Zander Lucioperca lucioperca (L * Fishe

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A cikin sharuddan masana'antu, babu shakka pike perch yana taka rawa ta farko tsakanin duk kifin-kifi. Bayyananne ne ga kowa. Abu ne mai sauƙin ganewa ta jikinta mai tsawo da tsawo, sanƙarar hancinsa, yana bashi wani kamannin jirgi, wanda ya kusanceta da tsinkayar sa. Jaws na zander suna dauke da manyan hakoransu masu fang-fatar, tsakanin su kanana. Fushin sa mai launin shuɗi-baki, ciki fari, a ɓangarorin ɓangaren akwati akwai manyan wuraren launin ruwan kasa-launin launin shuɗi, waɗanda galibi suna haifar da sauƙaƙe na yau da kullun 8-10, ƙashin ƙyallen kai da wutsiya suna rufe da layuka duhu duhu. A cikin lardunan kudu-maso-yamma, wani lokacin akwai manyan fulogi masu launi iri-iri masu duhu, waɗanda suke haduwa na musamman, baƙar fata, bambanci, ta bambanta wurare ta masunta da kansu. A ƙananan Volga, masu ɗaukar hoto, a cewar Yakovlev, sun bambanta tsakanin tsere - ruwan teku - daga kogi a launi: na farko koyaushe yana ɗan ɗan haske, amma bayan ya ɗan ɗanɗana lokaci a cikin kogin, sannu a hankali yana ɗaukar launi mai duhu. A bayyane kuma, wasu zander, bayan sun yi tsami, sun zama kusan baƙar fata.

Zan wasan mafi girma shine kuma ke kan gaba a cikin duka yan wasan. A mafi yawan lokuta, yana da kilogram 1,2 zuwa 2.8, amma a cikin manyan koguna, musamman ma a cikin ƙananan tushe, kuma a cikin manyan layuka wani lokacin ya kai 92 cm a tsayi kuma nauyin 6-10 kg, har ma fiye da hakan, watau 12-16 kg, amma irin waɗannan Kattai sun riga sun zama babban abin mamaki kuma ana ganin su ne kawai a bakin Dnieper, Don da Kuban. Caspian zander galibi ya fi guntu, wanda, duk da haka, ya dogara da karuwar kamun kifi. Gurin wurin wannan kifayen shine kwari na Baƙi, Azov, Caspian da Aral tekuna da ainihin tekun da ake samun su da yawa. Koyaya, a Siberiya, a arewacin Rasha da kuma ƙasashen yamma da kudu maso yamma na Turai, ba a same shi kwata-kwata kuma ana lura dashi, kodayake a cikin adadi kaɗan, kawai a cikin koguna na Bahar Baltic zuwa kogin. Elba

Babban wurin da pikeperch shine manyan koguna na Gabashin Turai, da kuma manyan tafkuna da ke da alaƙa da kogunan (Chudskoye, Beloozero, Seliger, Ladoga da sauransu). Yana ƙaunar zurfafa kuma a lokaci guda bayyananne, ruwa mai ɓoyewa, sabili da haka a cikin Kogin Moscow, alal misali, yana faruwa ko dai a saman sa, sama da birni, ko a cikin ƙasa (yana farawa daga Unguwar Ugreshsky) kuma gabaɗaya a cikin haraji na Kogin Moscow, cike yake da masana'antu. da wuya. A cikin Klyazma, zander ya zama ruwan dare gama gari daga Pavlovsky Posad. A cikin ƙananan rafuffuka da ƙananan koguna, ana samun ɓoye na pike mafi yawanci a ƙarƙashin dam, a cikin mahaukaciyar iska, ƙasa da kullun a cikin tafkunan kansu, kuma koda sun sami, aƙalla a wurare, yashi mai ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, zander, kodayake yana zaune (dasa shi) har a cikin tafkunan da aka haƙa tare da maɓallan maɓallan, yana hana ruwa mai tsauri.

Mafi yawan adadin zinari a wuraren gishiri kaɗan na tekuna. Tekun Azov da Caspian da ƙananan kogunan da ke gudana a cikin ta ko da suna samar da babban adadin tsiren pike, anan ne wannan kifin ya ƙafe, yayin da a sama ake samun sa a cikin koguna. Sudak ba ta taɓa tsoron tsoron ruwan gishiri ba, kuma duk da cewa tana manne da wuraren ruwa na waɗannan tekuna, duk da haka, alal misali, a cikin Tekun Caspian, ana samun sa a adadi mai yawa da kuma tsarkakken ruwan gishiri, alal misali. kusa da Mangyshlak, a kan iyakar Turkmen da Persia, har ma a cikin bakin teku, duk da cewa O. E. Grimm ya yi imanin cewa babu makawa za a same shi a nan, a kan filayen da ba su lura ba sai da nisan 43-64 daga bakin tekun. Akasin haka, ba zai iya rayuwa a cikin kogin laka ba, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake lalacewa bayan ruwan sama mai yawa. Wannan yanayin partially yayi bayanin karamin adadin mazaunin, "mazaunin" pich perch a cikin ƙananan Volga da sauran koguna, farkon sa can kuma akwai babban cigaba a damina da damuna.

Ga mafi yawan shekara, ana kiyaye pike perch (zauna) a gindin, a cikin zurfin kogin, tare da gristly ko yashi ƙasa da m bankuna. Ya zo ga saman ruwa, har zuwa bays da kewayon kawai a lokacin da ake tseguntawa ko kuma bin abin da ake ci, yawanci da safe da maraice, a hankali, maraice maraice, pike perch sau da yawa tafiya a cikin kananan garke a kan farfajiya. Gabaɗaya, sun fi son kifayen fiye da sauran kifayen zuwa wurare masu ƙarfi, sabili da haka a cikin ƙananan koguna suna rayuwa galibi a cikin manyan biranen niƙa, amma a kan waɗanda ke iya zirga-zirga suna zaɓan ramuka da sarkoki da matattarar ruwa. Smallaramin ƙananan gnarls ne kawai, masu shekaru biyu, masu shekaru biyu, ana samunsu a cikin ƙananan wurare har ma da ciyayi, tare da juzu'i, dabbobin guda ɗaya (wasu lokuta ɗari da dama, har ma a cikin koguna ba su da yawa sosai a cikinsu). Matsakaita mai tsada yawanci yakan zo a cikin ƙauyuka of 5-10 guda, yayin da babba sosai zardon ke tafi shi kaɗai kuma da alama ba su da madawwamin zama.

Ta hanyar tsinkayenta, ɗan maharbi ya fi kowane yanki girma kuma kusan ba shi da ƙasa da Pike. A cewar Radkevich, yana da sha'awar bin abin, kamar wata mahaɗa, yana tsalle zuwa wuraren da ruwa ba shi da zurfi 4 cm. Wannan babban kifi ne mai ƙauna, mai ƙarfi, mai saurin motsawa, wanda, kuma kwatsam, shi ma ana ganin bayyanuwarsa. Sudak ba ya ba da jinƙai ko da na samari na kansa, amma, yana da bakin ƙarami, yana fifita dwarf elk, blak, squint da minnows mafi yawanci, guje wa kifi mai yawa, alal misali. zamba. Dauki ganima, da sauri ya yi ritaya cikin zurfin teku. Gabaɗaya, babban abincinsa ƙaramin kifi ne, kuma a lokacin rani kawai yake cin crayfish da frogs. Pian ƙaramin pike, a fili, ya fi son tsutsotsi da kwari, tunda yana ɗaukar ƙasa da yawa don soya fiye da ƙananan perch, kuma yana zuwa ga b. awoyi da tsutsa. Duk da yanayin dabi'arta, zandam ya kasance mai kaskantar da kai kuma, a cewar masunta na Volga, babu wani kifi daya da ya fi shuru da danshi mara nauyi.

Tare da banda ƙananan rafi na kogunan, inda spawning na pikeperch (ƙaura) yana farawa kafin fashewar (a ƙarshen nan), wani lokacin, kamar yadda a bakin Volga, a ƙarshen Maris, wannan kifin ya ɓace bayan ruwan ya faɗi - a watan Mayu, har ma da farkon watan Yuni, a wannan lokacin. biyu fanks girma sosai. Yin hukunci da lura da lura da Haeckel, haka ma Yakovlev, ɓacewar pikeperch ya kasance yana faruwa na ɗan lokaci, makonni 3-4. Har zuwa karshensa, ya bar gaba daga zurfafan har zuwa gaɓarukan ciyawa (bai taɓa yin haka ba, har zuwa wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa), daga tafkuna da tekuna shiga koguna. A cikin ƙananan rafi na koguna, yanayin bazara bai tashi ba, duk da haka, a cikin Volga, alal misali, masallatai a bakin, har ma a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da kultuk, don mafi yawan ɓangaren, duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan tashoshi, eriks, ilmeni da na baya. A cikin tabkuna da koguna na tsakiyar Rasha, ta tsallake zuwa ƙarshen Mayu kuma a watan Yuni tare da rairayin bakin tekun. Tsarin iskancin yana faruwa ne da dare ko da sanyin safiya. Rana da damuna, hunturu a cikin Volga, ya yi akasin haka, ya tashi zuwa kogin kuma, wataƙila, daga baya.

Spawning kanta ana yi ta wata hanya ta asali. A cewar Yakovlev, mahaifa kafin wannan yawanci yakan kasu kashi biyu kuma mace ta zama kan kasa, kusan a karkace, kuma yayin sakin ƙwai ba ta yin wani motsi mai ƙarfi, wanda yawanci yana tare da wannan yanayin a cikin wasu kifaye, amma kawai a hankali yakan juya "mahalka" , wato, tare da wutsiya, sannan a daya gefen, sannan a daya gefen, namiji shima yai shuru yana tafiya yana zuba madara a kan qwai da madara. A cikin yanayi mai natsuwa, yayin tsalle-tsalle mai cike da damuwa, mutum yakan iya gani daga bakin tekun makhalka da yawa daga cikin ruwa zuwa waje - "kamar tutocin" - a cewar kalmomin masu kama. Nau'i-nau'in caviar yawanci suna zaɓar wurare masu inuwa kusa da bakin tekun, kusa da cobs, a tushen bishiyoyi, itacen katako, da dai sauransu, ƙwai, waɗanda ke cikin babban jirgi na matsakaitan matsakaici ne, lamba 200-300 dubu, launin shuɗi da kuma kusan inci (1 -1.5 mm) .

Bayan sun ɗanɗano ƙwai, pich perch nan da nan ya shiga zurfin kogin ko zuwa tafkunan, kuma hanyar yana yawanci narkar da cikin teku, akasari saboda ba zai iya jure da ruwan bazara mai ɓoyayyiya ba. A cikin bakin Volga, a watan Mayu da Yuni, yayin zubewa, babu wani matsolar pike a cikin kogin, sai dai gangara. Hakanan ma, ƙaramin zirin, kama daga caviar, ba da daɗewa ba ya bar hanyoyin don zurfafa sassan kogin, amma har zuwa gabar teku a cikin ƙananan tushe, a cikin ƙananan Volga kawai wasu suna kasancewa a cikin manyan tashoshi, suna zaɓan waɗanda ba su da natsuwa, inda ruwa ke ƙasa mara kyau Sudak yana girma da sauri kuma, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau, alal misali, a cikin kogin kogin da ke bakin teku, a cikin shekara guda ya kai nauyin 600 g, kuma a cikin biyu - 1 kg. A wasu wurare, alal misali, a cikin Kogin Moscow, ƙananan yara suna haɓaka sosai a hankali kuma a watan Satumba ya fi kusan 9 cm.

Daga tsakiya ko ƙarshen bazara, sakandare na pike perch daga teku zuwa bakin koguna yana farawa, kuma wannan bazara, ko kuma kaka, fitarwa (kuma a lokaci guda lokacin kamun kifi) wannan kifin yafi yawan bazara. Da zaran m ruwa a cikin Volga ya fara yin rauni - da pike perch an riga an motsa cikin kogin, da farko a cikin karamin adadin, to, by. yayin da yake gabatowa damina, hanyarsa tana ƙaruwa sosai, yana tsayawa ne kawai na ɗan lokaci, wani ɓangaren saboda mummunan iska, wani ɓangare daga ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, yana haifar da rikicewar ruwa. Kamar yadda kuka sani, motsi na zander, da duk kifayen da ke cikin teku, musamman ma zurfin zurfin ruwa, a ƙalla har zuwa zurfin mita 8, ya dogara ne akan iska: a cikin sassan arewacin Caspian, iska mai arewa-yamma koyaushe tana kori kifayen daga abubuwan Volgaaries da karkacewa. shi zuwa Urals, wanda ya sa a farkon canjin iska sai ya shiga takamaiman ruwan kogi na ƙarshe, tare da iska arewa maso gabas lamarin jujjuyawar ya faru. Gabaɗaya, a lokacin iska mai ƙarfi a cikin teku (teku), mafi kyawun hanya na zander ana lura dashi koyaushe a cikin bazara da kuma hunturu.

Autar pikeperch, wintering a cikin ƙananan rafi na koguna, amma, ba ya shiga cikin ramuka kuma baya hibernate kamar jan kifi. A cikin Volga, yawanci yakan tara mutane da yawa a bakin, kasa da mitoci biyu, kuma yana tsammanin farkon ruwa ya motsa cikin kogin. A cikin dumin ruwan sanyi kuma tare da doguwar teku, motsin sama sama na pike perch kusan bai gushe ba, amma cikin matsanancin winters yana shiga cikin Volga kawai lokacin narkewa. A cikin bazara, babban hanya na pike perch yana faruwa a tsakiya, wani lokacin a farkon Maris, a farkon Afrilu akwai riga marigayi pike perch gauraye da sigar fata, abin da ake kira. girmamawa. Idan banda ƙananan rafi na kogunan, pike perch yana ciyar da dukkan hunturu a cikin ramuka mai zurfi kuma ga alama ba ya fita daga wurin zuwa ruwa mai zurfi; An lura cewa a wasu wurare (alal misali, a cikin Beloozero) pike perch na hunturu ya ta'allaka ne a cikin rami tare da bream. Babban kamun kifin pike a kan ƙananan Volga an yi shi ne a lokacin bazara. Dangane da lura da masunta, bai taba kokarin raba tarko ba, kuma idan karshen shi ya same shi, ba zai yi tsegumi a cikin kowane bangare ba, kamar sauran kifayen, amma a hankali ya juya baya daga gare shi, har sai an tilasta masa ya shiga motar, wani lokacin, da ya kusa zuwa net, sai ya kama haƙoransa ya rataye shi ba tare da wani motsi ba. A cikin keji, shi ma mai tawali'u ne: har ma an jefa shi a bakin gaɓar gaci bai yi ƙoƙarin komawa ba. Koyaya, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan kifin yana da taushi: wani lokacin ya isa ya girgiza mai wutsiyar wutsiyar don yayi bacci. Ko da a cikin tafkunan keji, suna daɗaɗɗa da yawa, musamman idan ƙarshen keji yana da silima, idanunsu suna jan ciki tare da fim ɗin opaque na musamman, kuma sun zama makafi, jikin ma yana ɗaukar launi mai duhu sosai. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, ana dasa ƙwayar Pike tare da taka tsantsan, wasu kuma suna rage su cikin lamuran a kan tabarma, wanda hakan ke hana samuwar tururuwa, tare kuma da haƙoran kifayen da suka ƙare.

A cikin sharuddan masana'antu, pike perch shine, tare da shayarwa, bayan kifi ja, samfurin mafi mahimmanci daga ƙananan zuwa kogunan - Volga, Urals, Kuban da Don. An kama mafi yawan zander a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan Volga, Urals, Kura da Terek. Pike perch nama ba ƙaranci bane, mai daɗi da ƙoshin lafiya, ba matsala ba da daɗewa ba, sabili da haka ana cinye shi da yawa kuma yana da tamanin gaske.

Tunda zander yana ɗaya daga cikin kifayenmu masu mahimmanci, a bayyane yake cewa an sake maimaita ƙoƙarin don haifar da shi a cikin irin wannan tafkuna da tabkuna a inda babu zander. Ga mafi yawan ɓangaren, duk da haka, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun ƙare cikin gaza saboda dalilai da yawa, wanda babban shine shine pikeperch zai iya rayuwa nesa da duk a cikin kwarara zuwa ƙananan ƙorafi. Sa'an nan, zander - kifin yana da matukar taushi, kuma harkar sufuri tana da wahala. Inda zander zai iya rayuwa da kiwo kuma inda ba za a iya ganin shi daga bayanin wurin da yake ba, amma ina ganin ya zama dole a lura cewa bai kamata a juyar da zander a cikin ƙananan tafkuna da kuma manyan kofan ba. Yana buƙatar daidaitaccen tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta a lokacin rani, zurfin ya kai 3-3.5 m a wasu wurare, ƙasan yashi, a cikin matsanancin yanayi yumbu ko marl. A cikin irin wannan tafkuna da tabkuna, idan a Bugu da kari akwai snags, kututture, duwatsu, goge, daskararren kwalekwale, ba za su iya rayuwa kawai ba, har ma da haifuwa, sabili da haka, idan babu wuraren da suka dace don spawning a cikin tafkin da ya dace, to lallai ya zama dole a shirya (a cikin hunturu kan kankara ) filaye na wucin gadi daga abubuwan da ke sama, ba shakka, a wurare masu dacewa da inda waɗannan tarin abubuwan ba sa iya tsoma baki tare da kamun kifin da ba na ruwa ba. Pike perch yana da niyyar yin birgima a kan itacen katako, sabili da haka ya fi dacewa a yi wattle daga willow ko suttura da cire abubuwa a kasa. A kananan yara pike perch ne quite m kuma mafi yawansu duk shi ne kusan a hadarin daga iyayensu, sabili da haka spawning ne kuma dole a cikin irin wannan wuraren waha da yawa kadan kiwo wannan kifi. Af, don kamun kifi a cikin tafkuna da tabkuna, waɗanda gabaɗaya ba su da riba, irin waɗannan tsarukan suna da muhimmanci sosai (musamman idan tsintsaye, busasshen itace, gangar jikin bishiyoyi, kwanduna da bakin kwanduna waɗanda aka ɗora da duwatsun zuwa ruwa), tunda zander sai ƙungiyoyi a cikin wadannan wurare.

Mafi kyawun lokacin dasa zander yana cikin bazara, Satumba da Oktoba, a cikin bazara yana da wahala a kama shi, kuma, ƙari, ya kasance mafi rauni a lokacin. Babu wani abin yin tunani game da sufurin bazara, kuma jigilar hunturu mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin narkewa. A mafi yawancin lokuta, zander daga suttura bashi dace da dasawa ba kuma ya fi dacewa a jigilar da sabbin waɗanda aka kama, kuma ana fitar da su daga raga tare da babban kulawa kuma nan da nan an sanya su cikin ganga, babu fiye da awo ɗaya na ƙarami da 1/4 - 1/2 na babban ma'auni. Gangaren ya cika makil don kada a shigo da ruwa cikin ƙaƙƙarfan motsi don haka kifayen ba za su iya cutar da junan su da ƙyallinsu ba. A yayin jigilar ruwa, dole ne a canza ruwan kowane sa'o'i 2-3 sannan kuma a canza shi da gwaninta, tunda ba za ku iya sakin dukkan ruwan kuma ku maye gurbin shi da ruwa na farko ba. Mafi kyawun abu shine amincewa da sufuri ga masu kamun kifin ba masu tafiya cikin jirgin ba tare da lallashewa su biya babban farashi ba kawai saboda guguwa mai duhu, tun da fari, mara nauyi a cikin jirgi ba zai iya fita koyaushe ba. Gabaɗaya, ya fi dacewa a zaɓi samfurori daga 400 zuwa 800 g don dasawa, tunda ƙananan za a iya lalata su ta hanyar pikes, kuma manyan suna da tsada sosai da hawa zuwa hawa. Bugu da kari, dole ne a ɗauka a zuciya, kamar yadda tare da kowane juyawa, cewa adadin samfuran da aka dasa ya zama daidai da girman tafkin, tun da kifin dozin a cikin babban haɗarin kandagon da ba sa neman juna yayin ɓarkewa. Yana da wuya a ƙayyade adadin, amma bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 20 a kowace 1 ha ba.

Ana aiwatar da kamun kifin musamman a manyan mashigan ruwa da kuma zurfin kogunan da ke cike da shara iri iri, wadanda ke zama dako. A wasu wurare, ba a taɓa kama shi ba, duk da cewa ƙananan gnarls, har zuwa 400 g (shekaru 1-2), wani lokaci ana kama su a cikin adadi masu yawa, tare da ɓarna, galibi don tsutsa. Babban zander - kifin yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, tunda yana zaune a cikin wurare ma da ƙarfi fiye da kowacce yanki, yana buƙatar ɗaukar dogayen takamaiman kamar na pike, i.e., ga pike, i.e.ƙarfi, ba musamman m sanda, layin kamara daga 10 zuwa 20 gashi ko kuma lokacin farin ciki, siliki, ƙugiya (guda ɗaya, da wuya ninki biyu) daga No. 5/0, amma mafi kyawun mafi kyau shine No. 0, tabbas haɗe zuwa maɗaukaki amma mai ƙarfi, kamar. hakoran zander suna da kaifi sosai, daga cikinsu akwai ramuka a kan kifin da aka ji rauni, kamar ƙusoshin ƙusoshin, wanda ke bambanta shi da kwalin da ke cizon kwari, wani lokacin ma yakan ci shi da rabi.

Mafi kyawun nono shine dacewa, damuna, char da gudgeon (smelt a arewa maso yamma), gabaɗaya ba babba da ƙarami ba, kamar yadda pike perch yana da kunkuntar kilo-kilogram mai nauyin kilo 2 tare da girmanta wanda ba zai iya hadiye kifaye ba, wanda rabin sauƙin hadiye shi zai iya hadiye shi. . Sabili da haka, maharbin baya ɗaukar wurare kwata-kwata a kan babban kifi na katako - scavenger, siginar azurfa, koda rudd da roach - a wasu wurare. Isaƙƙarfan motsi yana motsawa a hankali akan lebe na sama (tare da karfi mai ƙarfi) ko baya, a ƙarƙashin fin (tare da rauni), ƙoƙarin murƙushe kifin kamar yadda ya yiwu. Pike perchs ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba ya kama ƙugiyar baitfish, sabili da haka ya zama tilas ya shiga saƙar kamun kifi, ba tare da ɓoye ko'ina ba. Zander, musamman babba, koyaushe yana kiyaye (a cikin ramuka) a gindin, sabili da haka koto ya kamata yin iyo kamar yadda yake kusa da ƙasan, 4 ko 9 cm daga gare shi. Wani lokaci, pike mai fama da yunwa yana ɗaukar tsutsa, frog da ciwon daji (galibi ƙyamar kansa), sabili da haka ba a yin amfani da waɗannan nozzles.