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Saber-toothed damisa nasa ne cikin iyali saber-toothed kuliyoyiwannan ya lalace shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Suna cikin dangin Mahairod. Don haka ana kiran magabatansu saboda tsattsauran manyan tsarukan santimita ashirin, wanda a sikelin yayi kama da lamuran daggers. Kuma baicin, ana yin su a gefuna, kamar makamin da kansa.

Lokacin da aka rufe bakin, an saukar da ƙarshen mayafin a ƙwanƙen hatsi. Saboda wannan ne yasa bakin ya buɗe sau biyu kamar na bakin magabcin zamani.

Dalilin wannan mummunan makami har yanzu asiri ne. Akwai shawarwari da cewa girman girman mayakin ya jawo hankalin mata. Kuma yayin farauta, sun cutar da raunuka na mutum, wanda daga rauni mai rauni ya zama mai rauni kuma ba zai iya tserewa ba. Zai iya kuma da taimakon beraye, ta amfani da shi azaman mabudin kayan, don share fatarar da dabbar ta kama.

Da kansa saber-toothed dabbar dabba, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa da ƙwayar tsoka, zaku iya kiransa "mai kisa" mai kisa. Da alama, tsayinsa ya kai mita 1.5.

Jikin ya huta akan gajerun kafafu, wutsiyar kuma tayi kama da duri. Game da kowane alheri da iyawar cat a cikin motsi tare da irin wannan gabar jiki, babu tambaya. Saurin amsawa, karfi da ilharin mafarautan sunzo kan gaba, saboda na dogon lokaci shi ma baya iya bin abin da ya kama saboda yanayin jikin sa, da sauri ya gaji.

An yi imanin cewa launin fata mai tabon ya kasance a hange sama da taguwar. Babban launi shine inuwa mai kyau: launin ruwan kasa ko ja. Akwai jita-jita game da musamman farin saber-toothed damisa.

A cikin iyalin feline, har yanzu ana samun albinos, don haka tare da duk ƙarfin hali za a iya jayayya cewa ana iya samun irin wannan launi a zamanin da. Mutanen zamanin da sun gamu da mafarauta kafin bacewar sa, kuma babu shakka ya hure tsoro tare da bayyanarsa. Zaku iya dandana shi yanzu ta hanyar kallo hoto na sabir-toothed damisa ko ganin gawarsa a gidan kayan gargajiya.

Hoto shine kwanyar damarar sabar-toothed

Tiger-yatsun kafaɗar rago-mai-rai-gado suna zaune a tarkuna kuma suna iya tafiya tare tare, abin da ya sa salon rayuwarsu ya zama kamar zaki. Akwai wata shaida da ke nuna cewa tare tare, raunana ko rauni wadanda aka ciyar a kan nasarar farautar dabbobin lafiya.

Juyin halitta

Wadannan dabbobin sun hada da ga dangin Fine da sub of Allah na sabreen-toothed catus (Harshen Smilodon - dagger hakori). Wakilan farko na kwayar halittar sun bayyana ne a lokacin Paleogene mai nisa, kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka gabata. Yanayin yanayin zafi mai kyau, tare da canje-canje kaɗan a cikin zazzabi da ciyayi kore sun ba da gudummawa ga fure na kuli-kuli. A wannan lokacin, sun yawaita sosai, ba su fuskantar buƙatar abinci ba.

Lokaci na gaba shine Pleistocene, lokacin yanayi mafi tsananin yanayi, wanda yake sabili da musanyar dumama da glaciation. Sabre-toothed damisayoyi sun daidaita da waɗannan yanayin yanayin zafi kuma sun ji daɗi sosai. Yawan rarrabawa makiyaya shine Arewa da Kudancin Amurka.

Endarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe yana kasancewa da yanayin bushewa da dumi. A kan yankin da a da can akwai dazuzukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba, an fara baje-koli. Yawancin fauna sun kasa daidaitawa da irin wannan mawuyacin yanayin kuma sun zama ƙarewa. Animalsarin daskarar da dabbobin da suka fara jurewa sun fara buɗewa don buɗewa da kuma manyan wurare, sun koya yin ƙaura daga mazauna masu ɓarna da wuri.

Kayan sabre-toothed sun rasa abincinsu na yau da kullun, masu farautar ba su sami damar canzawa zuwa ƙaramin ganima ba. Theididdigar tsarin dabbar - babban jiki, gajeriyar wutsiya da paws ɗin ta sa ta daina aiki da ƙarfi. Ya daɗe ba ya iya bin ƙaramin dabbar.

Dogayen tsubbuka ma sun sanya wahalar kama kananan dabbobi. Lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin kamawa, sai suka makale a cikin ƙasa, wani lokacin ma har suka fashe. Yunwar ta zo, watakila saboda wannan dalili, kuma saber-toothed tigers ya kasance ƙare.

Bayyanar

Girman cat na d is a yana daidai da misalan babban zaki:

Tsare a ƙ atƙasassu - 100-120 cm, tsawon - 2.5 mita.
Wutsiya karami ce, cm 25-30 kawai.Wannan fasalin bai bada izinin haɓaka matsakaiciyar sauri ba, don haka maƙiyin ba zai iya daidaitawa ba lokacin da ake farautar ganima.
Girman jikin tsohuwar damisa ya kai kilogiram 150-250. Amma wakilan da suka fi girma sun auna kilogiram 400, wanda ya zarce yawan adadin kwarin Amur ko Bengal.
Matsakaicin jikin dabbar ba shi da kyau, amma an bambanta jikin ta da ƙarfin. Tsokoki na sabor-toothed tiger suna haɓaka da kyau, musamman da kyau akan kirji, kafafu, wuya.
Gabannin magabatan mutane sun fi tafin hancin kafa. Alkalai sun ƙare tare da kaifi, za a iya dawo da shi kuma manyan maganganu. Suna iya kama ganima da goshinsu.
Kwanyar kwanyar ta kasance tsawon 30-40 cm; sassan occipital da na frontal sun kasance kadan sun lalace. Muzzle miƙa gaba.
Muƙamuƙi ya buɗe sosai - a digiri 130. Tsarin na musamman ya sa ya yiwu a danna abin da ke ci tare da maɓallin muƙamuƙi a ƙasan gwiwa. Yaushe, kamar yawancin wakilan feline, akasin haka.
Thearfin saman bishiyar sabho-toothed a waje ya shimfiɗa 18 cm gaba, saiwoyin sa ya kai kusan orbits. Tsawon tsumma za su iya kai cm 28. An danƙa su kadan a gefunan, amma a lokaci guda suna da kaifi da kuma jagged. Wannan nau'in hakora ya basu damar ciji ta nama da fatar dabbar. Amma ƙwananan ba su bambanta da ƙarfi ba. Idan suka fada cikin kashin wanda aka kashe, zasu iya karyewa.
Ba a adana fatar saber-toothed damisa kuma launinta za a iya kafa shi ta hanyar hankali. Masana kimiyya suna da'awar cewa launinta ya saba da muhalli kuma an lalata shi. Yawancin masana sun karkatar da fata cewa launin rawaya-yashi. A lokacin kankara, sabili-mai-toothed fari sun fi fari fari.

Halayya da salon rayuwa

Saber-kawa cat - Wani tsohon wakilin kuliyoyi ne, saboda haka halayyar sa bata yi kama da halayen kuliyoyin zamani ba. Wataƙila ma mahara sun zauna a cikin ƙaramin garke, wanda ya haɗu da maza da yawa, mata da kuma kananan dabbobi. Yawan maza da mata iri daya ne. Don ciyarwa, sun farauta tare, saboda za su iya cinye ganima.

An tabbatar da wannan zato na kayan tarihi - a cikin dabbobi guda daya akwai wasu kuliyoyi sabuwa-da-damo kusa da su. Amma ba a cire ka’idar cewa halifofin ba su banbanta ta hanyar magabatan su kuma sun ci dan uwan nasu marassa lafiya.

Tsarin rayuwa na jikin cat ya ce da dabbar ba za ta iya ci gaba da sauri ba, saboda haka, lokacin farauta, sai ya zauna wurin dako, yana jiran abin da za a ci. Kuma sai bayan sauri da kuma kwatsam ƙirƙira shi. Yawan garken ganyayyaki a lokacin Pleistocene sunada yawa. Sabre-toothed damisa sun kasance masu sauƙin samun abincin kansu.

Babban abincin abincin damisa sabor-hakori nama ne. An samo protein na bison da dawakai a cikin kasusuwarsu.

Membersaukar mambobi daga cikin halittar

Galibi ana kiran kuli-kuli sabri-da-dimbin yawa nau'ikan halittu da suka banbanta cikin manyan fuka-fukai iri ɗaya. A cikin kuliyoyi da yawa, karnuka sun bayyana sakamakon karbuwa da canjin yanayin muhalli. Tare da ƙarin cikakken bincike, zaku iya samun bambance-bambance daga damisa sabar-toothed damisa. Yi la'akari da sanannen wakilan karnukan sabro-toothed.

Mahairody

Wannan nau'in cat sabor-toothed, wanda masana kimiyya suka sani da Mafi yawan kamar damisa. A zamanin da, akwai wasu jinsuna da yawa. Sun banbanta da juna ta fuska, girmanta, amma abu daya ne ya haɗu - babban ƙugiyoyi, na sama a kamannin zuwa sabar mai goge.

Wadannan tsoffin annabawan sun fara bayyana a Eurasia, kimanin shekaru miliyan 15 da suka gabata. Manyan mutane sun kai kilogiram 500, kuma girman su ya kusan girma da doki na zamani. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna da tabbacin cewa waɗannan kuliyoyin da suke karewa sune manyan wakilai na feline. Sun farautar manyan dabbobi, alal misali, giwaye da raguna. Kamar kowane magabatan wannan lokacin, zasu iya yin gasa tare da wasu dabbobi masu yawan dabbobi, tare da kyarketai da bears. Ana daukar Makhairody magabatan mafi kyawun nau'in huhun-huhun-huhun-ciki.

Homoterias

An yi imani da cewa wadannan sabro-toothed kuliyoyi ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, a yayin da Miocene da Pleistocene. Suna halin halin da ake aiki da su, mai mahimanci kamar na zaki. Kafafu na gaba sun fi tsayi tsawon kafafu. Saboda haka, magabatan waje suna kama da ጅቦች. Gsayoyin gaban sun yi guntu, amma sun fi sauran wakilai na kuli-kuli-kuli. A lokaci guda, tatsuniyar suna birgima sosai, don haka masana kimiyya suka yanke cewa wadannan mafarautan sun harzuka bama bamai ba, har ma suna yin yankan.

Wadannan kuliyoyin sabulu-mai yatsa sun fi karfin sauran yan uwansu. Homoterias na iya motsawa na dogon lokaci - don gudu, amma a hankali. Akwai wata ka'ida da cewa waɗannan damisar damisar ta zauna ita kaɗai. Amma wannan ra'ayi ba tartsatsi, kamar yadda yawancin masana kimiyya suka yi imani da cewa duk kuli-kuli-kuli-kulila na farautar manyan ganima a fakitoci.

Smilodons

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan kuliyoyin saber-toothed, murmushi ya bambanta ta da karfi da jijiyoyin jiki. Smilodon mashahuri - Mafi girman wakilcin damisar sabor-toothed:

tsayi a ƙ --ƙasassu - 125 cm, kuma tsawon daga ƙarshen wutsiya zuwa hanci na iya kaiwa 250 cm,
tsawon katako daga tip zuwa tushe ya kai 30 cm.

Sun nemi farauta a garken, inda jagoran da yake jagorantar sauran lallai ya kasance. Wataƙila, launin gashin maharbin na da mayu, kamar damisa ta zamani. Amma kuma masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa maza suna da karamin mane. Yana da wuya a sami bayani game da murmushi; ana iya samunsa cikin littattafan tunani, almara. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan mafarautan suna aiki kamar haruffa a cikin fina-finai da majigin yara ("Ice Age", "Prehistoric Park", "Jurassic Portal"). Wataƙila waɗannan shahararrun wakilan tsoffin tigers ne.

Zuriya ta zamani

Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yarda da hakan smoky damisa - wani zuriyar zamani ne na saber-toothed tigers. Wannan damisa ba zuriyar kai tsaye ba ce, amma a lokaci guda dangi na kusa ne. Kyakkyawan damisa ya kasance ne a cikin kuliyoyin kuliyoyi masu daskarewa.

Jikin dabba mai girma ne, m, wanda yake halayyar ƙarin wakilan tsoffin wakilai na kuliyoyi. Idan aka kwatanta da daidaikun mutane na yau da kullun, rawanin lemo da ke murmushin fata sune mafi tsawo (duka da ƙananan da babba). Jayoyin wannan maharbin suna buɗewa da digiri 85, wanda yafi girma fiye da kowane cat na tsinkaye na zamani.

Wannan damisa ba asalin kai tsaye bane na damisa sabro-hakori.amma shi babban abin misali ne game da gaskiyar cewa tsoffin kuliyoyi sun yi farauta cikin sauƙi tare da taimakon sabbin fannoni saber.

Cutar kumburin Sabretooth wata halitta ce ta musammam, wacce, kodayake bayan bacewa daga duniyar tamu, tana sanya mutum ya zama mai ban sha'awa, tsoro da kuma mamakinsu, yana gabatar da tunani da hasashe iri-iri game da rayuwar da ta gabata.

Sabar-toothed damisa. Bayanin, fasali da mazaunin damisa sabor-toothed damisa

A shekara ta arba'in, shekarar da ta gabace ta ƙarshe, masanin ilimin ilimin burbushin halittu da masanin halitta Peter Wilhelm Lundom da farko ya bayyana saber-yatsun huji. A wadancan shekarun, lokacin rami a Brazil, ya gano ragowar farkon murmushin murmushi.

Daga baya, an gano ƙasusuwan dabbobin da aka tabbatar da su a tafkin California, inda suka isa wurin yin baftisma. Tunda tafkin mai ne, kuma ragowar mai duk lokacin da yake malalowa sama, dabbobin sukanyi lamuransu da kawunansu a cikin wannan ruwan kuma zasu mutu.

Sabre-toothed Tiger ya zauna

Yawan continentasashen Amurkawa, damisa-mai yatsun kafaɗa ya fi son wuraren bude wuraren rayuwa da farauta waɗanda ba su cika ciyawar ciyawar ba. Babu bayanai game da yadda wadannan dabbobin suka rayu.

Wasu masanan za su ba da shawara cewa murmushi ya haifar da salon rayuwa kaɗai. Wasu kuma sun bayar da hujjar cewa idan suna zaune cikin rukuni, to kuwa waɗannan garken ne wanda maza da mata, ake baiwa offspringa youngan, suna da adadin guda ɗaya. Mutane daban-daban na maza da mata saber-toothed cat ba su bambanta da girma, bambancin kawai shine ɗan gajeriyar ma'anar maza.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Game da damisa-toothed damisa Abin dogaro ne sananne cewa sun ci abinci na musamman - mastodons, bison, dawakai, tururuwa, barewa, yawon shakatawa. Hakanan, Tiger-toothed damisa ya riga ya zube akan saurayi, har yanzu yana da mamora masu kiba. Masu binciken burbushin halitta sun yarda cewa a cikin neman abinci ba su raina ba.

Mai yiwuwa, waɗannan mafarautan sun tafi farauta cikin fakitoci, mace sun fi mafarauta fiye da maza kuma koyaushe suna gaba. Sun kama ganima, sun kashe shi, suka murƙushe kuma suka watsa jijiyar carotid tare da fiɗa mai kaifi.

Wanda sake tabbatar da kasancewarsu dangin cat. Bayan duk, kamar yadda ka sani, kuliyoyi suna cinye abincinsu. Ba kamar zakuna da sauran masu farauta ba, waɗanda, idan sun kama, suna jan dabba marar lahani.

Amma, Tiger-toothed daman ba shine kawai mafarautan da ke zaune a cikin ƙasashe ba, kuma suna da manyan masu fafatawa. Misali, a Kudancin Amurka, tsuntsayen fororacosa ne suka fafata dasu da kuma girman giwa, katon katuwar megateria, wadanda kuma basa cin nama daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.

Akwai mafi yawan abokan hamayya a cikin sassan arewacin Amurka. Wannan zaki ne na kogon dutse, da kuma babban beyar mai gajere, da kuma mummunan kyarkeci, da sauran mutane da yawa.

Sanadin lalatawar damisa sabor-toothed damisa

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a cikin shafukan mujallu na kimiyya lokaci zuwa lokaci akwai bayanai waɗanda mazaunan wani ƙabilar suka ga dabbobi, bisa ga bayanin kwatankwacin hucin-huhun-ruwa. Mazauna gari sun ba su suna - zakuna na dutse. Amma babu wani tabbacin hukuma da ya tabbatar da hakan saber-yatsun hujisuna da rai.

Babban dalilin ɓacewar dammar sabor-toothed shine canza ciyawar Arctic. E. Willerslev, malami ne a Jami'ar Kofi, da kuma gungun masana kimiyya daga kasashe goma sha shida, sun yi nazarin kwayar halittar DNA da aka samo daga tsohuwar dabba da aka adana a cikin kankara.

Daga abin da aka zana waɗannan abubuwan ƙarshe: ganyayyaki waɗanda dawakai, tururuwa da sauran filayen dabbobi suka ci a wancan lokacin suna da wadataccen furotin. Da farkon lokacin Ice, duk ciyayi ya bushe.

Bayan narke, makiyaya da steppes sun sake zama kore, amma darajar sinadarin sabbin ganye ya canza, bai ƙunshi adadin da ya dace da furotin ba. Me yasa dukkanin abubuwan sunadarai sun lalace cikin sauri. Kuma a bayansu akwai sarkar bishiyoyi masu rauni iri-iri, waɗanda suka ci su, kawai suka zauna ba tare da abinci ba, me yasa suka mutu saboda matsananciyar yunwa.

A zamaninmu na babban fasaha, tare da taimakon zane-zanen komputa za ku iya dawo da komai kuma ku koma ƙarni da yawa. Sabili da haka, a cikin kayan tarihin kayan tarihi waɗanda aka keɓe don tsohuwar, dabbobi masu ƙarewa, akwai masu hoto da yawa hotuna tare da hoto sabun-hakoritigerswannan ya bamu damar sanin wadannan dabbobin gwargwadon iko.

Wataƙila a lokacin, za mu nuna godiya, ƙauna da kare yanayi da sabun-hakoritigers, kuma wasu dabbobi masu yawa ba za'a jera su akan shafin ba Jalittattafan kamar nau'in halitta.

Maciji ko damisa?

Da farko dai, ya kamata a lura da cewa kalmar "saber-toothed damisa", da alama ta saba, ba daidai bane.

Kimiyyar ilimin halittu sun san subfamily na saber-toothed cat (Machairodontinae). Koyaya, waɗannan dabbobin na da daɗewa ba su da keɓaɓɓun sifofi tare da damisa. A cikin na farko da na biyu, gwargwado da tsarin jiki sun bambanta sosai, ƙananan haɗin an haɗu da hanyoyi daban-daban ga kwanyar. Kari akan haka, launin "damisa" mai launi ba halin halayyar kuli-kuli-sabor. Halin rayuwar su ma ya banbanta da na damisa: masana binciken burbushin halittu sun ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan dabbobin ba su kadai ba ne, suna rayuwa da farauta da ƙyalli, kamar zaki.

Koyaya, tunda kalmar "saber-toothed tigers" ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya a cikin duniya, kuma har ma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, zamu cigaba da amfani da wannan kyakkyawan misalin.

Erabilar Cutar Sabre-Tooth

Har zuwa shekarar 2000, dabbatsin bishiyoyin da ke da rauni, ko Machairodontinae, sun hada manyan kabilu uku.

Wakilan kabilar farko, Machairodontini (wani lokacin kuma ana kiranta Homoterini), ana rarrabe su da manyan tutocin sama da na musamman, masu fadi da kuma wa'azin a ciki.Yayin farauta, mafarautan sun fi dogara da busa tare da wannan "makamin" da ya wuce cizo. Catsarancin kuliyoyi na kabilar makhairodes sun kasance tare da ƙaramin damisa, na zamani, mafi girma ya wuce girman babban damisa.

Tabar wiwi-toothed na biyu na kabila, Smilodontini, ana san su da tsummoki masu tsayi, amma sun kasance kunkuntar kuma basu da kamannin machairods. Harinsu da tatsuniyoyi daga sama zuwa ƙasa ya zama mafi muni kuma cikakke a tsakanin wakilan dukkan kuliyoyi marasa lafiya. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, murmushin murmushi ya kasance girman damisawar Amur ko zaki, amma jinsin Amurkawa na wannan maharbin na da daukakar babban bishara da ke da rauni a tarihi.

Kabila na uku, Metailurini, shine mafi tsufa. Abin da ya sa hakoran waɗannan dabbobi suna wakiltar wani nau'in '' matsakaicin canji '' tsakanin tsintsiyar talakawa da sabulun-toothed-toothed. An yi imani da cewa sun rabu da wasu Makhairodontovy isa da wuri, kuma juyin halitta ya faru da ɗan daban. Saboda tsananin rauni na alamun “saber-toothed”, wakilan wannan kabila sun fara danganta su kai tsaye don la’akari da “kananan kuliyoyi”, ko “mai karya-saber-toothed”. Tun daga 2000, wannan kabila ba a haɗa shi da ɗan ƙaramin fifiko a gare mu.

Sabre-yatsen damisare

Kayan Sabre-yatsu sun zauna a duniya na dogon lokaci - sama da shekaru miliyan miliyan 20, da suka bayyana a karon farko a farkon Miocene kuma sun ɓace gaba ɗaya a ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene. A duk tsawon wannan lokaci, sun ba da dama ga yawancin halittu da nau'ikan halitta, wanda ya bambanta sosai cikin bayyanar da girma. Koyaya, bugun jini na sama (a wasu nau'in zasu iya kaiwa sama da santimita ashirin a tsayi) da dukiya don buɗe bakin sosai (wani lokacin har da digiri ɗari da ashirin!) A al'adance al'adar su ta al'ada ce.

A ina ne kuliyoyin sabulun-kaba?

An yi imanin cewa d sab magargin sabor-toothed dabbar ya rayu akan dukkan nahiyoyi banda Australia da Antarctica. Wurin rarraba waɗannan dabbobin a duniya shine Asiya.

Abubuwan archaeological sun nuna cewa wakilan kabilar Mahairod sun rayu a yankin Asiya na zamani da Turai. Amma duka nahiyoyin Amurka suna zaune ne ta hanyar murmushi.

A cikin Afirka, kujerun sabro-goge baki ɗaya sun mutu kusan shekaru ɗari biyar da suka shude, yayin da suka ɓace daga yankin Turai da Arewacin Amurka kawai kimanin shekaru dubu 30 da suka gabata.

Yadda sabul-toothed kuliyoyi ke farauta

An yi imanin cewa duk kuli-kuli-kuli da masarautar dabba ta taɓa sani suna da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun dabbobi masu farauta, masu iya farautar dabbobi, masu girman da suka fi nasu girma. Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su yarda ba game da ko waɗannan dabbobin za su iya kashe manyan maganganun batsa - misali, rhinos ko mastodons. Koyaya, ya tabbata cewa bison, boars daji, tururuwa da hipparions (dawakan burbushin halittu) tsoffin dabbobi ne. Kayan sabre-toothed ma sun farautar mutanen da.

Waɗannan dabbobin an nuna su ta wurin maharan hari. Matse wanda aka azabtar dashi a kasa tare da karfi mai ƙarfi ko tono a cikin makogwaronta, ƙwayar sabar-toothed nan take ta yanke carotid artery da trachea. Sakamakon ciwan cizo shine babban makamin wannan maƙiyin - bayan duk, ƙyallen da aka makale a cikin ƙasusuwa ganima zasu iya karyewa. Irin wannan kuskuren zai kasance mai rauni ga wanda ba ya cin nasara, yana hana shi ikon farauta don haka yanke masa hukuncin kisa.

Me yasa kuliyoyin sabul-gogewa suka mutu?

A cikin Pleistocene, ko "shekarun kankara", wanda yakasance lokacin daga miliyan biyu zuwa ashirin da biyar zuwa dubu goma da suka shude, yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa sannu a hankali sun bace - bears, kogon dusar kankara, katuwar katako, mammoth da sabor-toothed damisa. Me yasa hakan ta faru?

A lokacin sanyi kankara, tsire-tsire da yawa masu wadatar sunadarai sun mutu, wanda ke zama abinci na yau da kullun ga manyan dabbobi masu kiwo. A ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene, yanayin duniya yana daɗaɗa da bushewa sosai. Sannu a hankali an maye gurbin gandun daji ta hanyar ciyawa ta ciyawa, amma sabon ciyayi, wanda ya dace da yanayin canzawa, basu da ƙimar abinci na tsohon. Ganyayyaki masu yawa na alaƙar dabbobi da mammoth a hankali sun mutu, basu sami isasshen abinci ba. Dangane da haka, akwai karancin dabbobin da masu farautar za su iya farauta. Lamarin sabor-toothed, babban dako mai farauta ne, lamarin ya kasance yana garkuwa da shi. Siffofin fasalin muƙamuƙen sa bai ba shi damar kama ƙananan dabbobi ba, babban farensa da gajeren wutsiyarsa basu basu damar cim ma abin da yake da ƙafa a hanunsa ba, wanda hakan ya ƙara zama sosai. Yanayin da aka canza ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa tsohuwar tigers tare da tsumma masu fasalin saber basu sami damar rayuwa ba. A hankali amma babu makawa duk nau'in waɗannan dabbobi da suke rayuwa a yanayin sun ɓace daga fuskar duniya.

Ba tare da togiya ba, duk kuli-kuli-tsutsotsi dabbobi ne masu ƙarewa wanda bai bar zuriya ta kai tsaye ba.

Okaƙƙarfan kunama - modernan zamani na ƙwaƙƙwaran saber-hakori

A yau an yi imani da cewa kai tsaye ne, amma mafi kusancin dangi na Smilodon shine damisa da ba a taba gani ba. Ya mallaki subfamily Pantherinae (Panther kuliyoyi), ciki wanda ya fito daga cikin halittar Neofelis.

Jikinsa yana da girma da ɗaukar nauyi a lokaci guda - waɗannan sifofi sun kasance asali a cikin kuliyoyin sabor-toothed antiquity. A cikin wakilan kuliyoyin zamani, wannan dabbar tana da tsayi mafi tsayi (duka da babba) dangane da girmanta. Bugu da kari, jajojin wannan maharbin na iya budewa har zuwa digiri 85, wanda yafi girma fiye da sauran cat na zamani.

Da yake ba shi daga tsararriya kai tsaye ne na kuliyoyi, ƙuruciya masu ɗaukar hoto wata hujja ce bayyananniya cewa maharbin zai iya amfani da "maharbin saber" a cikin wannan zamani.

Lamirin sabor-toothed ba shine asalin tiger na zamani ba

Dukkanin hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na damisa (Panthera tigris)Misali, huhun Siberian ya kasance cikin silar halittar dan adam (Panthera) daga subfamily manyan kuliyoyi (Pantherinae). Tabewar-toothed huhun, biyun, suna cikin sikirin da ke tattare da kuli-kuli-gorani sun mutu a ƙarshen Pleistocene (Machairodontinae)wanda yake yana da alaƙa ne da zaki kawai, damisa, damisa da kuma jaguars.

Smilodon ba shine kadai cat sabor-toothed cat

Duk da gaskiyar cewa har yanzu sanannen sanannen usan asalin damisa mai rauni sabul-toighed ne Tigerdon (Smīlodōn), ya yi nesa da wakili na kawai na dabbobin sabir-hakori. A cikin zamanin Cenozoic, ƙwayoyin ƙasa sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka samar da fiye da dozin, ciki har da meganteron (Megantereon) , ɗayan wakilinsa wanda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke sama. Fitowar kuliyoyin bishiyoyi masu rikitarwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar cewa cat-like dabbobi masu shayarwa sun rayu akan Duniya a wancan lokacin, suna da fasalulluka masu kama da dabi'ar halittar mutum, amma alaƙar su da damisa mai yatsun kafa biyu tana haifar da shakku mai ƙarfi a cikin da'irar paloontological.

Halin murmushi na halittar ya hada da nau'ikan halittu uku

Mafi ƙarancin da muka sani game da ƙaramin (mai nauyin har kilo 100) Smilodon gracilis, wanda ya rayu a yankin yammacin Amurka tsakanin miliyan 2.5 zuwa shekaru dubu 500 da suka gabata. Matsakaici a cikin girman, amma ba a cikin mashahuri tsakanin mutane da yawa ba Smilodon fatalisya rayu a yankin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 da dubu 10 da suka shude. Mafi girman memba na jinsin murmushi shine jinsin Smilodon mai watsawa, daidaikun mutane waɗanda adadinsu ya kai kimanin kilo 500.

Sabre-toothed tiger fangs sun kasance kusan 30 cm tsayi

Ba wanda zai yi sha'awar damisa mai yatsun kafa biyu idan suna kama da manyan kuliyoyi. Me ya sanya wannan wakilin megafauna da gaske ya cancanci kulawa? Tabbas, manyan mayaƙansa, waɗanda a cikin manyan nau'ikan sun kai tsayi zuwa cm 30. Abin baƙon abu ne, amma waɗannan haƙoran hakora sun cika da rauni, cikin sauƙin karya yayin melee kuma basu sake girma ba.

Sabre-toothed damisa mai rauni jaws

Tiger mai yaduddugaggen yatsan zai iya buɗe bakinsa kamar maciji a wani kusurwa na digiri 120, wanda ya fi sau biyu girma fiye da zaki na zamani (ko cat da ke hargo a cikin gida). A zahiri, nau'in nau'in murmushin basu iya amfani da wannan ikon don cizo mai karfi na wanda aka azabtar dasu, saboda yakamata su kare tsattsauran ra'ayi daga lalacewa mara kyau (duba sakin layi na baya).

Wani huhu mai santsi yana tsaye yana jiran ganima, yana ɓoyewa a itace

Dogo mai tsayi da ƙarancin sawun saber-toothed damisa, haɗe tare da ƙaƙƙarfan jaws, ya sa salon farautar su ya kware sosai. Gwargwadon yadda masana burbushin halitta suka sani, sabar-toothed damisa sun kai hari ga ganimarsu daga ƙananan rassan bishiyoyi, suna ta ɓarnar “sabulun” zurfinsu a cikin wuyan wanda aka azabtar, sannan kuma suka yi ritaya zuwa nesa nesa ba kusa ba.

Sabar-toothed damisa zasu iya zama cikin fakitoci

Yawancin manyan kuliyoyin zamani sun tura masana ilimin kimiya binciken masana cewa suna da sabulu-hakori damis sun zauna cikin fakitoci. Shaida ga wannan ka'ida shaida ce ta tsufa da kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun a cikin yawancin samfurori na murmushin murmushi. Ba zai yiwu ba cewa marasa lafiya da tsofaffi za su iya rayuwa a cikin daji ba tare da taimako ba, ko aƙalla kare sauran membobin fakitin.

La Brea Ranch - Mafificin tushen burbushin ya rage ragowar ragowar tsuntsu

Yawancin burbushin halittun dinosaur da dabbobin farko an samo su ne a sasanninta na duniya, amma dubun dubatar saber-toothed tiger samfurori an gano su daga ragowar da aka samu a tafkunan bitumen (ramuka na tarho) a La Brea Ranch, Los Angeles. Wataƙila, wasu kuliyoyi masu sha'awar dabbobi sun jawo hankalin wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin resin, wanda suke ɗauka a matsayin abincin rana mai sauƙi.

Kyakkyawan ƙwayar sabulu-toothed yana da jikin da ya fi kayatar da manyan kuliyoyin zamani

Baya ga dogayen sabor mai siffa sabuwa, akwai kuma wata hanya ta bambance damisa sabor-huwaci daga manyan kuliyoyi na zamani. Suna da wuƙaƙƙen wuyansa, babban kirji da gajerun tsokoki. Jiki mai kyau ya dace sosai da hanyar rayuwarsu, tunda basa buƙatar bin abin da suka ci ta hanyar makiyaya marasa iyaka, amma suna tsalle a kai daga ƙananan rassan bishiyoyi.

Tabar-tomohed mai yatsu ya lalace shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata

Me yasa damisa mai yatsun kafa biyu suka lalace daga fuskar duniya har zuwa karshen lokacin dusar kankara na karshe? Da alama mutane na asali suna da wata dangantaka ta kai tsaye ga wannan. Wataƙila, haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da kuma ƙarancin shayar manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suka zama abincinsu ya zama sanadin halaka su. An yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da samfuran DNA na yau da kullun don clone saber-toothed Tiger a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin kimiyya da aka sani da lalacewa.

Dalilin bacewar damisa sabor-toothed damisa

Ba a tabbatar da ainihin musabbabin lalata ba. Amma akwai maganganu da yawa waɗanda zasu taimaka wajen bayyana wannan gaskiyar. Biyu daga cikinsu suna da alaƙar kai tsaye zuwa ga abincin wannan magabacin.

Na farko ya bada shawarar cin abinci saber-yatsun huji ba nama, amma jinin ganima. Sun yi amfani da fatakansu kamar allura. Jikin wanda aka azabtar ya kasance a cikin hanta, kuma yayi lagha, yana gudana jini.

Gawar da kanta ba ta taɓa kasancewa ba. Irin wannan abincin ya sanya mafarautan farauta kusan tsawon kwanaki suna kashe dabbobi da yawa. Wannan na iya yiwuwa tun farkon lokacin dusar kankara. Bayan haka, lokacin da wasan ya tafi kusan, Tiger-toothed damisa ya zama sanadiyyar matsananciyar yunwa.

Abu na biyu, wanda akafi sani, ya bayyana cewa ƙonewar damisa sabul-toot yana da nasaba da kai tsaye ga dabbobin da suka zama abincinsu na yau da kullun. Kuma a daya bangaren, da wuya su sake ginawa saboda fasalolin jikinsu.

Yanzu akwai ra'ayin da saber-yatsun huji har yanzu da rai kuma ma an gan su a Afirka ta Tsakiya ta mafarauta daga kabilun yankin da ke kiransa "zaki mai dutse".

Amma ba a rubuce wannan ba, kuma har yanzu yana kan matakin labarai. Masana kimiyya ba su musun yiwuwar wanzuwar wasu irin waɗannan yanayin a yanzu ba. Idan saber-yatsun huji kuma, duk da haka, za su samu, to, nan da nan za su shiga shafukan Littafin jan.

Habitat

Sabretooth kuliyoyi sun wanzu daga Eocene zuwa Pleistocene (55,8 miliyan zuwa 11.7 dubu da suka wuce). Sun kasance masu yaduwa a Arewacin Amurka da Turai a lokacin Miocene da Pliocene (lokacin shekaru 23-2.58 da suka gabata). A cikin lokutan Pliocene, sun bazu zuwa Asiya da Afirka. A lokacin Pleistocene, kuliyoyi masu tsini-tsintsin rai sun mamaye Amurka.

Abubuwan fasali

Daga cikin kuliyoyin sabro-kafa, da kuma wasu dabbobi na duniyarmu, akwai wasu janareto na musamman. Mafi shahararren shine asalin halittar daga subfamily, murmushi. Waɗannan manyan kuliyoyi ne masu gajeren gashi. Sun zauna da yankuna na Kudancin da Arewacin Amurka a lokacin mulkin Pleistocene.

Smilodon yana da babban jiki kuma ya kusan girma kamar zaki ko damisa mai girma. Yawan nauyin dabbobi ya kama daga kilogiram 160 zuwa 400.

An yi amfani da manyan tonon silima don raunata raunuka mai zurfi da bugun ƙarfi ga manyan herbivores, waɗanda suke da sauƙi ga murmushin murmushi. Musclesayoyin wuyansa sun kasance mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. An yi bayanin wannan fasalin ta hanyar cewa don buga bugun abokan gaba kuma a kama bakin da yakamata a buɗe kusan 120 °! Tabbas, irin wadannan tatsuniyoyin ba su dace da damisa ba - kananan dabbobi sun zama abar birge su, yana da matukar wahala a iya kama su da tsummokoki, kuma an rage giram din wadannan mafarautan gaba daya.

Tsagewa

A ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Pliocene, kuliyoyin sabro-gogewa sun mutu a cikin Tsohon Duniya, amma a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka sun sami nasarar rayuwa har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene.

Babban dalilin bacewar huhun-huhun, da kuma wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa a wancan lokacin, shine lokacin dusar kankara, wanda yai daga shekaru miliyan 2 zuwa dubu 25 da suka shude. Smilodons sun ɓace kusan farkon farko, saboda ɗumbin tsubburansu yana da wahala a gare su su fara neman ƙananan dabbobi, gasar a tsakanin masu farautar ta kasance mai girma, kuma sabuwa-dodo-gora ba za su iya tsayar da shi ba.

Binciken Paleontological

A shekara ta 1841, rahoton farko na damisa mai yadudduka ya bayyana a daftarin burbushin halittu. A cikin jihar Minas Geiras da ke gabashin Brazil, inda masana binciken burbushin halittu da masanin kimiyya Peter Wilhelm Lund suka samo burbushin halittu. Masanin kimiyyar yayi nazari kuma ya bayyana dalla-dalla game da abubuwan da aka samo, kuma aka tsara abubuwan da aka tsara kuma aka fitar da dabbar a matsayin jinsin halittar daban.

La Brea Ranch, wanda yake a cikin kwari kwarin bitumen kusa da birnin Los Angeles, ya shahara saboda yawancin binciken dabbobi na dabbobi, wanda ya hada da cat sabor-toothed cat. A cikin lokacin kankara, akwai wani tafki na baƙi a cikin kwari, cike da abun da ke cikin mai mai kauri (asfltur ruwa). Wani bakin ruwa mai santsi ya taru akan shimfidaddunsa kuma ya jawo hankalin tsuntsaye da dabbobi da haskenta.

Dabbobi sun tafi wurin da ake ruwa, suka faɗa cikin tarko mutuwa. Hadaya daga cikin kawai zai shiga cikin tayin cirewar tayi da kafafun su da kansu sun makale a farfajiya. A karkashin nauyin jikinsu, wadanda abin ya rutsa da sura ta hankali ya shiga cikin kwalta, har ma manyan mutane da suka fi karfinsu ba za su iya fita daga ciki ba. Wasan da aka tafka kamar da bakin ruwa ya zama kamar abin farauta ne ga masu farautar, amma lokacinda suka nufi hanyarsa, su da kansu sun tarko.

A tsakiyar karni na karshe, mutane sun fara cire kwalta daga tafkin kuma, ba zato ba tsammani ga kansu, sun gano ragowar dabbobi da yawa da aka binne da rai. A waje an tashe sama da kwanyar sama da dubu biyu na sabor-toothed cat. Kamar yadda ya juya daga baya, matasa ne kawai suka fada tarko. A bayyane yake tsoffin dabbobi, sun riga sun koyar da ƙwarewar haushi, sun tsallake wannan wurin.

Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar California ne suka gudanar da binciken ragowar. Tare da taimakon na'urar tomograph, tsarin hakora da yawaitar kasusuwa, an gudanar da binciken ƙididdigar ƙwayoyi da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. An sake dawo da kasusuwan dabbar cat saber-toot a cikakkun bayanai. Fasahar komputa ta zamani ta taimaka wajen sake fasalin hoton dabba har ma da lissafin karfin ciwan sa.

Rayuwa da halaye

Tsohuwar sabar-toothed damisa wakili ne na wani zamani daban kuma a halayyarsa bata da yawa kamar kuliyoyi na zamani. Mai yiyuwa ne maƙerancin sun rayu a ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, waɗanda suka haɗa mata uku zuwa huɗu, maza da yawa da matasa. Yana yiwuwa yawan mace da namiji sun kasance iri ɗaya. Farauta tare, dabbobi na iya cin wasa mafi girma, wanda ke nufin samar da kansu da abinci mai yawa.

An tabbatar da wannan zato ne ta hanyar binciken binciken-kashin da aka samu sau da yawa akan kasusuwan farko na al'adun herbivore. Dabba, ta raunana da raunuka da cututtuka, tare da wannan salon, koyaushe zai iya dogara da wani ɓangaren ganima. A cewar wata ka'idar, kabilun ba su da daraja kuma sun ci dangi mara lafiya.

TOP abubuwa 10 game da damisa mai yatsan kafa

Tare da mammoth, damisa mai siraran ya kasance ɗayan shahararrun dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin zamanin Pleistocene. Amma ka san cewa wannan maharbin yana da alaƙa da haɗi tare da damisa ta zamani, tsummokinta kuma ba su daɗewa? A cikin wannan labarin, zaku gano abubuwa 10 masu ban sha'awa game da damarar sabar-toothed, da hotuna da hotuna suka misalta su.

1. Tiger-toothed damisa ba shine asalin tiger na zamani ba

Dukkanin nau'ikan damina na zamani (Panthera tigris), alal misali, silar Siberiya ta kasance ne ta halittar Panther (Panthera) daga manyan kuliyoyin da ke ƙasa (Pantherinae). Tiger-toothed damisa, bi da bi, suna cikin sikelin-sabe-toothed kuliyoyi (Machairodontinae), wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen Pleistocene, wanda yake kawai yana da alaƙa da zaki, zamani, damisa da kuma jaguars.

2. Smilodon ba shine ainihin asalin kuliyoyin sabir-hakori

Duk da cewa mafi shahararrun tsararrakin huhun tsuntsaye shine Slomodon (Smīlodōn), yayi nesa da wakilin wakilin masu satar dabbobi. A cikin zamanin Cenozoic, ƙananan ƙwayoyin sun haɗa da abubuwa sama da dozin, ciki har da Megantereon, ɗayan wanda aka nuna a hoton da ke sama. Fitowar kuliyoyin bishiyoyi masu rikitarwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar cewa cat-like dabbobi masu shayarwa sun rayu akan Duniya a wancan lokacin, suna da fasalulluka masu kama da dabi'ar halittar mutum, amma alaƙar su da damisa mai yatsun kafa biyu tana haifar da shakku mai ƙarfi a cikin da'irar paloontological.

3. Murmushin kimiyar halittar murmushi ya hada da nau'ikan halittu uku

Mafi karancin duk mun sani game da karamin (nauyinsa ya kai kilo 100) na Smilodon gracilis, wanda ya rayu a yankin yammacin Amurka tsakanin miliyan 2.5 da dubu 500 da suka shude. Smilodon Fatalis, matsakaita mai girman gaske, amma ba ya shahara tsakanin mutane da yawa, ya rayu a cikin Amurka kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 da dubu 10 da suka shude. Mafi girma daga cikin jinsin murmushi shine nau'in Smilodon mazaunin, kowane ɗayan mutum ya kai kimanin kilo 500.

4. fanaunar sabor-toothed damisa sun kusan 30 cm tsayi

5. Sabre-toothed damisa mai rauni jaws.

6. Maganin sabro-toothed yana jiran abin farauta, yana ɓoye cikin itace

7. Tiger-toothed damisa zai iya zama cikin fakitoci

8. La Brea Ranch - tushen arzikin da yafi arziki daga ragowar tsuntsaye iri-iri

9. Tiger mai yaduddug ruwan fure yana da jikin da ya fi shi daraja fiye da manyan kuliyoyi na zamani

10. Zaman kurji ya mutu shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata
Me yasa damisa mai yatsun kafa biyu suka lalace daga fuskar duniya har zuwa karshen lokacin dusar kankara na karshe? Da alama mutane na asali suna da wata dangantaka ta kai tsaye ga wannan. Wataƙila, haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da kuma ƙarancin shayar manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suka zama abincinsu ya zama sanadin halaka su. An yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da samfuran DNA na yau da kullun don clone saber-toothed Tiger a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin kimiyya da aka sani da lalacewa.

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