Овідь:
1. Dabbobin dabba na gida. 1. barewa.
2. A kananan sanda na tundra. 2. Lemon tsami.
3. Tsuntsaye na daji na tundra. 3. Farin ciki.
4. Dabba mai jurewa mai jan gashi. 4. Arctic fox.
5. Waterfowl ya isa tundra a bazara. 5. Seagulls.
6.7. Dabbobin dabbobi masu tsinkaye na tundra. 6. Wolverine. 7. Da ƙyarkeci.
8. Ruwan sha. 8. Ducks.
9. Wani karamin tsuntsu mai dogon baki wanda yake zaune kusa da ruwa. 9. Sandpiper.
10. Babban ruwa mai ruwa tare da dogon wuya. 10. Geese.
11. Tsuntsayen tsinkayar polar 11. Owl.
12. Dabbobin dabba na tundra na Arewacin Amurka. 12. Saniya saniya
idan ka bincika, za ka iya samun duk abin da kake so.
Khrustan
Khrustan | |||||||
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Namiji a cikin hunturu | |||||||
Tsarin kimiyya | |||||||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Jariri |
Subfamily: | Mai jan hankali |
Duba: | Khrustan |
- Eudromias morinellus
Kadai kawaiHanyoyin ƙaura
Khrustan , ko wawa flover , ko wauta nibble (lat. Charadrius morinellus) - karamin sandpiper, tsuntsu na dangin Charadriiformes. Yankuna a cikin Eurasia a cikin yanki na tsaunin tundra na gabashin Norway, har ma a wurare a cikin yankin mai tsayi na yankuna tsaunuka. Masu cin nasara a cikin wani kunkuntar rabe-raben hamada a arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Maroko zuwa Iraki. Yana ciyarwa akan kwari da sauran hanyoyin karkarwa, galibi kwari, kwari, tsutsotsi da katantanwa. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabarar, ba shi da tsoro kuma yana bawa mutum damar samun kusanci, wanda mazaunan yankin suka karɓi sunan barkwanci "wawa mara hankali" ko "mara hankali mara hankali."
Bayyanar
Yana da ɗan ƙarami fiye da plover na zinariya, idan aka kwatanta da shi yana da physique denser, gajeren wuya da gajere. Length 20-22 cm, fikaffi 57-64 cm, nauyi 75-150 g. Abu ne mai sauki gano tsuntsu ta cikakkun bayanai marasa tushe da aka samo a cikin sauran manyan gilasai, da farko ta fuskokin fararen fata wadanda ke hade kan bayan kai a cikin harafin Latin da V da farar fata tare da baƙar fata a kirji, kuma a cikin jirgin da babu bayyanan abubuwa masu haske (“madubai”) akan reshe. Bambancin jinsi ba shi da muhimmanci - a kan matsakaici, maza sun yi ƙanƙana da girmansu kuma ana zanen su da launuka marasa ƙima.
Kayayyakin bazara-lokacin rani ya fi bayyanuwa da kuma musanyawa. A wannan lokacin, saman kai mai launin shudi ne mai launin shuɗi tare da fararen fata, makogwaron ya fi fari, kirji, baya da kuma ɓangaren ɓangaren reshe suna smoky-brown tare da ƙirar madaidaicin biri, ƙashin gwiwar reshe yana da haske, ciki yana da launin shuɗi tare da babban baƙar fata a tsakiya, ƙarƙashin wutsiya fari. A cikin damina da damuna, launi ya zama maras ban sha'awa tare da mahimmancin sautunan launin ruwan kasa-mai haske - jan launi mai haske tare da halayyar ƙasa mai ma'ana na lokacin farauta yana zama mai launin toka, yana riƙe da haske ocher a ɓangarorin, tsiri a kan kirji ya ɓace fayyace, kiftawar ido ya zama launin shuɗi. Ta hanyar dabi'ar gaba daya, abin ɓawon burodi ya zama kamar ƙwararrun fuka-fukan zinariya ko launin ruwan kasa, duk da haka ya bambanta da su ta yanayin raunin haske akan kai da kirji. Tsuntsayen yara suna kama da manya a cikin gashin tsuntsayen hunturu, amma har ma sun kara fadada - saman baƙar fata-launin ruwan kasa tare da gefuna launin shuɗi hade da ƙazanta, launin launin shuɗi-ƙasa.
Wata murya
Yawancin lokaci shiru tsuntsu. A kan tashi, musamman yayin ɗaukar hoto, yana fitar da laushi mai laushi, mai laushi tare da rage sautin. Waƙar mace wata 'yar gajeriyar magana ce "rami-rami-rami", galibi ana yin saurin sau biyu a sakan na nesa kuma yana kama da sautin siginar rediyo. Lokacin da yake sadarwa, yakan fitar da gajerun saƙo, wani abu kamar “sauri-quip”.
Yankin
Matsakaicin kiwo ya gutsure kuma ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa na arctic da tundra tudun da ke nesa nesa da juna. A arewacin Turai, tana da sheƙarta a cikin Scotland, a cikin tsaunukan arewacin Scandinavia, a kan Kola Peninsula (gabar Tekun Barents daga kan iyakar jihar zuwa bakin Ponoy, Monchetundra, Khibiny, tabbas Lapland Nature Reserve) da kuma a kudancin Novaya Zemlya. A cikin yankin na Urals, yana tazara arewacin Iremel da Yamantau, inda a cikin wuraren ya zama ruwan dare. A cikin hanyar tundra a tsakanin tazara tsakanin kwarin Ob da Lena, ko dai ba ya rabe ko kuma da wuya - bayanai kan wuraren da ake farauto wuraren daga waɗannan yankuna ba su da mahimmanci kuma sau da yawa ana sabani.
Wani yankin rarraba yana farawa daga gabashin Kogin Lena kuma ya rufe babban yanki zuwa gabas zuwa Anadyr, kudu maso gabas zuwa Verkhoyansk Range da tsakiyar tsakiyar Kolyma. Bugu da kari, ana samun wuraren da ke keɓance a Yankin Chukchi, Taimyr da kuma wasu tsibirin Novosibirsk. A cikin kudu, babban filin nishaɗin yana cikin Altai kuma kusa da tsaunukan tsaunukan gabas zuwa gabashin shi - Dutsen yammacin Sayan, Tannu-Ola, Hamar-Daban, Tunkinsky Goltsy, Mongolian Altai, Hangai, Tarbagatai, Saur da kuma Saylyugem plateau.
Hakanan an san wuraren da Mosaic yake a cikin wasu tsaunukan tsaunuka na Tsakiyar Turai, alal misali a cikin Alps. Rahotanni lokaci-lokaci suna bayyana game da yadda ake kallon ɓarnar ɓawon burodi a cikin Vosges, High Tatras da mashin Krkonoše, amma ba a san tabbas ko tsuntsayen suna can ba koyaushe ko a'a. Har yanzu ba a san matsayin aikin kiwon lafiyar ba a cikin Pyrenees da Carpathians, da kuma a wasu yankuna a arewacin Girka. Abin dogaro ne wanda aka sani cewa daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1969, tsarin crustaceans ya kasance yana da kyawawan wurare don yanayin su - a cikin faren fage a fannin tafkin wucin gadi IJsselmeer a Netherlands. Wannan wurin ba wai kawai a cikin yanki ne mai yawan jama'a ba, har ma ana amfani dashi a cikin aikin gona.
Habitat
A cikin tundra mai lebur, yana zaune akan busassun tsaunukan tsafe-tsafe tare da ƙarancin lashen, gansakuka da ciyawa mai ƙanƙantar da ƙasa. A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka, ta fi son wuraren da ke da faffadar shimfidar wuri da kuma kananan tsakuwa a saman gandun daji, har ma da ciyayi mai filaye. Matsayin dangi ne da kuma watsar da irin wannan yanayin mazaunin da ke bayanin rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa na kewayon. A duwatsun Tsakiyar Asiya, tana nunin nisan da ya kai 3500 m sama da matakin teku, a cikin Yankin Turai na tsaunin Switzerland har zuwa 2600 m saman matakin teku, a tsaunin Austrian har zuwa kusan 2200 m sama da matakin teku.
Hijira
Yawanci tsuntsu mai ƙaura ne. Duk da yawan fannoni na kiwo da yawa, rukunin wuraren hunturu sun mamaye wani yanki na hamada mai nisa a Arewacin Afirka da Mesopotamia. Yawancin tsuntsaye daga yawan mutanen Turai na hunturu a arewa maso yammacin Afirka - a cikin tsaunukan Atlas, tuddai masu tsaunuka da yankunan bakin teku na Algeria da Tunusiya, cikin Cyrenaica. Yawan mutanen Asiya suna ƙaura zuwa yankin Sina'i, Iraki da Iran.
Sukan tashi a kan fadi gaba, yawanci a cikin kananan kungiyoyin 3-6 (sau da yawa ba 20-30) tsuntsaye, ta yin amfani da hanyoyi na gaba da tsayawa don lokacin molting. Misali, wani dandalin gargajiya na tsuntsayen tsuntsaye Cassonsgrat a cikin Alps na Swiss, wuce Chasseral a cikin tsaunin Jura da wasu yankuna na ƙananan ƙasashen Caspian. Yankin nishaɗi koyaushe suna da alaƙa da ƙasa fallasa tare da ciyayi masu ƙarancin tsiro: ƙasa maras yisti daga cikin matakan, tudun ƙasa, ƙasa mai araha da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tururi. Wasu tsuntsaye, musamman daga jama'ar Turai, ba sa tsayawa. Kirkirar da ke zaune a gabashin gabas ta gabas yayin da ake yin hijirar ta shawo har zuwa kilomita 10,000 zuwa wuraren hunturu da kuma biyun.
Fitowar kaka a watan Agusta - Satumba. Wannan mafi yawancin lokuta yana gudana ne daga ƙaurawar tsuntsaye a cikin tundra a waje da iyakar kiwo, yana farawa a ƙarshen Yuli. Wadanda suka fara barin su sune mazaunin mata, kuma bayan sati daya da rabi, maza tare da saurayi. Rationaurawar bazara a farkon fiye da sauran fasahar tana farawa ne daga tsakiyar tsakiyar watan Fabrairu zuwa tsakiyar Maris, kuma ta fara daga ƙarshen Afrilu, tsuntsayen yanzu suna mamaye wuraren da suke zaune. A arewacin Siberiya, tsuntsaye sun bayyana da yawa daga baya: alal misali, a cikin wuraren tafkunan Purinsky a yammacin Taimyr, tsuntsaye suna isa ne a farkon farkon watan Yuni. A kan tashi, ana iya samun garken ɓawon burodi a cikin Rasha a kusan kowane wuri mai dacewa, gami da wuraren da ake noma mai zurfi.
Kiwo
Tsuntsaye suna isa a cikin kananan garke a wuraren farauta lokacin da aka fara bazara a cikin tundra kuma yawancin ƙasar tana rufe dusar ƙanƙara. A mafi yawancin lokuta, samuwar nau'i-nau'i yakan faru ne a cikin fage jim kadan bayan isowa, kodayake a cikin mafi yawan northernan arewa suna iya haɓaka koda a kan ƙaura. Lokacin yin ba da izini, musayar matsayin yana da halayyar - mafi yawan aiki, rawar da ake takawa yanzu ba ta miji ba, kamar yadda yake a yawancin tsuntsayen, amma ta mace. A lokacin tarawar, tayi kokarin jawo hankalin namiji tare da nuna halayenta - tana yin yawo mai tsawo a tsawon 100-300 m, whistles, a lokaci-lokaci suna sunkuyar da kai a kasa kuma suna fuka fikafikanta. Idan namiji bai amsa ba, mace ta koma babban rukunin. Sau da yawa, namiji ɗaya yana tare da mata masu gudana ɗaya lokaci guda, a tsakanin wanda ƙananan rikice-rikice zasu yiwu. A garken yakan yi ta motsawa daga wuri zuwa wuri, kuma tsarin sa yana canzawa koyaushe. A tsakanin crunters akwai wasu lokuta da wuya ake samu a cikin yanayin jerin lokutan yanayi, yayin da mace ta zauna tare da maza da yawa na kakar daya.
Abubuwan da aka kirkira sun rabu da babbar rukunin kuma suna zaɓar yankin da suke dashi, wanda daga baya ya kare daga sauran tsuntsayen. A cikin wuraren da aka iyakance yanayi, zai iya yin gida a kananan kungiyoyin 2-5 nau'i-nau'i. Gida mafi yawa ana kan gado ne, busasshe tudu kuma ƙaramin ɓacin rai ne a cikin ƙasa, matattarar ƙafar da aka dasa ta kusa da kayan shuka - ruwan ban ciyawa ko yanki na lichen. Nisa tsakanin nitocin dake kusa da ita yawanci daga 200 m zuwa kilomita da yawa.
A cikin ɓoyayyen akwai daga 2 zuwa 4 (galibi 3) madaidaiciya manyan kwayoyi, yanayin da suke zagaye ya fi kama da ƙwayoyin tern fiye da manyan bindigogi. Halin gaba gaba na qwai shine zaitun zuwa yumbu mai haske ko launin shuɗi, aibobi masu girma ne, duhu mai duhu ko baƙi. Girman ƙwai shine (36-47) x (26-31) mm. A matsayinka na mai mulki, a cikin awanni 36 bayan sanya kwan da ya gabata, namiji daya ya rage a cikin mazaunin, wanda ke da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar alhakin ɗaukar zuriya. Mace mafi yawan lokuta ana samunta kusa, tana kiyaye yankin, amma tana iya barin gida ta samar da sabon ma'aurata tare da wani namiji. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 23 - 29, namiji ya zauna sosai kuma baya barin gida, koda zaku kusanceshi a nesa nesa. Kajin da aka haife su ba da jimawa ba zasu bar mazaunin har abada kuma su bar bayan namiji. A garesu, wannan mahimmin aiki ne, musamman ma ga waɗanda suka yi rashin nasara a ƙarshen da ba su da lokacin bushewa. A sakamakon haka, yawancin ɓangarorin thea offspringan suna mutuwa. A cikin rana ta farko, brood yayi nasarar shawo kan kusan 50 m, kuma bayan uku an cire shi zuwa nesa zuwa 700 m, yayin da yake tafiya tare da ƙasa mai tsananin wuya. Ikon tashi sama ya bayyana a kajin yana da shekaru hudu.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Yana ciyarwa galibi akan kwari (amma ba wai kawai ba), a lokaci guda kuma tana zaɓar ganimar sauro ga wasan cricket da manyan nau'ikan bumblebees. An ba da fifiko musamman ga ƙwakis ɗin manya tare da murfin chitinous mai ƙarfi, irin su weevils da beetles ƙasa, kaɗa larvae. Grasshoppers, malam buɗe ido da tsutsotsi suna da cikakken kashi na abincin. Ya kama tururuwa, gizo-gizo da kuma kunne. A lokacin hunturu, wani lokacin yakan ci wasu nau'ikan ƙananan katantanwa. A cikin adadi kaɗan, yana ciyar da ciyarwar-tsire-tsire - berries, tsaba, ganye, da furanni, musamman ganye mai saxifrage ko berries na ruwa.
Tana farauta a saman duniya, tana neman ganima daga nesa kuma ta kama shi bayan ɗan gajeren jirgin. Foundan karamin pebbles ana samun su sau da yawa a cikin bakin tsuntsaye, waɗanda tsuntsayen ke hadiye musamman don inganta nika abinci.
Alamomin waje na ɓawon burodi
Khrustan karamin tsuntsu ne. Tsawon Jikin 21.5 - 24.7 cm a cikin maza. Mace sun fi girma, 24.0 - 27.5 santimita tsayi.
Fuka-fukan suna da tsawon 12.5 - cm cm 7. inan da ke cikin dabbar dabbar ta hanyar lalata tare da kan baƙar fata a saman, wannan mahimmancin launi na murfin gashin gashin tsuntsu ya ba da wani sunan ga sandpiper - plover bakar fata. Goshi tare da farin alamomi. Yaduwar fararen fata wacce take saman idanuwanta a gefen kawunan kai.
Chrustan (Charadrius morinellus).
Saman jikin yana launin ruwan kasa - smoky. Rufe gashin fuka-fukan kafada da na firamari sunada iyaka a saman. Gashin fuka-fukan kusa da ramuran kunne suna da launin toka-launin toka, ragowar filawa a tarnaƙi shugaban kai farare ne da launin tokare mai launin shuɗi, maƙogwaron shima yana canza launin. Brown goiter tare da ƙaramin murmushin mugunta, yanayin jujjuyawar yanayin. Wani lokacin wani abun wuya mai baƙar fata yana fitowa a ƙasa daga goiter, yana juyawa zuwa ƙaramin kintinkiri.
Chest ciki a tarnaƙi launin ruwan-kasa mai launin shuɗi. Ofarshen jikin baƙar fata ne. Vertan ɓoyayyen ƙananan fuka-fukai suna fari fari tare da ɗanɗano ocher. Fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsu suna da launin toka-shuɗi. Tailarfin wutsiya shine launin ruwan kasa-launin toka, matsanancin farin fararen ƙarewa a ƙarshensa, kuma a gaban sa ya wuce wata madaidaiciyar launin ruwan baƙi mai ruwan wuta.
Iris duhu launin ruwan kasa. Gefen gajere ne, gwiwoyin rabin muƙamula babba suna convex. Hannun gajere tare da yatsunsu 3, launin ruwan kasa mai launi tare da launin ocher-yellow.
Tsuntsu ba shi da tsoron-mutum kuma yana ba mutum damar samun kusanci, wanda ya karɓi sunan barkwanci "wawa mara hankali."
Rustarfin mace Khrustan ta fi maza hankali. saman kai yana da haske, yanayin ratsa jiki akan goiter ba tabbas bane.
Tsuntsaye masu balaguro tare da girkin hunturu suna da duhu launin saman saman kai.
Gashinsa tare da kodadde ja gefuna weathered. Sauran filawar sune launin toka-mai launin shuɗi a launi tare da launuka masu launin shuɗi akan gashin fuka-fukan. Wutsiya tana da wuta, tsiri a saman ido tana kashewa fararen fata.
Matasan crunters suna da launin ruwan kasa-baki mai launin shuɗi tare da shinge na gashin fuka-fukan Chest, tarnaƙi, ƙasa ƙashin datti ne ko launin toka-mai launin shuɗi.
Yaduwar crustan
Khrustan yana zaune a Arctic da tundra na tsaunukan Asiya da Turai. Yana nufin jinsuna tare da kewayon tsage. Tana zaune a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Siberian tundra, amma ko'ina ko'ina akwai tsuntsu mai wuya. Yana faruwa a cikin tsaunuka da maɓallan Polar Urals; daga Ural Range, mazaunin ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu. A cikin duwatsun yakan kai tsawan mita 2000. An rarraba Crustan a Ingila, Scotland, Norway, a arewacin Sweden.
Yana zaune a Lapland da kuma Kogin Penna. Ana samo shi a tsibiran Vaigach da Kolguyev.
A cikin duwatsun, ɓawon burodi suna zaune a wurare tare da ɓarna da katako na dutse.
Gidajen Hrustan
An zaɓi wuraren bushewa a cikin tundra. A filayen, tsuntsaye suka sauka a kan manyan koguna, tsaunika tare da ciyayi mai filashi.
Hrustans suna zaune a cikin tundra shrub da tundra daji.
Hrustans sun fi son wuraren da ke da faɗin ƙasa ko gangara mai zurfi; a cikin tsaunuka suna zaune mazaunin sama da iyakar gandun daji, tare da sassan tsayi, ciyayi mai tsayi. Tsuntsaye
bi wuraren da ke da faffadar shimfidar fili, wuraren shakatawa, gidaje na tsaunuka, amma sun zaɓi bushewa da dutse, an rufe su da gansakuka.
Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da su har ma da ƙaramin alkyabba a cikin ƙananan garke. Hrustans ba su da gida a wurare ba tare da ciyayi ba.
Saurari muryar Khrustan
A ƙarshen watan Agusta, kajin sun zama fuka-fukan. Namiji yakan ciyar da zuriya. Mace suna barin wuraren farauta da wuri kuma suna ƙaura zuwa kudu.
Tana farauta a saman duniya, tana neman ganima daga nesa kuma ta kama shi bayan ɗan gajeren jirgin.