Marten dutse (wani suna shine "fari-breasted") - karamin dabba daga cikin asalin halittar marten dangin Marten na umarnin dabbobi. Yayi tartsatsi a cikin Turai kuma yana nufin kawai jinsunan Martens waɗanda ba su da tsoron kusanci da mutane. Mafi kusancin dangi na marten dutse sune pine marten da sable, wanda za'a iya rikicewa daga waje. Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan dabbobin suna cikin wasu fasaloli na salon rayuwa da ilimin halittar dabbobi (tsarin dabbobi).
Habitat da mazauninsu
An rarraba marten dutse kusan a ko'ina cikin Eurasia kuma yana zaune a duk Turai, ban da yankuna na arewacin, Caucasus, Central, Asia andara da Yammacin Asiya, Kazakhstan. Ana iya samun sau da yawa a cikin tsaunukan Kudancin Altai, Caucasus da Crimea. Rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka, marten dutse na iya hawa zuwa tsayin 4,000 mita sama da matakin teku.
Belodushka tana jin daɗi a cikin ƙananan wurare a tsakanin tsirrai, a cikin gandun daji-steppe, a cikin wurare masu tsalle-tsalle da gandun daji, a cikin filayen gandun daji kusa da ƙasa mai araha, a zahiri, a cikin tsaunukan dutse, inda take zaune a cikin ɓoye, kogo, da wuraren ɓarna wuta. A zahiri, ya dace wa kowane yanki banda dusar ƙanƙara (gami da dasa shuki da duhu dazuzzuka masu duhu) da bushewa.
Marten dutse ba ya jin tsoron kusanci da mutum. A cikin gonar da aka bari, ita ma baƙi ce ta musamman, amma tunda ita dabba ce mai cin gashin kanta, tana kuma jan hankalin dabbobi da dabbobi. Bugu da kari, mace mai launin fari mai tsananin son gashi, don neman tsari da abinci, ta isa zuwa ga shingen gidaje (galibi har yanzu ana watsar da ita), har zuwa ɗakuna, situsshan, da shanu, inda ta tanadi ramukarta.
Amma wani lokacin gaba daya abubuwan da ba a zata ba suna jawo hankalin ta. Misali, shari'ar shigar sa cikin motoci sun zama ruwan dare. Canji mai danshi mai taushi kuma mai hawa mara nauyi a karkashin kaho da gnaws ta igiyoyi, keken birki, da sauransu. An yi imanin cewa, matattarar dutse suna da matukar sha'awar kamshin injin din. Masu mallakan motocin da ke zaune a wuraren da masu garkuwa da dutse ke da yawa musamman ma dole ne su sanya kayan kwalliya na musamman akan motocinsu.
Abincin Predator
Marten dutse dutse ne mai iko akan komai. Ita babbar abokiyar gaba ce ta masu amfani da linzamin kwamfuta, kananan tsuntsaye da kwaɗi. Idan ta sami damar kusancin mazaunin ɗan adam, to, za ta yi bukin idodin kan kaji, tattabara da zomaye. Yana zaune tare da duwatsu da kuma ƙwallan da aka watsar, ana cin jemagu. Abincinta na yau da kullun a kowane yanki na mazauninta sune kwari, manyan invertebrates, da larvae.
Dutsen Marten bai yarda ya lalata gidan tsuntsun da yake cin kwai ba, kuma idan girman girman gida da inda ya dace da ita, ita ma za ta iya zama a ciki.
Wani tushen abinci shine 'ya'yan itatuwa (musamman pears da apples), berries, haushi da ganyen bishiyoyi, ciyawar ciyawar tsire-tsire.
Halayyar
Kowane ɗayan yana bayyana adadin nasa, wanda ya ɗauka ya zama yankinsa. Dangane da yanayin, yana iya zama daga 12 zuwa 210 ha. Yankin sa yafi dacewa da lokacin shekarar da kuma jima'in dabbar - a cikin namiji ya fi ta mace girma. Marten dutse yana nuna iyakokin yankin "da aka sanya", alamar shi da feces da sirri na musamman.
Yawancin farar fata suna da aure, ba ɗayan ƙoƙari don tattaunawa na yau da kullun tare da sauran mutane ta hanyar gani. A lokacin aure ne kawai zasu iya saduwa da wasu mata da maza. Idan dabbar tayi ƙoƙarin kewaye yankin, wanda abokin hamayyarsa take ɗauka nasa ne, to, "bayyananniyar dangantakar" zai zama makawa.
Ana amfani da dutse mai dutse a matsayin maras nauyi da dabbobi ba dare ba rana, saboda cikin duhu ne kawai yake farauta ya kuma wuce gona da iri. Dabba tana motsawa gaba ɗaya a ƙasa kuma ta fi son irin wannan hanyar motsawa, amma idan ya cancanta, zai ma tsalle daga itace zuwa itace.
Ta gwammace ta zauna da marten dutse a wuraren da take da damar ba da sheƙarta - waɗannan ramuka na dabbobi ba sa tono ramukarsu.
Siffofin haifuwa da haɓakar zuriyar
Offspringa firstan fari na farin farin-shine ya kawo bayan ya kai shekara 15. A cikin maza, balaga na faruwa ne a watanni 12. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, hadi da mace na faruwa a lokacin bazara. An gabace shi da wasannin mating, wanda ya kunshi nasihu mai laushi amma mai dorewa yayin da ya dace da namiji, wanda babban aikinsa shi ne karya juriyar mace.
Bayan hadi, abin da ake kira adana iri da kuma adana shi a cikin mahaifa har sai lokacin bazara (kimanin watanni 8). A ƙarshen lokacin sanyi ko kuma farkon lokacin bazara, jaririn da ke farin fari ya shayar da jariran har tsawon wata 1, saboda a cikin watan Maris-Afrilu haihuwar san Afrilu - tsirara ne gaba ɗaya kuma makafi. Don buɗe idanunsu su fara gani, suna buƙatar wata daya, wata da rabi bayan hakan, suna ci gaba da shan madarar nono. Bayan an daina haila lokacin, 'Ya'yan sun fara nemo mahaifiyarsu. 'Yanci ya zo bayan wata shida.
Matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwar dutse ne shekaru 3, kodayake wasu mutane sun tsira daga shekaru 7 zuwa 10.
Bayyanar
Girman dutse marten tare da karamin cat, jikin yana da danshi da siririn dogon wutsiya mai ruwa, kuma wata gabar jiki tayi gajere. Murfin dabbar yana da triangular a cikin siffa tare da manyan kunnuwa. Za'a iya bambance marten dutse daga ferrets da minks ta wani wuri mai haske mai kyau akan kirji, wanda ya wuce matakai biyu zuwa gaban kafafunsa. Koyaya, jama'ar Asiya na wannan nau'in bazai iya samun aibobi ba kwata-kwata. Suturar dabbobi tana da wuya da kuma fentin launuka masu launin shuɗi-da shuɗi. Idon duhu mai duhu, wanda da dare yayi rauni sosai cikin duhu tare da launi mai launin jan ƙarfe. Hanyoyin da ke tattare da dutse na dutse sun sha bamban da na 'yar uwarta. Dabbar tana motsawa ta tsalle, kafafun kafa a gaban waƙoƙi na gaba, ta bar kwafin da aka shirya cikin nau'i-biyu (digo biyu) ko uku-uku (dige uku). Za a iya ganin kare mai kafa biyu mai dusar ƙanƙara a cikin dusar ƙanƙara lokacin da dabbar ta motsa a kan gallop, kuma ana iya ganin kare kare mai kafa uku a ƙasa ko jiko, yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasa wuta.
Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin farin-breasted da Pine marten suna da mahimmanci. Martine na Pine yana da wutsiya mai gajarta, ɗan tabo a wuyansa mai launin shuɗi, hanci ya fi duhu, ƙafafun kuma an rufe da ulu. Bugu da kari, marten dutse yana da nauyi, amma karami fiye da takwaran sa. Tsawon jikin wannan dabbar yana da 40-55 cm, kuma tsawon wutsiya shine cm 22-30. Weight zai iya kasancewa daga kilogram zuwa biyu da rabi. Maza, a matsayinka na mai mulki, sunada girma fiye da mace.
Rarraba
Marten dutse yana zaune a cikin tsaunukan marasa itace (a cikin Altai da Caucasus), a cikin dazuzzukan daji na ruwa (Ciscaucasia), kuma a wasu lokuta a cikin birane da wuraren shakatawa (wasu yankuna na Kudancin Russia). Rarraba a Eurasia, zaune a cikin Sashin Iberian Peninsula, Mongolia da Himalayas. Don haka ana iya samo shi a cikin ƙasashen Baltic, a cikin Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Crimea, Tsakiya da Asiya ta Tsakiya.
Wannan dabba ba ta zama a cikin gandun daji, ta fi son bude fili mai faɗi tare da ƙananan bushes da itatuwa keɓewa. Mafi sau da yawa, ya zaɓi ƙasa mai dutse, saboda wanda, a zahiri, wannan nau'in Marten ya sami sunan. Wannan dabba gaba ɗaya ba ta tsoron mutane kuma sau da yawa yana bayyana kusa da mutane - a cikin garkuna, ginin ƙasa da kuma ɗakunawa.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Kasancewa mai cin nasara a duk duniya, abincin Marten dutse yana da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, alal misali, jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, jijiya da zomaye, da kuma tsuntsaye masu matsakaici, kwaro, kwari da ƙwai tsuntsu. A wasu yankuna, wannan dabbar tana tono moles kuma ta lalata gidajen jemagu. A lokacin bazara, marten dutse yana cin abinci a cikin adadi mai yawa, galibi manyan gwoza. Wani lokacin yakan shiga cikin gidajen tattabara da kaji, da kai hari a kan kaji da zomaye, yakan ɗaukar tsaba da fruitsa fruitsan itaciya, kuma suka shiga cikin shara a cikin abinci. Maƙarƙashiya tana kashe mutum, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya fi abin da aka ci abin da ya sami damar ci.
Muhimmin sashi na abincin dabbobi shine abinci iri, 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries. A lokacin 'ya'yan itace ripening, farin-breasted dabbobi ci inabi, pears, apples, plums, raspberries, cherries, mulberries da inabi. Kusa da zuwa lokacin hunturu, dabbobin sun canza zuwa karnuka, juniper, ash ash, privet da hawthorn. A cikin bazara, suna ƙaunar jin daɗin ƙoshin inflorescences na linden da farin Acacia. Idan Marten dutse yana fuskantar zabi: fruitsa fruitsan itace ko nama, za ta ba da fifiko ga farkon.
Kiwo
Lokacin mating na dutse Marten yakan faru ne a cikin watanni na lokacin bazara, daga Yuni zuwa Agusta, amma saboda tsawon ciki, mace kawai tana haifar zuriya a cikin bazara, a watan Maris-Afrilu. Wannan na faruwa ne saboda tsawon lokacin da tayi a cikin mahaifar, saboda haka, mahaifar da ke cikin mahaifar tayi girma har tsawon watanni takwas, kodayake ciki da kanta a cikin cikakkiyar akidar ta na tsawon wata daya ne kawai - ragowar lokacin da ake adana zuriyar a jikin mace. Bayan haihuwa, yara uku zuwa bakwai gaba ɗaya marasa haihuwa ne, tsirara suke kuma idanu da kunnuwa. Kodan sun girma a mako na huɗu ko na biyar, wata da rabi bayan haihuwar, suna shayar da nono, kuma suka sami 'yanci ta faɗuwa. A lokacin shayarwa, mace tana shayar da jarirai kuma tana kare su daga hatsarin dake faruwa, kuma bayan hakan tana koyar da ppan kuliyoyi hanyoyin farauta.
Tsuntsaye masu fararen fata masu farin-barin suna barin gida a ƙarshen Yuli kuma kusan ba sa bambanta da manya a girma, kuma bayan molt na farko - bisa ga murfin furcinsu. Matashin dutse marten ya zama cikakkiyar yanci a ƙarshen bazara, kuma ya isa lokacin balaga bayan shekara guda, a cikin watanni 15-27.
Matsakaicin rayuwar dabbobi a cikin daji kusan shekara uku (a cikin daji) da kimanin goma (a cikin yanayi mai kyau), kuma a cikin bauta - sau biyu, 18-20 shekaru.
Biyan kuɗi
Zuwa yau, an san abubuwa huɗu na dutse masu martaba.
- Whitefinch na Turai yana zaune ne a Yammacin Turai da kuma wasu yankuna na ɓangaren Turai na tsohuwar USSR.
- Kifin kifin Crimean ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Crimea kuma ya bambanta dan kadan daga danginsa ta hanyar hakora, ƙaramin kwanyar da launi na Jawo.
- Halittar fararen halittar farin da ke zaune a Transcaucasia ita ce mafi girma a cikin (54 cm) tare da gashin furfura mai kyan gani da kyaun gani.
- Tsarin kifayen Asiya na Tsakiya ya zauna a garin Altai, yana da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen makogwaro mai cike da tsananin furci.