Nau'in suna: | Farar fata |
Sunan Latin: | Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sunan Turanci: | Farar fata |
Sunan Faransa | Cigogne blanche |
Sunan Jamusanci: | Kawancenda |
Daidaita latin: | don ƙananan ciconia: Ciconia alba Bechstein, 1793, Ciconia albescens C. L. Brehm, 1831, Ciconia nivea C.L. Brehm, 1831, Ciconia Candida C. L. Brehm, 1831, Ciconia manyan C. L. Brehm, 1855, don reshen asiatica: Ciconia asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Ciconia orientalis Severtzov, 1875 |
Squad: | Ciconiiformes (Ciconiformes) |
Iyali: | Stork (Ciconiidae) |
Jinsi: | Storks (Ciconia Brisson, 1760) |
Matsayi: | Jinyar nau'in ƙaura. |
Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin
Babban tsuntsu mai kafafu mai tsawo, wuya da baki. Tsayin jiki 100-115 cm, fikafika 155-165 cm, nauyin tsuntsaye na girma daga 2.5 zuwa 4.5 kilogiram. Maza suna da ɗan girma sama da mace, amma a zahiri sun kusan zama marasa ma'ana. Umwaya fari fari, tashi baƙi. Beak da kafafu suna ja. Lokacin lura da tsuntsu mai tashi, dogo mai wuya da kafafu, yana bambanta baƙar fata da fararen ɗabi'a suna jan hankalin mutane. Yana tafiya a ƙasa, yana girgiza kansa a ɗan lokaci tare da motsi. A kan ciyayi ko kuma perches, zai iya tsawan dogon lokaci akan kafa ɗaya, yana jawo wuyansa cikin rigar jikin. Sau da yawa yana amfani da jirgin sama mai tashi, tare da kusan babu fuka-fukan buɗe ido, yana da ikon tashi cikin hawan iska. Tare da raguwa mai kaifi da saukowa - dan kadan yana matsa fuka-fukan zuwa jiki kuma yana sanya kafafunku gaba. Ana yin furanni a cikin jirgin yayin tashi; su kuma tsuntsayen da ba masu kiwo ba ne yayin yawo a ƙarshen bazara da bazara. Babu takamaiman tsari a cikin garken da ke tashi. Yayinda suke gangarowa daga sama, tsuntsayen suna sauka sau ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Ya bambanta da launin toka mai launin fari, daga cranes da herons a cikin jan launi na baki da ƙafafunsa. Ba kamar herons ba, a cikin jirgin sama yake shimfidawa maimakon ɗaukar wuya a wuyansa.
Kuri'a Dalilin ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwar kyakyawan farin katako ita ce fasa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya jin murda. Sautin kukan kaji ya fi bambanta. Jin kukan mai neman abinci ya yi kama da daɗewa. Kashi na farko na wannan tsawa yana da sautin girma, na biyu yayi ƙasa. Hakanan zaka iya jin karar fashewa da kuka a cikin kajin a cikin gida; a cikin makonnin farko na rayuwa, kajin suna kokarin fasa tare da gemun su.
Bayanin
Canza launi. Namiji maza da mata. Babu bambance-bambancen yanayi na launi. Yawancin fikafetinsu fari ne, gashinsa, firam na waje, sakandare na waje, kafada kuma wasu daga cikin gashin gashin yatsun hannayensu baki ne da fararen kayan ƙarfe. Abubuwan dusar ƙanƙara na waje na ƙananan kwari suna da filayen launin toka a gefen akwati (alamar ta bambanta, yawanci ana iya ganin ta kawai a kusa da kusa). Gashin tsuntsaye a wuyansa da kirji suna da ɗan elongated, tsuntsaye masu kwalliya (alal misali, a lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin) sau da yawa sukan zubo su. Beak da kafafu suna da haske ja. Fatar da ta kewaya a ido da gaban fatar kan nonon baki ne. Bakan gizo launin ruwan kasa idanu.
Farkon saukar da kaya. Bayan kyankyasar, an rufe karen tare da wasu launuka masu launin fari da gajerar fata. Kafafu suna launin shuɗi, bayan 'yan kwanaki sun zama launin shuɗi-baki. Gefen ido da fata a idanu suna baki, fata a kan chinya ya yi ja, iris duhu. Na biyu saukar da kaya. Isasa mai tsabta fari ne, mai kauri da tsawo. Yana sauya na farko cikin kusan mako guda.
Nesting kaya. Birdaramin yarinyar yana kama da launi zuwa mai girma, amma launin fata mai launin shuɗi yana maye gurbin launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, ba tare da haske ba. Gashin baki da kafafu suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, a lokacin da kajin ke barin mazaunin, yawanci sukan zama masu launin shuɗi, amma sau da yawa zaka iya ganin raga masu yawo tare da baki ko baƙi mai launin fari. Idanu bakan gizo sunyi launin toka.
Tsarin da girma
A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana buga ma'aunin sassa daban-daban na jikin mayu ba tare da rarraba samfurin zuwa gungun mata ba. Tsawon fikafikan reshe na zaɓaɓɓen farin fari ne tare da wannan tsarin don yankin da ya gabata. USSR shine, ga mutane 6, 585-605 mm (Spangenberg, 1951), don Ukraine (Smogorzhevsky, 1979) - 534-574 mm. Marubucin na ƙarshe kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa tsawon wutsiya ya bambanta tsakanin 206-232 mm, beak shine -156-195, kuma ƙirin shine 193-227 mm. Anididdigar bincike na tarin ɗakunan tarihi na Jami'ar Kiev na Jami'ar Kasa da Gidan Tarihi na Naturalasar Tarihi na Yukren ya ba da sakamakon: tsinkayen reshe (n = 14) - 513-587 mm, tare da matsakaicin darajar 559.9 ± 5.8 mm, wutsiya (n = 11) - 201 -232, a kan matsakaici 222.5 ± 4.2, beak (n = 12) - 150-192, matsakaici 166.4 ± 3.5, tarsus (n = 14) - 187-217, a kan matsakaici 201.4 ± 2.5 mm (asali). Don bakin fari na Asiya, tsawon reshe na mutane 9 da aka auna shine 550-640, matsakaita na 589 mm.
Yankunan farin fari na ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar jima'i da ƙananan rashen yankuna daban-daban ana ba su cikin tebur 31.
Matsayi | Maza | Mata | Mai tushe | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | lim | M | n | lim | M | ||
Ciconia ciconia. Turai | |||||||
Tsawon tsalle | — | 530–630 | — | — | 530–590 | — | Gidan yanar gizon et al., 1939 |
Tsawon tsayi | — | 215–240 | — | — | 215–240 | — | Gidan yanar gizon et al., 1939 |
Girman tsawonsa | — | 150–190 | — | — | 140–170 | — | Gidan yanar gizon et al., 1939 |
Tsayin Livot | — | 195–240 | — | — | 195–240 | — | Gidan yanar gizon et al., 1939 |
Tsawon tsalle | 18 | 556–598 | 576 | 15 | 543–582 | 558 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Tsawon tsayi | 18 | 221–268 | 247 | 15 | 218–256 | 237 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Girman tsawonsa | 18 | 157–198 | 179 | 15 | 155–180 | 164 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Tsayin Livot | 18 | 191–230 | 214 | 15 | 184–211 | 197 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Ciconia ciconia asiatica. tsakiyar Asiya | |||||||
Tsawon tsalle | 18 | 581–615 | 596 | 9 | 548–596 | 577 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Girman tsawonsa | 18 | 188–223 | 204 | 9 | 178–196 | 187 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Tsayin Livot | 18 | 213–247 | 234 | 9 | 211–234 | 220 | Hancock et al., 1992 |
Tsarin reshe (ba kirga madaidaiciyar farko ba) IV? III? V-I-VI. Webs na waje na II da IV na farkon tashi sune tsintsaye. Gashin yana dan zagaye, dan gashin wutsiya 12. Gefen yana da tsawo, madaidaiciya, yana matsawa zuwa saman. Gashin hancin dogo, tsayi-kamar tsayi. Weight 41 maza daga Gabas. Prussia 2 900-4 400 g (matsakaici 3,571), mata 27 - 2 700-3 900 g (3 325). Weight yana ƙaruwa dan kadan lokacin bazara. Matsakaicin nauyin maza 14 a watan Yuni ya kasance 3,341 g, mata 14 - 3,150 g, a cikin Yuli-Agusta 12 maza sun auna 3,970 g a matsakaita, 12 mata - 3,521 g (Steinbacher, 1936).
Namiji, saboda haka, ya ɗan fi girma fiye da mace, yana da mafi ƙarancin beke kuma mafi girma. Bugu da kari, gemu a jikin namiji yana da sifofi daban-daban: gemu a gaban kwararowar ya kasance mai dan kadan ne sama, yayin da kuma mace beak yana madaidaiciya (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988). Ta hanyar tsawon baki, za a iya tantance jima'i na 67% na tsuntsaye tare da yiwuwar kuskuren kuskure wanda bai wuce 5% ba (Post et al., 1991). Kowane ɗayan tsuntsayen da aka gano ta hanyar yanayin baƙar fata a ƙwanƙwasa shima hakan zai yiwu (Fangrath, Helb, 2005).
Miƙa
Ba a matsi sosai. A cikin kananan tsuntsaye, cikakken post-na matasa molting fara, dangane da yanayi, daga Disamba zuwa Mayu na shekarar farko ta rayuwa. A cikin tsuntsaye manya, cikakke molt yana ɗaukar mafi yawan shekara. Tsuntsayen tsuntsayen farko suna canzawa a cikin tsarin da ba na tsari ba a cikin lokacin farauta, wasu a cikin hunturu (Stresemann, Stresemann, 1966).
A cikin ƙarin daki-daki, an gano gashin fuka-fukan a kan wasu ɓoye 5 da aka ajiye a cikin gandun daji a Switzerland (Bloesch et al., 1977). Girma na girma yana faruwa da saurin layi. Primary flyworms girma by 8-9 mm per day, sakandare - 6.5-6.9 mm. Yana ɗaukar kwanaki 50-55 zuwa 65-75 don maye gurbin gashin tsuntsu. A cikin tsuntsayen da aka lura, kwari-firamare 6 na gaba da sakandare 13 akan fikafikan biyu ana maye gurbinsu kowace shekara. Yawancin saka gashin fuka-fukai daban-daban ne, don fara tashi, ya yi daga shekaru 1.2 zuwa shekaru 2.5. Canjin gashin fuka-fukan tafiye-tafiye. Don Flow flyels, yana farawa da XI, don ƙaramar tashi, daga maki da yawa. Hawan keke yana farawa daga shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa; an kammala karatunsu na karshe ne kawai da shekaru 4-5. A lokacin farkon farawa da na uku, canjin gashin fuka-fukan ya fara daga Maris-Afrilu, sannan a tsakiyar watan Mayu kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon Nuwamba. Yawancin gashin fuka-fukan sun canza a watanni lokacin bazara tsakanin farkon kyankyashe da tashi.
Haɗuwar molting da nesting na iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa farin dabbar a wannan lokacin tana da ƙarancin kaya a fuka-fukan ta fiye da lokacin ƙaura na tsawo ko lokacin rayuwar nomadic lokacin hunturu (Creutz, 1988).
Kudin shiga haraji
Akwai wasu fannoni biyu da suka sha bamban da girma da kuma siffar beak:
1.Cicortia cicottia ciconia
Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, c. 142, Sweden.
Karami tsari. Tsawon reshe na maza shine 545-600 mm, tsawon goshin shine 188-226 mm, tsawon beki shine 150-200 mm. Gefen ba ya ragu sosai a saman (Stepanyan, 2003). Rarraba cikin Turai, Arewa. Afirka, Yamma Na Asiya.
2.Ciconia ciconia asiatica
Ciconia alba asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Izv. Inc Tsibirin masoya na kimiyya, ilimin dabbobi da ilimin ɗabi'a, 8, a'a. 2, shafi. 145, Turkestan.
Mafi girma tsari. Tsawon reshe na maza shine 580-630 mm, tsawon goshin shi ne 200-240 mm, tsawon gemun shine 184-235 mm. Gefen baki, musamman ma da shike yake, yana matsewa sosai zuwa ga kolin (Stepanyan, 2003). Tana zaune a yankin Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan da kuma Kyrgyzstan.
Yaɗa
Matsakaicin yankin. Turai, Arewa maso Yamma Afirka, Yamma da Tsakiyar Asiya.
Hoto na 78. Yankunan rarraba fararen fat:
a - yankin farauta, b - yankunan hunturu, c - jigon ƙaura na ƙaura na kaka, d - hanyoyin faɗaɗawa.
Ana rarraba tallafin Turai a mafi yawan Turai daga Iberian Peninsula zuwa Volga da Transcaucasia. Zuwa arewa, iyakarta ya kai Denmark, Kudu. Sweden, Estonia, arewa maso yamma na Rasha. A Faransa, storks suna zaune ne kawai a cikin yankuna yankuna, don haka wuraren da ake farauto su a Spain, Portugal, Zap. Faransa da Arewa maso yamma Afirka ta sami kansu rabu da babbar hanyar Turai. Koyaya, saboda matsugunin da ake ci gaba da yi, watakila waɗannan sassan biyu na kewayon za su rufe. A Arewa maso YammaNahiyar Afirka, wani yanki ne na farin fari a Maroko, a arewacin Aljeriya da Tunisia. A Yamma. Asiya - a Turkiya, Siriya, Lebanon, Isra'ila, Iraq, Iran, a Caucasus - a kudancin Georgia, a Armenia, Azerbaijan, kazalika a cikin Dagestan na Tarayyar Rasha. Hakanan ana sanannin cututtukan kiwo a wuraren daskararrun wurare a Kudu. Afirka (Broekhuysen, 1965, 1971, Broekhuysen, Uys, 1966, Hancock et al., 1992). A shekara ta 2004, an yi wani yunƙurin yin sheka a arewa maso gabashin Ingila a garin Yorkshire. Wannan ita ce farkon magana game da fararen naman alade a Biritaniya bayan shekara 1416, lokacin da tsuntsaye suka yi kawanya a Cathedral a Edinburgh.
A cikin Rasha, fararen tsutsotsi sun daɗe suna zaune a yankin yankin Kaliningrad. A wasu yankuna, ya bayyana ne kwanan nan, yana fadada kewayon kiwo a cikin gabas da arewa maso gabas. Na farko shari'o'in farauta a cikin iyakokin zamani na yankuna na Leningrad da Moscow. an lura da su a ƙarshen karni na XIX. (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Zubakin et al., 1992). A farkon karni na 20 farin stork ya fara farawa a cikin yankunan Pskov, Tver da Kaluga. (Zarudny, 1910, Filatov, 1915, Bianchi, 1922). A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin yammacin Smolensk (Grave, 1912, 1926) da kuma kudancin yankin Bryansk. (Fedosov, 1959). Maimaitawa a cikin sabon yankuna ya zama mai jan hankali. Musamman mahimmin ci gaba na sababbin yankuna an lura dasu a shekarun 1970-1990s. A halin yanzu, a kan yankin Rasha, iyakokin arewa da gabashin na yau da kullun na Gabashin Turai ana iya zana yanayin bisa hanyar layin St. Petersburg - Volkhov - Tikhvin - Yaroslavl - Lipetsk - Voronezh - iyakar yankin Rostov. da Ukraine.
Hoto na 79. Kewayon farin goge a cikin Vost. Turai da Arewa. Asiya:
a - nesting na yau da kullun, b - a bayyane iyakar iyakance tsakanin kewayon kiwo, c - nesting na al'ada. Biyan kuɗi: 1 - S. p. ciconia, 2 - S. p. asiatica.
An lura da korar lokatan ma'aurata fiye da iyaka da aka ayyana: a kudu. Karelia, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd da Rostov Yankuna, Krasnodar Territory (Lapshin, 1997, 2000, Bakka et al., 2000, Borodin, 2000, Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000, Karjakin, 2000, Komlev, 2000, Mnatsekanov, 2000, Piskunov, Belyachenko, 2000, Sotnikov, 2000, Frolov et al., 2000, Chernobay, 2000a, da sauransu). Yawan ƙasashen Yammacin Asiya na mambobi masu ƙarancin ra'ayoyi ana rarraba su ne a cikin Tersko-Sulak low na Dagestan (Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar, Tarumovsky)) a lokaci-lokaci nests da ke fitowa a wajen Dagestan - a cikin lardin Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia, da kuma yankin Proletarsky na Rostov. (Khokhlov, 1988a, Bichev, Skiba, 1990). An yi rubutu cikin farin fari a matatun Arewa. Ossetia (Komarov, 1986). Yankin Rostov a fili yake yanki ne wanda yawanci Gabashin Turai da Yammacin Asiya kusan yana haɗuwa da hanyoyi daban-daban. Na farko ya ratsa anan daga arewaci tare da Don kuma daga yamma - daga Ukraine, na biyu - daga kudu maso gabas tare da raunin Kumo-Manychka. Tabbatar da ƙarshen, tabbatacciyar hanyar da aka tabbatar da motsin motsin tsuntsaye, shine ganawar 13 ga Mayu, 1996 a yankin Lake. Dadinskoye, a cikin matsanancin arewa maso gabas na Stavropol Territory, garken tsuntsaye 18 waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa wani tsauni a cikin arewa maso yamma (Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000).
A cikin Ukraine, iyakar iyaka ta zamani ta wuce Arewa. da Arewa maso Gabas. Crimea, sassan kudancin Zaporizhzhya da yankuna Donetsk, yankin Lugansk. (Grishchenko, 2005). A cikin 2006, an rubuta shari'o'in farko na fararen farin ciyawa a kudu maso gabashin Crimea kusa da Feodosia (M. M. Beskaravayny, keɓaɓɓiyar sadarwa).
Whitean fari na Turkestan ya yaɗu a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya - a kudu maso gabashin Uzbekistan, cikin Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, da kuma a kudancin Kazakhstan. A baya can, yankin ya kai Chardjou a cikin Turkmenistan, zuwa kasan Amu Darya, kuma an sami kararrakin fata a yammacin China - a Kashgaria (Spangenberg, 1951, Dolgushin, 1960, Sagitov, 1987, Sernazarov et al., 1992). Lokaci-lokaci, kokarin neman farauta - wanda kuma ya riga ya zama wani tallafin Turai ne - an ba da rahoton shi a kudu maso Turkmenistan (Belousov, 1990).
Wata ƙaramar gida don fararen naman alade (kusan nau'i 10) ta taso a cikin matsanancin kudu na Afirka. Tsuntsaye suna fara yin farauta a nan a cikin Satumbar - Nuwamba - a lokacin da isa ga northernan arewa na yawan ɓoyayyen lokacin hunturu (del Hoyo et al., 1992).Kamar yadda yake game da itacen tonon, wannan micropopulation ya samo asali ne daga bakin baƙi waɗanda, saboda wasu dalilai, suka fara farawa a cikin hunturu.
Cin nasara
Tushen filayen hunturu ga kasashen yamma masu tallafin Turawa sune savannas kudu da hamadar Sahara daga Senegal a yamma zuwa Kamaru a gabas. Mafi mahimmancin wuraren da ake tattara hankalin tsuntsayen hunturu sune kwaruruka na Senegal, Nijar da gundumar Lake. Chadi. Tarihin farauta a arewancin yammacin Afirka shima anan ne hunturu. Mutanen da ke gabas sun ci nasara a Gabas. da Kudu. Afirka daga Sudan, Habasha da Somaliya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Yawancin tsuntsaye suna ciyar da lokacin hunturu a Tanzaniya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu. Storks daga Yamma. Asians hunturu rabin Afirka, sashi a kudancin Asiya. Yankunan Asiya sune lokacin hunturu a India ta kudu zuwa Sri Lanka. Zuwa gabas, ana iya samo waɗannan tsuntsayen kafin Thailand (Schulz, 1988, 1998, Ash, 1989, Hancock et al., 1992). A Indiya, babban dalilin yin baho shine jihohin Bihar a arewa maso gabas da Gujarat a yamma (Majumdar, 1989). Abin ban sha'awa shi ne, tsuntsayen sun yi ringi a Turai an kuma samu su a Indiya (Lebedeva, 1979a). A bayyane yake, waɗannan baƙaƙe ne waɗanda suka rasa hanyar su a yankin Iskander Bay - ba su juya kudu ba, amma suna ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabas.
Wasu tsuntsayen hunturu a kudancin ɓangaren kiwo. A Spain a cikin lokutan hunturu na 1991 da 1992 a cikin kogin delta Kimanin mutane 3,000 aka rubuta a Guadalquivir da kuma gabar tekun Andalusia (Tortosa et al., 1995). A Portugal a cikin hunturu na 1994/95 1,187 storks hibernated (Rosa et al., 1999). Dubun dubunnan ɓarayi sun kasance domin hunturu a cikin Isra'ila (Schulz, 1998). A Armenia, ɗaruruwan tsuntsayen hunturu a cikin Araks Valley kowace shekara (Adamyan, 1990). A Bulgaria, ɓoyayyun ya kasance na hunturu a ƙarshen karni na XIX. Yanzu adadinsu ya ƙaru sosai. An ambaci filayen sama da mutum 10 (Nankinov, 1994). An kuma san shari'o'in da suka shafi cin nasara a cikin mafi yawan latitude na arewa - a cikin Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1992), a cikin Czech Republic (Tichy, 1996), Jamus, Denmark (Schulz, 1998). A kan iyakar Rasha, an lura da lokacin hunturu na farin fari a Dagestan (T.K. Umakhanova, V.F. Mamataeva, sadarwa ta sirri). A Tsakiyar Asiya, lokacin bazara ya kasance a cikin ƙananan lambobi a cikin kwarin Ferghana (Tretyakov, 1974, 1990). An yi rikodin tsuntsaye 250 a nan cikin yankin Pungan - Urgench a cikin watanni hunturu na 1989. An yi imanin cewa, sassaucin fararen fararen fatun a cikin kwari na Ferghana ya taimaka ga karuwar adadin su a yankin. An lura da yanayin hunturu na lokaci-lokaci a cikin kwarin Syr Darya da kan kogin. Panj zuwa Kudu. Tajikistan (Mitropolsky, 2007).
An buga shi a cikin tsohon. An samo fararen farar fata na USSR a lokacin hunturu galibi a Afirka ta Kudu, wasu tsuntsaye - a Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Zap. Nahiyar Afirka (Lebedeva, 1979; Smogorzhevsky, 1979).
Kamar yadda H. Schulz (Schulz, 1988) ya kafa, rarraba tarkace a wuraren hunturu a Afirka ana ƙaddara shi da kayan abinci. Da farko dai, tsuntsaye suna zaɓin halittun ƙuraje, amma kuma suna iya zama a wurare masu bushewa cikin wadataccen abinci. Ana samun babban garken har ma da hamada da kuma tsaunuka. A cikin Lesotho a 1987, an gano garken mai stor 200 a wani nisan da ya yi kusan. 2,000 m. Tsuntsayen da ke ciyar da wuraren ajiyar dabbobi sun cika da baƙi. A wuraren da suke da wadataccen abinci, maɗaukaki na iya tara abinci mai yawa. A cikin Janairu 1987, a cikin Tanzania game da makirci na 25 km2, an ƙididdige kimanin mutane dubu 100. Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da gonakin alfalfa, inda matafiyu na ɗayan ƙananan manoma na gida suna yawaita. A Kudu. Afirka a wannan kakar kusan babu fari fari.
Godiya ga sakamakon ringing da tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam, an gano cewa wuraren bazara na al'ummomin Yammacin da gabashi bai ware daga juna. Zuwa Cibiyar. Afirka na da yanki na lokacin sanyi inda ake samun tsuntsayen daga dukkan mutanen biyun. A nan, mutane daga ɗayan jama'a za su iya kwashe ta ta hanyar garken tumatiri daga wata ƙungiyar kuma su dawo a cikin bazara ta wata hanya dabam da sauran wuraren kiwo (Berthold et al., 1997, Brouwer et al., 2003).
Hijira
Orkaƙƙarfan fari ɗan ƙaura ne. Tsuntsaye daga yankin arewa maso gabas na kewayon suna tashi sama da kilomita 10,000. Akwai manyan keɓaɓɓun yanki na ƙasashen Turai, da ke bambanta cikin hanyoyin tashi da wuraren hunturu. Hanyar rarrabuwa tsakanin su ta ratsa Holland, Harz, Bavaria, Alps (Schuz, 1953, 1962, Creutz, 1988, Schulz, 1988, 1998). Tsuntsayen da ke zaune a yamma da shi suna yin ƙaura a cikin kaka zuwa kudu maso yamma ta hanyar Faransa, Spain, Gibraltar.Daga nan jirgin zai ratsa Morocco, Mauritania, Sahara yamma. Wadannan tsuntsayen hunturu a Yammacin yamma. Nahiyar Afirka. Storks nesting gabas na wannan layin rarrabuwa ya tashi a kudu maso gabas a kaka, kuma daga kudu, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus da Baltic. Ta hanyar yankin Ukraine a lokacin bazara, akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku da suka haɗu cikin ƙaura ƙaura mai ƙarfi a gefen yammacin Tekun Bahar Maliya (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Bugu da ari, storks tashi daga cikin Balkans da Turkey, ta hanyar Bosphorus, Asiya .arami. Daga Iskander suna zuwa gaɓar Tekun Bahar Rum, inda suka sake komawa kudu, suka yi ƙaura zuwa wani rafin rafin, ta hanyar Lebanon, Isra’ila, Kogin Sinai zuwa rafin Kogin Nilu. Tare da wannan kogin da Rift Valley akwai ƙarin ƙaura zuwa manyan wuraren hunturu a Gabas. da Kudu. Nahiyar Afirka. A Gabas Stasashen Sudan suna yin dogon zango na makonni 4-6 kuma suna ciyarwa sosai don dawo da ajiyar mai don ci gaba da ƙaura (Schulz, 1988, 1998).
Orkaƙƙarfan ɗan itacen, kamar turɓayar ƙasa, zai guji doguwar jirgin sama a kan teku, saboda haka, ƙaura yana gudana a gefen iyakar. Storks daga kasashen yamma, arewa da tsakiyar Ukraine sun yi ƙaura zuwa gabar tekun Bahar Maliya da ta hanyar Bosphorus, da kuma tsuntsaye daga Gabashin. Ukraine tashi kudu maso gabas zuwa gabas ga Tekun Bahar Maliya. Storks daga gabashin ɓangaren kewayon a cikin Rasha suma suna tashi nan. Wasu daga cikin tururuwar, ko da yake marasa ƙima ne, har yanzu suna tashi cikin teku. Akwai hanyar "matsakaici" ta hanyar Italiya da Sicily zuwa Tunusiya. A cikin 1990-1992 a Cape Bon a Tunisiya, an yiwa rububban tarihin 1,378 sannan akwai 67 a kusa da Messina a Sicily (Kisling da Horst, 1999). An ba da shawarar cewa tsuntsayen daga mutanen yamma da na gabashin duk suna amfani da wannan hanyar (Schulz, 1998). An samo wani mutum cikin ringing a Latvia a watan Satumba kusa da Naples (Lebedeva, 1979). Kuma jirgi mai saukar ungulu tare da tauraron dan adam wanda ke tashi a Tekun Bahar Rum kai tsaye daga St. Tropez a Faransa zuwa Tunisiya, hanyar da ta bi ta teku ta kasance akalla kilomita 752 (Chemetsov et al., 2005). Wataƙila wani ɓangaren ɓarna ya tashi cikin Bahar Maliya, yana ƙetara Crimea.
Ba a fahimta ba da juzu'ai na Transcaucasia, Iraq da Iran. Ana zaton cewa sun tashi kudu maso gabas zuwa Kudu. Asiya (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). An samo tsuntsu da aka yiwa ringin a Armenia a cikin Nakhichevan Autistous Soviet Socialist Republic 160 kilomita zuwa kudu maso gabas (Lebedeva, 1979). Har yanzu ba a san rabe-raben rarrabuwa tsakanin jama'ar da ke ƙaura zuwa Afirka da Asiya ba. A bayyane yake, yana wuce wani wuri a gabashin Turkiyya. Aƙalla a cikin wannan yanki, garken tsuntsaye suna ƙaura duka zuwa kudu maso gabas da yamma a cikin fall (Schtiz, 1963).
A lokacin hutu, turbar turken turki na tashi daga kudu zuwa Afghanistan zuwa India, suna tsallake Hindu Kush ta hanyar Salang Pass (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Minwanƙolin zinare a cikin Uzbekistan an yi hakar a lokacin bazara a Afghanistan da Pakistan (Lebedeva, 1979).
Binciken da tauraron dan adam ya yi game da turbar Jamusanci 140 ya nuna cewa hanyoyin ƙaura da kwanan wata, wuraren hunturu da tsayawa na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin waɗannan tsuntsayen, amma, in ya yiwu, za su kasance cikin dindindin. Canje-canje ana haifar da dalilai na halitta, musamman yanayin abinci (Berthold et al., 2004). Kwanan da aka tashi daga wuraren hunturu sun dogara da yanayin meteorological. A karkashin yanayi mara kyau, tsuntsaye na iya yin laushi. Don haka, a cikin matsanancin rashin dacewar 1997, storks sun fara ne daga wuraren da suke yin hunturu wata daya daga baya kamar yadda aka saba (Kosarev, 2006). Addara wannan wannan jinkiri ne saboda tsawan yanayi mai sanyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Storks sanye take da jigilar jigilar kayayyaki sun yi dogon zango a Siriya da Turkiyya. An lura da dawowar jirgin sama (Kaatz, 1999). A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1997, kawai 20% na tsuntsaye daga yawan mutanen gabas sun isa a lokutan al'ada, yawancinsu tare da jinkirta makonni 4-6 (Schulz, 1998).
Daga wuraren hunturu, motsin taro a gefe guda yana faruwa a ƙarshen Janairu ko a watan Fabrairu. A cikin Isra'ila, farkon ƙaurawar bazara na tsuntsaye manya ya zama sananne a tsakiyar watan Fabrairu, gangaren ƙaura yana faruwa a ƙarshen rabin Maris, musamman ƙungiyoyi masu ƙaura suna ƙarewa a ƙarshen Afrilu, matasa tsuntsaye suna yin ƙaura ta hanyar Israila a watan Afrilu-Mayu (van den Bossche et al., 2002). A cikin wuraren da ake yin furanni a arewacin Afirka, storks sun bayyana a watan Disamba-Fabrairu.An lura da ganiya bisa Gibraltar a watan Fabrairu-Maris, akan Bosphorus - daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu (Schulz, 1998).
A cikin Moldova, an lura da abubuwan ɓoye waɗanda suka iso tun farkon shekarun Maris (Averin et al., 1971). A cikin Ukraine, ana yin rikodin masu zuwa daga farkon Maris zuwa rabin na biyu na Afrilu, matsakaicin kwanakin isowa suna cikin shekaru goma na uku na Maris - farkon Afrilu. Da farko dai, tsuntsaye suna bayyana a yankuna na Lviv da Chernivtsi, suna yawo a kusa da Carpathians, sannan ƙaura ta ci gaba a cikin rafuffuka biyu: wasu tsuntsaye suna tashi zuwa arewa maso gabas, wasu kuma zuwa gabas tare da yankunan kudancin Ukraine. Daga baya, baƙar ya bayyana a cikin yankuna na gabas da kuma a cikin Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). A arewacin yankin Sumy An ba da izinin shigowa daga Maris 18 zuwa Afrilu 26, matsakaicin kwanan wata na shekaru 16 shine 30 Maris (Afanasyev, 1998). A kudu-maso-yammacin Belarus, ana ganin shigo da mayu a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Maris - rabin farkon Afrilu (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Storks farauta a yankin Turai na Rasha sun isa ƙasarsu a farkon Maris da farkon rabin Mayu. A kan yankin Kaliningrad a farkon rabin karni na XX. tsuntsayen farko sun bayyana a kan sheƙarsu daga Maris 19 zuwa Afrilu 12 (bayanai tsawon shekaru 23, Tischler, 1941). A cikin shekarun 1970s isowa da storks ya faru ne daga farkon Maris (Belyakov, Yakovchik, 1980). A cikin 1990, tsuntsayen farko a kan mazaunin yankin Kaliningrad. alama a Maris 18 (Grishanov, Savchuk, 1992). A cikin gundumar Sebezhsky na yankin Pskov. An lura da shigowa a ƙarshen Maris da farkon shekarun Afrilu (Fetisov et al., 1986). Domin lokacin daga 1989 zuwa 1999. farkon rajista a yankin Kaluga. rubuce Maris 20 (1990), mafi sabunta - Afrilu 8 (1991 da 1997), a kan matsakaita Maris 30. A wasu shekaru, tsuntsayen farko sun bayyana a lokacin bazara tare da murfin dusar ƙanƙara a filayen 30-40 cm. Girma na isowar farkon farkon farkon zuwa farkon nitocin a yankin Kaluga. ya fadi a sati na biyar na kwana na Afrilu (1990-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). A cikin yankin Voronezh an lura da storks na farko a lokaci guda: daga Maris 19 zuwa Afrilu 8, a kan matsakaici akan Maris 30 (1995-1998) (Numerov, Makagonova, 2000). Yankin arewa maso gabas na iyaka, storks tashi sama makonni 2-4 daga baya. Zuwa yankin Yaroslavl tsuntsayen sun isa Afrilu 22-26 (1994), 16 ga Afrilu (1996), Mayu 2 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). A cikin yankuna na gabas na yankin Leningrad. farkon saƙo an rubuta shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1999 (gundumar Tikhvin), kwanakin da suka saba daga 1 ga Mayu zuwa 8 ga Mayu (1983-1999) (Brave, 2000). A cikin yankunan kudanci na Karelia, tsuntsaye na farko sun bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu - a tsakiyar Mayu, a farkon farkon bazarar 1990, an ga wani tsuntsu a farkon shekarun goma na biyu na Afrilu (Lapshin, 2000). A cikin yankin Kirov Recordedan fari fari rubabbun shine Afrilu 17, 1992 (Sotnikov, 2000). A tekun Bahar Maliya da ke Sev. Ana lura da ƙaurar bazara ta Caucasus daga shekarun goma na farko na Maris zuwa rabi na biyu na Afrilu, a cikin yankin Rostov. da Yankin Krasnodar, an rubuta farkon tsuntsayen a watan Afrilu (Kazakov et al., 2004). A Dagestan, mutanen farko sun bayyana a farkon da tsakiyar Maris (Mamataeva, Umakhanova, 2000).
Bayyanar fari fari a cikin tsakiyar Asiya ta fadi a ƙarshen Fabrairu - farkon Maris kuma a mafi yawan yankuna ana lura da su lokaci guda (Dementiev, 1952, Mitropolsky, 2007). An yi rikodin su a cikin Chokpak Pass a ranar Maris 11-14, 1974 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985), an yi rikodin jirgin sama mai ƙarfi a ranar 24 Maris (Sema, 1989).
A yankin Kaluga a cikin 69% na lokuta, isowar fararen tsintsiya ya faru bisa ga tsarin 1 + 1: tsuntsu na farko daga ma'aurata ya iso, wani lokaci bayan shi - na biyu. Na farko mutum ya bayyana daga Maris 20 zuwa Mayu 18, a kan matsakaici (n = 176) - a ranar 10 Afrilu, na biyu - daga Maris 25 zuwa Mayu 26, a matsakaici (n = 150) - a ranar 14 ga Afrilu. Na biyu tsuntsu lags a tsakanin daga sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki 31, a kan matsakaita, by 4 days. A tsarin shigowa da aka nuna, da wuya ake samun bambance-bambancen yanayi: a farkon, kowannen mutum ya tashi da tsuntsu ɗaya ko biyu, waɗanda ba su zauna a kan turɓaya ba, amma suna ci gaba, a karo na biyu, pairan biyu suna tashi zuwa murɗaɗa mai ƙarfi kuma suna fitar da shi. A cikin 31% na lokuta, tsuntsaye biyu sun tashi zuwa gida a lokaci daya.
Tsuntsayen gabashin Turai na yawo a cikin watan Agusta. Matasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, tashi daga baya fiye da tsuntsaye manya. A yankin Kaluga matasa sun bar sheƙarsu daga farawa a ranar 8 ga Agusta, mafi yawancin lokuta cikin shekaru goma na biyu na wannan watan.Tsuntsayen manya sun bar ƙasarsu daga baya; tashiwar mutane ta ƙarshe sun ƙare akan matsakaici akan 30 ga watan Agusta (1985-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). A cikin yankin Tver storks tashi daga Agusta 28 - Satumba 5 (Nikolaev, 2000). A cikin yankin Yaroslavl tsuntsayen sun tashi a ranar 23 ga Agusta (1996) da kuma a Agusta 29 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Kowane mutum da ma'aurata suna jinkirta har zuwa Satumba - Oktoba. A cikin kudu maso yammacin Rasha, kafin barin, suna samar da gungu na dama da kuma mutane kusan 100 ko fiye, kamar a cikin yankin Smolensk. (Bichev, Barnev, 1998). A arewa. A cikin Caucasus, ana lura da ƙaura na kaka daga farkon rabin watan Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Satumba (Kazakov et al., 2004). Ba a fayyace hanyoyin ƙaura da wuraren hunturu na Dagestan storks ba: an sani cewa ƙarshensu ya bar yankin daga farawar 25 ga Oktoba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba, wani lokacin yakan kasance har zuwa tsakiyar ko ƙarshen wannan watan (Nuwamba 25, 2003 da 15 ga Nuwamba, 2004). farauta a cikin Tersko-Sunzhenskaya lowland bi gefen yammacin gabar Tekun Caspian, inda aka yi rikodin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1998 a cikin yankin Kaspiysk (E.V. Vilkov, sadarwa ta sirri).
A ƙasar Moludowa, tashi yana zuwa a ƙarshen watan Agusta kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Kowane tsuntsaye na iya ci gaba har zuwa farkon rabin Oktoba. Babban taron da ya kasance shine a kan Nuwamba 9, 1964 (Averin, Ganya, Uspensky, 1971). A cikin Ukraine, ana lura da garken farko daga farkon ranakun goma na Agusta zuwa Satumba da farkon Oktoba. Matsakaicin tashin farkon kwanakin yana cikin shekaru goma na uku na Agusta - shekarun farko na Satumba. Jirgin farkon ya fara a Lviv, Zhytomyr da Poltava reg. An lura da tsuntsayen karshe daga rabin na biyu na Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Matsakaicin kwanakin abin lura na ƙarshe a yawancin yankuna na Ukraine sun faɗi a farkon shekarun da na biyu na Satumba. Mafi dadewa madaidaiciya ta yi haske a yankin Zaporizhzhya. kuma a cikin Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Hakanan za'a iya lura da wasu mutanen da suka makara a watan Nuwamba. Wani lokaci zaku iya haɗuwa da garken duka da wuri. Don haka, a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1985, an lura da garken wasu dozin guda 12 akan Ivano-Frankivsk (Shtyrkalo, 1990). A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an ga garken mutane 40 a kan Brest (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). An lura da Spaniya a gefen gabashin Tekun Bahar Maliya daga 29 ga Agusta 29 zuwa Oktoba 4 (Abuladze, Eligulashvili, 1986).
Jirgin Asiya na Tsakiya ya tashi daga ƙarshen Agusta zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba (Dolgushin, 1960, Tretyakov, 1990).
Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na kananan yara uku da aka yi wa alama a mazaunin a gundumar Zelenogradsk da Guryev na yankin Kaliningrad Masu watsa tauraron dan adam, an sayo su a cikin 2000. Tsuntsu daya ya tafi hunturu a ranar 10 ga Agusta, ɗayan biyu kuma a ranar 14th. Hanyar jirgin sama ta wuce arewa maso gabashin Poland, matsanancin kudu maso yamma na Belarus, yamma ta Ukraine, gabas ta Romania da Bulgaria, sannan ta wuce zuwa Bosphorus, Turkiyya, Falasdinu, da Sifen Sashin. Storks ya isa tashar jirgin ruwa ta Bosphorus, bi da bi, a ranakun 23, 25 da 26, i.e. 13, 11 da kwanaki 12 bayan farawar ƙaura. A ƙarshen Kudancin Zirin Penasar, sandunan sun kasance a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 31 da Satumba 1, bi da bi (19, 17 da kwanaki 18 bayan farawar ƙaura, ko kuma kwanaki 6 bayan ƙetarewar kowace tsuntsu), anan ne makwaryar ta tsaya. Ari kuma, turɓaya ta ci gaba zuwa Kwarin Nilu a ƙasar Masar. An tsayar da saurin motsi zuwa kudu na tsuntsu a ranar 6, 7 da 10, lokacin da biyu daga cikinsu suke a cibiyar. Sudan, daya a gabashin Chadi kusa da kan iyakar Sudan (Chemetsov et al., 2004).
Dangane da bayanan telemetry, matsakaicin tsawon ƙaura na yau da kullun na gabas na farkon lokacin ƙaura shine: a Turai - 218 km (ga manya tsuntsaye daga 52 zuwa 504, ga matasa tsuntsaye daga 51 zuwa 475 km), a Gabas ta Tsakiya - 275 km (na manya tsuntsaye daga 52 zuwa 490, ga matasa - daga 55 zuwa 408 km), a Arewa. Nahiyar Afirka - kilomita 288 (ga tsoffin tsuntsaye daga 70 zuwa 503, ga kananan tsuntsaye daga 108 zuwa 403 km) (van den Bossche et al., 1999).
Bincike mai zurfi game da ƙaurawar farashi mai launin fari ya nuna cewa wannan nau'in, aƙalla mafi ƙarancin jama'arta na gabashin, yana da nau'i na ƙaura na musamman, wanda ba a san shi ga sauran tsuntsayen ba. An kwatanta shi da jirgin sama mai sauri sosai daga wuraren da ake farawa zuwa wuraren nishaɗi a cikin Vost. Nahiyar Afirka. Nisan kilomita 4,600, duka manya da kananan tsuntsaye sunkai kimanin kwanaki 18-19.A ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, matattara sukan tashi kowace rana, suna yin awanni 8 a kan titi. Tsawon, musamman tsawan kwana-aya, ana samun su ne kawai banda kuma ana alaƙa da su ne da yanayin yanayin mummunan yanayi. A cikin kayan maye, sabanin sauran tsuntsayen masu ƙaura, masu kitsen kitse yayin ƙaura sune sakaci. Sanannen hyperphagia lokacin jirgin ba'a lura dashi ba. Storks da kyar ta dawo da nauyi zuwa Afirka kanta (Berthold et al., 2001).
Yawancin ɓoyayyun ɓarayin suna ɓoye watanni na bazara ne daga wuraren da ake talla. Bayan hunturu na farko, tsuntsayen sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke, amma da wuya su isa wurin. Kashi uku bisa uku na storks na shekara-shekara an same su kusa da 1000 kilomita daga wurin ringing. Tare da shekaru, yawan “masu ɓarna” ”yana raguwa da sauri. Wani kaso mai tsoka na shekaru 1-2 yana ciyar da lokacin bazara a kudu da hamadar Sahara, amma ba a sami tsuntsaye masu shekaru 3 a cikin lokacin farauta ba ko kaɗan. Yin bandeji ya nuna cewa a mafi yawan lokuta, storks sun fara bayyana ne a cikin wuraren da ake farauto suna da shekaru 3 (Libbert, 1954, Kania, 1985, Bairlein, 1992).
Shiga baƙo ana iya samun arewa da gabashin iyakar iyakar kiwo. A Rasha, an lura da su a gefen Tekun Fasha a yankin Murmansk. (Kokhanov, 1987), tare da. Kholmogory a cikin yankin Arkhangelsk (Pleshak, 1987), a cikin Bashkiria (Karjakin, 1998a), Tatarstan (Askeev, Askeev, 1999), Yankin Perm. (Demidova, 1997, Karjakin, 19986), yankin Sverdlovsk. (Zelentsov, 1995), a cikin tsaunukan kudu. Ural (Davygor, 2006). Dangane da bayanan ingantaccen abin dogara, an gano tsuntsaye biyu a cikin watan Agusta a yankin Kurgan. (Tarasov et al., 2003). Hakanan ana rikodin bayanan farin siliman a cikin Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, da Iceland (Hancock et al., 1992, Birina, 2003). A yayin ƙaura, ɓarayi na gaskiya na iya faruwa yayin da manyan garken dabbobi suna nesa da manyan hanyoyin jirgin. Don haka, a ranar 15 ga Satumabar, 1984, garken tumaki 3000 suka bayyana a kusa da birnin Abu Dhabi a gabashin yankin Larabawa (Reza Khan, 1989). A kan Agusta 27-29, 2000, an ajiye mutane 300-400 a kwarin kogin. Teberda a Arewa. Caucasus (Polivanov et al., 2001). Wani lokacin daskararrun garken tumaki suna sha iska cikin teku. Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen ana rubuta su har ma a tsibiran Seychelles, waɗanda ke da nisan mil 1,000 daga gabar Afirka (Stork, 1999).
Habitat
Farar fata: wani mazaunin mazaunin wuraren bude wurare, gandun daji mai yawa da kuma fadada juji. Ya fi son yankuna tare da rigar biotopes - makiyaya, fadama, ciyawa, filaye ban ruwa, filayen shinkafa, da sauransu. Hakanan ana samun shi cikin steppes da savannas tare da manyan bishiyoyi ko tsarin mutum. Mafi kyawun yanayin halittun a cikin yanayin mu shine babban ambaliyar ruwan koguna tare da tsarin sarrafa ruwa na yau da kullun da kuma amfanin gona mai yawa. A irin wa annan wurare, yawan jama'a zai iya isa ga dubun dubun ta 100 km2. Yana zaune, a matsayin mai mulkin, yankuna masu lebur, amma yana iya zama gida da ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka tare da yanayin da ya dace.
Zuwa Cibiyar. A cikin Turai, farin storks da wuya kusa da 500 m n. m (Schulz, 1998). A cikin Carpathians, sun tashi zuwa 700-900 m (Smogorzhevsky, 1979, Rejman, 1989, Stollmann, 1989), a Armenia da Georgia - har zuwa 2,000 m sama da matakin teku. (Adamyan, 1990, Gavashelishvili, 1999), a cikin Turkiyya har zuwa 2,300 m (Creutz, 1988), kuma a Maroko har zuwa 2,500 m sama da matakin teku (Sauter, Schiiz, 1954). A cikin Bulgaria, kashi 78.8% na madaidaiciyar ciyawa a cikin girman 50 zuwa 499 m sama da matakin teku. kuma kawai 0.2% - daga 1,000 zuwa 1,300 m (Petrov et al., 1999). A cikin Poland, storks sun zauna zuwa mafi tsayi a yayin girman lambobin su (Tryjanowski et al., 2005). Jirgin fari ya fi son ciyar da wuraren da ba a buɗe tare da ciyayi mai ƙarancin ciyawa, cikin ruwa mai tsayawa da tsaftataccen ruwa. Kadan ne na kowa akan bankunan manyan koguna, kogunan ruwa. Araasar Arable da ciyawa da ke cikin gonaki masu zurfi da filayen ciyawa suma ana amfani da ita don ciyarwa, amma lokacin da ya dace don tara abinci a irin waɗannan wurare yana da gajeru - nan da nan bayan an gama noma ko girbi.
Ana samun nunin ciyawar Stork a gefen kogin na herons da sauran tsuntsayen ƙafa. Amma galibi yakan fi girma a cikin yankunan da cunkoson jama'a. Zai iya tsayawa ko da tsakanin manyan gine-gine a cikin manyan biranen, daga inda ya tashi don neman abinci don 2-3 kilomita.Staƙƙarfan fari da mutane ke watsar dashi galibi suna barin lokaci. Don haka, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun daina zama a cikin mafi yawan ƙauyukan da aka kora daga yankin Chernobyl (Samusenko, 2000, Hasek, 2002).
A lokacin ƙaura, farin ɗanɗana shima ya gwammace wurin buɗe ƙasa, yayi yunƙurin tashi da manyan sararin ruwa da gandun daji, tunda, a ra'ayinmu, tashi sama da su tare da ƙwararren tururuwa wanda yake buƙatar ƙarin kuzari.
Lambar
Adadin farin farin cork bisa ga sakamakon rajistar V International a 1994-1995. mafi ƙarancin adadin dubu 170-180 za'a iya kiyasta, wanda adadin 140-150 dubu nau'i ne suka faɗi akan ƙashin gabashin gabashin (Grishchenko, 2000). Idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar da ta gabata a 1984, yawan jama'a ya karu da kashi 23%. Haka kuma, girman yawan kasashen yamma ya karu sosai - da kashi 75%, na gabashin - da kashi 15% (Schulz, 1999). An rubuta mafi yawan adadin farin farin cikin Poland. A cikin 1995, an rubuta nau'ikan nau'ikan 40,900 a can, 34% fiye da na 1984. Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar ƙaura a Poland shine 13.1 nau'i / 100 km2 (Guziak, Jakubiec, 1999). A Spain, inda yawancin yawan kudanci ke zaune, a shekarar 1996 an kiyasta adadin yakai 18,000. A cikin wannan ƙasa, an lura cewa mafi girman ci gabanta: tsakanin lambobin ƙasa da ƙasa ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu a nan (Marti, 1999).
Dangane da sakamakon farko na Asusun Kasuwanci na VI na kasa da kasa, wanda aka gudanar a 2004-2005, an kiyasta adadin farin farashi a 230 dubu nau'i biyu. Mafi yawan jama'a a Poland shine 52.5 dubu nau'i, tare da Spain - 33,2 dubu nau'i-nau'i, Ukraine - kimanin. 30,000 nau'i-nau'i, Belarus - nau'i biyu 20,3, Lithuania - nau'i-nau'i 13,000, Latvia - nau'i-nau'i dubu 10,7, Rasha - 10,2 dubu nau'i biyu. Yawancin yawan jama'a ya karu a Faransa - 209%, Sweden - 164%, Portugal - 133%, Italiya - 117%, Spain - 100%. Kawai (Denmark) adadin ya ragu. Raguna 3 ne kawai suka rage. Ga ƙasashen Asiya, ana gabatar da bayanan ne kawai don Uzbekistan, inda aka kirga nau'i-nau'i 745, adadin ya ragu da kashi 49%.
Dangane da bayanan farko, yayin lissafin VI na Kasa da Kasa: Yankin Kursk - 929 nau'i-nau'i (+ 186% idan aka kwatanta da lissafin V International, bayanan ta V.I. Mironov), yankin Bryansk. - 844 (+ 31%, S.M. Kosenko), yankin Kaluga. - 285 (+ 58%, Yu. D. Galchenkov), Yankin Leningrad - 160 (+ 344%, V.G. Pchelintsev), yankin Oryol - 129 (S.V. Nedosekin), Yankin Moscow - 80 (+ 248%, M.V. Kalyakin).
Yawan jama'a na Armenia a yanzu an kiyasta sunkai dubu ɗaya da ɗari ɗaya da rabi (1-1.5), a Azerbaijan - nau'i-nau'i 1-5,000, a cikin Moldova - nau'i-nau'i 400-600 (Tsuntsaye a Turai, 2004).
A cikin ƙarni na 20, adadin farin ɓoyayyun ya sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci (duba Grishchenko, 2000). A farkon rabin karni (kuma a wasu wurare har a baya), saurin saurin lalacewa ya fara a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa. A ƙarshen 1940s a Tsakiyar Turai, kusan ya ragu. Ya kasance a cikin 1934, 1958, 1974, 1984 Binciken kasa da kasa na farin gilashin ya nuna raguwa sosai a yawan adadin gidajen da aka mamaye. Don haka, idan a cikin 1907 a Jamus akwai nau'i-nau'i na kiwo 7-8 (Wassmann, 1984), to a 1984 adadinsu ya ragu zuwa 649 a cikin FRG (Heckenroth, 1986) da 2 724 a cikin GDR (Creutz, 1985) . A cikin Netherlands a cikin karni na XIX. farin dabbar yana ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen da aka saba, akwai dubunansu na gida a ƙasar. Amma tuni a cikin 1910 akwai nau'i nau'i nau'i 500 kawai, adadin ya ci gaba da raguwa da sauri: nau'i 209 a cikin 1929, 85 a 1950, 5 a 1985 (Jonkers, 1989). Bayan 1991, ba 'yan rago ɗaya' ɗaya 'da suka ci gaba ɗaya, tsuntsaye ne kawai aka saki daga wuraren kulawa ta musamman (Vos, 1995). Storks sun daina zama a gida a Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, sun zo ƙarshen rushewar Faransa, Denmark da wasu ƙasashe. Mafi m shi ne kasashen yamma da fararen alade. Dangane da bayanan rajista na kasa da kasa na IV a 1984, a cikin shekaru 10 kawai yawanta ya ragu da 20%, da kuma gabashin yankin - da kashi 12% (Rheinwald, 1989).
Canjin canji a cikin lamarin ya fara ne a shekarun 1980, da farko a Spain. A shekara ta 1987, aka fara girman adadin yawan mayu. Sama da shekaru 11, ya karu da fiye da sau 2.5 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya wuce matakin rabin karni da suka wuce (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Martinez Rodriguez, 1995). Fiye da sau 2 ya ninka adadin a Portugal (Rosa et al., 1999). Duk wannan ya samo asali ne sakamakon dalilai na canjin yanayi. A rabin rabin shekarun 1980s. a karshe, tsawon lokacin fari a yankin Sahel ya tsaya, yana mai matukar tayar da yanayin yanayin hunturu na yawan mutanen yammacin duniya. Inganta ci gaban lambobi da kuma babban ci gaba a cikin wadatar abinci a wuraren da ake talla.A Spain, alal misali, yankin ƙasa mai ban ruwa ya ƙaru, kuma a ƙari, cutar sankara ta Kudu ta Procambarus clarkii, wacce storks ke ɗokin ci, tana da tushe a cikin hanyoyin ruwa (Schulz, 1994, 1999). A Spain da Portugal, tsuntsaye da yawa sun fara zama a lokacin hunturu, wanda kuma ya rage mace-mace (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Rosa et al., 1999). Hawan tsalle cikin yawan farin silima a cikin Tekun Iberian ya ba da gudummawa ga saurin ci gaba na ɗimbin jama'ar yammacin duniya. Ba da daɗewa ba, yaduwar lambobi da sake tsugunar da waɗannan tsuntsayen ya fara a Faransa, kuma an tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ayyukan da ake yi a Spain: a 1990 da 1991. An samo tarkoki a gefen Tekun Atlantika na Faransa, kuma an yi musu ringi a Spain. Ana tsammanin cewa wasu daga cikin turbar da ke zaune a sassan a cikin gabar tekun Bay Biscay, sun sauka ne daga Spain. A arewa maso gabas da kuma tsakiyar Faransa, ashirye daga Alsace, Switzerland da Netherlands sun bayyana. A shekara ta 1995, an yi shelar fure a cikin reshen Charente-Maritime Charente a shekarar 1986 a matsayin karen a Poland. Hakanan an yi saurin sake dawo da kayan maye a Holland, Switzerland, Italiya, Jamus da sauran ƙasashe. A Faransa daga 1984 zuwa 1995 yawa sun karu da 830% (Duquet, 1999).
Yankin gabashi ba su da tsalle-tsalle masu tsayi a cikin lambobi kamar na yamma, amma an lura da kyakkyawan yanayinsa. Muna jaddada cewa, tare da karɓar gaba ɗaya na lambobi, askarawa sun ci gaba da tafiya zuwa gabas a Rasha da Ukraine da ci gabanta kusa da iyakar iyaka. Increasearuwar yawan mutanen gabashin ya fara ne a daidai lokacin da al'umar yamma suke, kodayake yawan haɓaka ya ragu sosai. Kusan lokaci guda, yanayin ya canza a cikin asashen Asiya. Daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1994, adadin fararen naman jeji a yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya ya ninka fiye da sau 7 (Shemazarov, 1999), kuma ya zuwa 2005, an kiyasta adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen a ma'aunin kiwo 700-1000 (Mitropolsky, 2007).
Dangane da bayanan saka idanu a makircin gwaji na dindindin a Ukraine, a cikin 1990. Haɓakar yawan jama'a ya wuce. An riga an bayyana shi a farkon rabin shekarun 1990s, a ɗan baya a arewacin-gabashin Ukraine, kuma mafi kwanan nan a cikin yankuna na yamma. A cikin 1992-1994 a ƙauyuka kusa da kogin Abincin abinci a cikin yankin Sumy an lura da karuwar 25-30% a kowace shekara (Grishchenko, 1995a, 20006). Tun daga 1994, matsakaicin haɓaka a cikin Ukraine yana ƙaruwa koyaushe (raguwa aka lura kawai a cikin 1997, wanda ba shi da amfani sosai ga farantin fari a duk faɗin Turai), yana kai mafi girma a cikin 1996 da 1998. - bi da bi 13.7 ± 2.9 da 16.3 ± 3.6%. Sannan yawan ci gaban ya fara raguwa, kuma a cikin 2001-2003. alƙalumman sun daidaita. (Grishchenko, 2004).
A daidai wannan lokacin, sasantawa zuwa gabas ya karu a yankuna na gabashin Ukraine da Rasha. A cikin yankin Kharkov Ya zuwa shekarar 1994, an lura da canjin iyakar iyaka zuwa gabas idan aka kwatanta da rarraba a 1974-1987; a 1998, an gano nidai a bakin dama na kogin. Oskol (Atemasova, Atemasov, 2003). A cikin yankin Lugansk., Inda aka samo farin cork ɗin gabas zuwa kogin. Aidar, a cikin 1998 an samo nitocin 2 a cikin kogin da yake ambaliyar. Derkul a kan iyakar tare da Rasha (Vetrov, 1998). A yankin Rostov A shekara ta 1996, an sake buɗe likkafani bayan hutu na shekaru 5 - An gano wani gida a cikin kwari mai yawa (Kazakov et al., 1997). A cikin ƙasa ta Krasnodar, storks sun fara zama a cikin tsakiyar shekarun 1990s. (Mnatsekanov, 2000). A cikin 1993, an fara yin farautar farauta a yankin Kirov. (Sotnikov, 1997, 1998), a cikin 1994 - a cikin yankin Tambov. (Evdokishin, 1999), a 1995 - a Mordovia (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997,2000), a cikin 1996 - a yankin Vologda. (Dylyuk, 2000). A shekarar 1996, an sami hauhawar yawan tsuntsaye (da kashi 20.1%) a yankin Kaluga. (Galchenkov, 2000).
Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali
Farar farin itacen tsuntsu rana ce, duk da haka, ana sanannen sanannen kajin a cikin dare mai haske (Schuz da Schuz, 1932). A cikin dare, tsuntsaye na iya yin aiki a kan gida: an lura da copu, ko ɓoyayyiya, canjin abokan hulɗa, da dai sauransu A yayin ƙaura, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya a cikin rana, amma a arewa maso yammacin Afirka a cikin yanayin zafin rana, kuma an yi rikodin garke mai tashi cikin dare (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966). Manya-manyan garken dabbobi suna yawan cika cunkoson jama'a, marasa damuwa, tsuntsaye sukan tashi a tsaunuka daban-daban (Molodovsky, 2001).
A ƙasa, fararen tsutsotsi na motsawa cikin matakai, ƙasa da gudana.Gudun aiki mai nauyi yana da nauyi sosai, tare da jinkirin fuka-fukan fuka-fukan. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, fi son tashin hankali, musamman idan ya yi nisa mai nisa. A hawan koguna, gungu na samun tsuntsaye sau da yawa suna yin tsari. Daɗaɗɗen farar fata na iya iyo, ko da yake hakan ba da sannu ba ne. Tare da isasshen iska yana da ikon ɗauka daga saman ruwa (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988).
A cikin lokacin kiwo, farin dabbar yana haifar da garken rayuwa. A lokacin farauta, mazauna da gungu na iya kafawa a wuraren ciyarwa. Tsuntsaye marasa kiwo a lokacin rani suna ci gaba a fakitoci, wanda adadinsu ya kai dubun har ma daruruwan mutane. Suna zama a wurare masu wadataccen abinci, suna jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa. Yawan irin wannan garken a hankali yana ƙaruwa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, a watan Yuli masu girmansu sun ƙaru da yawa, suna ƙaruwa sosai a watan Agusta, saboda samuwar ƙungiyoyin pre-jirgin. Dangane da lura da yanayin yankin Kaluga. a cikin 1990s, matsakaiciyar adadin tsuntsaye a cikin garken rani shine: a watan Mayu - mutane 3.4, a watan Yuni - 4.0, a watan Yuli - 7.8, a watan Agusta - 10.5 (n = 50). Broods bayan tashi an haɗo cikin garken, wanda a hankali ya zama ya fi girma yayin ƙaura. Don haka, idan a cikin Ukraine yawan da aka saba da garken tumaki a cikin faduwa yana da yawa, ƙasa da ɗaruruwan daruruwan mutane, to, tuni kan tekun Bahar Maliya na Bulgaria matsakaiciyar garken mutum 577.5 ne (Michev da Profirov, 1989). A Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewa maso Gabas. Afirka sau da yawa tana da babban gungu wanda ya wuce mutum dubu 100 (Schulz, 1988, 1998). An tabbatar da cewa ƙwarewar ƙaura (saurin motsi, biyan diyya don iska ta iska, da dai sauransu) ya fi girma a cikin manyan makarantu (lambobin da suka kai dubbai) fiye da cikin ƙananan rukuni ko a cikin tsuntsayen mutane daban-daban (Liechti et al., 1996).
Storks suna hutawa ne musamman da daddare. A cikin lokacin farauta, adadin lokacin da ya rage don hutawa da tsaftace mai girki ya dogara da yawan abinci da adadin kajin. Da yawa, storks na iya hutawa na tsawon awanni ko kuma tsaftace tsabtatawa na awowi. Matsayi na tsuntsu mai hutawa sosai halaye ne: ƙwayar naman alade galibi tana tsaye a ƙafa ɗaya, yana jawo kansa cikin kafaɗa ya ɓoye gemunsa a cikin wuyan wuyan wuyansa. A matsayinka na mulkin, storks suna kan manyan gidajen kurkuku tare da kyakkyawan gani - akan busassun bishiyoyi, dogayen sanda, rufi.
Orasƙasassun farar fata suna amfani da wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta thermoregulation - suna lalata ƙafafunsu. A rana mai zafi, zaku iya ganin yawancin tsuntsayen fararen fata da '' kwandunan 'a kan paws. A bayyane yake, ruwa uric acid evaporates, sanyaya saman farjin. Fatar jikinta tana yaduwa ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini, suna shudewa wanda jininsa yake sanyi (Prinzinger, Hund, 1982, Schulz, 1987). Kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a kan itacen daji na Amurka (Mycteria americana) ya nuna, tare da matsanancin motsi a kafafu, zafin jiki yana raguwa (Kahl, 1972). X. Schulz (1987), yana lura da ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa a cikin Afirka, ya gano cewa sauƙin motsin hanji yana dogara da yawan zafin jiki na iska. Resarfin zafin jiki daga baya wanda tsuntsayen da ke yayyafi suka fara haduwa akai-akai kusan 28 ° C. A 40 °, Mitar motsin hanji ya kai sau 1.5 a minti daya. Gangarewar farar fata, ƙari, yana ɗaukar ƙafafunsa daga zafin rana. A cikin yanayin girgije, yawan motsin hanji yana raguwa. Abun lura a cikin Ukraine ya nuna cewa a cikin wuraren da ake farawa, storks kuma sun fara amfani da wannan hanyar thermoregulation a zazzabi na kimanin 30 ° C (Grischtschenko, 1992).
Lokacin da ciyar da fararen fata da baƙar fata, da huɗaɗɗu tare, farar fata ta mamaye (Kozulin, 1996).
Abinci mai gina jiki
Abincin abinci na farin fari mai ban sha'awa yana da bambanci sosai. Yakan ci kananan dabbobi da yawa daga tsintsaye zuwa kananan dabbobi da kuma kananan tsuntsaye: leeches, mollusks, gizo-gizo, crustaceans, kwari da larvae, kifi, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da sauransu. Zai iya lalata gida da tsuntsayen da ke da gida ko kuma su kama bunyan. Ko da ƙananan masu farauta, kamar weasels (. Mustela nivalis), an lura dasu a cikin abincin (Lohmer et al, 1980, Shtyrkalo, 1990). Girman samarwa yana iyakance kawai ta ikon haɗiye shi. Abincin ya dogara da ƙasa da adadin abubuwan farauta. A cikin busassun wurare, zai iya kusan haɗawa da kwari, a cikin ciyayi da kuma fadama raƙayinsu ya fi ƙanƙanta. Don haka, a cewar E. G.Samusenko (1994), a Belarus takamaiman nauyi na rukuni na dabbobi a cikin abincin farin naman alade ya sha bamban. A cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta Sozh da Berezina, wuraren bincike sun lissafa kashi 51.6-56.8% a yawan lokutan, kuma har zuwa 99% a cikin halittun da ba ambaliyar ruwa ba.
Storks sun haɗiye ganima duka. Animalsanana dabbobin suna hadiye shi nan da nan, manyan andan kwari da dabbar suna kashe mutane ta hanyar bugu da baki. Wani lokaci zaka iya ganin yadda farin murɗaɗɗen ɗan lokaci “ƙyanƙyashe” tare da baki ya zama balle ko tawadar Allah A gaban ruwa kusa, tsuntsun nan ke jan babban busasshiyar ciyawa na wani lokaci, har sai an iya hadiye shi da sauƙi. Hakanan, tsintsaye suna wanke kwaroron roba ko pbi6y da aka yiwa barna (Creutz, 1988).
Ragowar ragowar abubuwan da ba su cancanta ba Pogodas suna yin awoyi sama da sa'o'i 36-48. Sun ƙunshi ragowar kwari na kwari, ulu da ƙasusuwa na dabbobi, kifaye da sikeli masu rarrafe, tsutsa tsutsa, da sauransu. Girman puzzles shine 20-100 × 20-60 mm, nauyin kuma shine 16-65 g. Ga kajin, sun dan yi kadan - 20-45 × 20-25 mm (Creutz, 1988, Muzinic, Rasajski, 1992, Schulz, 1998).
Storks suna ciyar da fannoni iri-iri na bude - a cikin ciyawar makiyaya, makiyaya, ragunan ruwa, gabar ruwa, filaye, lambuna, da sauransu. A'idodin wuraren ciyarwa sune wurare masu tsire-tsire masu rikitarwa ko ƙasan ƙasa, inda ƙananan dabbobin da ba su da mafaka suke zama ganima Tasirin farauta a irin wannan yanayi na iya zama muhimmi. Misali a Poland, alade mai ba da alkama ya hada girbi 33 a cikin mintuna 84 (Pinowski et al., 1991). Dangane da abubuwan lura a cikin ambaliyar Elbe a Jamus, mafi kyawun farauta (kimanin 5 g na samarwa a cikin minti daya) ya kasance a lokacin ko kuma nan da nan bayan ƙiyayya (Dziewiaty, 1992). Don haka, ana iya ganin tarin ciyayi na ciyawar a ciyawar, a gonakin da aka noma ko da a cikin ciyawa. A Afirka, waɗannan tsuntsaye suna taruwa inda mutanen gari suke ƙone savannah a lokacin rani. Ya ishe su ganin hayaki, kamar yadda matattara take zuwa daga koina, suna mai da hankali ga bango na wuta. Suna durkushewa har yanzu suna shan sigari kuma suna kama kwari. Wani lokaci ɗaruruwan ɗumbin mutane sukan hallara a irin waɗannan takaddara (Creutz, 1988). Da sannu-sannu, baƙi sukan haɗu da garkunan dabbobi ko dabbobin daji a wuraren kiwo. Fuskantar tsoratar da kananan dabbobi, yana sauƙaƙe abin da za su ci. A cikin ciyayi, storks galibi suna ciyar da wuraren da ke da ciyawar ciyawa ko kuma a cikin ruwa mai ruwa. Mai zurfi sama da 20-30 cm da wuya yawo. Storks suna tattara tsintsayen ƙasa sau da yawa bayan ruwan sama, lokacin da suka fashe sama, ko kuma a cikin gonakin da aka girbe. Da son rai ku ciyar da filayen ban ruwa wanda ke cike da ciyawar ciyawa. Kodayake adadin kwari a cikin ciyayi ya fi girma, an rage yawan farauta na farin dabbar. Don haka, a cikin Austria, ya kasance 61% a cikin ciyayi 25 cm babba da 52% tare da tsayin tsirrai 25-30 cm (Schulz, 1998).
Babban hanyar farautar farin gobara ita ce bincike mai amfani ga abin farauta. Tsuntsu yayi ta birgima a hankali tare da ciyawa ko cikin ruwa mara zurfi, sannan yayi saurin sauka, sannan yana hanzarta hanzarta tafiya, yana iya yin kaifi ko daskarewa a wurin. Oftenarancin lokaci, masu ɓoye suna lura da ganima, musamman maɓoyoyi da manyan kwari. An tattara abincin dabbobi akan ƙasa, cikin ruwa mara zurfi, ƙasa da sau da yawa - akan tsire-tsire. Zasu iya kamawa tare da baki da tsuntsaye masu tashi - mazari, kwari da sauran kwari. Wani lokacin ma sukan fado su da fikafikansu. Storks da aka kama a fursuna da sauri koya koya kwace abincin da suka jefa a kan gardama da gemu. Ko da maganganun cin nasarar dabarun neman farauta na tsuntsayen tsuntsayen tsuntsaye da sauran kananan tsuntsaye an bayyana su (Niethammer, 1967, Creutz, 1988, Berthold, 2004). Tsuntsu yana jin tsintsayen duniya da sauran bishiyoyin da ke cikin yatsun ta, suna tsinkaya ta zuwa ƙasa kaɗan santimita (Schulz, 1998). An kuma lura cewa baƙuwar jirgin a cikin jirgin sun kama kifi daga saman ruwa (Neuschulz, 1981, Schulz, 1998).
Dangane da binciken P. Zakl (Sackl, 1985, wanda Schulz, 1998) ya ambata, a cikin Austria, matsakaicin saurin motsin turke lokacin ciyarwa shine 1.7 km / h. A lokaci guda, yana yin daga matakan 1 zuwa 90 a minti daya, matsakaici na 39.3. Lokaci don adana kayan yayi daga 10.5 zuwa 720 seconds, aƙalla 151.8 seconds. Wani lokaci, tsuntsaye na iya daskarewa a wurin har zuwa 12 ko ma minti 20. Ciyarda mai ciyarwa yana sanya matsakaicin nauyin 5.3 a minti daya, wanda 4.0 suke cin nasara.Lokacin ciyar da tadpoles da ƙwararraki a cikin ruwa mai narkewa a cikin ambaliyar kogin. Sava a cikin tsawan Croatia sau 5.9 a kowace min, wanda 2.9 suka sami nasara (Schulz, 1998).
Tsuntsu yana gano ganima galibi a gani. Wasu lokuta a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, farin storks kuma suna amfani da tactolocation, mai kama da storks na halittar Mycteria (Luhrl, 1957, Rezanov, 2001). Dangane da lurar da A. G. Rezanov (2001) a kudu da Ukraine, an yi amfani da ruwan laka da laka wanda ba tare da an dakatar da shi ba. Storks sunyi tafiya cikin ruwa mara zurfi, suna ɗaukar matakai 43-89 a minti ɗaya, suna ɓoye kullun a gaban su. 98.9% na pecks sun kasance sauti mai rarrafe sau ɗaya. Yawan nasarar ciyar shine 2.3%.
Storks na iya cin dabbobin da suka mutu, alal misali, kifi mai daɗin baƙi, ko kajin da aka kashe yayin tashin hankali, har ma suna cin datti. A Spain a shekarun 1990s sun ƙware ƙasa kuma yanzu suna ciyar da ciyawa da ɓoye. Wasu tsuntsaye har ma da hunturu a cikin kayan shara (Martin, 2002, Tortosa et al., 2002).
An bayyana lokuta na kleptoparasitism. Don haka, wata rana sai suka hango wani mai kara, yana bin diddigi a cikin iska, yana ƙoƙari ya cire ƙugiyar da ta kama. Ana tsammanin wannan halin yana da alaƙa da rashin abinci (Creutz, 1988). Storks kuma iya cin ganima daga gulls lake (Ranner, Szinovatz, 1987).
Storks suna ciyar da su daban-daban kuma a cikin fakitoci. A wuraren da abinci yake da yawa, tara tara kuɗi na iya girma, wanda a wasu lokutan yakan isa dubun dubatan mutane yayin sanyi. Haka kuma, a cikin gungu, yawan ciyar da mayu yake ƙaruwa, tunda an fi samun kariya daga masu ƙaddara kuma suna ɓatar da lokaci kaɗan akan binciken (Carrascal et al., 1990).
A lokacin farauta, storks forage, yawanci kusa da gida, amma zai iya tashi don abinci da kuma da yawa kilomita. Nasarar kiwo gaba daya ya dogara da nisan zuwa babban wurin kiwo. Nazarin kan Elbe a Jamus ya nuna cewa matsakaicin nisanci daga gida zuwa wuraren tattara abinci yana yin daidai da yawan kajin da aka tashe (Dziewiaty, 1999). An samo wata muhimmiyar ma'ana tsakanin yawan kajin da suka yi ƙaura tare da yawan ragowar ciyayi, ciyawar, da jikin ruwa a cikin yankin da ke zaune (Nowakowski, 2003). Dangane da lura da daya daga cikin mazaunan a Silesia a Poland, tsuntsaye sukan tashi don neman abinci zuwa wurare da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa daga nesa zuwa 500 zuwa 3,375 m, matsakaita na 1,900 m (Jakubiec, Szymocski, 2000). Abun lura da wasu ma'aurata a Pomerania a arewacin Poland ya nuna cewa kututtukan suna ciyar da yanki mai girman hekta 250. Fiye da rabin lamuran, sun nemo ganima a wasu wuraren da aka fifita, wanda ya kai kashi 12% kawai na yawan yankin. 65% na lokacin da suke ciyar da ciyayi da makiyaya, 24% - a cikin filayen da 11% - a cikin tafkunan. Matsakaicin nisan jirgi don ganima shine 3,600 m, matsakaita shine 826 m. A cikin 53% na lokuta, matattarar ba ta wuce 800 m daga gida. Sun yi nisa mafi nisa lokacin da kajin sun girma. Abin sha'awa shine, namiji da mace sun banbanta da abin da suke so, suna ciyarwa galibi a wurare daban-daban (Oigo, Bogucki, 1999). A cikin Elba, a cikin 80% na lokuta, baƙi sun tattara abinci basu wuce 1 km daga gida ba (Dziewiaty, 1992). Matsakaicin nisan jirgin a bayan abincin, an ƙaddara don tsuntsayen ringi a Zap. Turai, nisan kilomita 10 (Lakeberg, 1995).
Binciken samfuran abinci na 242 da aka tattara yayin lokacin kiwo a cikin Ukraine ya nuna cewa amphibians da garkuwa suna da mahimmanci a cikin bazara, kuma a watan Agusta, orthoptera da gwoza iri-iri. Storks suna ciyar da kajin musamman amphibians da kwari a matakai daban daban na ci gaba. Daga cikin kwari, orthopterans da beetles suna da mahimmancin gaske; a cikin duka, an samo wakilai na 19 na umarni 3 a cikin abincin (Smogorzhevsky, 1979).
A cikin enigmas ɗin da aka tattara a cikin babba na Kiev Vdhr. a cikin yankin Chernihiv, kashi 96.1% na guntun yawan adadin mallakar mallakar ragowar arthropod ne. Haka kuma, abinci mai yawan mayu ya bambanta sosai: har zuwa nau'ikan dabbobi 130, gami da kananan kanana kamar tururuwa, an gano su cikin asiri guda. Daga cikin kwari, coleopterans (35.3%), hymenoptera (21.0%) da kuma kwari da ke jikin caddis (19.6%). Vertebrates ya taka rawa ne kawai a cikin abinci (Marisova, Samofalov, Serdyuk, 1992).
Dangane da bincike-binciken puzzles 337 da aka tattara a sassan kudu da tsakiyar Belarus a 1986-1992, invertebrates ya zama tushen ciyar da farin naman alade - 99% na jimlar samfuran samfuran kayan abinci. Lesa beetan ruwa da katako sun mamaye, adadin nau'in ƙwayoyin gandun daji waɗanda ke zaune galibi suna amfani da wuraren zama, mollusks. A cikin ƙauyuka, adadin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kwari halayyar busassun halittun dabbobi suna ƙaruwa (Samusenko, 1994). M.I. Lebedeva (1960) a cikin sirrin da aka tattara a dajin Bialowieza, wanda aka samo tsakanin kayan abinci 187 guda tamanin 80. mollus, 75 - kwari, kwaro 24, 8 masu rai masu rai. Daga cikin kwari, 42 katako, 20 larvae na yin iyo da ciyawa na ruwa, gemu 9, ciyayi 2, masara 1. A cewar A.P. Nettles (1957), a cikin abincin fararen alade na kaji a Belovezhskaya Pushcha 72.5% ta nauyi sune vertebrates, 60.6% daga cikin suma. Matsakaicin tsaran ƙasa ba daidai yake da 1% ba.
A yankin Kaluga Binciken halittar mahaya ya nuna gaban wakilai na jinsin 17 mallakar gidaje 7 na Coleoptera (Coleoptera). Mafi na kowa su ne wakilai na ƙasa irin ƙwaro ƙasa (Carabidae) - 41%. Na gaba zo da lamellar beetles (Scarabaeidae) - 22%, da hydrophilic (Hydrophilidae) - 15%, ganye irin ƙwaro (Chrysomelidae) da staphylins (Staphylinidae) - 7% kowane, masu iyo (Dytiscidae) da mockweeds (Anthribidae) - 4% kowannensu. Abubuwan da aka gabatar da nau'ikan ƙwaro suna kasancewa mafi yawan mazaunin ƙasa mai bushe da busassun ciyawa, da kuma shimfidar wurare na anthropogenic, kuma halayyar ƙasa ne - 44%, ƙananan ƙananan tafkuna da ramuka, ko ɗumbin dodo - 19% kowannensu, masu biye da fuka-fuki, filayen zama da zama. a kan ciyayi, kazalika da waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin gandun daji gauraye kuma suna rayuwa a haushi da ganye - 7% kowannensu. A cikin yankin Tver an lura da wakilan iyalai 7 irin ƙwaro a cikin abinci, yawancinsu lamellar da ƙwayoyin ƙasa ne (61.3%) (Nikolaev, 2000).
A Mazuria a Poland, daga cikin 669 da aka tattara, kuma kashi 97,3% sun kasance ragowar kwari (wakilan iyalan Carabidae, Silphidae, Dytiscidae, Scarabeidae), kashi 72.2% - kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (galibin kwayoyi, bera da voles), 1.6% - mollusks, 1.0% - ƙananan tsuntsaye, 0.7% - amphibians. Rashin kwari a cikin abincin ya kasance mafi girma a cikin filayen yayin hatsi da alfalfa kuma a cikin ciyayi da filayen bayan girbi, kuma a maimakon haka a cikin filayen da aka noma (Pinowski et al., 1991). A Ostiryia, a lokacin farauta, yawan tsuntsayen da ke cikin abincin shine Orthoptera (67.7%) da kuma ƙwaro (24.1%), da kuma shinge (55.5%), da farko ƙananan ƙwayoyi (33.2%), sun fi ƙarfin nauyi. A cikin kwari, storks sun fi so farawa, ƙwakwalwar ƙasa, gwanayen ganye da ƙwayoyin lamellar. A watan Afrilu-Yuni, abincin ya kasance mafi banbanci, tare da mafi yawan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyi; a cikin Yuli-Agusta, an fara magabata. Kwari (83%) mafi yawa a cikin adadin garken bazara na tsuntsayen marasa kiwo a cikin ciyawar cikin Poland, da farko dai irin ƙwaro, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin halittun, galibi voles (58%), kwari (22%) da kuma yanayin ƙasa (11.5%) ) (Antczak et al., 2002). Nazarin a Girka ya nuna bambancin abincin da ke cikin mazauna daban-daban, amma kwari, da farko orthoptera da ƙwaro, sun mamaye ko'ina a cikin huluna (Tsachalidis da Goutner, 2002).
Abincin storks na iya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, gwargwadon yanayin yanayi. Don haka, a arewacin Jamus a cikin 1990, lokacin da aka sami karuwa a cikin yawan ƙwayar motsi kamar mutum, ƙarshen ya kai 59.1 da 68% na nauyin abinci a yankuna biyu inda aka gudanar da karatun, kuma a 1991 kawai 3.6 da 3, 8%. A cikin sanyin jiki sosai 1991, ciyawar ƙasa ta mamaye cikin abincin - 50 da 61.6% ta nauyi (Thomsen da Struwe, 1994). A cikin kudu na Jamus a cikin shekaru daban-daban, nauyin yanki na earthworms a cikin abincin farin gilashin ya fara daga 28.9 zuwa 84%, arthropods daga 8.9 zuwa 28.5%, leeches - 0 to 51.9%, rodents - daga 1.5 har zuwa 55,2%, frogs - daga 1.2 zuwa 5.4% (Lakeberg, 1995).
Ofaya daga cikin manyan ofan tsaran da kwari suke ci shine farin orthoptera, fari fari. Tana da mahimmancin abinci a wuraren dafa abinci a wuraren sanyi a Afirka, sabili da haka, a cikin yarukan wasu mutanen Afirka, ana kiran farin tsutsa "tsuntsayen tsuntsu."Storks na iya cin ayaba mai ɗumbin yawa, wani lokacin ma har suka wuce gona da iri don kada su tashi sama. A yayin harin fari da aka kaiwa Hortobágy a cikin Hungary a cikin 1907, kimanin mutane 1,000 aka samo a cikin kayan narkewar guda daga cikin ɓarnayan da aka girbe. fari. Ciki da kwayayen tsuntsu sun cika makwar. An samo fuloti 1,600 a cikin ɗayan tuddai (Schenk, 1907). A cewar marubucin na ƙarshe, garken 100 storks na iya lalata kwafi dubu 100 kowace rana. waɗannan kwari masu haɗari. A wuraren da ake farautarsu, fararen hulan shima yana lalata yawancin kwari na aikin gona, da farko bear (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), weevils, da wireworms. A cewar A.P. Nettle (1957), a cikin dajin Bialowieza a cikin abincin kajin, bears yayi sama da 8% a lamba kuma kusan 14% cikin nauyi. A cikin gundumar Lake Masurian a Poland, 31% daga cikin tsarukan sun ƙunshi ragowar wireworms, 14% - weevils, 16% - bear (Pinowska et al., 1991). A Yamma. A Faransa, abincin da akan kawo wa kajin an mamaye shi daga bishiyoyin ruwa da beyar (Barbraud da Barbraud, 1998).
Lokacin da aka sa a cikin zaman talala, buƙatun abinci na yau da kullun na ɗan tsohuwar tsutsotsi daga 300 g a cikin lokacin dumi zuwa 500 g a cikin hunturu. Tsuntsu yana buƙatar nauyin 110-130 a kowace shekara (Bloesch, 1982). Ana buƙatar buƙatun kuzari na yau da kullun na doki don ciyar da kawunansu a 4,660 kJ. Irin wannan adadin yana ba da nauyin kilogram 1.4 na earthworms, 1,044 g na frogs ko 742 g na ƙananan ƙwayoyin (Profus, 1986). A cewar wasu majiyoyin, wata biyu tare da kajin 1-2 tana cin kusan 5200 kJ (B5hning-Gaese, 1992). A kan kogin Sava a Croatia, ma'aunin kayan abinci ya kawo kimanin kilogiram 1.4 na abinci a kowace rana ga kajin yana da shekaru 3-6 (Schulz, 1998), da kuma kilogiram 1.2 a arewacin Jamus (shekarun da kajin ke sati 3-8) (Struwe, Thomsen, 1991).
Ga farar farin, abincin da ya fi dacewa dangane da makamashi shine tsayayyen yanayi. A cikin mazaunin gumi, waɗannan galibi amphibians ne. Koyaya, saboda karɓar ƙasa da aikin hydraulic, adadinsu a ƙasashe da yawa ya ragu sosai. Don haka, abincin ma'aurata biyu da aka gani a cikin Jura na Switzerland daga kashi 2/3 yana kunshe da tsintsayen sararin samaniya, ƙananan tsintsaye waɗanda ke da 0.4% kawai (Wermeille da Biber, 2003). A irin wannan yanayin, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suna ƙara zama masu mahimmanci ga masu ɗorawa. Abun lura a cikin kwarin kogin. Obras a yammacin Poland ya nuna cewa nasarar kiwo har ma da adadin kujerun zama mafi yawa a cikin shekaru tare da dumbin yawa masu yawa (Microtus arvalis) (Tryjanowski, Kuzniak, 2002).
Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa
Orkaƙƙarfan fari yana da enemiesan abokan gaba. Manyan tsuntsaye na ganima, gidajen tarihi, martens na iya lalata gida. Tsuntsaye manya sun zama waɗanda ke fama da hare-hare ta gaggafa, mikiya, manyan mahara masu kafafu huɗu - dawakai, karnuka, baƙi, da sauransu. Koyaya, mutuwar yawancin tsoffin ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa tana da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga mutane.
Layin wutar lantarki shine ke da alhakin mace-mace. A cikin 1986-1989 A cikin Ukraine, a cikin mutuwar 489 na matattun ɓarna tare da sananniyar hanyar, 64.0% sun kasance a cikin layin wutar lantarki. Daga cikin mutanen da layin wutar ya shafa, kashi 80.8% ya mutu a kan sandar daga wutar lantarki yayin da kashi 19.2% ya fadi a wayoyi. Babban haɗari ga layin wutar lantarki shine ga matattun tsuntsaye masu tashi: 72.8% na mutuwa suna faruwa a cikin ɓoyayyun waɗanda suka bar gida. A wuri na biyu shine hallaka mutane kai tsaye - kashi 12.7%. 8.8% na storks sun mutu sakamakon fadace-fadace a kan ciyayi da kuma lokacin samarwa da garken tun kafin tashiwar, 7.6% saboda yanayin yanayi mara kyau, 2.9% saboda guba da ƙwayoyin cuta, 1.6% sakamakon karo tare da sufuri, 1.2% - saboda cututtuka, 0.8% - daga masu hasara, 0.4% - saboda faduwa cikin manyan bututu. Don haka, a cikin duka, saboda dalilai marasa alaƙa da aikin ɗan adam, kawai 18.4% na ɓoyayyiyar sun mutu. Babban dalilin mutuwar kajin (lokuta 742 da sanannen sanadi) shi ne zubar da kajin da iyayensu suka yi daga gidajen maza. Yana lissafin kashi 41.9. 20.2% na kajin sun mutu sakamakon mummunan yanayin yanayi, 12.9% - saboda faduwar sauka, 7% - a yayin gwabzawa tsakanin ɓoyayyen manya, 6.2% - mutane suka lalata, 4.5% - saboda don ƙoshin ƙonawa, 2.7% a sakamakon mutuwar iyaye, 2.0% sun mutu daga masu hasara, 1.5% sun kasance masu guba, 1.1% sun mutu saboda kayan da aka kawo a cikin gida (Grishchenko, Gaber, 1990).
A yankin Kaluga hoton ya ɗan ɗan bambanta. Dangane da bayanan da aka tara a shekarar 1960 zuwa199, babban dalilin mutuwar manyan tsuntsaye shine yayan farauta. Yana ɗaukar nauyin 74% na lokuta tare da ingantaccen dalilin mutuwa (n = 19). A cikin 21% na lokuta, tsuntsaye sun mutu akan layin wutar lantarki, lokaci 1 wani tsuntsu ya mutu yayin yaƙin don gida tare da wasu ɓoyayyun.Babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar ƙwayoyin shine tuntuɓar sadarwar lantarki: daga rawar lantarki a kan masu buɗe wutar lantarki da kuma hasumiya masu watsa wutar, har ma da haɗuwa da wayoyi. Wasu lokuta game da asarar kananan yara tsuntsaye jim kadan bayan tashi daga gidaje da alama yakamata a danganta shi ga kashin kaji. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa a cikin yankuna kwanan nan masu baƙar fata ya mamaye, halin mutane game da su ba shi da ƙima. Ko da halayen halayen sheƙun da suka bayyana sanannu ne. Don haka, mazaunin gida ya rushe gidan farko a Mordovia saboda fargabar cewa tururuwa za su lalata amfanin gona na cucumbers (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997). A cikin yankin Nizhny Novgorod Babban abin da ke haifar da mutuƙar mutu shine zaluntar mutane (Bakka, Bakka, Kiseleva, 2000). An lura da lalacewar tsuntsayen manya da lalata hurcinsu a kudu maso gabashin Turkmenistan, inda storks suka yi kokarin yin sheƙa a 1980s. (Belousov, 1990). Koyaya, a cikin yankuna da fararen ciyawar ke zaune na dogon lokaci, halayyar jama'ar karkara game da ita ya canza mafi muni. Wannan na tabbatar da aƙalla babban kashi na lalata tsuntsayen mutane daga cikin sanadin mutuwa da lalata gida a kan hanyoyin ƙarfafa layin wutar lantarki.
Daga cikin sanadin mutuwar kajin, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, a farkon dai akwai batun kashe jarirai na iyaye. An jefa wani ɓangare na kajin daga cikin kurancen ko ma abincin ɓoye ya ci shi. Don haka, a cikin Belovezhskaya Pushcha kusan 30% na nau'i-nau'i an jefa, wasu lokuta ma an lalata duk kajin brood (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967). A Spain, an lura da kashe-kashen jarirai a cikin kashi 18.9% na mazaunan. A cikin dukkan halayen, an jefa kaza mai rauni. Matsakaicin shekarun ɓaɓɓu kayan maye shine kwanaki 7.3 (Tortosa da Redondo, 1992). Yawanci, wannan halin yana hade da rashin abinci. Dangane da D. Lack (1957), dabi'ar kauracewa wani ɓangare na ƙwai da aka saka ko kajin da aka ƙera shine na'urar da ke ba ka damar kawo girman iyali daidai da yawan abincin da ake samu. Yankin farin farashi mai kashe kansa ana tunanin yana da alaƙa da rashin ɗan uwan juna da gasa don abinci a cikin ƙauyuka. Iyaye suna kawo ƙaramin abinci mai yawa, kuma manyan kajin ba za su iya mallakar ta ba. Tunda kajin mafi rauni basu mutu da kansu ba, iyayensu ne zasu “hallaka” (Tog-tosa, Redondo, 1992, Zielicski, 2002).
An lura da irin wannan yanayin ba kawai a cikin tsohuwar farko ba. USSR, amma kuma a wasu ƙasashe. Yawancin ɓarayin da ke mutuwa a kan layin wutar lantarki, layin wuta mafi hatsari ga matasa ne, har yanzu tsuntsaye masu tashi marasa ƙarfi. An lura da wannan a Bulgaria (Nankin, 1992), Jamus (Riegel, Winkel, 1971, Fiedler, Wissner, 1980), Spain (Garrido, Femandez-Cruz, 2003), Poland (Jakubiec, 1991), Slovakia (Fulin, 1984), Switzerland (Moritzi, Spaar, Biber, 2001). Daga cikin kaji 116 da suka mutu a Yammacin Jamus a Gabashin Jamus, 55.5% iyayensu ne suka kore su, kashi 20.7% sun mutu ne sakamakon faduwa, yayin da kashi 9.5% suka mutu sakamakon cutar rashin jini a jiki (Zollick, 1986). A kan hanyoyin jirgi da kuma wuraren hunturu, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuƙar ƙwayar cuta shine harbi da sauran nau'ikan zalunci da mutane ke yi, mutuwa akan layin wutar lantarki, da guba ta ƙwayar cuta (Schulz, 1988). Idan dubunnan kwararar bakin haure sun tsallaka wani yanki mai tarin yawa na layin wutar lantarki, mutane da yawa suna mutuwa a lokaci guda (Nankinov, 1992).
A yawancin ƙasashen Afirka, fararen naman alade al'ada ce ta farauta. Dangane da dawowar ringin, a cikin Sev. da Yamma. Afirka, kusan kashi 80% na mace-mace suna faruwa a cikin harbi. Dangane da lissafin H. Schulz (1988), a cikin 1980s. 5-10 dubu storks aka harbe a kowace shekara a kan gabashin yankin, wanda dubu 4-6 sun kasance a Lebanon.
Mutuwar ɓarna ana iya haifar da ta hanyar masifar yanayi - hadari, babban ƙanƙara, da sauransu. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1932, kusa da wani ƙauye a arewacin Bulgaria, lokacin wani ƙanƙararen farin ciki da ba a taɓa gani ba (guntun kankara ya faɗo daga sama zuwa rabin kilogram ta nauyi!), Kimanin katako 200 suka mutu kuma kusan ɗari suka zauna tare da ƙafafu da fuka-fuki (Schumann, 1932). A cikin 1998, a cikin ƙauyuka biyu na yankin Lviv. kusan dukkanin kajin a cikin gidaje guda 19 da aka sanya idanu akansu sun mutu yayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (Gorbulshska et al., 2004).Babban lalacewa na iya haifar da dawowar yanayin sanyi bayan isowar storks. Don haka, a cikin 1962 a cikin yankin Lviv. daruruwan mutane sun mutu sakamakon sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Maris (Cherkashchenko, 1963).
Wasu lokuta kajin suna mutuwa suna ƙoƙarin hadiye abin da iyayensu suka kawo masu. Misali, an sami mace-macen muta, mai harbi kan maciji (Kuppler, 2001). Wani hatsari ga kajin shi ma wasu kayan ne da iyayen suka kawo wa gida - guda na igiya, tawul, wacce storks ke iya samun tarko, korar fim ko kayan kwalliya a cikin tire wanda aka tara ruwa.
Cutar fari tana iya zamowa wanda kleptoparasitism ya shafa. Misali, akan Dnieper a yankin Cherkasy. Mun lura da batun kai hari a kan farin fari mai saukar ungulu (Haliaeetus albicilla) da ke tashi kan kogi. Orkyamar ta ɓoye abincin da take ci, wanda gaggafa ta ɗauke kifi biyu daga saman ruwa (Loparev, 1997).
Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin da ke faruwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Gine-ginen da katako da bishiyoyin katako, wanda akan sa turmi da son rai, kusan bace daga ƙauyukan. Yawancin tsoffin bishiyun da suka dace da mazaunin mazauni suma suna raguwa. Lamididdigar ƙasa da wuce gona da iri, ambaliyar ruwan koguna ta wuraren ajiyar ruwa, keta tsarin aikin ruwa na al'ada na jikin ruwa yana haifar da gurɓataccen abinci. Gaskiya ne gaskiyar gaske ga ƙasashe da yawa na Yamma. Turai, inda ya zama dole don shuka amphibians musamman don ciyar da storks. Kwanan nan, an kara wata matsala - rage raguwar wuraren kiwo da ciyawa da al'adu a yankuna da yawa na Gabas. Turai da Arewa. Asiya saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki. Increasingara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na aikin gona yana haifar da tara magungunan kashe kwari a cikin sarƙoƙin abinci, wanda ke haifar da guba da cuta a cikin tsuntsaye. An bayyana wannan har zuwa mafi girman matsayi a wuraren hunturu, inda ake yin gwagwarmaya mai ƙarfi tare da farawa da sauran kwari na aikin gona, waɗanda ke zama babban abincin ɓoye.
A Tsakiyar Asiya, muhimmin abin da ya shafi canje-canje a mazauninsu da yalwa shi ne ci gaban sabuwar ƙasa don albarkatun gona tare da yawancin adadin auduga, faɗuwar bishiyoyi a kwarin kogi, magudanar fadama, da raguwa a fannin filayen shinkafa. Sakamakon yawaitar filayen, an yanke belts na daji da yawa. Harshen gine-gine na zamani da ci gaban birane ba su ba da gudummawa ga fararen farin ciyawar a cikin ƙauyuka (Sagitov, 1990, Sernazarov et al., 1992).
A Rasha, muhimmin abu da ke iyakance adadin nau'i-nau'i na kiwo shine lalata gida a majami'u dangane da sabunta su, akan katako na wayar tarho da kuma wutar lantarki a yayin gudanar da ayyukan sadarwa, haka nan kuma rushewar hasumiyar ruwa don shigarwa a wani sabon wurin ko kuma karfe. Latterarshen ƙarshen alama yana da matukar razana, tun da fiye da rabin rukuni na Rasha na fararen hutunan nura akan hasumiyar ruwa.
Mummunan halayen sun hada da lalata halin kirki game da farin furen jama’ar yankin, da kuma asarar tsoffin al'adun mutane. Don haka, an gudanar da shi a cikin yankin Kiev. Binciken ya nuna cewa babban yanki na mazaunan karkara ba wai kawai ba su san yadda za su jawo farin farar fata zuwa gida ba, har ma ba sa son samun gida a kan ƙasa (Grishchenko et al., 1992). Wannan duk da cewa kasancewar gida an taɓa ɗaukarsa babban abin farin ciki ne, jawo jan fatar zuwa gida ya kasance ɗayan abubuwan sihiri na tsohuwar azimar (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). A Uzbekistan, an ɗauki farin fari kamar tsuntsu mai alfarma, amma yanzu yawan jama'a a wasu wuraren suna tsunduma cikin lalata gidaje da tattara ƙwai (Sagitov, 1990).
A cikin kudu na Ukraine, fararen murɗaɗɗen fari sun rubuta nau'ikan helminths 4: Dyctimetra Discoidea, Chaunocephalus ferox, Tylodelphys excavata, Tarihin Tarihi (Kornyushin et al., 2004).
Kimanin wakilai 70 na nau'ikan kwari daban-daban, galibi irin ƙwaro (Coleoptera), an samo su a cikin mazaunin fararen ciyawar (Hicks, 1959).
Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya
Jirgin fari yana lalata ɗumbin ƙwayoyin noma, musamman kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta. An san shi da yawa daga cikin fightersan farar fulawa. Abincin goge na iya haifar da wasu lalacewar kifaye da farauta, cin kifi, kajin, zomaye, da sauransu, wannan kawai bazuwar ce, kuma irin waɗannan abubuwan abincin ba su mamaye wani wuri mai sananne a cikin abincin farin naman alade. Damageari ko lessarancin lalacewar masunta yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka samar da tarin ɓarna kuma kusan babu wani abinci da aka samu (misali, a gonakin kifi a Isra'ila). A cikin kasashen Gabas. Turai da Arewa. A cikin Asiya, wannan ba wuya.
White farin dabbar ƙawance ce ta mutum, tana da fa'ida mai kyau, ana ɗaukarta ɗayan ƙaunatattun tsuntsaye ne da ake girmamawa. Addinin sa an kafa shi ne a zamanin da, watakila jim kaɗan bayan fitowar tattalin arziƙi ne (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Stork abu ne mai kyau don ilimin muhalli da haɓaka, yana ɗaukar taimakon mutum, yana tasiri da motsin zuciyar mutane da ke zaune kusa. Don kare murɗaɗa, farfagandar aiki da aiki na bayani wajibi ne, Tarurrukan tsoffin al'adun gargaɗin taimaka wa wannan tsuntsu. Haka kuma, saboda babban sanannen farin dabbar, yana yiwuwa a jawo yawancin mutane zuwa ayyukan muhalli. Manyan manya-manyan kwalejin kimiyya da farfaganda, alal misali, ayyukan “Leleka” (“Stork”) da “Shekarar White Stork” (Grishchenko, 1991, 1991, Grishchenko et al., 1992), suna gudana a cikin Ukraine, suna da tasiri sosai. Dukkanin farfaganda da taimako na kwarai a yankin sake zama suna da mahimmanci musamman don kiyaye tsuntsaye a sabbin wuraren talla.
White Stork an jera su a cikin Red Books na Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, kuma a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a cikin Red Litattafan Karelia, Mordovia, Chechnya, Krasnodar da Stavropol Territories, Belgorod, Volgograd, Kaluga, Kirov, Lipetsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan , Tver da wasu yankuna.
Halaye na zahiri
Wani katon murkushe jikin farin farin 100-115 cm daga ƙarshen baki zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya, nauyi 2.5 - 4,4 kg, fuka-fuki 195 - 215 cm. Babban tsuntsu mai sheki yana da farin fari, gashin fuka-fukin baƙi a fuka-fukan. Melanin launi da carotenoids a cikin abinci na storks suna ba da launi mai launi.
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Manyan fararen dogo sun kasance dogayen launuka masu launin ja, doguwar jan kafa tare da yatsun kafa da rabi, da kuma dogon wuya. Suna da fata baƙi a idanunsu, fararen fata ba su da kyau kuma suna kama da kusoshi. Maza da mata suna kama iri ɗaya, maza sun fi girma girma. Gashin jikin tsuntsaye a kirji suna da tsawo kuma suna haifar da wani nau'in ledoji wanda tsuntsaye suke amfani dashi lokacin da suke farawa.
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A dogayen fikaffi da fadi-tsayi, farin toka yana sanya sauƙi a cikin iska. Tsuntsaye suna buɗe fikafikansu a hankali. Kamar yawancin waterfowl, soaring a cikin sama, farin storks kama da ban mamaki: dogon wuyansu miƙa gaba, kuma dogon kafafu suna miƙa baya nesa da gefen gajerun wutsiya. Suna ragargaza fikafikan fikafikan su ba sau da yawa, ajiye makamashi.
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A doron ƙasa, farin gogaggen tafiya yana tafiya a hankali, a ko'ina, yana ɗaga kai. A hutawa, sai ya sunkuyar da kansa zuwa kafadunsa. Fuskar fuka-fukan farko suna molt duk shekara; a lokacin kiwo, sabon girki ke tsiro.
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Abin da wuraren da farin storks fi son gidaje
Cutar fari tana zaɓar mazaunan:
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- kogin rafin
- fadama
- tashoshi
- makiyaya.
Staƙƙarfan fari suna jin kunya daga wuraren da suka mamaye bishiyoyi da tsayi.
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Farar fata a cikin jirgin
Abincin Stork
Staƙƙarfan fari yana aiki a lokacin rana, ya fi son ciyar da ƙananan ciyayi da filayen noma, a cikin ciyawar ciyawa. Orkaƙƙarfan fari ɗanɗano ne kuma yana ciyar da:
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- 'yan amphibians
- gwanaye
- macizai
- kwaɗi
- kwari
- kifi
- kananan tsuntsaye
- dabbobi masu shayarwa.
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