci na rayayyun halittu masu ruwa (algae).
Koyaya, biofuels na ƙarni na biyu sun riga sun sami ikon maye gurbin wani ɓangare ko kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da matukan jet a cikin jirgin sama ba tare da lalata ingancin da aikin injin ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa dangane da yanayinsu bai kamata ya zama da muni fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a aikin mai ba.
Babban sigogi sune: ƙarancin zafin wuta, daskarewa, ƙarancin makamashi, danko, abun cikin da ke a cikin mai, da kuma yawaitar.
Waɗannan halayen an rage su ne cewa ba lallai ba ne mu aiwatar da kowane canji na asali a cikin fasahar fasahar jirgin sama da abubuwan hawa na filayen jirgin saman.
Manyan ƙarni na farko (kamar man gas da bioethanol) ba su cika yanayin da aka saita ba a wannan batun.
Koyaya biofuel ƙarni na biyu cikakke daidai da ƙayyadaddun sigogi kuma wasu lokuta ma har sun wuce su.
Wannan shine, hangen nesa yana da ainihin gaske. Tuni a wannan matakin, biofuels na zamani don injunan jet za a iya amfani da nasara cikin nasara a aikace. Wannan an tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar jiragen saman gwaji masu yawa waɗanda kamfanonin jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya suke gudanarwa.
Hoto na ɗayan gwaje-gwaje na jirgin sama yayi ƙuna da sinadarin biofuel.
Wadannan nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje ana aiwatar dasu tare da cikakken bincike na aikin injin a dukkan matakai na jirgin. A wasu halaye, an yi gwaje-gwaje tare da injin din sannan aka fara shi da gudu.
Yawancin waɗannan kamfanonin yanzu suna da burin dogon lokaci don gabatar da biofuels a cikin aikin jirgin. Gaskiya ne gaskiya game da Amurka.
Misali, Aungiyar ASTM ta Amurka (ta ƙasa da ƙasa), tana ma'amala da batutuwan daidaituwa, tuni a cikin Yuli na 2011 wanda aka kafa a cikin ma'aunin D7566 (daidaitaccen bayani game da iskar gas jirgin sama), sabbin gyare-gyare da ke ba da izinin amfani da makamashin jirgin sama na HRJ a cikin aiki (don jiragen sama na kasuwanci).
50% na wannan man na iya kunshi bioadditives da aka yi da halittar jatropha, koina ko algae. Babu wannan bambanci da kerosene da ake samu a cikin amfanin yau da kullun (nau'ikan J-A da J-A-1).
Kawai a farkon lokacin bazara na 2011, wani jirgin Boeing 747-8F ya yi wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda injunan sa ya kama da wuta, kashi 15% na kayan da aka yi daga kamfani.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin Amurka, yunƙurin Rundunar Sojan Sama, duka ƙasa da teku, sun zama babban maɓallin ƙarfi don haɓaka canjin jirgin sama zuwa sabon nau'in man. Tuni akwai tsare-tsaren canji na dukkan jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sojojin Amurka zuwa cakuda kerosene da makamashin gas nan da shekarar 2020. Da alama hakan zai kasance mai jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na HRJ.
Cikakken amfani duk da haka biofuel A cikin duka jirgin sama a wannan lokacin a cikin tattalin arziki har yanzu yana da rashin illa. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon karancin ci gaban da ake samu na samar da irin wannan man.
Koyaya, an kiyasta cewa don irin wannan samarwa don kafa kanta, kuma don samun damar haɓaka ta gaba, ya zama dole aƙalla kashi 1% na kowane kerosene na ƙasa da ke ƙarewa a duniya tare da maye gurbin biofuel. Gabaɗaya, quite kaɗan.
A ƙarshe, Ina so in nuna zane mai ban sha'awa. Ya nuna irin wuraren da ake buƙata don haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa don raƙatun ƙasa, muddin sun maye gurbin kerosene na gargajiya gaba ɗaya. Anan 1 - algae, 2 - yankin Ireland, 3 - yanki na jihar Montana, 4 - amfanin gona na masara na shekara-shekara, 5 - Ryzhik, 6 - Jatropha, Yankin Ostiraliya ... Akwai wani abu da ya kamata a yi tunani game da :-) ...
Daidaitaccen ma'aunin bangarorin da ake buƙata don samar da albarkatun ƙasa don tsire-tsire iri iri, muddin sun maye gurbin kerosene na al'ada. Daidai ne :-) ...
Waɗannan dama ce da kuma abubuwan da suke akwai. Abubuwan da za su juya cikin duniyar da muke canzawa ba a bayyane suke ba. Ina so in yi imani da cewa ga mafi kyau :-) ...
Jirgin sama ya tashi ne a karon farko bisa tsiron biofuel dari bisa dari
Green Shuka U.S. Navy
Jirgin saman yakin Amurka samfurin EA-18G Growler, wanda ake wa lakabi da Green Growler, ya tashi sama da dari bisa dari na biofuels, in ji sojojin ruwan Amurka.
Jirgin saman farko ne na jirgin sama akan wannan nau'in mai. Green Growler ta tashi daga filin jirgin sama a Titin Kogin Patent a Maryland. Ba a kayyade adadin jirgin da ya wuce ba.
A cewar sojojin, injin da sigogin jirgin sun kasance kamar an hura jirgin sama mai da mai na al'ada.
Tun daga shekarar 2009, Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta bullo da wani babban shiri don rage amfani da iskar gas.
Da farko, wannan shirin yana nufin rage yawan amfani da makamashin hydrocarbon daga shekarar 2016, amma saboda dalilai da yawa ba za a iya cimma hakan ba.
Musamman, kamfanonin Amurka ba su iya samar da biofuels a cikin adadin sojojin da ake buƙata ba. Bugu da kari, irin wannan man fetur ya fi tsada sosai fiye da yadda aka saba.
Dalilin canzawar zuwa biofuel ga sojojin Amurka shine sha'awar rage adadin hayaki mai guba - Sojojin Sama, Sojojin Sama, Sojoji da Rundunar Sojojin Amurka sune manyan masu amfani da man fetir din a kasar.
Bugu da kari, sojan sun yi imanin cewa yayin da ake samar da manyan fasahohin tsiro biofuels, wanda Pentagon zai iya tallafawa, farashinsa koyaushe zai ragu kuma a karshe ya fadi kasa da farashin mai.
Kamar yadda shirin ya fara yin watsi da mai a hydrocarbon oil, sojojin na Amurka sun gudanar da wasu gwaje-gwajen kayan aiki tare da man shuke-shuken.
Musamman ma, jiragen sama zuwa cakuda mai na al'ada da man gas (1 zuwa 1) a daukacin manyan nau'ikan jirgin saman Navy na Amurka da kuma Haɗin Jirgin Ruwa suke aiwatar da su.
A ƙarshen Janairu na wannan shekara, ƙungiyar masu ɗaukar kaya ta jirgin sama John Stennis ta nau'ikan Nimitz, wadda aka harba tare da cakuda mai na al'ada (kashi 90) da man gas (kashi 10).
A lokacin tashin farko na jirgin sama mai fama da jirgi mai wuta ya cika da kashi 100 na biofuel, ana lura da Green Growler ta amfani da tsarin tebbetry na ainihi.
Ikon kulawar kayan aikin ya tabbatar da bin ka'idodin dukkan sigogin aiki na avionics EA-18G. Nan gaba kadan, ana shirin yin wasu jiragen sama masu yawa na Green Growler da sauran jiragen saman Amurka Navy, wadanda ke cike da iskar gas.
Bayan an gama gwaji, za a tabbatar da mai don amfanin yau da kullun.
U.S. Navy biofuels ana samarwa ta hanyar Ayyukan Bincike atesungiyar Binciken andungiyar da Kamfanin Chevron Lummus Global.
An samar dashi ta hanyar iskar gas na hydrosreating esters da mai mai kuma, dangane da halayensa, ya cika ka'idodin matukan jirgin sama na JP-5. Ba a bayyana cikakken bayani game da fasahar kera wannan mai ba.
Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da mai mai rapeseed, camelina da wasu tsire-tsire don wannan, har ma da kitsen dabbobi, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa esters methyl a gaban mai samar da kumburi.
Hanyoyi iri daban daban na samar da man shuke-shukana wasu kamfanoni na duniya ke haɓaka.
Don haka, a cikin watan Maris na wannan shekara, aka kafa tsarin Hadin Gwiwa da Tsarin Noma, ISEAS a Abu Dhabi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
Ya dogara ne da fasaha na kayan abinci iri-iri tare da kayan abinci ba tare da wani lahani na juna ba. An tallafawa aikin ta hanyar Boeing, Etihad Airways, Honeywell UOP, General Electric, Safran da Takreer.
Sabuwar shigarwa yana aiki a matakai da yawa. A matakin farko, ana dasa magunan ruwa na musamman a cikin wuraren waha tare da soyayyen kifaye da tekun plankton ko kuma ruwan teku.
Bayan haka, ana wadatar da ruwan da kayan abinci masu mahimmanci zuwa tsiron halophyte, tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya jure wa matakan gishiri na ƙasa ko ruwa.
Bayan halophytes, dan kadan ruwa ya lalata wadataccen samfuran halophyte ana dasa shi zuwa gonakin mangoro tare da tsire-tsire mai haƙuri.
Sannan, daga noman mangoro, ruwa ya shiga yanki mai tacewa, daga inda, bayan tsaftacewa, kawai zai koma cikin teku.
An tattara ajiya mai tsoka, tsire-tsire masu mutu, humus akan halophyte da tsire-tsire na mangrove kuma ana aika su zuwa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire.
A lokaci guda, za a iya amfani da tsohuwar plankton da kifi don samar da samfuran abinci iri daban-daban. Dukkanin lantarki a cikin ISEAS ana amfani da shi ta hanyar hasken rana.
Jirgin saman fasinja ya kammala jirgin sama na sa’o’i bakwai ta amfani da man shuke-shuken daga tsirrai
Etihad Airways ta ƙaddamar da jirgin sama na farko na kasuwanci ta amfani da takaddun tsire-tsire da aka yi da ruwan gishiri (tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya girma a cikin tekun bakin teku tare da yawan gishiri a cikin ƙasa)
Jirgin na biofuel ya kasance tare da sabbin injunan General Electric 1B, kuma tankokin mai suna cike da cakuda mai na yau da kullun da kuma iskar gas daga ruwa gishiri a kashi 50 zuwa 50.
Arif Sultan Al Hammadi, ma'aikaci na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Khalifa, ya lura cewa irin wannan ci gaba "alama ce ta sabon" a cikin amfani da tsabta mai ƙarfi don balaguron iska.
Jirgin halittar wannan jirgi shine ISEAS (Hadadden Kayan Tekun ruwa da Tsarin Noma) a Masdar, Abu Dhabi. An gano jirgin a matsayin mai nasara, kuma matatun mai tare da cakuda kerosene da biofuel akan hanya ba a buƙatar su. Kungiyar ISEAS, ta tallafawa kamfanoni irin su Boeing, Etihad Airways, Honeywell UOP da General Electric, sun fara aiki a watan Maris na 2016.
Tsarin kirkiro kwayoyin halitta ya wuce matakai da yawa. Na farko, yin amfani da bututu na musamman, ruwa ko ruwa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya tare da soya kifi da plankton, inda ya samo halaye masu mahimmanci.
Bayan haka, ruwan ya sha wani magani na musamman, sannan ana daskarar da shi zuwa shirye-shiryen shuka tare da tsire-tsire masu tsayayya da gishiri, gami da kansar, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama mai mahimmanci.
Bayan duk hanyoyin, samfuran wannan tsari, gami da ɓacin rai, ragowar tsiro da humus, sun juya zuwa biofuel, kuma ruwan da aka yi amfani dashi yana tsarkakakke kuma ya koma teku. Abin lura ne cewa dukkanin na'urorin ISEAS suna aiki akan bangarorin hasken rana.
"Jirgin Etihad ya tabbatar da cewa ISEAS tana canza dokokin wasan, wanda zai iya kawo fa'idodi mai yawa ga harkokin sufurin jirgin sama da bil'adama baki daya.
Kafofin fasahar da ake hakowa suna nuna kyakkyawan fata game da jujjuya hamada zuwa gaɓar tekun da ke samarwa wanda ke samar da wadataccen abinci da sararin samaniya, "in ji Mataimakin Shugaban Viceasa na Boeing Sean Schwinn.
A halin yanzu, wannan ba shine karo na farko ba lokacin da ake amfani da tsire-tsire kamar man fetur a cikin jirgin sama. A lokacin jirgin jirgi na gwaji a 2008, Air New Zealand tayi amfani da cakuda biofuels wanda aka samo daga jatropha da habaka gas na gargajiya daidai gwargwado. Boeing 747-400 ya kasance a cikin iska tsawon 'yan awanni.
Abubuwan da ake shirin amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu
BULLETIN Ilimin kimiyya na kimiyya
AYYUKANSA GA YAN AMFANIN BIOFUELS A CIKIN SIFFOFIN Sama
S.A. Rybkin, S.A. POPOVA
Labarin ya gabatar da sakamakon bincike kan bincike game da yin amfani da man shuke-shuken a masana'antar sufuri da kuma hasashen bunkasuwar amfani da fasahar biofuels don jirgin sama.
Kalmomi masu mahimmanci: makamashi, ilimin halitta, biofuel, masana'antar sufuri, jiragen sama.
Rarrabawar ajiyar ma'adinan hydrocarbon, hauhawar farashin makamashi, hauhawar da tattalin arzikin dogaro da shi ya sanya harkar mai ke haifar da bukatar neman sababbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi na gargajiya. Idan aka kwatanta da 2013, bukatar mai ya karu da ganga miliyan 1 a sati na biyu. Hasashen shekara ta 2015 yana nuna karuwar wannan alamar ta ganga miliyan 1.3 a sakan daya zuwa ganga miliyan 94 a sakan na biyu. .
Ofayan hanyar da za a rage dogaro a kan iskar gas na gargajiya ita ce amfani da madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi. Dangane da cikakken shirye-shiryen ci gaban ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere a cikin Tarayyar Rasha na wannan lokacin har zuwa shekarar 2020, babban ci gaban tattalin arzikin zamani shi ne ilimin kimiyyar halittu. A cewar kimomi, kasuwar kere-kere ta duniya a cikin shekarar 2025 za ta kai matakin dala triliyan biyu. US $
Rashin bunkasa ci gaban ilimin halittu na iya zama wata hanyar ci gaban jihohi. Ya danganta da aikace-aikacen ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere a cikin masana'antu na musamman, akwai nau'in launi mara launi na ilimin halittu:
1) "fararen" kere-kere na kere-kere - samar da man shuke-shuken, enzymes da fasahar kere kere ta fannin kere-kere a abinci, sunadarai da mai da sauran masana'antu,
2) “kore” ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere - ci gaba da aiwatar da ire-ire dabbobin da aka tsara a al'adun aikin gona,
3) “ja” ilimin halittar dan adam - samar da sinadarai na biopharmaceuticals (sunadarai, enzymes, kwayoyin) ga mutane, da kuma gyaran kundin halittar,
4) ilimin halittar "launin toka" yana da alaƙa da kariya ta muhalli, ƙirar halitta,
5) ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere "shuɗi" yana da alaƙa da amfani da kwayoyin halittun marine da albarkatun ƙasa.
A yanzu masana'antar kere-kere ta masana'antar injiniya ce mai karfi don ci gaban tattalin arziki a duniya.
A cewar Frost & Sullivan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, darajar fararen kasuwannin kimiyyar kere kere ta sama zata iya bunkasa yawan tsiro na kore (aikin gona) da jan (magunguna, magunguna).
Farin ilimin halittu masu farin jini shine tushen tsarin samar da kayayyaki don samfuran samfuran iri daban-daban sakamakon biocatalysis da fermentation.
A cikin labarinmu, za mu sanya kulawa ta musamman ga “fara” fasahar kere kere, watau amfani da man tsirrai. Biofuel man fetur ne daga albarkatun albarkatun kasa, wanda aka samu, a matsayin mai mulki, ta hanyar sarrafa tsiro na sukari ko tsaba na fyade, masara, soya, da sauransu.
Akwai matatun ruwa na ruwa (don injunan konewa na ciki - ethanol, biodiesel), mai kauri (katako, bambaro) da gaseous (biogas, hydrogen). Ana iya amfani da irin wannan biomass din a matsayin mai don injin da kuma samar da wutar lantarki.
Biofuels sun hada da abubuwa masu amfani da makamashin gas kamar su bioethanol (wanda aka yi da alkama, beets da masara, waken soya da sukari), biodiesel (wanda aka yi daga alkama, beets da masara, waken soya da sukari) da kuma biogas (wanda aka maye gurbin gas din biofuel na gas na halitta. an samu daga sharar kwayoyi, gami da sharar gida daga dabbobi da kuma datti da aka samu daga mahalli, kasuwanci da masana'antu waɗanda suka ci gaba da lalata gandun daji)
Akwai nau'ikan halittu iri biyu - na farko da na biyu. Manoman farko na halittu sun hada da bioethanol da aka samar da daga sukari, masara, alkama da sauran albarkatun hatsi, da kuma man gas da ake samu daga tsirran mai - soya, fyade, dabino, sunflower.
Nomarsu na buƙatar amfani da ƙasa mai arau mai inganci, da injunan aikin gona da yawa, gami da takin zamani da magungunan kashe ƙwari.
A bayyane yake cewa a cikin wannan halin, samar da man gas zai yi aiki da bangaren abinci na tattalin arzikin, wanda hakan zai cutar da rayuwar al'umma.
Abubuwa na biyu masu biofuels ana samarwa ne daga kayan abinci marasa abinci. Ya ƙunshi asarar mai da kayan mai, kayan lambu na bishiyoyi da ganye. Amfanin wannan man shine cewa tsire-tsire don sa za'a iya shuka shi akan ƙasan ƙasashe masu dacewa ta amfani da ƙarancin kayan aiki, takin zamani da magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Rashin kyashi shine cewa lignocellulose itace hadadden ƙwayar polymer wacce ke buƙatar manyan canje-canje na sinadarai, i.e. energyarin kuzari don samar da gas mai ɗorewa daga gare shi sama da samar da man shuke-shuken farko.
Koda yake, ingantaccen aikin samar da makamashi daga masu samar da halittun halittun dukkan mutanen biyu yakai kimanin kashi 50%.
Daya daga cikin ingantattun bangarorin amfani da man shuke-shuken a fagen sufuri shi ne raguwa da gurbatar da gurbata yanayi zuwa cikin yanayin.
Ana fasalta zirga-zirgar jirgin sama ta hanyar babban ƙarfin sufuri kuma, saboda haka, yawan kuzarin ƙarfi. A cikin jimlar yawan makamashi na masana'antar sufuri na duniya, yawan kuzari a cikin masana'antar jirgin sama shine 8%. Ga masana'antar jirgin sama, man fetur shine abu na biyu mafi girma na kashewa, kusan 18-20% na jimlar farashi.
Nan gaba, karuwa a farashin mai na iya shafar kwararar fasinjoji da raguwarsa, musamman kan hanyoyin gajeriyar hanya da matsakaita.
Yin la'akari da bayyanar sababbin sabbin fasahar (injiniyoyin tattalin arziƙi, inganta yanayin iska), waɗanda ke ba da damar haɓaka ƙarfin kuzarin ginin jirgin sama, yana da daraja biyan kulawa ta musamman game da yuwuwar yin amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama. Zuwa yanzu, manyan dillalai na iska a duniya suna magance matsalar rafuwar kwayar halitta.
A cewar Dokar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayyar Turai, ya zuwa shekarar 2020 manyan kasashen EU ya kamata su kara ragin biofuels din sufuri a cikin sufuri daga kashi 2% zuwa 10%.
Kasar Rasha tana kuma kokarin magance matsalar ta biofuels, amma zuwa yanzu muna magana ne game da samarwarta kai tsaye.
Don kuma ciyar da ci gaban masana'antun kere-kere, a ranar Afrilu 24, 2012, Gwamnatin ta amince da "Babban shirin Ci gaban Bazuwar a cikin Tarayyar Rasha na Tsawon Lokaci Har zuwa 2020".
Babbar manufar wannan shirin ita ce cimma nasarar jagorancin Rasha a cikin ci gaban fasahar kere kere, da suka hada da ilimin masana'antu da kere-kere, da kuma kirkirar bangaren tattalin arziki na duniya baki daya.
A karon farko, Lufthansa na Jamusanci ya yi amfani da man shuke-shuken. Jirgin da ya tashi daga Hamburg zuwa Frankfurt ta jirgin sama A321, ɗayan injunan da ke aiki akan cakuda abubuwa masu tsini iri iri da kuma kerosene na gargajiya a kimanin 50:50, wanda ya bamu damar nazarin halayen injunan guda biyu a cikin yanayin aiki na gaske da kuma bincika amfani da mai.
Yayinda kamfanonin jiragen sama ke motsawa daga jirage masu saukar ungulu zuwa amfani da man shuke-shuken, manyan masana'antun jirgin sama suna fara haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da dillalai kan samar da sabon mai.
A halin yanzu, an yarda da hanyoyin da yawa na samun biofuels don jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu:
1) "Sabunta mai keɓaɓɓen hade mai haɗari" (hada-paraffinic mai hade, SIP). Irin wannan man ana yin shi ne daga sinadarin hydrogenated fermented sugars,
an samo shi daga rake na sukari, don haɗuwa ta gaba tare da man jet na gargajiya (ba fiye da 10% na yawan),
2) Canza triglycerides daga mai kayan lambu da kayayyakin sharar dabbobi, wanda akafi sani da "hydrated esters and fat acids" (HEFA),
3) sarrafa takaddun biomass da albarkatun kasa daga ma'adanai zuwa cikin mai ta hanyar Fischer-Tropsch.
A Rasha, an shirya samar da biofuel daga amfanin gona irin su Camelina, wanda ke da dangin kabeji kuma, har kwanan nan, ana ɗaukar ciyawa. Daga wannan nau'in tsirrai, ana samar da man shuke-shuken zamani na biyu, ana samun su ta hanyar ba da izinin halitta ba tare da izinin iska ba.
Abin takaici, yin amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama a halin yanzu ba mai yiwuwa bane ta fuskar tattalin arziki, tunda ya fi tsada fiye da kerosene na yau da kullun. A cewar masana, farashin mai na iya durkushe a nan gaba (abin da muke gani yanzu).
A wannan halin, ɗayan matakan na iya zama wajibin dokoki don amfani da su, a cikin ɗaya ko wani rabo, mai tsabta, amma a lokaci guda mafi tsada madadin mai. Koyaya, irin waɗannan matakan zasu rage ƙwarewar tafiyar jirgin sama.
Merrill Lynch ya yi hasashen cewa dakatar da samar da man shuke-shuken zai kara farashin mai da gas da kashi 15%.
Sinopec, babban kamfanin matatun mai na kasar Sin, ya fara aikin samar da irin wannan matatun daga mai na dabino da kuma matatun mai na zamani da aka yi amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci a masana'antar sarrafa shara ta Sin.
Farkon gwajin jirgin China Airbus A320 da aka shirya zai tashi a kan irin wannan mai ya gudana ne a watan Afrilun 2013.Babbar matsalar a kasuwancin amfani da man shuke-shuken a yanzu shine babban farashi.
Biofuel wanda aka kirkira ta amfani da fasaha ta hanyar adana albarkatun kasa na rage fitar da hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 50-80% bisa tsarin rayuwarsa idan aka kwatanta da man fetir, don haka zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa ci gaban jirgin sama yayin inganta ayyukan muhalli.
Dangane da hasashen kasuwar jiragen sama ta shekara shekara ta Boeing, kasar Sin za ta bukaci karin sabbin jiragen sama sama da 6,000 domin biyan bukatun hauhawar hanzarin zirga-zirga a cikin gida da na duniya nan da shekarar 2033.
Hakanan ya kamata a ɗauka a cikin zuciya cewa motsin muhalli da kuma gabatarwar EU ETS suna da tasiri a kan zirga-zirgar jiragen saman cikin sharuddan gabatar da ƙarin harajin muhalli akan kamfanonin jiragen sama a nan gaba.
Daya daga cikin manyan masana'antar kera jiragen sama a duniya, Airbus da RT-Biotechprom, memba na Kamfanin Jiha na Rostec, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa a cikin samar da matatun jirgin sama a Rasha.
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta hannun Darakta Janar na RT-Biotechprom Sergey Kraevoy da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Airbus S.A.S a lokacin Jirgin Sama da Kasa na Kasa da Kasa na MAKS-2013. a fadin Turai Christopher Buckley.
A wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar da aka cimma, ana shirin yin nazari game da yuwuwar yin amfani da fasahohin Rasha da albarkatun albarkatun kasa (ƙirar ƙasa) don samar da abubuwan sarrafa iska a Rasha. Sakamakon farko an shirya za a samu ne a farkon rabin shekarar 2014.
Bayan haka, za a yanke shawara game da yiwuwar da kuma ingantaccen tattalin arziƙi na yin tsari a cikin Rasha don samar da albarkatun ƙasa don buƙatun jirgin sama daga albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa a kan masana'antu.
Wata hanyar da alama ke kara zama babbar alama ce faduwar darajar kudin samar da man shuke-shuken.
Dangane da wannan, bincike a fannin samar da kayan aikin gona na zamani, wanda zai ba da damar samar da adadin mai a kowane yanki na wuraren da aka shuka, ya zama ya fi dacewa.
Haka kuma, ya bambanta da tsire-tsire da ake amfani da su a masana'antar abinci da amfanin gida, abubuwan da suka shafi tasirin alaƙa an gyara su
tsire-tsire kowane mutum a wannan yanayin ba zai kasance kan ajanda ba. Matsayi mai wahala shine cewa irin waɗannan karatun suna da tsada sosai kuma suna iya wuce sama da shekara guda ba tare da tabbataccen tabbacin cin nasara ba.
A wannan batun, ana iya yin la'akari da manyan maganganu guda biyu, waɗanda suka dogara da yiwuwar canje-canje a farashin mai: a farkon lamari, farashin ya ragu, a karo na biyu ya tashi.
Yanayi na farko yana ɗaukar tsinkayar mummunan yanayi game da amfani da abubuwan biofuels, rage taƙaitaccen bincike da rage yankin da albarkatun amfanin gona suka mamaye.
A wannan yanayin, musamman idan farashin faduwa ya yi tsayi, za a iya dakatar da samar da man shuke-shuken gaba daya, kuma babu zancen amfani da shi.
Abubuwan da ake bukata game da wannan yanayin na iya hadawa da: ci gaban fasahar samar da mai, shigowar sabbin masu shigo da kayayyaki daga Afirka, Amurka da Asiya zuwa kasuwar mai, fadada yawan amfani da mai a wasu bangarorin, raguwar tattalin arzikin duniya da sauran dalilai.
Batu na biyu ya dace da haɓakar masana'antar biofuels da fadada amfani da ita. A lokaci guda, bai kamata mutum yayi tsammanin karuwa nan da nan game da amfanirsa ba, tunda wannan yana buƙatar isasshen canje-canje a cikin kayan fasaha da kayan aikin jirgin sama na farar hula, wanda bazai yuwu faruwa nan da nan ba. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na iya haɗawa da: haɓakar tattalin arzikin duniya da cinikin ƙasa, rage haɓakar samar da mai, raguwar farashin samar da man shuke-shuken, da sauran jama'a.
Don tabbatar da cigaban yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arziƙi na samarwa da kuma amfani da man tsirrai, ɗaukar irin waɗannan matakan siyasa kamar:
- kare talakawa da matsalar rashin abinci,
- kamewa da damar ci gaban noma da yankunan karkara,
- Tabbatar da dorewar yanayin muhalli,
- sake nazarin manufofin biofuel mai gudana,
- tabbatar da dorewa ci gaban biofuels ta tsarin kasa da kasa.
Daga binciken ya biyo bayan cewa a cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama na sama akwai tambayoyi da yawa fiye da amsoshi.
Ganin cewa rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki da tashin hankali na siyasa, lokaci ne na irin wannan ingantaccen matakin kamar amfani da man fetir a cikin jirgin sama bai zo ba tukuna.
Koyaya, tambayar kanta tana ba mu damar faɗi cewa akwai hanyoyi don ci gaban sababbin fasahar, gabaɗaya wanda, watakila, jirgin sama na gaba zai haɓaka.
1. Kasar Sin ta fara yin amfani da man shuke-shuken a cikin jirgin sama. [Kayan lantarki]. URL: http: // www. tsabtace. com / labarai / 2014/02/14 / kitai_nachinaet_ispolzovat_biotoplivo_v_grazhdanskoi_aviatsii.
2. Vishnyakov Y.D., Rybkin S.A.
Fahimtar sakamakon lura da yanayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki, la’akari da matsayin wayar da kan jama’a a matsayin wani abin da zai sa a tabbatar da tsaro / Matsaloli game da dorewar ayyukan kasashe da yankuna cikin tashe-tashen hankula da masifu na wayewar zamani: aikace-aikacen XVII International kimiyya da aiki conf akan matsalolin kare alumma da yankuna daga yanayin gaggawa. Mayu 22-24, 2012. M., 2012.S. 261-266.
3. Rybkin S.A. Dabarar ilimin Rasha: pan ko tafi // Bulletin na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa / Kayan kasa da kasa. conf "Al'adar muhalli a Duniyar Duniya," fitowar ta musamman. 2012.
SIFFOFIN CIKIN SAUKAR BIOFUEL A CIKIN SIFFOFIN CIKIN SAUKI
Rybkin S.A., Popova S.A.
Wannan kalma mai dadi bio-kerosene.
Abubuwan gwangwani na sukari, algae kore, furanni masu fure da ake kira saffron namomin kaza har ma da datti daga gwangwani na biranen birni - wanda kawai ba ya tafiya yayin gwaje-gwajen don nemo wani madadin abincin jet na gargajiya
Kuma kodayake kowane lita na biofuel yana da tsada fiye da na al'ada, masana kimiyya da masu ba da jirgin sama ba su tsayawa.
Transportungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama (IATA) ta ƙaddamar da wani buri mai ma'ana: nan da shekarar 2050, rage watsi da iskar gas na gas a cikin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da na 2005.
Kuma kodayake lamirin jirgin sama (da fasinjojinsu) kashi biyu cikin dari ne kawai na abubuwan da ke fitar da carbon dioxide na duniya, ana ganin cewa tashin jirgin saman yana daya daga cikin hanzarin haɓakar waɗannan iska.
Kuma tunda, ba kamar masana'antun kera motoci ba, jiragen sama ba za su iya canzawa zuwa injin lantarki ba, akwai abu daya da ya rage - don neman sabon, matattarar mai mai tsabtace muhalli azaman madadin mai jet na gargajiya.
Man fetur daga sharar gida
A cikin binciken sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da jet, fantamin injiniya bai san iyaka ba. A wannan bazara, alal misali, wani jirgin saman United United zai tashi daga Los Angeles zuwa San Francisco tare da cakuda kerosene na gargajiya (kashi biyu bisa uku) da kuma biofuels waɗanda aka samo daga sharar kwayoyin halitta na gida (kashi ɗaya bisa uku).
Kamfanin jirgin saman ya riga ya sanar da saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 30 a ci gaba da kuma samar da sabon nau'in man.
Kamfanin sayar da man da ke amfani da man da ke kera na United ya ba da izini ga fasahar samar da jet a cikin sharar gida, tana kera masana'anta ta farko a Nevada, kuma tana da shirin guda biyar a duk faɗin Amurka.
Isasar ta yi nesa da kamfanin jirgin sama guda ɗaya kaɗai da ke saka hannun jari a biofuels.
Jirgin saman Alaska na Amurka ya riga ya yi amfani da madadin mai a kan jiragen sama 75. Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na British British Airways na saran kammala aikin shuka ta biofuel kusa da 2017 a London Heathrow a karshen shekarar 2017.
Gwaje-gwajen tare da hanyoyin ilimin halittar jet man suna ta gudana shekaru da yawa. A shekarar 2011, Lufthansa na Jamus yayi gwajin jirgin A321 a kan titin Frankfurt-Hamburg har tsawon watanni shida. Manfetanta na mai suna rabin cika da man gas.
Haka kuma, Lufthansa tana yin gwaji tare da wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na rayuwa - akwai rapeseed, da jatropa, da mai na dabbobi, da kuma dabbar da ake kira Saffron. Haka kuma, Lufthansa ya zama mai gudanar da ayyukan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, a tsarin da ake gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da hanyoyin samar da biofuel daban-daban na kamfanonin jiragen sama.
Ofaya daga cikin manufofin Hukumar Turai ita ce kawo ƙarshen samar da injunan jirgin sama zuwa tan miliyan biyu nan da shekarar 2020.Lufthansa ya ɗauki mataki na gaba a cikin shekarar 2014, inda ya aika da jirgin sama cike da ckin kerosene na gargajiya da kashi goma farnesen daga Frankfurt zuwa Berlin.
A lokacin zafi na wannan shekarar, hukumomin Amurka sun ba da izinin yin amfani da man jet tare da ƙari na farnesene. Damuwar Amurkawa Amyris ta haɓaka fasaha don samar da wannan kayan daga sukari.
Bugu da kari, ana iya amfani da masara da sukari a matsayin kayan abinci.
Amma tunda dukkanin waɗannan tsire-tsire kuma ana amfani da su a cikin aikin gona don samar da abinci, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don nemo hanyar da za a sami takin zamani daga ƙwaya da ciyawa - don kar a yi gasa ga wuraren noman tare da masana'antar abinci.
Sojojin, ba su tsallake da tseren shiga sabbin hanyoyin samar da mai ba. Pentagon shima yana binciken kudi - kuma tuni yayi farin ciki da sakamakon.
Sojojin ba su bayyana tsarin mai ba, amma sun ce kashi 13 cikin 100 ya fi karfin jet na gargajiya. Wannan zai ba da damar jirgin sama na iya haɓaka kewayon jirgin zuwa daidai da kashi 13 cikin dari, ko kuma ɗauki wani jirgin.
Manyan tsare-tsaren
A halin yanzu, Boeing, tare da Etihad Airways, suna aiki akan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga tsire-tsire da aka tsiro akan ƙasa mai gishiri da ƙasa, wanda bai dace ba don amfani dashi a matsayin filaye da wuraren kiwo.
Babban fa'idarsu ita ce ba sa yin gasa tare da noma ga yankin kuma ana iya shayar da su da gishiri.
Wani jirgin saman Etihad ya riga ya yi gwajin minti 45 na gwaji ta amfani da cakuda kerosene na gargajiya da man da aka samo daga ganye. Idan komai ya tafi bisa ga tsari, to, za a bude wani fili tare da yankin kadada 500 a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don tsiro tsirrai a matsayin kayayyakin albarkatun kasa.
A cewar wakilan Etihad, kamfanin jirgin sama yana fatan ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da fasinjojin jirgin saman su akan layin da ya kai kashi ɗari bisa ɗari da ke cike da sinadarai.
Kuma a tsibirin Okinawa na wurare masu zafi da ke Japan suna yin gwaji tare da euglena algae (kawai laka mai laushi).
Daraktan Euglena Co. cike da kyakkyawan fata: a cewarsa, nan da shekarar 2020, kamfaninsa zai iya fara samar da injunan man jirgi domin jiragen sama bisa tsarin masana'antu.
Koyaya, duk waɗannan gwaje-gwajen har yanzu suna kan matakin farko. A game da duk fa'idodin, biofuels yana da babbar hasara - yana da tsada sosai fiye da man jet na gargajiya. A cewar masana Turai, kusan sau uku.
Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wannan batun bai dace da Rasha ba?
A kowane hali, manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasar suna amsawa tare da yin shuru game da buƙatun don yin sharhi game da yuyuwar amfani da sinadarin biofuel - buƙatun da aka aika zuwa ga manema labarai na Aeroflot, Transaero da S7 har yanzu ba a amsa su ba.
Hakanan akan batun jigilar iska. Garanti "manyan sabbin masana'antu guda 18 na masana'antar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta duniya", "Masu samar da jirgin sama 10 mafi aminci" da "mafi kyawun masana'anta guda 12"
Karanta eco-blog na Vladimir Esipov a shafin yanar gizon sabis na "Rasha"
Biofuel na jiragen sama: yaya gaskiya yake?
A yanzu haka ana yin gwajin daskararren maganin octane da yawa dangane da sharar gida a yanzu haka ana gwajin su a manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama. Babban aikin wannan aikin shine hana haɓakar gurbataccen carbon dioxide. Amma yaya ainihin canji daga mai zuwa lalacewa a masana'antar mai? Bari mu samu shi dai-dai.
Jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi niyyar amincewa da wadannan nau'ikan mai dawwamammen kayan aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin mahimman sassan shirin don kwantar da hankali tare da rage gurbatar muhalli ta hanyar jirgin sama zuwa 2020. Koyaya, masu sukar sun ce ba za a taɓa amfani da wannan dabarar ba saboda gaskiyar cewa kamfanonin jiragen sama ba su ɗauki matsalar da muhimmanci ba.
Ofayan babbar hasara na Yarjejeniyar Bala'in Paris, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2015, shine cewa ba shi da ma'anar hayaki daga jigilar kaya da jirgin sama.
Tabbas, idan aka kwatanta da masana'antar kera motoci, matakin gurɓataccen iska ta ƙarancin iska kamar ƙanƙanuwa: duk da haka, tuni a cikin shekarar 2015 adonsu ya kai 2% na adadin gurɓataccen iskar CO2 - kuma wannan ya riga ya yi tsanani.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na nau'ikan gas na gas fiye da sau ɗaya: alal misali, a shekarar 2008 Virgin Atlantic ta gudanar da jirginta na farko, a lokacin da aka yi amfani da tarin gwaje-gwajen gwaji na man ƙanshi daga mai da fatarar dabbobi. Bugu da kari, masana'antu sun ga samfuran jet mai daga sawun.
Wani sabon nau'in mai an yi shi ne daga giya mai suna "butanol," wanda aka samo shi ta ɗabi'a yayin aikin fermentation na samfurori da yawa, kamar gurasa. Amma, hakika, sake kayan aiki na masana'antar man fetur don samar da sinadari mai tsada zaiyi tsada da yawa kuma zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo wanda ba a yarda dashi ba.
A halin yanzu, farashin gas 1 na biofuel shine $ 3, wanda har yanzu kusan sau biyu yake daidai da farashin makamancin mai.
Wannan ba za a ambaci cewa kasuwancin mai, a yayin da ake juyawa zuwa wata hanyar samar da makamashi, zai rasa wani muhimmin sashi na ribar da suke samu, wanda hakan zai iya cutar tattalin arzikin kasashe da yawa (Rasha za ta kasance a cikinsu, za ku iya tabbata).
A sakamakon haka, ra'ayoyi sun rarrabu.
Tabbas, samar da matatun mai daga sharar kwayar halitta an fi so: a gefe guda, ba kawai hanyar tsabtace yanayi ne kawai don samun makamashi ba, har ma da cikakken tushen sabunta kayan albarkatun da basa ɗaukar dubunnan miliyoyin shekaru don samar da su. A wani gefen, masana'antar zamani ba zata iya wadatar da irin wannan alatu ba.
Koyaya, irin waɗannan metamorphoses a cikin masana'antu ba a taɓa samun su nan take.
A ka’ida, idan ka gabatar da fasaha a hankali, yayin da ka sanya jari a cikin ci gaban rassan kimiyya masu dacewa, to bayan wasu shekaru za ka iya samun karamin masana'antu amma a hankali yake bunkasa a masana'antar samar da mai, wanda sannu a hankali zai rage matsalar gurbataccen yanayi.
Biofuel na jirgin sama - ainihin makoma ne ko zato?
Kusan duk rahoton bincike da gabatarwa kan Jirgin saman biofuel kasuwa, in ji yuwuwar maye gurbin fetur da dizal da “takwarorin kore.”
Tambaya: "Nawa ne kudin", - ya hana mai kutse ya ci gaba da magana game da farkon shigowa zamanin.
Ofaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan motsawa ga masana'antu shine Haɗin gwiwar Sojan Sama da Navy na Amurka. An kasafta kudade masu yawa don bincike, kuma yau ana aiwatar da ci gaba ta amfani da kowane nau'in kayan albarkatun ƙasa.
Tun da Gwamnatin Amurka ita ce abokin cinikin shirin, za a samu kowane sakamako a kowane yanayi.
Musamman, sojojin ruwa na Amurka suna shirin tura duk jiragen saman zuwa 2020 by Cakuda 50/50 na kerosene na sararin samaniya da man shuke-shuken.
Wataƙila mafi girman mai aiki a cikin ci gaba a yau shine Swift man fetur. Koyaya, fasahar kamfanin ba za a iya kiranta da cikakken “man ƙirar biomass” ba.
Kamfanin yana karɓar babban mai octane, wanda ya dace don amfani da injinan jirgin sama na zamani, daga acetone. Ta wannan hanyar, sai ta sami nasarar samun manyan sakamako.
A lokaci guda, ba a kula da hankali sosai ga matakan samar da acentone daga ƙirar biomass - i.e. kai tsaye bangaren kore.
Daya daga cikin manyan tarkunan da ake amfani da man gas - yawaitar makamashi. A lokaci guda, ba shi da yawa cewa biofuel yana da ƙima kaɗan ta ƙima idan aka kwatanta da fetur, man dizal da kerosene.
Anan, da farko, buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa don samar da mai, i.e. a cikin ƙasar noma, wanda, yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke ƙaruwa, ya zama mai mahimmanci.
Kuma ga wannan alamar, ba za a iya kwatanta biofuels tare da kayan mai waɗanda aka samo daga rijiyar ba.
Bugu da kari, manufar masu biofuels ta sabawa dabaru na tarihi na ci gaban masana'antu. Da farko, ana amfani da itace ko'ina. Sannan an maye gurbinsa da mai, wanda ya ninka biyu sau ɗaya (tare da ƙimar adadin kuɗin da yake sau biyu mafi arha).
Abu na gaba ya zo da kayayyakin mai, wanda ya ninka ingancinsu, kuma, a karshe, makamashin nukiliya.
Saboda kuzari da sifofin tsada, biofuel bai dace da wannan sarkar Juyin halitta ba, kuma amfanin sa yana nufin mataki ne na baya, ko kuma a gefe zuwa ga ci gaban “kore”.
Akwai mai sauki misali na amurka. Don yin aiki da tsiro tare da ƙarfin shekara-shekara na galan miliyan 65, ana buƙatar aiwatar da makamashi na biomass kowace rana, namo wanda ke ɗaukar filayen kwallon kafa 15.
Kashe dukkanin tattalin arzikin Amurka tare da amfani da yau da kullun sama da galan miliyan 380 na man zai buƙaci gina irin waɗannan tsire-tsire sama da 2,100. Wannan lissafin baiyi la'akari da halin duk sarkar samar da man shuke-shuken ba: abubuwan shuka a cikin sukari - sukari zuwa cikin ƙasa.
A ina zan sami irin wannan girma na yankin da aka shuka, yadda za a inshora kan ku daga lalacewar amfanin gona kuma, mafi mahimmanci, yadda za a canja wurin wannan ɗimbin zuwa masana'antar sarrafawa da ci gaba ga masu cinikin?
Misalin yin aiki da masana'antar sarrafa takin zamani a Amurka ya nuna a fili sakamakon na iya samun ci gaban biofuels akan tattalin arzikin kasar.
Bioethanol da aka samar a cikin Amurka ya fi tsada nesa kamar analogues na gargajiya kuma a lokaci guda yana fafatawa ga ƙasar noma tare da albarkatun abinci, wanda ke haifar da rashin damuwa a tsakanin jama'a.
Don jirgin sama, biofuels, a zahiri, ainihin ciwon kai ne, tunda suna rufe yiwuwar amfani da matatun mai sosai.
Amma a lokaci guda, idan mai sana'anta yana da samfurin mara kyau, amma ya sami nasarar shawo kan Gwamnatin game da buƙata ta tallafi, Gwamnatin Amurka za ta tilasta aiwatar da shi ga masu siye. Sannan daga baya kuma ya ke tallafar da kamfanin samar da kudaden harajin da aka sanya wa masu amfani da shi.
Don haka, don dacewa da tsarin halittar gaba daya, ya zama dole albarkatun kasa su kasance da irin wannan halaye in an kwatanta su da mai daga matatun mai. A nan gaba, duk da kyakkyawan aikin masana kimiyya, irin wannan ma'auni ba zai yuwu a cimma shi ba.