Dankalin Dankali Nematode | |||||||||||||
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Tsarin kimiyya | |||||||||||||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Superfamily: | Hankarini |
Subfamily: | Geteroderinae |
Duba: | Dankalin Dankali Nematode |
Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923
Dankalin Dankali Nematode (Latin Globodera rostochiensis) - wani nau'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jinsi ne wanda ke ba da izini a kan tushen dankali da tumatir, yana shafar sauran tsirrai daga dangin Nordhade.
A ci gaba da dankalin turawa, nematode faruwa a cikin tushen rundunar rundunar shuka. Marasa lafiya tsire-tsire samar da mai rauni mai tushe wanda ya juya rawaya da wuri. Little tuber an kafa, sun kasance ƙanana, kuma wani lokacin gaba daya ba ya nan.
Dankalin nematode dankalin turawa yana haifar da lahani musamman a cikin shirye shiryen gidaje kuma a filaye tare da rage jujjuyawar amfanin gona, inda dankali yake girma ba a canza shi ko kuma ya koma asalinsu a shekara ta biyu ko ta uku. Asarar amfanin gona zai iya zama 30-80%. Baya ga asarar kai tsaye, akwai asarar rai saboda hana ko hana zirga zirgar kayayyakin samfurori daga bangarorin kamuwa da cuta, tunda dankalin turawa nematode abu ne na keɓewa na waje da na cikin gida.
Dankali nematode an rarraba shi ne a mataki na cysts, waɗanda ke yin alaƙa da abubuwa dangane da ƙasa da ke gurbata kuma ana jigilar su a kowane nesa. Yawanci, ana ɗaukar cysts tare da kayan dasa, tare da ƙasa a kan tubers, tushen amfanin gona da kwararan fitila, ruwan sama da iska.
Nematodes dabbobi ne masu lalata. Mace suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin ciki, rabe-raben mahaifa, mahaifa, da kuma buɗewar jijiyoyin da ba a sanya su ba wanda ke buɗe a kan sassan jikin mutum. Namiji yana da testis daya na shiga cikin vas deferens. Yana gudana zuwa gutsi na baya kafin dubura. Takin ciki na ciki ne. Namiji yana da allura mai motsi mai ƙarfi, tare da taimakon abin da ya gabatar da maniyyi a cikin farjin mace.
Ya zo daga Andes na Kudancin Amurka. An fara samo shi a cikin Turai a cikin 1913 a Jamus tare da dankali da aka shigo da shi. Hakanan ana samun su a Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya. An fara gano shi a cikin Amurka a 1941, a Kanada a cikin 1960s, a Mexico a cikin 1970s.
Dankali nematode
Dukkanmu ana amfani da mu danganta noman dankalin Turawa tare da yaƙar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, da alama babu kuma ba zai iya zama mummunan kwaro akan dankali ba. Har ila yau, wakilai masu kula da sunadarai sun fi mai da hankali kan yaƙi da ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado, larbarta, a kan lalata ovipositor, da labaran da ke da alaƙa da fasahar aikin gona na dankali galibi ambaton dankalin turawa da dankalin turawa da yaƙi.
A zahiri, wani lokacin nematode yafi haɗari fiye da irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, wanda kwaro ne mai matukar hatsari, wanda, sabanin irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, wani lokacin mawuyaci ne kuma wani lokacin bazai yuwu ba.
Kwayar halittar kwaro
Nematode kanta ƙaramin tsutsotsi ne zagaye-zagaye, za'a iya ɗaukar girman su a matsayin microscopic.
Nematodes kwayoyin dioecious ne, an gano wannan ne kwanan nan, a baya an yi imanin cewa nematode shine hermaphrodite. Siffar jikin mace na mace mai zagaye ce, sun tara qwai. A ƙarshen ƙarshen lokacin dumi, ƙimar mace ɗaya ta mutu, sakamakon haifar da mafitsara, wanda ke da harsashi mai laushi sosai. Bayan haka, larvae ya fito daga mafitsarar.
Gabaɗaya, rayuwar sake zagayen nematode ta dogara da nau'in halittu, kuma kamuwa da ƙasa yana faruwa a lokutan dumama da yawa.
An gabatar da sabon nematode ga nahiyarmu, wanda galibi ba zato ba tsammani daga Kudancin Amurka sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata. A cikin Rasha, an gano farkon nematode a tsakiyar tsakiyar karni na karshe kuma yana yaɗu cikin duk yankuna ba tare da togiya ba.
Nau'in Nematodes
A cikin duniya akwai nau'ikan 20 nematode.
Ga tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa, da dama nau'in nematodes masu haɗari:
- kara nematode
- gall nematode,
- zinari nematode,
- ganye nematode,
- nematode mai kodadde ne.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan jinsunan jinsi a launirsu, yadda suke zama, a cikin mazauninsu.
Kara nematode
Yana da tsawon kusan 1.5 mm. Yana haifar da babban hatsari ga dankali, kamar yadda tsutsarta ke shiga cikin wadatar da dankalin turawa da haifar da lalacewar da mai tushe, wanda a zahiri yake jujjuya, su ma suna shafar furanni da harbe. Cyst na wannan nematode na iya zama mai dorewa har zuwa tsawan yanayi 5, harsashi mai ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma har ma yanayin zafin jiki baya iya halakar da shi.
Gall Nematode
Ya shafi da farko tushen tsarin dankali. Mutanen da suka manyanta a farkon rayuwar su fararen fata ne, daga baya kuma suka zama masu nuna gaskiya. Gall nematodes suna haɗe zuwa tushen tsarin tsirrai, a sakamakon abin da ake kira swellings da ake kira galls form akan su, saboda haka sunan nematode. A cikin galls, ovipositor nematode, kuma daga baya larvae.
Lambar Nematode
A hankali yana lalata tsarin tushe, yayin da yake fitar da gubobi, waɗanda suke cutarwa ga tsirrai. Wannan tsararren nematode yana haifuwa ta hanyar cysts, kowane ɗayansu lambobi har zuwa qwai 700.
A cikin wannan nau'in nematodes, cysts suna da ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu, ba su mutu kuma ba su rushe ko dai ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin zafi mai zafi sosai, ko kuma ƙarƙashin ƙarfin yanayin zafi, in ji, a cikin lokacin hunturu. Koda radadi da magungunan gargajiya basa samun damar rusa cysts din nematode na zinari. Cysts nematode na zinari zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 11.
Za a iya samun cysts na zinare a lokacin da suke tono busheshen dankalin turawa, ana hango su kamar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa suna da launin zinare, adadinsu wani lokaci babba ne.
MUHIMMIYA
Lokacin yin tono bushes kuma gano adadi mai yawa na cysts akan su, bazaka iya ƙoƙarin girgiza su ba!
Don haka za ku kara tsananta yanayin, kuma cysts zasu fada cikin ƙasa.
Abinda yake haɗari nematode
Nematode yana tasiri tushen tsarin dankali, stolons, tubers. Iya ikon shiga mai tushe ba tare da wahala mai yawa ba.
- Dankali na tsire-tsire suna fara raguwa a baya a cikin girma, bayar da ƙarancin yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma mutu lokacin da cutar ta kamu da ita.
- Tubers shafi nematode yawanci fara rot. Irin waɗannan 'yan tubers ba a cinye su a abinci, kuma ba shi da amfani a ajiye su a adana.
- Bugu da kari, koda kuwa nematode yakan cutar da shuka dan kadan, yakan dauki kwayar cutar kwayar cuta. Kuma idan lalacewar jiki ta kasance ƙananan, to, ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ɗauke da nematode za su yi aikinsu kuma har yanzu suna lalata shuka.
Daga dankalin turawa, nematodes zaka iya rasa amfanin gona ba kadan
kuma wani lokacin har ma fiye da daga irin dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro.
Asarar amfanin gona galibi ya wuce 50% kuma ya kai 80%.
Hadarin ga tsire-tsire ya fi yawa, saboda wani lokacin ba zai yiwu a kayar da cikakken nematode ba, suna da tsayayya ga kwari iri iri. Nematodes suna parasitize mafi yawa a cikin ɓangaren shuka wanda yake ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma wannan a wasu lokuta yana rikitar da aiki kuma yana rikitar da ganewa da kuma gano kwaro.
MUHIMMIYA
Nematode ba hatsari bane ga yan adam
Ta yaya za a fahimci cewa dankalin turawa ya buge da ƙima?
A zahiri, yana da matukar wahala a gano nematode akan dankali a farkon matakan, saboda nematode yana zaune a karkashin kasa.
Sau da yawa, lambu fahimci cewa dankalin turawa, shuke-shuke shafi nematode a hanyoyi da dama:
- ganyen ganye ya fara jujjuyawa, ya yi asara,
- Lokacin da tsirrai suke bushewa,
- Abubuwan da suka shafi lalacewar harbe da furanni dankalin Turawa galibi ana ganin su.
Zai yuwu a iya tantance kasantuwar nematode ta waɗannan alamun, wannan ƙari ne. Koyaya, debe wannan shine lokacin da tsire-tsire suke so, yawanci bashi yiwuwa a cece su.
Alamun farkon alamun nematode akan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sune
- yellowing mai kaifi daga gefukan ganyayyaki na ganye, lokacin da babu sauran yanayi don wannan,
- Bugu da ƙari, yana yiwuwa a magana game da kasancewar nematode akan tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa ta hanyar koda ƙananan nakasawa da kumburi a kan mai tushe - wannan alama ce kawai kara nematodes,
- Kari kuma, idan kun lura da wan ƙaramin murƙushe ƙananan ganye da harbewa ba wani dalili ba, to wannan shima yana nuna kasancewar yanayin nematode,
- kuma idan akan dankalin Turawa ba karamar fure da furanni ba, wannan kuma yana iya fada mana game da kasancewar yanayin nematode akan tsirrai.
Idan dankalin turawa, tsire-tsire suna tasiri da wani nematode, to, ba za su iya fure ba kwata-kwata, kuma yawan abincin dankalin turawa ne mafi yawanci ana lura dashi.
Idan kun tono irin waɗannan tsire-tsire, to, a kan tushen tsarinsu zaku sami tsauri - suna nuna kasancewar karin kayan abinci, amma idan kun ga cyst kwallaye, to wannan yana nuna kasancewar zinare gwal.
Game da shakka, Ina ba ku shawara ku tuntuɓi kwararrun ɗaya daga cikin masu ikon sarrafawa, tunda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta cemat. Gano lokaci da lalata wannan kwaro shine mabuɗin don ci gaba da cikakkun kayan dankali a wannan yankin.
Chemical
Don ingantaccen ikon sarrafa ƙwayar nematode, ya dace a yi amfani da kwari daga rukunin nematicides.
1. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da kwayoyi daga ƙungiyar hulɗa, kamar
2. An yarda da amfani fumigantwanda a cikin nau'in gas ya shiga cikin kwaro ya kashe shi, waɗannan magunguna ne:
Ma'anar gwagwarmaya
Ba shi da tasiri a yi amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan infusions da kayan ado don magance nematode, kawai za ku ɓata lokacinku da ƙarfin ku, babu ma'ana daga gare su ko hakan zai kasance, amma yana da matuƙar ƙanƙanta. A wannan yanayin, shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu zasu fi tasiri sosai fiye da magungunan jama'a dangane da abubuwan ƙyalli da infusions, kuma babu wata illa ga muhalli daga shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu har da infusions da kayan ado.
Ruwan zãfi
Daga cikin shahararrun matakan sarrafawa, watakila mafi inganci shine amfani da ruwan zãfi don ƙona su da ƙasa.
- Amfani da wannan iyakar ruwan zãfi.
- Dole ne a saki ƙasa kuma a yayyafa shi da ruwan zãfi.
- Yana da kyau a maimaita hanya sau da yawa don a shafe ƙasa sosai da zurfin zurfin.
A bayyane yake cewa narkar da ƙasa ta hanyar zuba shi da ruwan zãfi ya dace don samarwa a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Amma a cikin manyan yankuna, daga kadada 10 da ƙari, ya dace don amfani da shirye-shiryen sunadarai.
Yaya za a hana nematode ya bayyana a kan dankali?
Ganin cewa nematode kwaro ne mai matukar jituwa kuma yana da tsayayyiyar kwaro, don haka yana da mahimmanci ayi duk kokarin da zai hana bayyanar sa a shafin.
Hanyoyi na akrotechtech suna da alaƙa da matakan kariya na rigakafi fiye da cikakken matakan kariya ko matakan kariya na kwaro.
- Don haka, alal misali, matakan kariya da aka yi niyya su hana bayyanar wani nematode da kuma kare tubers daga hare-harenta suna kwantawa a cikin ramuka lokacin dasa shuki da albasa dankalin turawa a cikin adadin hannun.
- A cikin wuraren hutu bayan girma dankali a kansu, Ina bayar da shawarar girma kore taki a cikin yarda da duk agrotechnical hanyoyin don daya ko wata al'adu na akida.
1. Shuka abu
Matakan rigakafin sun hada da saukowa akan shafin musamman lafiya tubers dankali ba tare da 'yar alamar alamar kwaro a farfajiyarsu a cikin nau'i na cysts ko a ciki kamar yadda rayuwa take ba.
Buƙatar lokaci kewayakayan dankalin Turawa, musamman idan akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ko lalata ƙasa.
A dabi'ance bukatar amfani iri ne dankalin turawa masu tsayayya da dankali,
1. daga farkon cultivars, wadannan sune:
2. daga tsakiyar-farkon:
3. daga tsakiyar kakar:
4. daga matsakaici-latti:
An lura da waɗannan cultivars ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa lokacin da larvae ya shiga cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, sun fara taurara nama, a zahiri suna toshe kwaro a cikin tuber, bayan wannan larvae sun mutu.
2. Juyawar Shuka
Lura da dokokin juyawa na amfanin gona. Matakan sarrafawa na Agro-fasaha na sarrafawa ko kariya daga ƙannen dankalin turawa sun haɗa da canjin shekara a yankin da aka shirya yin dankali.
Babban abu ba shine dasa dankali a wannan shafi tsawon shekaru ba a jere, wannan zai haifar da tarin kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari da yawa a cikin ƙasa, gami da nematode.
3. Kulawa
Koyaushe sanya dutse mai dacewa na tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa, yi yaƙi da ciyawa, tsire-tsire dankalin ruwa, kuma idan an sami tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta, cire su daga shafin kuma ƙone su a waje da yankinsa kuma a cikin yanayin sa su cikin tarin takin, tuna cewa cysts nematode kasance mai yiwuwa har zuwa shekaru 11.
Sakamakon haka, zamu iya cewa nematode mai cutarwa ce, kwaro ne mai keɓewa, kawai rigakafin bayyanarsa, dacewarsa da kuma kula da lokacin nematode zai kawar da faruwar hakan ko kuma ya hana kasancewar wannan kwaro a yankin ku.
AMFANIN SAUKI
- Game da aikin
- Sanya app na hannu
- Don haɗin kai, rubuta zuwa [email protected]
- Yin amfani da kayan aikin antonovsad.ru mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da bayyananniyar asalin tushen da kasancewar hanyar haɗi mai aiki
Gidan Lambun Antonov - wani shafi ne na mazauna bazara masu son ci gaba
Muna gayyatarku zuwa kusurwar mu mai gamsarwa! Muna farin cikin yin magana da kuma sa ido ga irin hutu na 'yan lambu, da ke da masaniyar lambu da kuma masu gwaji waɗanda za su ba da shawara da amsa tambayoyin.Muna da sha'awar tattara labarai, horarwar bidiyo, hotuna da kuma manyan darussan a duk faɗin Rasha don sa ya dace da kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa. ka karanta ka gani.
Yanzu akwai labarai 2,000 game da namo tumatir, cucumbers da barkono, kula da apple, pear da plum, shuka iri don shuka, a cikin gidan kore da kuma a cikin ƙasa, samuwar bishiyoyi da tsirrai, pinching da kayan lambu, da kuma kayan furanni.
Yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mazauna bazara don tantance ainihin lokacin shuka da kuma kwanakin ranakun shuka, shayarwa, hadi da shuki. Don yin wannan, muna buga kalandar Lunar ta yau da kullun kuma sanya jerin ayyukan aikin lokaci daga Janairu zuwa Disamba.
An cika sassan da bayanin kula akan kayan aikin gona na 'ya'yan itatuwa, berries, furanni da kayan marmari. Akwai dabaru na aikin lambu mai fa'ida don duk yankuna yanayin damina. Yaushe shuka da albasa da tafarnuwa a karkara? Yadda za a kula da inabi a tsakiyar rariya? Wadanne nau'oi za a zabi don Yankin Gabas? Yadda za a tsara wardi a Siberiya?
Kowace rana muna ƙara rubutu kan yadda za a adana lafiyar seedlings, kare yara ƙanana daga bala'i da kuma samar wa mazaunan karkara cikakken abinci da ingantaccen abinci. Baƙi suna farin cikin raba abubuwan lura kan yadda mazauna gidajen katako da gadaje suke samun ƙarfi. Tare muna neman hanyoyi masu inganci don magance cututtukan kwari da kwari, muna lissafin halayen hadi da hadi.
Kuna son yin fahariya da tumatir mafi girma? Zaɓin mafi kyawun kayan katako don salting? Ka nemi lokacin girbi? Ana ƙoƙarin hanyoyin aminci don kawar da ciyawa? Barka da zuwa tambaya a sashin Tambayoyi da Amsa da samun amsoshi da sauri da sauri. Kwararru tare da gogewa, masana kimiyyar aikin gona, masu bincike da masu son gogewa zasuyi alfahari da gabatar da rayuwar dan adam da kuma shawarwari.
'Yan lambu suna da marmarin haɓaka mai ban mamaki da ke cike da kyawun tsirrai da girbin karimci! Faɗa mana yadda ka zaunar da baƙin baƙi a cikin gadaje, abin da labarai na ƙasashen waje sun gwada. Nuna hotuna da bayyana abubuwan lura da lambun. Editocin da masu karatu suna farin cikin koyan cewa sun girma a Transbaikalia da Primorye, yankuna Leningrad da Moscow. Sayarwa da saya seedlings? Neman rare tara tara tsaba? Sanya tallace-tallace masu zaman kansu kan siye da siyarwa, bincikawa da kuma samar da ayyuka .. Idan akwai manyan tumatir na zaɓin marubucin dama a yankin ku ko an aiko daga Urals!
Da kyau, lokacin da kake son yin hutu daga kasuwancin ƙaunataccen ku, nemi cikin girke-girke Masu Amfani - don lafiyar jiki da tebur mai daɗi. Sauƙaƙan ɗamara da mayuka a gida, shirye-shiryen farin ciki, salads, 'ya'yan itaciya da abinci mai ɗanɗano - duk abin da ke daɗaɗawa a cikin kakar kuma yana kama da ɗanɗano' ya'yan itatuwa sabo a maraice na hunturu. Gidan Antonov yana da farin ciki ga duk wanda mazaunin bazara da noma shine tushen farin ciki da wani yanki!
Bayanin kwaro
A cikin daji, akwai nau'ikan jinsin nematodes sama da dubu 20 - maɗaurin zagawa, yawancinsu ƙwaya ne. An kawo su Turai daga Kudancin Amurka, kuma fiye da ƙarni yanzu, a cikin kasashen Turai, manoma da makiyaya suna fama da wannan annobar.
A cikin ƙasarmu, an lura da farkon kwari a tsakiyar karni na 20, yanzu ana samun nematode a duk yankuna.
Menene nematode? Wannan tsutsar microscopic ce wacce ke lalata tushen, stolons, dankalin dankalin turawa, ta shiga cikin mai tushe, wanda yayi saurin dakatarwa kuma ya dakatar da girman bushes. Yawancin hanyoyin nemo na dioecious, bawai hermaphrodites ba. Mata yawanci suna da jikin da ke zagaye da su wanda ƙwai ke tarawa.
A ƙarshen bazara, mata suka mutu, suna ƙirƙirar mafitsara tare da harsashi mai ƙarfi, daga abin da larvae a hankali ya fito. Tsarin rayuwar tsutsotsi ya dogara da nau'in, kamuwa da ƙasa tare da m yana faruwa tsawon shekaru.
'Ya'yan isu sun lalace, ba za a iya ci su ba, adana su. Nematode mai ɗaukar hoto ne na wasu cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo, wanda ke ƙara lalacewar lalacewarsa. Ire-iren wadannan cututtukan da suke zagaye ba masu hadari bane ga dan adam.
Zai yi wuya a iya yaƙar da shi, kamar yadda tsutsotsi suke nuna juriya ga kwari na al'ada, suna gurɓataccen ɓangaren ɓangaren tsire-tsire, wanda ke sa ganewar asali da wahala.
Iri daban-daban
Yawancin nau'ikan nematodes suna da haɗari ga tsarukan dankalin turawa:
Bambancin suna cikin canza launi, kazalika da salon rayuwa, mazaunin tsutsauran fata. Mahimmin fasali:
- kara nematode ya kai tsawon mil 1.5, yana da haɗari ga dankali, tumatir, eggplant, legumes, tafarnuwa. A larvae na tsutsotsi shiga cikin stolons da tubers dankali, saboda abin da nakasawa da mai tushe (bloating), furanni, harbe faruwa. Cysts wanzu kimanin 4-5 shekaru, da harsashi lalacewa ta hanyar zafi,
- gall - yanayin ƙasa a kan tushen dankali, da kuma a kan wasu tsire-tsire na dangin Nightshade. A farkon matakan, manya (manya) fararen fata ne, sannan launi ya canza zuwa bayyananne. Nematodes sun haɗu da tushen, wanda aka kafa swellings (galls) tare da ƙwai da larvae,
- zinare - lalata Tushen, sakewa da gubobi waɗanda ke lalata shuka. Sake yin - ta hanyar cysts, kowannensu na iya samun ƙwai 600-800. Cysts na irin wannan tsutsotsi baya rushewa a yanayin zafi da ƙanƙanuwa, a ƙarƙashin hasken rana, bayyanar da cutar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na gargajiya. Zaman rayuwar cysts har zuwa shekaru 10. Ana samun su yayin rami na bushes, lokacin da ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa na launin zinare ana iya ganin su a tushen.
A bayanin kula! Lokacin tono wani daji da ke da cutar, ba za ku iya girgiza tushen ba, in ba haka ba cysts sun fado kuma sun fada ƙasa.
Kodadde mai laushi ya yi kama da nau'in zinari, shima yana nufin nau'in halittar cyst, amma launi na cysts ba rawaya bane, amma launin ruwan kasa-brown. Ganyen tsutsotsi iri daban-daban suna cikin filayen ganye na tsire-tsire, wanda hakan ke haifar da cin zarafin ɗaukar hoto da kuma tsiron amfanin gona.
Alamun Lalacewar Dankali
Ba shi da sauƙi a gano kwaro a kan wani rukunin yanar gizo, tunda yana zaune a ɓangaren tsire-tsire ƙarƙashin ƙasa. 'Yan lambu yawanci suna yin kararrawa lokacin da suka lura da rawaya da wilting na dankalin turawa, bushes maras kyau na fi ko ƙananan furanni. Amma waɗannan alamun suna bayyana lokacin da tushen da tubers na al'adu suka kamu, kuma shuka ba zai sami ceto ba.
Gaskiyar cewa saukowar lalacewa ta hanyar tsutsa tsutsa ana iya samun ta alamun waɗannan masu zuwa:
- kaifi mai tsini ba tare da wani dalilin dalili ba
- lalacewa (kumburi) na mai tushe (tushe nematode),
- withering na ƙananan ganye da harbe a kan bushes,
- baƙon abu ba ne ƙananan furanni da furanni.
A wasu halaye, tare da mummunar lalacewa, akwai rashin fure, kazalika da fiɗa na fi. A kan tushen bishiyoyin da abin ya shafa, ƙuraje (gall) ko kwallayen cysts (nematode na zinari) ana gani.
A bayanin kula! Idan ana zargin cewa tsutsotsin tsutsotsi sun lalace da tsutsotsi na nematode, to dole ne a gayyaci kwararru daga hukumomin gudanarwa.
Chemical
Ko da masu ba da shawara na aikin gona sun yarda cewa yana da tasiri sosai don amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a kan tsutsotsi na nematode. Haka kuma, ba magungunan kashe kwari na gargajiya ba, amma an kirkira "musamman" sunadarai "- kudaden daga kungiyar nematicides.
- aikin tuntuɓi - Karbofos, Lindane, Phosphamide,
- fumigants - aiki akan m, shiga cikin jikinta a cikin nau'ikan gas, Chloropicrin, Nemagon, Carbation.
Bayan sunadarai, ana amfani da shirye-shirye masu ratsa jiki, wadanda suka hada da Metarizin da Basamil.
Magungunan magungunan gargajiya
A cikin yaƙar kwaro, infusions na ganye da kayan ado ba su da tasiri.
Abinda ke rikita wasu kwari kuma yana da kyau don rigakafi da magani a farkon matakan da basu dace ba a cikin yanayin tare da nematodes.
Sakamakon ƙarancin lokacin da lalata larvae na tushe iri-iri yana ba da ƙwaya a cikin ƙasa daga ruwan zãfi. Amma irin wannan hanyar tana da sauƙin aiwatarwa a cikin ƙananan lambuna, yayin da dole ne a yi amfani da magunguna akan filayen dankalin turawa.
Mazauna rani kuma suna yin dasa shuki kusa da gadaje na dankalin turawa, na marigolds, ƙanshin wanda ke tsoratar da tsutsotsi.
Hanyoyin agrotechnical
Hanyoyin aikin gona shine mafi yuwuwa matakan rigakafin da ke hana nematode dankali ya bayyana a shafin. Daga cikinsu akwai:
- kwanciya a cikin ramuka a lokacin da dasa shuki da tubers na husks na albasa scaring bãya tsutsotsi,
- na shekara-shekara canjin dankalin turawa,
- dole namo kasar gona (shuka na kore taki, sauran shafin),
- bi yarda da duk dabaru na al'adun fasaha na gona.
Matakan hanawa
Nematode kwaro ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai jurewa, saboda haka ya fi sauƙi a hana shi fitowa a cikin lambun fiye da cinye lokaci da kuɗi akan mawuyacin hali kuma ba koyaushe yake yin gwagwarmaya ba.
- dasa shuki lafiya,
- disinfection dankali kafin dasa,
- bin ka'idodi na juyawa na amfanin gona. Yawanci, mazauna bazara sun shuka iri a wuri guda tsawon shekaru, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari suka tara a cikin ƙasa, kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya ninka goma,
- aiki na tubers kafin dasa shuki da ruwan zafi,
- kan lokaci mai kyau, hayar, ciyawar shuki,
- cire tsirrai daga tsintsiya (dukansu a lokacin girma da bayan mun girbe dankali).
Masu shayarwa masu shayarwa iri iri da kuma nau'ikan dankalin turawa da ke tsayayya da harin baƙon nematode (duba tebur).
Ripening iri | Sunaye |
Da wuri | Rikea, League, Bellarosa, Rosara, sansanin soja, Sandrine, Gloria |
Mid da wuri | Aubriy, Dobrochin, Gala, Sante |
Tsaka-tsaki | Aurora, Yanka, Hussar, Cascade |
Tsakar-gari | Banafa, Ruta, Grouse |
Daga baya | Vectar, Zhuravinka, Ragneda, Volara |
A cikin irin waɗannan nau'ikan, lokacin da aka gabatar da larvae, hardening kyallen takarda yana faruwa, kuma kwaro yana walled a cikin tuber. Yawancin tsintsayen dabbobi sun rasa ikon ci, sannan kuma su mutu.
Kammalawa
Bayyanan nematode akan dankali yana kama da bala'in halitta, tunda wannan kwaro yana haifar da babbar illa ga al'ada. Preventionarancin rigakafin zai ba ku damar jimre wa nematode, kazalika da bin fasahar noman dankalin turawa da matakan kariya na kan lokaci.
Lalacewa Dankalin Dankali Nematode
A farkon matakan kamuwa da cuta, yana da matukar wahala a gano kwaro. Alamomin masu zuwa suna nuna bayyanuwar dankalin turawa nematode:
- tsire-tsire suna dab da baya cikin girma,
- m mutuwar da ƙananan ganye,
- koren taro yana bushewa lokaci daya kuma yana fara juyawa,
- Manna sun yi laushi
- kadan fure ko cikakken rashi,
- mutuwar bushes, tubers na kananan size,
- Tushen juya launin ruwan kasa.
Idan wuraren da bazuwar waɗanda ke da tsire-tsire masu tasowa sun bayyana a filin dankalin turawa, wannan na iya zama alama ta kashi mafi kusa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, alamu sun bayyana a fili kwanaki 40-50 bayan dasa shuki.
Hadarin da ke tattare da nean adam na matanyen dankalin turawa na zinare ba ya cikin kamuwa da cutar mutum da kansa ta hanyar cin amfanin gona, sai dai a rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, wanda zai iya kaiwa kashi 80% da kuma rashin dacewar rukunin shuka diyan nomar Noma tsawon shekaru 10.
Ta yaya nematode dankalin turawa na zinari yadawo da yadda ake sarrafa shi
Duk da cewa nematode mallakar abubuwan keɓewa ne, amma mazauninsu yana faɗaɗa koyaushe. Cysts daga ƙasa masu gurbata suna canjawa:
- da iska
- a kan takalmi, implements,
- tare da ruwan sama
- tare da dasa kayan.
Idan an gano alamun tsutsotsi na parasitic, tambayar yadda za'a magance matsalolin dankalin turawa waɗanda suka zauna a cikin ƙasa ya zama dacewa. Alas, har ma da irin wannan ƙwayar magungunan Tiazon ba zai iya kawar da matsalar gaba ɗaya ba, saboda cysts suna da rauni sosai a sakamakon cutar guba. Dukkanin ayyukan an yi niyya ne don haɓaka da rage haɓakar yawan jama'a:
- Bayan an girbe, an yayyafa ƙasa da lemun tsami a cikin maɓallin; a lokacin tono an haɗe shi da ƙasa.
- A lokacin dasa tubers, dintsi na ash gauraye da 1 tablespoon na tsuntsu droppings da uku dintsi na busassun an kara da kowace rijiya.
- Don halakar da larvae bayan dasa, zaku iya noma ƙasa tare da maganin maganin kwari tsuntsaye. A saboda wannan, daskararren kaji mai narkewa da ruwa tare da ruwa a cikin rabo na 1:20. Na 1 square. m cinye daga 5 zuwa 10 lita na ƙare bayani.
- A farkon bazara, don ta da sakin larvae daga cysts, an shirya tincture na dankalin turawa. Kiloaya daga cikin kilogram na tafiyar matakai yana buƙatar murƙushe shi, zaku iya amfani da niƙa nama, zuba ruwa 10 na ruwa kuma ku nace a rana. An kara Urea a cikin kasar gona, sannan kuma maganin da aka gama (guga daya a cikin 10 sq M).
- A lokacin hawan sama, ana gabatar da takin ma'adinai cikin rami a nesa na 5-6 cm daga mai tushe.
A matsayin gwargwadon rigakafin, ana bada shawara don lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona da noma harafin ko hatsi bayan dankali. Dole ne a lalata kuma a tsabtace shi. Dankali irin ta da tsayayya wa nematode za a iya dasa:
- Aspia, Rumman,
- Pushkin, Lukyanovsky,
- Zhukovsky na farko, Picasso, Frigate,
- Prolisok, Latona, Crystal,
- Belorussian, Karatop, Gabatarwa.
A ci gaba da kara nematodes a kan dankali
Na dogon lokaci, kwaro ya yi kuskuren kuskuren ɗanyen albasa mai kafaɗa kuma kawai shekaru 60 da suka gabata an bayyana bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsuna biyu masu alaƙa. M yana da yawan wurare, a kusan duk ƙasashe na duniya.
Wannan nau'in nematodes yana shafan tubers a lokacin girma da lokacin ajiya a cikin shagunan kayan lambu. Baya ga dankali, zai iya parasitize akan wasu albarkatu: beets, cucumbers, tumatir, Legumes na takin, pumpkins. Dankalin dankalin turawa ne mai tushe kuma yana sanadin ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa na 0.7-1.4 mm, mai santsi mai tsayi da ɗanɗano mai launin madara mai ɗanɗano. Larvae ya bambanta da iyayensu a cikin ƙananan girma da tsarin haihuwa.
Mafi yawan kamuwa da cuta suna faruwa daga ƙwayar mahaifa yayin hawan girma. Nematode ya ratsa sassan jikin daji a cikin tsiran da aka girka. Rashin tsutsa tsutsa daga ƙasa da ke gurbatawa, a cikin abin da larvae daga al'adun da suka gabata suka kasance, ba a yanke hukunci ba. Qwai na kara nematodes suna tsayayya da yanayin zafi kuma kada su mutu lokacin da ake daskarewa kasar gona.
A larvae sha 4 molting da kuma zama jima'i balagagge mutane. Mace mai yawan gaske tayi har zuwa qwai 250 a cikin tarin fitsari. A mafi girman tsarin zafin jiki na + 20-24 ° C, ci gaban ƙarni ɗaya daga kwanaki 20 zuwa 25. Matsakaicin zafin jiki wanda mace zata iya haifar da zuriya tana da fadi sosai: daga + 3 ° C zuwa 37 ° C. Babban zafi, damana da damp weather da kyau shafi ci gaban da haifuwa da tushe dankalin turawa, nematodes.
Yayin ci gaba na daji, zaku iya lura da tsire-tsire "curly" da yawa, daskararru daga tushe. Ana gano alamun cututtukan kamuwa da cututtukan fata bayan an girbe:
- a karkashin fata zaka iya ganin farin aibobi - wuraren tara kwari,
- daga baya, fata alagammana, ta bushe, cikin sauki ya keɓe daga ɓangaren litattafan almara na tushen amfanin gona,
- duhu spots tare da ƙarfe luster bayyana a kan tubers, wanda hankali ƙãra girman,
- tare da kamuwa da cuta mai rauni, kwasfa kwasfa da fasa, da abinda ke tayin shine taro mai fashewa.
Yadda za a hana kamuwa da cuta tare da kara nematode
Babban lalacewa ta lalace daga tsintsiyar ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa dankali A cikin shagunan kayan lambu, asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kai babban adadin. Saboda haka, matakan magance dankalin turawa nematode ya kamata a ɗauka yayin da koda an sami amfanin gona masu yawa ko 25va larvae ta 1 kilogiram na ƙasa.
Yadda za a magance kwaro:
- Kawai adana kyawawan 'yan kodin don ajiya.
- Kula da yanayin zafi mai kyau a cikin shagon.
- Kada ku yi amfani da kayan gurbata don shuka.
- Cire sako na yau da kullun, aikace-aikacen takin zamani na ma'adinin a lokacin girma, ƙone tarkace na shuka, zurfin tono ƙasa bayan girbi.
- Sauran al'adu, kamar yadda suke a cikin ƙasa nematode zai kasance mai yiwuwa a shekaru da yawa.
A bayanin kula! Daga baya iri ne m iya shafi da kara nematodes fiye da farkon balaga.
Gall nematode
Yawan jinsin nematode yana shafan tsire-tsire a bude ko kuma a rufe. Fa'idodin ƙasa game da nau'o'in albarkatu iri, gami da dankali. An karkatar da shi a cikin tushen tsarin kuma a cikin tubers. Mace sa ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin asalinsu. Daga kowane nau'in nematodes na dankalin turawa, suna haifar da haihuwa - har zuwa qwai 2000, a sakamakon wanda neoplasms - galls - aka samar akan shafuka masu kamuwa.
Lalacewa ya toshe hanyoyin ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin shuka, wanda hakan ke haifar da karancin ci gaba, ci gaba kuma, gwargwadon haka, yana tasiri yawan aiki.
- Juyawan amfanin gona da jujjuyawar amfanin gona da ke tsayayya wa kwaro.
- Yin sarrafa ƙasa tare da tururi ko shirye-shirye daga ƙungiyar Avermectin, waɗanda suke hadaddun abubuwa biyu na abubuwan halittu da ƙwayoyin sunadarai.
- Rashin ingancin dasa jari, kaya.
Rashin danshi yana haifar da ci gaban yawan jama'a da haifuwar gall nematodes, sabili da haka, a cikin shekaru bushe, an yi rikodin mafi girman rarraba su.
Alamar Dankali Nematode
Yawancin lokaci ana samun nematode a cikin yankuna ne kawai lokacin da gurɓataccen ƙasa ya isa darajar mahimmanci. Signsaya daga cikin alamun kai tsaye ba bayyanar shine kasancewar "m aibobi" akan filin dankalin turawa: lokacin tsakanin ganye kore, da yawa bushes juya rawaya da bushe ba tare da dalili ba.
Idan kun fitar da daji da ke da cuta tare da tushe, to, a ƙarƙashinsa, wataƙila, za a samo ƙananan kannuna da yawa. A karkashin gilashin ƙara girman kan Tushen ana iya ganin ƙananan rawaya 'hatsi' - cysts. Amma ko da babu cysts ne m, da sababin ƙ witƙasassu daji ya kamata a hankali dauke tare da tubers da dunƙule na kasar gona (game da 1 kg) zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. A wurin, masana za su tantance kasancewar da tattarawar dankalin turawa.
Hanyoyi don yin rigakafi da sarrafa dankalin turawa nematode
Dankalin dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa ne, kuma ba za a iya cinye shi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi da yawa ba. Babu hanyoyi masu inganci kuma amintacce don cikakken lalata ƙwayar dankalin turawa, ga humansan adam. Koyaya, kada ku fid da zuciya. A cikin Turai, wannan m ya bayyana da yawa fiye da a Rasha, akwai kusan wuraren keɓe masu wuraren a can, duk da haka, girbin dankalin turawa a can (musamman Yaren mutanen Holland) ya yi yawa sosai.
Idan ya faru cewa shafin yanar gizonku yana cikin yankin keɓe masu ciwo, to, bin wasu ƙa'idodi, zaku iya shuka dankali mai kyau.Abinda yakamata a tuna: dankali daga bangarorin keɓe masu ciwo za'a iya ci ko sarrafa shi a masana'antun cikin gida, amma ba za'a iya siyar dashi ga wasu wuraren ba.
Don a ƙarshe mu jimre wa nematode dankalin turawa, zai ɗauki shekaru goma na aiki mai wahala, amma ana iya rage yawan jama'arta cikin shekaru biyu zuwa biyu.
Idan adadin nematodes bai wuce cysts 3-5 a cikin 100 cm ³ ƙasa ba, kwaro yana da kusan tasiri a dankali. An rage yawan aiki yayin da ake samun 10-16 ko fiye da cysts a cikin 100 cm³ na ƙasa.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa masu sauƙi kuma mai araha don magance ƙimar dankalin turawa:
Juyin juyawa. Dankali ba za a iya dasa daga shekara zuwa shekara a wannan rukunin yanar ba. Idan baku yi amfani da wasu hanyoyi ba, amma kawai dasa dankali a wuri guda ba fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru uku zuwa huɗu, shafin zai kamu da cutar dankalin turawa ne ba kusa da shekaru 45 ba.
Idan makircin ya yi ƙanƙanuwa, kuma babu damar yin jujjuyawar amfanin gona, zaku iya shuka iri-iri na dankalin turawa masu jingina zuwa nematode: Sante, Krinitsa, Red Scarlet, Atlant, Rosaru, Vesnyanka, Uladar, Breeze, Veras, Lileya, Janka, Lapis lazuli, Scarb, Zhuravinka, Rodrigo. Tushen tushen waɗannan nau'ikan ba kawai yana iya tsayayya wa m bane, amma yana kashe kusan 80% na lardin nematode.
Amma karin kwari daidaita da sauri. Sabili da haka, an bada shawarar dasa shukar nematode mai haƙuri kawai don shekaru uku a jere, kuma don shekara ta huɗu - don amfani da tsaba na iri da aka saba. Akwai wani zaɓi: don shuka iri kawai nemato mai tsayayya, amma canza su kowace shekara hudu.
A cikin kaka, duk fi da ciyawa daga yankin da ya kamu ya kamata a ƙone su. Dole ne a kiyaye farji: duk kayan aikin aiki bayan an girbe dole ne a lalata tare da 4% na kayan kwalliyar.
Taki don dankalin turawa nematode - guba. Sabili da haka, a cikin kaka da bazara, ana iya ƙara urea zuwa ƙasa.
Idan yankin nematode ya ɗan ƙarami, an bada shawarar tono rami 1 m zurfi, tattara ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari a ciki, sannan kuma cika shi da urea a cikin nauyin 5-6 na 1 a kowace kore na kore. Yayyafa komai a saman tare da duniya daga yankin da ba shi da cuta.
Kafin germination, a hankali zaɓi kawai lafiya tubers, wanke su, kuma disinfect a cikin wani bayani da potassium permanganate (0.5 grams da lita 10 na ruwa).
Lokacin dasawa, yi amfani da tsintsin tsuntsu (tattabara, kaza, kwiil) azaman taki. Idan zuriyar dabbobi ta bushe, yakamata a ƙara tablespoon a kowace rijiya. Fresh zuriyar dabbobi ne bred a gwargwado na 1:10 kuma shayar dankali riga shuka.
Ga nematode, fitarwar tushen hatsin, marigold, marigold, Legumes (wake, wake, gyada), mustard, Clover suna cutarwa. Har zuwa 90% na larvae za a iya lalata idan a tsakiyar Satumba akan wurin shuka hatsin rai. Kafin sanyi, ya kamata a haƙa filin, kuma ciyawar ƙazanta zata yi aiki mai kyau a lokacin bazara. Legends, a kan tushen abin da nodules dauke da nitrogen ake kafa, ana dasa sau da yawa tsakanin layuka dankali.
Abokan halitta nematode sune dunƙulewar ringi. Ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa, lokaci guda za ku ƙirƙira yanayi don yaduwar ƙwayoyin ƙasa.
Idan taro na nematode yayi yawa sosai, zaku iya amfani da sinadarai masu guba, misali, thionazine. Koyaya, waɗannan kudade dole ne a biya su bisa ga umarnin ba daga ƙarshe ba makonni 6 kafin dasawa.
Ci gaban Dankali Nematode Larvae
Dankali nematode cysts, a matsayin mai mulkin, kada ku wuce milimita 0-0-0.8, suna da sifa mai siffar zobe. Cyst din ya ƙunshi lardin ɗari biyu da ɗari uku, a wasu lokuta adadin ƙwai zai iya kaiwa ɗari 600.
Matakan farko na lardin yana faruwa a cikin kwai. An raba jikin tsutsa cikin sassan. Launi fari ne. Kayan aiki na baka yana kama da mashin mai kaifi, tare da taimakonsa fuska tana bugun ƙwayar tsiro kuma ya bugu da ruwan 'ya'yansa.
A cikin tushen tsire-tsire, larvae ya zama marasa motsi, suna ciyar da ruwan itace. Akwai matakai 4 na haɓaka lardin a cikin asalin sa. A matakin karshe, maza da mata suka bayyana.
Dankalin Dankali Nematode (Globodera rostochiensis).
Samuwar ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa daidai yake da haɓaka kwari da yawa. Wadannan kwari karin kwari a lokacin da cuticle ne sabunta. Idan yanayin yayi sanyi da kwanciyar hankali, to kuwa kwari suna haɓaka kimanin kwanaki 43. Idan yanayi ya bada damar, to mutanen na biyu na iya haɓaka. Don haɓakawa, larvae yana buƙatar zazzabi sama da digiri 15, idan zafin jiki ya ƙasa, to, ayyukan kwari yana raguwa sosai.
Adult dankalin turawa, nematode
Nematodes din dankalin turawa sunada girma fiye da larvae. Siffar jiki a cikin maza shine filiform, elongated, kuma a cikin mata - mafi zagaye.
Yawan mutane daban daban na mata ya dogara da yanayin muhalli. Yawan qwai da aka aza ya dogara da yawan abincin da mace take ci. Yarinya mata na farko suna da fararen launi, wanda ke canzawa tare da lokaci zuwa launin rawaya, sannan kuma zuwa launin ruwan kasa.
Maza suna rayuwa kwana 100. Idan yanayin bashi da matsala, an haifi ƙarin maza.
A karo na farko a cikin Turai, an samo nematode dankalin turawa a cikin 1913, a Jamus, tare da dankali da aka shigo da shi.
Sake bugun dankalin turawa nematodes
Maza suna fita zuwa cikin ƙasa, ku nemi abokan tarayya kuma ku sa su. Matan sun zauna a kan tushen tsirrai, ƙwai suna zama a ciki.
A cikin lokuta na musamman, haifuwar parthenogenetic na iya faruwa. Wannan haihuwa ana lura dashi a cikin kodadde mai dankalin turawa, da dankalin turawa, da kuma dankalin turawa.