Ina kwana, sahabban sa hannu. Muna roƙonku ku kiyaye rikice-rikicen kwaminisanci game da proletariat da gina kyakkyawar makoma tare da ku. Ko aƙalla a jure maganganun. Haka ne, a yau mun sami mai saurin aiki beaver . Amma ba wai kawai wannan ƙwaƙwalwar sanannen sanannen sanannen aiki ba ne! Binciken Intanit don bincika kayan game da baƙonmu, ɗayan abubuwan da injin binciken ya ba ni: "Bakano . Kuma abu ne mai wuya ka saba. 'Yan Beavers ne sosai! Ba duk zasu iya ƙirƙirar yanayin ƙasa gaba ɗaya ba, sata wutar lantarki da fada cikin fushin rashin ƙarfi, kasancewar ƙwayar herbivore!
A gaskiya, berayen da basu da yawa ba su haifar da tsoro sosai. Ee, ciki shine mafi girman wakilan tawagarsa a Turai (har zuwa 1.3 m a tsawon !). Kawai yanzu, fuska mai kyau da kallo mara lahani suna rikitar da mai saurin kama homo sapiens. Yi tunani da kanka, sai dai dabbar da ta sare itace tare da hakora mutum zai iya zama marar lahani? Shi ke nan!
Wannan da ya zahiri ya tauraro a fim din "Jaws" a maimakon wasu kifayen sharks a wurin. Kawai kalli wannan rukunin! Mai bea yana amfani dashi azaman chainsaw. Don sare bishiyar, dabbar ta zauna tare da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin katako kuma ta fara motsin kashinta da sauri daga gefe zuwa gefe. A cikin minti daya ciki sa 300 motsi baya da gaba! Ba abin mamaki bane, bishiyoyi da suka wuce ƙarni sun zama waɗanda ke fama da waɗannan ɓarayin.
Wani lokaci, ƙaunar beavers ga manyan kututturan yakan zo da tsattsauran ra'ayi, gandun daji ya zama sharewa. Mafi yawan lokuta suna fama da wannan ... mutumin . Don haka, dangin beaver sun hana duniya duka Kingisepp gundumar (yankin Leningrad). Ayyukan gwarzayenmu sun tsokani ambaliyar. Kuma ruwa, bi da bi, ya rushe tallafin katako na lantarki da ke ratsa daji. A karon farko a tasharmu mutane suka mutu Halayen gari, ba dabbobi ba!
An tattara rajistan ayyukan Bea don dalilai biyu. Da fari dai a kan bukka abu na biyu a kan shaho Kada ku zama wawaye, Gama aikin dabba yana zaban duwatsu masu wahala: itacen oak da alder . Itaciya mafi kyau tafi ciyar: Birch, Willow, poplar - Anan ga abincin rana mai dacewa na ma'aikaci mai wahala.
Beavers suna raye auren mace daya . Amma yana zuwa soyayya ne kawai a ƙarshen hunturu, don ragowar lokacin a wuyan ma'aurata masu dadi rataye daga 2 zuwa 12 spinogryz. Iyalin abokantaka sun sami yankin kansa, inda suke gudanar da aikin gini don ƙirƙirar gida mai gamsarwa tare da ra'ayi, amma ba a bakin teku ba, amma aƙalla a kogin.
Yanzu bari muyi magana game da sanannan bukkoki. Da alama za ku sha mamaki, amma bea beers ɗin su ne nesa da kullun. A gefen gaɓar teku, abokanmu maɗauri suna sauka cikin ɓoye. Kawai a kan kwari ne dabbobi ke bayyana fasahar injiniyoyinsu, sake gina bandurin daga sanda da rassa a tsakiyar tafki. Menene ke cikin rami, menene ƙofar bukatan karkashin ruwa . Don haka sai masu garkuwar sun sami nasarar boye magana ta biyar daga maharba.
Amma daga tarihin rayuwar halitta, mun san hakan matakin ruwa - m . Beavers sun shiga wannan ko da ba tare da maimaita tsarin karatun makarantun gabaɗaya ba. Kuma babu mamaki. Idan beraye masu girma sunyi tunanin gina gine-gine a matakin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da manyan ilimi guda uku ba, don irin wannan aikin na farko kamar tsarin ruwa a yanayin, tabbas ba zasu buƙatar bayani ba.
Ee eh hakane madatsar ruwa . An kirkiro ayyukan injiniyanci la'akari da duk hanyoyin da aka kirkira: daga kwarara kwarara zuwa yiwuwar ambaliyar . Sha'awa don adana fatar jikinsu mai hana ruwa a cikin waɗannan sandunan yana da girma sosai ba wai kawai ana amfani da rassa da sandunansu ba. A cikin koguna masu hadari, dabba na iya amfani da duwatsu, wanda nauyinsa, wanda wani lokacin, ya kai 15-18 kg !
Abu ne mai sauki ace irin waɗannan canje-canjen a fage suna da sakamako, bugu da ƙari, tare da alama da . Tare da ƙananan paws, beavers ƙirƙiri wani nau'in keɓaɓɓen halittu . Dabbobi, kwari, tsuntsaye da sauri suna gudu zuwa cikin gidajen ruwa. Baya ga 'yan bea, bero, deer, da ciyawa suna ciyar da bishiyoyi da suka faɗi. Haka kuma, madatsar ruwa ta zama matattara mai cike da mamaki. Duk tabarmi ya kasance a ciki, wannan shine dalilin da yasa ruwan yake tsabtace. Kuma duk waɗannan ƙoƙarin kawai don tabbatar da cewa ƙofar mafakar beaver ta kasance ƙarƙashin ruwa!
Amma duk mun san cewa mafi kyawun tsaro shine hari. Kamar yadda kuka fahimta, beavers ba kawai tunani mai mahimmanci bane, har ma yana da ƙarfi. Dauke da makamai mai hatsarin gaske, berayen bera basu da tsoron haɗari. Haka kuma, gwarzonmu da Ba karamar barazana ba ce har ma da homo sapiens. Belarusians sun ji haushin malamin magina. Don haka, wani beaver ya kai hari ga masunta wanda yake son daukar hoto tare da dabba. Entarfin cizo ya sa hancin mahaɗan mutumin a cikin fushi.
Haka ne, bakin ciki. Amma dabbobin daji, ko da a matsayin rodent, zai kasance daji. Gabaɗaya, beavers mutane ne masu sanyi. Kuma a cikin labarin daya duk sanyin su ba zai dace ba. Albarkar da ke bidiyo ! Za mu yi murna idan ka kalli sabon batun waɗannan kyawawan mutane maza tasharmu ta YouTube !
Than yatsa, biyan kuɗi - goyan baya ga aikin marubucin.
Raba ra'ayinku a cikin ra'ayoyin, koyaushe muna karanta su.
Bayanin da fasali
A cikin ƙungiyar masu ƙarfi beaver dauke kusan shine mafi girman wakilai. A cikin Gabas ta Gabas, ba ta da girman daidai. Amma a Yamma kawai za a iya kwatanta capybara tare da su - dabba mai shayarwa, wanda a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran duk fauna na duniya shine zakara gwargwado.
Game da beavers, wadanda daga cikinsu suke zaune a yankin Eurasia suna da mita, kuma har ma fiye da hakan, girman, tare da nauyinsu ya kai 32 kg. Koyaya, a cikin Kanada akwai wakilan dangin bugu kuma sun fi yawa yawa. Thewararrun tsofaffin mutane sun sami damar kaiwa kilogram 45.
A cikin hoto, wani beaver na yau da kullun
Kuma ba cewa beavers Sabuwar areasashen Duniya suna da girma kamar gaske (galibi akasin haka), suna girma ba kawai a cikin samari ba, har ma tsawon rayuwa, sabili da haka, da shekaru suna iya fahariya matakan girman nauyin jikinsu. A lokaci guda, a gasa na jinsunan wadannan dabbobi da ke rayuwa akan wadannan nahiyoyin, samfuran samfuran rabin mace ne suka mamaye komai, hade da girma da kuma girma.
Hakanan abin ban sha'awa ne cewa magabatan beavers na zamani - halittun da suka samo asali bisa ga asashe daban-daban na Asiya ko Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen zamanin Eocene (shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata) kuma sun wanzu a Duniya daga baya, suna da kusan mita uku a cikin girman da nauyin kilogram 350 (wannan magana ce) burbushin samfuran wadancan lokutan da masana binciken burbushin halittu sunyi nazari).
Beaver na zamani yana da halaye masu zuwa. Toanfinsa yana kama da squat saboda yatsun kafaffun kafaffun kafafu, kuma yatsun kafa da kansu suna da yatsu biyar sanye da sanduna mai ƙarfi. Shugaban dabbar yana da karami, gabobin yana da tsawo, goshi yana zubewa.
Idanun suna haske a cikin kananan da'ira baƙar fata, kamar hanci babba. Kunnen Bea suna da fadi, gajera, kamar dai an tsage shi. Waɗannan halittun-ruwa ne masu ruwa-ruwa, sabili da haka da dabi'a suna da bayanai masu yawa game da yanayin da ke taimaka musu rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a wannan mahalli.
Kuma sama da duka, yana da kafaffun kafaffun kafa da kuma katako mai dogon sira, an rufe shi da hular gashi da sikeli mai ban tsoro, da kusan gaba daya ba gogewa ba. Latterarshen na da labulen laushi mai laushi, wanda samansa mai kauri da gashi ya girma. Wannan fur ɗin yana da laushi kyakkyawa kuma mai kyan gani; yana iya zama baƙi, ƙyallen fata a launuka iri-iri ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Abubuwan da 'yan beavers ke yi
Gidan gidan beavers a zamanin farkon an wakilta shi sosai fiye da yanzu. Amma a yau ya haɗa da jinsuna biyu ne kawai waɗanda muka ambata a sama, saboda an rarraba su daidai gwargwado.
Kogin Kogi
Waɗannan nau'ikan Eurasian da Kanada ne. Ba za a iya bayyana su cikin mafi dalla-dalla ba, yayin ambaton cewa su biyun suna ɗauka relics. Har wa yau, a tsakanin tsoka, kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta suka gano, 'yan bea ba su da dangi na kusa, duk da cewa a baya an dauke su a matsayin furotin mai furotin.
- Kogin (talakawa) beaver - kamar yadda aka saba don ba shi sunan Yammacin Turai. Yana faruwa a Rasha, kuma mazaunin China da Mongolia ne. Yawancin lokaci yana zaune a kusa da wuraren tafkuna na gandun daji-steppe (tabkuna, tafkunan koguna masu shuru), bankunan waɗanda suke da wadatar ciyayi.
- Ma'aunin Kanada yana zaune a kudancin Kanada da kuma a wasu jihohin Amurka. Abin ban sha'awa, ba da daɗewa ba, nau'in ya shiga (mafi yawancin, an gabatar da shi) zuwa Scandinavia. A nan ne ya samo tushen kuma ya fara yadawa zuwa gabas. Wakilan wannan, da iri iri da suka gabata, sun zauna kusa da ruwa kuma ba za su wanzu ba tare da shi. Ta wannan hanyar ne suke kashe babban adadin rayuwar su.
A bayyanar, mambobi ne na halittu iri biyu galibi iri daya ne. Amma mazaunan Tsohuwar Duniya suna da babba da kuma girman siffar zagaye, da kashin, idan aka kwatanta da dangi da aka nuna, ya fi guntu, ba irin wannan attajiri mai fa'ida ba, wutsiyar kunkuntar da ƙananan kafafu. Jikin mazaunan Amurka ba shi da elongated, kunnuwa sun fi girma kuma kafafu sun fi tsayi, wanda zai basu damar motsawa a kan wata gabar kafafunsu. Su ne launin ruwan kasa-ja ko baƙar fata a launi.
Canadianabilar Kanada
A cikin nazarin wadannan nau'ikan halittar guda biyu, bambance-bambance a dabi'ar halittar ma sunada mahimmanci. Lambobin kwayayensu (48 a kogin da 40 a cikin Kanada) ba su daidaituwa ba, wanda ke bayanin yiwuwar tsallake waɗannan biyun a farkon alamu, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin yin nasara ga masana kimiyya ba sau da yawa.
Centuryarni ɗaya da suka gabata, waɗannan wakilan fauna suna cikin matsanancin barazanar lalata. Ba kuma bangon Rashawa ba. Amma an dauki matakan kare su kuma an tabbatar da inganci. Yanzu waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune da yawan ƙasarmu, suna farawa daga Siberiya kuma sun ƙare tare da Kamchatka.
Rayuwa & Habitat
Yankin da beavers din ya zauna yana da sauƙin rarrabewa daga wasu ta alamomin sosai. A wuraren da waɗannan dabbobin suke aiwatar da mahimmin aikin su, koyaushe akwai yawancin fadadden bishiyoyi tare da sabon yankewa a siffar mazugi. Beingsan Adam masu aiki tuƙuru suna buƙatar irin wannan kayan don ginin ƙasa. Kuma, hakika, yanayi mai mahimmanci don wanzuwar beavers a cikin wani yanki shine kasancewar tafki: tafki, tafki, kogi, ko akalla rafi.
A tsari, wadannan halittu masu ruwa-ruwa ba zasu iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba, amma ba tare da iska ba zasu iya kusan rabin kwata na awa daya. Sabili da haka, a cikin kowane haɗari, alal misali, ɓoyewa daga masu ɓarna: kyarkeci, beyar ko Wolverine, waɗannan halittu suna tafiya ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda suke zama. Suna zaune a cikin manyan yan uwa na abokantaka, kuma membobin su, idan ya cancanta, zasu iya ba da rahoton bala'in da ke gabansu ga 'yan uwansu kabilu. A irin waɗannan lokutan dabba dabba yana murza ruwa da wuya da wutsiyarsa. Kuma kowane mutum daga kamfaninsa yake gane wannan sigar, wanda yake a cikin tafki.
Waɗannan halittun suna aiki ba wuya a lokacin bazara, amma suna aiki tare da farkon faɗuwa, suna aiki dare duka har wayewar gari, kuma suna hutawa da rana. Ayyukan su shine faduwa bishiyoyi da gini. Kuma a cikin wannan ana taimaka musu ta haƙoran haƙoransu na yau da kullun, masu iya sauƙin itace. Mai bea zai iya tumbuke wata itaciya mai santsi a cikin rabin sa'a, amma wani lokacin yakanyi aiki akan manya manya da kauri tsawon dare a jere. A lokaci guda, kokarinsa ba wai kawai bayyane ba ne, amma kuma mai sauraro ne, kuma mita ɗari kusa da sautin halayen beaver.
Ganinan gidajen waɗannan dabbobi mafaka ne a gare su daga mummunan yanayi da abokan gaba. Don gina gidansu, waɗannan halittu suna tono ramuka, suna zaɓar manyan tuddai don wannan a wuraren da ƙasa take da ƙarfi. Beaver burrows suna da sifa mai rikitarwa. Tashoshin cikin su suna ƙare da keɓaɓɓu, manya da ƙanana “ɗakuna” kuma suna da hanyoyin shiga ciki. An ƙarfafa bangon gidan da yumɓu da ɓarna, yayin da tushe, wato wani irin bene, an rufe shi da shinge na itace.
Waɗannan dabbobi masu aiki tuƙuru kuma sun gina gidaje, waɗanda sune abubuwa halittun da aka yi da rassa, waɗanda aka tarko da su da laka. Mashahurin zane mai ban sha'awa shine beaver dam. Irin waɗannan matakan ana gina su akan koguna, kuma dole ne ɗan ƙaramin zurfi daga ƙauyukan waɗannan dabbobin. Abin nufi anan shine don taimakawa zub da kogin da kuma hana karancinsa a cikin kusancin gidajen mazaunan gemu.
Beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa daga bishiyoyi
Kuma wannan yana da matukar dacewa ga tara abinci, haka kuma yana kara yawan ambaliyar ruwa a yankin da dabbobi ke rayuwa, wanda yake mataki ne mai inganci don inganta amincin rayuwa. 'Yan beavers suna hutawa cikakke daga masu aikin a cikin hunturu, suna ɓatar da ƙarshen lokacin mummunan yanayin a cikin bukkarsu a cikin rabin ruwa. Wasu lokuta sukan fita waje, sai dai kawai su ciji.
A bangare guda, ya bayyana cewa beavers suna cutar da yanayi sosai. Koyaya, suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga yanayin ƙasa. A wuraren da ake gina madatsun ruwa kuma ambaliyar ta faru, kifaye da yawa ana gasa, kwari na ruwa suna haifar da ingantaccen wurare da ruwa mai cike da ruwa.
Waɗannan dabbobin, ba shakka, suna hallaka yawancin bishiyoyi, amma galibin waɗanda suke kusa da ruwa kawai suke faɗi. Ba su da'awar ƙarin. Beavers sun yi nasarar amfani da kututturen bishiyoyin da suka fadi don yin madatsun ruwa, amma rassa, kwari iri daban-daban, ganyayyaki da haushi suna kwance.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Wadannan dabbobin suna da matukar dabi'a. Koyaya, abincin ba zai iya kira da talauci. Likitocin dabbobi masu binciken dabbobi da rayuwar su da hanyoyin cin abincin, suna cewa menu nasu ya haɗa da kusan ɗari uku na dabbobin daban daban. Kasancewar abinci mai ban sha'awa da kuma bambance bambancen wani bayani ne wanda abubuwan da waɗannan dabbobi suke aikatawa, suna zaɓar wurin zama. Samun haushi a kan aiwatar da aiki, suna ƙaunar yin liyafa a kan Willow, Linden, Aspen, Birch, poplar, alder da ɓarnar sauran bishiyoyi. Hakanan sukan ci zobo, nettle, sedge, reeds, fure mai kaunar furannin ruwa.
Beavers suna da matukar kyau a cikin gida, suna kula da kyautatawa dangin su, sabili da haka suna yin adadi masu yawa don hunturu. A hankali suna sa rassan bishiyoyi a ƙasan tafki, inda suke ƙirƙirar “cellars” na musamman. Babban iyali na beavers suna da ikon tara sama da mittini dubu na irin wannan abincin don hunturu. Wani lokacin yakan faru da abin da ɗakunan ajiya suke ɗauke da su ta kogi. Sannan dabbobin dole su bar mafaka masu kyau kuma su shiga cikin sanyi don neman abinci. Wannan ba kawai ba ne da daɗi ba, amma kuma yana da haɗari, saboda a cikin irin wannan lokacin yunwar abin da ake son ɗan ƙwace, alal misali kyarkeci, ya fi sauƙi.
Mutane na iya zama haɗari ga waɗannan dabbobi masu aiki da marasa lahani. Yaushe Farauta Yana farawa a hukumance a Rasha daga ƙarshen kaka kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa farkon bazara. Masu sha'awar wannan aikin, waɗanda suke da yawa, sun lura cewa waɗannan halittu suna da hankali sosai. Farauta a gare su ya fi kyau a yi da bindiga.
Idan kayi amfani da tarko don kama dabbobi, to asirinsu mai mahimmanci na iya lalacewa sosai. Naman waɗannan dabbobin yana da ja kuma ana ɗaukar shi yarda don cin abinci. Tana dandanawa kamar zomo a farfajiya. Koyaya, yana da peculiar aftertaste, sabili da haka ana amfani da kayan yaji na musamman don shirya shi.
Ana siyar da rigunan dabbobi da suka mutu ga masu lalata. Beaver Jawo gashi an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin alatu, yana da kyan gani kuma yana iya zama da dumi. An yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan samfuran masu inganci, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin duka ɗakunan ajiya da saka suttura, na iya wuce aƙalla shekaru biyu. Tun zamanin d, a, an nemi masu sa bea don cin nama da furcin danshi. Amma ban da wannan, turare da magani suna amfani da abin da ake kira jet beaver. Menene wannan
Gaskiyar ita ce cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna da glandon na musamman da ke cikin yankin preanal na jiki. A waje, ya zama kamar jaka biyu da aka haɗa da juna, suna samar da sirri na musamman. Wannan abun yana da kamshi sosai, sabili da haka beavers suna amfani dashi don yiwa alamarsu. Koyaya, mutane a zamanin da suka lura cewa tana da tasiri mai warkarwa. Amma likitocin zamani sun tabbatar da wannan zato.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Beaver dabbar ta hanyar canjin al’adu ana yin ta a rabin rabin hunturu. Kuma beavers, adadin wanda zai iya zuwa shida, ana haihuwar su ne bayan tsawon watanni uku (a cikin beavers na Kanada, ciki yana daɗewa). Wadannan 'yan sanduna makafi ne kuma suna yin kimanin fam. Bugu da ƙari, duk lokacin zafi na shekara akan nono, suna samun nauyi da sauri. Koyaya, kafin farkon yanayin sanyi, beavers har yanzu basu cika girma ba, sabili da haka suna hunturu tare da iyayensu.
Little beavers
Kuma kawai lokacin da matasa girma ya kai shekaru biyu, yana iya haifar da zaman kanta, tare da neman da kuma ba da sabbin yankuna. Abin sha'awa ne cewa 'yan mata mata, kamar mutane, suna da yanayin riƙe cubansu a cikin hannayensu, ko kuma hakan, suna riƙe su a goshinsu. Dabbobin suna kuma amfani da wannan gabar jiki lokacin da suke aiki, suna kera sabbin kayan gine-ginen su, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suka sha bamban a duniyar dabbobi.
Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa cewa shekarun waɗannan halittu suna da sauƙin haƙoran hakora. Waɗannan na'urori, waɗanda aka ba su ta hanyar yanayi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar masu bi da giya, sabili da haka suna da tsari na musamman. Misali, tsokar incisors sune suka fi yawa a tsakanin su. Idan kuma tsofaffi mutum ya zama, to hakan sai kara hakorarta su yi yawa. Kimanin tsawon rayuwar rayuwar waɗannan halittun yana kusan shekaru 15.
Biza a Yanayi
Beavers suna jagorantar ɓoye, faɗuwar rana da rayuwar dare. Waɗannan dabbobin sun shahara musamman saboda ayyukan gininsu. Buzaye hutu, madatsun ruwa, wurare na karkashin kasa, canal da sauran gabobin su wani lokaci suna burgewa ba kawai girman su ba, har ma a wasu ginannen ma'ana. Idan kana kallon rayuwar beavers, zaka iya zuwa ga cewa ko shakka babu suna da rikice-rikice na asali da na asali wadanda suke kan hanyar hankali. Bugu da kari, 'yan beavers, har zuwa wani yanayi, masu canza yanayin, tunda a karkashin tasirin ayyukan su ne kananan koguna wani lokaci sukan zama kyawawan wurare na ruwa da suka dace da mazauna wasu dabbobi, da masu ruwa a ruwa (game da nau'in ducks), kifi da sauran wakilan duniyar dabbobi. .
baya ga abinda ke ciki ↑
Menene beavers yi kama?
Ban sha'awa game da 'yan beavers
Wani sabon abu mai kama da bea shine wutsiyarsa wacce ba a saba ba, tana kama da ɓangaren roƙon da yake kwance a cikin jirgin sama. Ba kamar kai da jiki ba, waɗanda aka lullube da ƙaton farin ciki da keɓaɓɓe a waje, wutsiyar beaver an rufe shi da ƙanƙan ƙanƙananununun azaba. Kuma, idan Jawo ya kare beaver da aminci daga sanyi kuma, har zuwa wani abu, daga raunin injini, wutsiya tana lokaci guda mai ruduwa yayin da dabbar ke motsawa a cikin ruwa, kuma tallafi ne lokacin da ake tona bishiyoyi, da waccan bishiyar da ke harba ruwa, mai bibiyar yayi kashedin danginsu game da hadarin. A ƙarshe, shine sashin jiki wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita yawan zafin jiki ta hanyar takaitawa da fadada hanyoyin jini.
baya ga abinda ke ciki ↑
Yatsun 'yan beavers
Gabannin baya da na baya na giya sun sha bamban da juna. Wadanda suke gaban su takaice ne, ba su da matsala, ba su da membranes; suna yin amfani da beaver ba kawai don motsi ba, har ma suna taimakawa wajen tono ramuka, rike rassa, gungumen itace da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su don gina madatsun ruwa da bukkoki. Kafaren hancin ya fi tsayi, sanye take da membranes na fata, sune kashin farko na motsi da gemu a cikin ruwa. A yatsa na 2 na kowane kafaɗɗun hular akwai wani kambori mai kamshi, wanda ya kunshi faranti ƙaho 2. Tare da wadannan zubin, beavers dinke fitar da kwari na waje daga murfin fur tare da hancin ya sanya shi a tsari.
baya ga abinda ke ciki ↑
Launin Beaver
Canjin Jawo a cikin dutsen Turawa ya fara ne daga sautunan launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa da baki. Dabbobin masu launin duhu sun fi daraja. Hakanan kwararru sun gano hakan
daga baƙi iyaye kawai baƙar fata beavers za a haife su, daga haske launin ruwan kasa kawai launin ruwan kasa, iyaye masu launin ruwan hoda masu duhu ko kuma suna da launuka masu launuka daban-daban suna ba da zuriya masu launi a cikin launuka iri daban-daban na iyayen iyaye da kakanninsu.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: Beaver
Abin takaici, yawancin mutane sun san game da wannan dabba kawai ta hanyar saurare. Ba kowa bane zai iya kiran sunanta daidai. Misali, kalmar "beaver" an rikita ta "beaver." A halin yanzu, kalma ta biyu tana nuna sunan furcin wannan dabbar. Kodayake babu wanda ya bi waɗannan ka'idodin a cikin yaren.
Bidiyo: Beaver
An san dangin beaver a nahiyoyi daban-daban. An san shi kusan 22 yana haifar, kuma a karo na farko wannan nau'in dabbobi sun bayyana a Asiya. Wasu nau'ikan sunada girma sosai. Zuwa zamaninmu, an rage foss din da masana kimiyya suka yi tun daga zamanin Eocene.
Shahararren mashahurin beaver, wanda aka ɓatar da shi tun da daɗewa, wata ƙima ce da ta wanzu a cikin Pleistocene. Kimiyya sani game da biyu daga cikin nau'ikan ta - Siberian Trogontherium cuvieri, da kuma Castoroides na Arewacin Amurka ohioensis.
Idan an aiwatar da lissafin daidai, bisa ga burbushin kwanyar, ci gaban dabba ya kai 2.75 m, kuma nauyinta ya kai kilogram 350-360. Wato, ya kasance iri ɗaya a cikin girman zuwa beyar launin ruwan kasa. Tsarin nau'in beaver na zamani ya kasance yana zaune a Turai da Asiya, kusan ko'ina cikin yankin daji-makiyaya. Amma a farkon karni na 20, wannan dabbar da ke saman duniya saboda kukan da take da shi kusan ta kusan karewa.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Beaver
A yau a dabi'a zaka iya samun 2 rayayyun nau'in beaver. Muna magana ne game da beaver na yau da kullun, wanda za'a iya samun shi akan yankin Eurasia, da kuma nau'in jinsin Kanada da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin bayyanar su, ba a sami rarrabuwa tsakanin su ba. Kuma suna kama da halaye iri ɗaya, suna da girma iri ɗaya.
Amma, kamar yadda binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna, ana lura da bambance-bambance tsakanin su a matakin tsararraki. Batun Turai yana da chromosomes 48, kuma danginsa daga yankin na Amurka yana da 40 ne kawai. Wannan yana nuna cewa ba za a iya ƙetare waɗannan nau'ikan biyu ta kowace hanya don haifar da sabon salo ba.
Za'a iya bambance abubuwa da yawa na beaver dangane da kamanninsa da kuma hoto na zahiri:
- Idan bakayi la'akari da tsawon wutsiya ba, dabba zata iya yin girma har zuwa mita 1 a tsayi,
- Tsarin wutsiya zai iya zama daga 0.4 zuwa 0.5 m,
- idan karamin beaver ne, nauyinsa yawanci shine 30-32,
- tsoho zai iya yin nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 45,
- da tsawon shekarun wannan rodent ne a matsakaita shekaru 15-17,
- irin wannan dabba ba ta gushewa har zuwa mutuwa. Idan muka kwatanta namiji da mace, to mace yawanci tana da girma.
A launi na beaver fur yana cikin mafi yawan lokuta launin ruwan kasa. Amma duk ya dogara da shekarunsa, don haka fur yana iya kasancewa ja ko ja baki ɗaya. Wadannan dabbobin suna son kulawa da shi, kullun tsefe. Don yin wannan, suna amfani da kafafunsu na baya, waɗanda ke yin fiɗa. Yayin haɗuwa, an rufe fur ɗin nan da nan tare da asirin fatima na musamman. Godiya ga wannan, “gashin gashi” na beaver ba ya jika ko da an dade ana fuskantar ruwa.
Jawo daga kogin beaver yana da abubuwa biyu: madaidaicin gashi, da mai laushi kuma a lokaci guda mai ɗaukar hoto mai zurfi. Wannan kariya ce mai kyau ga dabba daga daskarar fata.
Amma beaver yana da wani kariya daga sanyi - lokacin farin ciki mai kaurin kitse mai karko. Shugaban dabba, idan aka kwatanta shi da jiki, babba ne. Mucks kunkuntar, kuma idanu da kunnuwa kadan. Babban fasalin wannan dabbar shine manyan abubuwanta biyu da suka fara toshewa. Kuma hakoran sa na ban mamaki ne, ana rarrabe su ta fushin kansa, kuma suna girma duk rayuwarsa. Hannunsa biyu yatsun yatsa biyar, tare da membranes, godiya ga wanda ya sauƙaƙa masa don motsawa cikin ruwa. Kuma maƙallan ba ma kawai manyan ba ne, har ma da zagaye. Kafafun kafafun hular sun fi gaban cinya gaba.
Hali na biyu na beaver shine wutsiyarsa, wacce take kama da kwale-kwale na bakin ruwa. Shi ne cikakke lebur, kuma ya rufe ba tare da ulu, amma tare da m jaraba Sikeli. A tsakiyar tsakiyar wutsiya wuce guda horny "keel". Girman wutsiyar zata iya kaiwa cm 13, kuma cikin ruwa ana amfani dashi don saurin motsa jiki da kuma iyo.
A ina beyar yake zama?
HOTO: Babbar Turai
Beavers ana ɗaukar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ruwa-ruwa, kamar yadda zasu iya kasancewa akan ƙasa ko akan ruwa na dogon lokaci. Yawancin lokaci suna yin iyo, ko da yake za su iya nutse.
A cikin yankin tsibirin Turai ana iya samun wannan dabbar a wurare daban-daban:
- a cikin kasashen Scandinavia, tunda akwai tafkuna da filin dazuka,
- a Faransa, kuma yawanci shine kawai ƙarshen ƙananan Rhone,
- a Jamus, galibi yana game da layin kogin Elbe,
- a Poland, yawanci kwandunan Vistula.
Idan muka yi la’akari da kasashen tsohon USSR, to ana samun masu bea a cikin Ukraine, Belarus da Russia. Yawancin lokaci wannan shine ɓangaren gandun daji na Turai na waɗannan jihohin.
Tun da yake wannan dabba tana ƙarƙashin kariya a yau, ana iya samo shi a kusan dukkanin ƙasar Rasha. An samo shi a cikin China da Mongolia. Gano mazaunin wannan rodent yana da sauqi. Ya isa duba idan akwai wasu bishiyoyi da suka fadi kusa da tafkunan, kuma komai zai bayyana sarai. Amma kawai yankewar ya kamata ya sami siffar conical. Beavers daga bishiyoyi da suka faɗi da rassa suna gina irin dam. Wannan tabbaci ne cewa irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin tsoka suna wani wuri a nan.
Amma haɗuwa da gidan beaver babbar nasara ce. Yawancin lokaci suna ɓoye shi amintacce don kada a gan shi daga waje. Sun gina ta a wurare masu wuyar kaiwa, kuma suka zauna a can tare da gidan gaba daya. Don mazauninsu, an zaɓi koguna, amma tare da jinkirin hanya. Koguna da tabkuna kuma sun dace da su.
Abin sha'awa, har yanzu suna gujewa manyan wuraren ajiya. Ana iya samo su ne kawai a inda bishiyoyi da bushes ke girma. Idan kogi ne, to lallai ne ya ratsa daji. Ko aƙalla a bakin tekun ya kamata ya zama akwai bishiyoyi daban-daban. Idan a cikin hunturu da kandami daskarewa to kasa, a can babu shakka ba za ka sami beaver.
Me mai wake yake ci?
Hoto: Littafin Beaver
Amma kasancewar ruwa bai isa ga masu saurin zama su zauna anan ba. Don cikakkun rayuwarsu zaka buƙaci abinci mai yawa. Waɗannan dabbobin masu cin ganyayyaki ne, ba sa cin abinci da nama ko kaɗan. Babban abincin su shine haushi da ƙananan harbe na bishiyoyi da bushes daban-daban. Daga cikin manyan bishiyoyi, abin da aka fi so don beaver shine Birch, Aspen, Willow, da poplar. Kuma idan Linden ya girma, toka ya kasance cikakke ga abinci.
Amma ga herbaceous shuke-shuke, jera sunayen su da ke sa cikakken hankali ba. Bishiyoyi, sedge, nettle - wannan bangare ne kawai na abincin yau da kullun. Dangane da lura da masana kimiyya game da 'yan bea wadanda suka rayu cikin' yanci, suna iya amfani da kusan nau'ikan 300 na tsirrai daban daban na abinci. Kuma kuma, muna magana ne game da tsirran ruwa mai tsami da tsirrai.
Amma a nan akwai mahimman bayani guda ɗaya da za'a buƙaci: beavers zaɓi kawai jinsin bishiyoyi masu laushi azaman abinci. Kodayake yana yiwuwa haɗuwa da itacen oak da ya faɗi, kuma ta yanke, nan da nan ana ganin cewa wannan aikin beavers ne, amma ba sa amfani da waɗannan bishiyoyi don abinci, amma don gina mazaunin ko dam. Af, suna gina shi domin gidansu koyaushe akan ruwa. Ta wannan hanyar, suna ƙoƙarin guje wa yanayin da ruwa ya koma baya kuma wurin zama yana kan tudu.
Idan wani bea ya zaɓi nau'ikan bishiyoyi da yawa, to ba zai sake rage abincinsa ba. Yana matukar son itacen oyo, godiya ga haƙoransa, yana iya ɗanɗuwa da su. A lokacin bazara, suna ciyar da tsire-tsire iri-iri, kuma a cikin kaka sun fara girbi abinci don hunturu.
Yawancin lokaci sukanyi ƙoƙarin sanya rassan cikin ruwa domin su sami dama. Gaskiya ne lokacin da kandami daskarewa a cikin hunturu. Ga iyali guda kuna buƙatar adadi mai yawa na irin wannan abincin, wanda ya kamata a ambaliya cikin ruwa. Kuma ko da yake za a sami dusar ƙanƙara a saman, daga mazaunin ƙarƙashin ruwa har yanzu akwai damar samun abinci.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
HOTO: Beaver na Turai
Beaver na iya iyo cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci. A kan ƙasa, yana da matukar jinkirin, yana motsawa talauci. Amma a cikin ruwa yana jin cikakken 'yanci. Lokacin yin ruwa, zai iya zuwa minti 15 a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Lokacin yin ruwa, shahararrun hanyoyin da hancin hanci sun rufe su ta wurin keɓantaccen keɓaɓɓen. Kuma idanun suna rufe da fim wanda yake a bayyane. Godiya ga wannan, beaver yana gani sosai a ruwa. Dogon nesa na iya iyo a karkashin ruwa - har zuwa 1 km.
An bambanta bea ta halayen sa na son zaman lafiya, yana ƙoƙari ya gudu lokacin da akwai haɗari. Amma idan babu inda zai gudu, zai iya shiga cikin mummunan yaƙi, sannan abokan gaba ba za su rushe ba.
Lokacin da dabbar ta gani, ji (ko da yake yana da ƙananan kunnuwa, amma jin sa yana da kyau) ko kuma yana jin haɗari, nan da nan zai yi ƙoƙarin nutsewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A lokaci guda kuma, yayi ƙoƙari ya maimaita da ƙarfi tare da babban wutsiyarsa. Wannan ba daga haɗuwa bane, amma musamman don yin gargaɗi game da haɗarin danginsu. Kuma kawai bayan wani lokaci da ake buƙatar iska, kansa ya bayyana a saman ruwa. Yana da mahimmanci a sani: Beaver shine kawai dabba tsakanin dukkanin tsokoki waɗanda zasu iya motsawa a duka ƙafafu guda huɗu da na baya. A cikinsu, yana iya ɗaukar duwatsu don ginin gidansa.
Dabba dabba ce mai tsabta. A gidansa ba za ku taɓa ganin datti ba. Yana gina gidansa a wannan hanyar wanda koda a cikin sanyi mai tsananin gaske za'a sami ƙarin zazzabi. Kuna iya fahimtar daidai inda waɗannan ƙwayoyin wuta ke ɓoye, godiya ga ma'aurata waɗanda ke tashi cikin ramuka a cikin rufin wannan gidan. Af, suna ƙoƙari su dumama shi da kyau. Don yin wannan, suna kawo yumɓu da ƙafafunsu na gaba, suna rufe rassan a saman. Suna barin gidansu sai bayan magariba, kuma suna aiki har safiya. Hakoransu suna da kaifi sosai har da ginin aspen, wanda girmansa yakai 15 cm, beaver ɗaya na iya cizo gaba daya cikin rabin sa'a.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Beaver
Da rana, beaver yana gidansa. Entranceofar can dole ne a ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da dangin wadannan dabbobin.
Za'a iya lura da abubuwa da yawa a nan:
- beaver zai iya rayuwa da kansa, ko kuma gabaɗaya dangi,
- idan ya zo ga dangi, dangin juna ke mulki a nan,
- idan namiji da mace suka hadu, suna zaune tare har zuwa ƙarshenta,
- idan ɗayan waɗannan ma'auratan suka mutu a farkon, na biyu bai fara sabon iyali ba,
- Wadannan sandunan suna yin aure ne kawai a ruwa, kuma hakan yana faruwa a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu.
Matsayi na ƙarshe ya ba da shawara cewa mating yawanci yakan faru a ƙarƙashin kankara. Bayan watanni 3.5, san sanduna sun bayyana, kuma ana iya zuwa biyu zuwa biyu. A cikin iyali guda, 'Ya'yan suna da shekaru biyu, sannan sai kawai su tashi. Duk lokacin bazara bayan haihuwa, suna ciyar da madarar uwarsu. Kuma a sa'an nan hunturu ya zo, kuma suna sake kawai yin nauyi, cin haushi da kuma rassan tsire-tsire riga iyayen shirya.
Idan kandami ne karami, dangi daya ne ya sauka a wurin. Kuma idan ya zama mafi girma ko kuma game da kogin, a nan za ku iya haɗuwa da iyalai da yawa. Amma tsakanin gidajensu akwai aƙalla aƙalla tsawon mil 300. Kuma wani lokacin, idan babu isasshen abinci, zai iya zuwa kilomita 3. Beavers suna ƙoƙarin barin bakin tekun ba fiye da 200 m.
Abokan halitta na beavers
HOTO: Babbar Turai
Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa beavers suna tattaunawa da juna.Ta wannan hanyar, suna watsa bayanai, da farko muna magana ne game da bayyanar haɗari.
Sadarwa tana faruwa kamar haka:
- wani pose aka zaba,
- wutsiya buga ruwa
- ana amfani da kururuwa, wani abu yafi kamar kuwwa.
Lokacin da maharbi ko mutum ya bayyana, beaver kusa da ruwa da farko yana amfani da zaɓi na biyu. Hadarin da ke tattare da 'yan bea ba kawai wasu mafarauta bane, harma da masu gasa da cututtuka. Mafi yawancin lokuta suna yin rashin lafiya saboda cin abincin kifaye. Wannan yawanci yakan faru ne lokacin da ƙarancin ƙwayoyi ya ci tsire-tsire masu ruwa. Babban matsala yana wakiltar ambaliyar ruwan hunturu da ambaliyar bazara. Sannan kusan kashi 50 na dabbobi na iya mutuwa.
Daga cikin masu fafatawar ya dace a ba da alama bawai zomo na zinare ba, har ma da dabbar ja da gwiwar hannu. Waɗannan dabbobin ma suna ciyar da itaciyar ɗan itacen bishiya da kuma tsirrai na tsirrai. Gaskiya ne gaskiya ga waɗancan bishiyoyin da bewa ya faɗi. Amma ban da masu fafatawa, shi ma yana da abokan gaba. Muna magana ne game da kyarkeci, dawakai da bears mai launin ruwan kasa. Kuma idan Wolverine da lynx suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, to, suna kai farmaki da beaver. Har ila yau, karnukan baƙi suna kawo matsala da yawa. Amma matasa mutane za su iya cinye ta babban dako da gaggafa. Amma babban abokin gaba shine mutumin da ke farautar wannan sandar saboda kare fata fiye da ƙarni. Amma ba da jimawa ba, gurbataccen ruwa ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa a gare shi, kuma shi ma mutum zai yi laifi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Yammacin Kogin Siberian Beaver
Beavers na iya zama cutarwa ga mutane. Misali, madatsun ruwa da suke ginawa yana haifar da ambaliyar filin gona. Kuma akwai lokuta yayin da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, har ma da layin dogo sun lalace. A wannan yanayin, an yanke shawara game da rushe gine-ginen da masu gemu. Amma har yanzu wannan bai bayar da yawa ba, saboda madatsun ruwa sun sake bayyana nan da nan.
Farauta Beaver ya faru (kuma har yanzu akwai masu ba da fatawa) saboda dalilai masu zuwa:
- furs suna da inganci,
- nama ba shi da iyaka, ana iya ci,
- "Ruwan Beaver" yana da kyau don sanya wasu nau'ikan turare.
Hakanan, ana amfani da "rafin beaver" a magani. Saboda wannan, shekaru 100 da suka gabata, dangin beaver kusan ya ɓace daga fuskar duniya. Amma har yanzu, kar ka manta cewa waɗannan dabbobi suna da amfani mai amfani a cikin ilimin halittu na yanki inda suka bayyana. Dam din da suke ginawa yana da nagarta fiye da lahani. Saboda wannan, ruwa ya tsarkaka, tururuwarsa ta shuɗe.
Mai tsaron gidan Beaver
Hoto: Littafin Beaver
Sakamakon farauta ga masu bea, lambobinsu sun ragu sosai. Akwai ingantaccen bayani cewa ya zuwa shekarar 1918 babu mutane sama da 1000 na wannan nau'in ƙwayar cuta. A wannan lokacin ne aka jera su a littafin Red. Gwamnatin Soviet ta yanke shawarar magance ceton su. Tuni a cikin 1920, a wuraren da har yanzu ake adana masu dabbaran bea, ajiyar kaya ta fara bayyana inda aka hana yin farauta.
Lokacin da waɗannan dabbobin suka ninka ƙarfi a cikin ajiyar kaya, wasu daga cikin mutane sun fara jigilar su zuwa wasu yankuna na ƙasar. Ya zuwa 1930s, sun riga sun bayyana a yankuna 48. Dukkanin abubuwan an yi niyya ne don dawo da yawan masu bi.
Tare da rushewar USSR, wannan tsari bai tsaya ba, kuma a yau a Rasha sun riga sun zauna a yankuna 63. Amma game da yankin Ukraine, har ma a cikin Kievan Rus an yi amfani da dokokin don kiyaye wannan nau'in dabbobi. Tun XI, an kiyaye tarin ƙa'idodi na doka, wanda ya nuna wane haram ne dabbobi su farauta. Kuma daga cikin wannan jerin beavers an kuma ambata.
A yau, yawan beaver ya fara raguwa kuma. Kuma dalilin wannan shine ba kawai a cikin farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, har ma a gaskiyar cewa lalata gandun daji yana faruwa a adadi mai yawa. Gaskiya ne, masu fashin ba su kai ga Polesie da yankin Chernobyl ba. A halin yanzu, ana ƙoƙari a duk faɗin duniya don mai bi don mayar da al'ummarta, muna fatan wannan ƙoƙarin zai ba da amfani.
Habitat
'Yan Beavers sun kasance a cikin dangin Castaridae, gami da halittar halittar Castor kadai da kuma jinsuna 2:
- ruwan wake (Castor fiber) (aka kogi ko gabas),
- Canadianabilar Kanada (aka Arewacin Amurka) (Castor canadensis).
A yau, ana samun bea na Arewacin Amurka a duk faɗin nahiyar, tun daga bakin Kogin Mackenzie a Kanada kudu da arewacin Mexico. Amma hakan ba koyaushe yake ba. Mutane sun yi ta farautar waɗannan dabbobin tun ƙarni saboda nama, ja, da rafin beaver. Sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, adadin mutanen Kanada sun zama masu mahimmanci, kuma a yawancin wuraren zama an kusan lalata su, musamman a gabashin Amurka. Hukumomin kula da muhalli na jihohi da na gida sun yi kararrawa, kuma dabbobi sun fara kwashewa daga wasu wuraren. Hakanan an gabatar da su a cikin Finland, Russia, da kuma a wasu ƙasashe na Tsakiyar Turai (Jamus, Austria, Poland). Ofaya daga cikin mafi yawan yawan ƙwayoyin Kanada a yau yana cikin kudu maso gabashin Finland.
Koyaushe beaver ya taɓa zama cikin Turai da Arewacin Asiya, amma ba duk alƙalumman da suka sami damar tsira daga ƙofar gaba ga mutane ba. Ya zuwa farkon karni na 20, mutane kalilan ne suka rasa rayukansu yayin da adadin mutane 1200 suka rayu a Faransa, Norway, Jamus, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, China da Mongolia.
Sakamakon farfadowa da shirye-shiryen sake tsugunar da waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda suka fara aiki a farkon rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe, adadin mashaya gama ya fara girma. A farkon karni na XXI, akwai kimanin mutane dubu 500-600, kuma mazauninsu ya bazu a Turai da Asiya.
Ana samun nau'ikan biyu a cikin ƙasar Rasha a yau, kodayake beaver shine asalin mazaunin. Girmanta ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin yankin daji na Tarayyar Rasha - daga kan iyakokin yamma zuwa yankin Baikal da Mongolia, kuma daga yankin Murmansk a arewa zuwa Astrakhan a kudu. Kari akan haka, wannan nau'in ya sami karbuwa sosai a Primorye da Kamchatka.
Babbar Kanada a cikin ƙasarmu ta bayyana a karni na 50 na ƙarni na ƙarshe, suna cin gashin Karelia da Leningrad na Yankin daga yankuna na maƙwabta na Finland, kuma a cikin 70s an gabatar da wannan dabbar a cikin kogin Amur da Kamchatka.
Bayanin Beaver
Bayyanar beaver ya sha bamban sosai da bayyanar sauran wakilan ƙungiyar masu ruwa da tsaki, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar rayuwar milkin gwarzo. Daga ra'ayi na masanin ilmin halitta, alamuran dabbar suna da manyan abubuwan fashewa, lebur mai ratsa jiki da kafaffun kafafu na musamman da yatsar “daskarewa” ta yatsu na biyu, da kuma wasu abubuwan fasahar sifar halittar mai aiki da narkewa.
Beavers sune mafi girman hadarin fauna na Tsohuwar Duniya da ta biyu mafi girma bayan tafin Amurkawa na Kudancin Amurka. Jikin dabba squat ne, mai yawa, yana da kamannin fuskoki, sashen shi na gaba yana da fadi, kawai a gindin wutsiya sai ya narke sosai. Tsawon Jikin 80 - 120 cm. Manya suna ɗaukar nauyin kilo 20-30, da wuya nauyin ya kai kilo 45. Girman nau'ikan Kanada yana da ɗan girma fiye da yadda aka saba.
Relativelyan ƙaramin kai mai zagaye tare da mai tawali'u da kauri lokacin kusan bai juya ba. Idanun suna kanana, tare da ɗalibin ɗalibai na tsaye da ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya bayyananne (don kare idanun a ƙarƙashin ruwa). Kunnuwa suna ƙarami, da ɗan guntu daga Jawo. Abubuwan bude idanu na waje da hanci suna da tsokoki na musamman waɗanda suke kwangila lokacin da aka nitse cikin ruwa. Yankunan lebe na iya rufewa a bayan allurar da ke dauke da kai, suna keɓe bakin kogon, wanda ke bawa beavers damar cinye ciyayi a cikin ruwa ba tare da buɗe bakinsu ba.
Idanun dabbobi suna amsa kusan kusan motsawa ne kawai, mara gani mai kyau fiye da ramawa don kyakkyawar ji da ƙanshin, waɗanda sune ainihin ji akan ƙasa.
Wutsiya tana da faɗi, tazarar cm 30, tsayi 13 cm, kuma tana gajarta da fadi a cikin yar beran Kanada. An rufe ɓangaren oar mai siffar wutsiya tare da manyan sikeli na jaraba, waɗanda a cikinsu akwai barfin wuya da wuya.
Hannun yatsun kafa biyar, gajeru, da cikakke dabarun yin iyo a kafafun kafa (a saman kafafunsu suna kanana). Kafafun gaba suna da rauni fiye da na baya kuma dabbobi suna amfani da su kamar hannaye - tare da taimakonsu, mai bea yana jan abubuwa, ya tona tashoshi da ramuka, yana sarrafa abinci. Babban sashin motsi na dabbobi shine kafafu na baya. A yatsun kafa na biyu na hindatu akwai wani kambori mai rauni, wanda ya kunshi sassa biyu: babba - babba da ƙananan - fararen fararen baƙi, waɗanda suke daɗaɗan motsin juna. Dabbar tana amfani da wannan kambori don dalilai na tsabta - tana tsaftacewa kuma tana shafa gashi da ita lokacin da ta narke, kuma tana cire cututtukan fata.
Jawo beaver shine launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa baki, mafi yawan launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi. Wasu lokuta ana samun daidaiton mutane daban-daban tare da aibobi daban-daban na tabarau. Jirgin ruwan sama ya yi kauri, launin toka mai duhu. Partashin jikin mutum shine farji.
An lura cewa nau'in launin ruwan kasa mai haske yana da tsufa a launi, ya tsira daga lokacin kankara, saboda haka irin waɗannan beavers sun fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi, yayin da galibi ana samun yawancin launuka masu duhu a yawancin mazaunan kudu.
Dambe da bukkoki
Wataƙila kowa da kowa ya ji labarin hikimar gini na waɗannan dabbobi. Saboda gajiyawar su, masu gyaran bea sunsan yadda zasu dace da wurin don biyan bukatun su. Madatsar ruwa da suke haifar da karuwar banbancin muhalli, fadada wuraren ruwa, kara girma da ingancin ruwa, da gyara yanayin kasar. A matsayin tushen madatsar ruwa, itacen da ya fadi a ƙarshen rafin ana yawanci amfani dashi. An cika shi da rassa, sassan sassan jikin bishiyoyi, duwatsun, ƙasa, ciyayi, har sai dam ɗin ta kai tsawan mita 100 (gefan dam ɗin yana ta haɓaka nesa da tashoshin), kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita uku. A wannan yanayin, bambancin matakin ruwa ya kai mita biyu. Yana faruwa da dangi ya gina magudanan ruwa da yawa lokaci guda, sakamakon hakan an samar da gidan dumbin tafkuna. Rodents suna da himma sosai wajen aikin gina madatsun ruwa a damuna da damina, kodayake aikin na iya ci gaba duk shekara.
Dam Dam
Beavers ƙwararrun bokaye ne. Yawancin lokaci, suna haƙa ramuka masu yawa a cikin gidan mallakar, wanda zai iya zama kofofin haɓaka ko kuma ɗakunan labyrinth waɗanda ke kan gaba daga rafi ko dam zuwa ɗakuna ɗaya ko sama. A yawancin halittu, wadannan dabbobin suna amfani da burrows a matsayin mafaka na farko.
Ya yi kama da bukin beaver
Wani zabin don gidan gabar teku shine bukka. Mabiyan bea suna yin ginin a waɗancan wurare inda tsarin ramuka ba zai yuwu ba. Dabbobin suna amfani da tsohuwar kututture, ƙasan rami ko kuma rafting a matsayin tushen bukka. A waje, irin wannan mazaunin babban katako ne na katako, yanki na kututturen katako, wanda duniya take ɗauka, rami, tarkace. A ciki, an shirya ɗakin ɗakin gida, daga inda akwai nassi a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A matsakaita, diamita daga bukka ya kai mita 3-4. Morearin rikitattun wurare suna da ɗakuna da yawa a matakan daban-daban. Gidajen na iya zama na ɗan lokaci da dindindin, ana amfani da su shekaru da yawa. Latterarshen ana kammala su koyaushe kuma yana iya kaiwa mita 14 a diamita kuma sama da mita biyu ba tsayi.
Daga cikin sauran ayyukan ginin beaver, tono rake shine mafi ƙarancin wahala. Tare da goshinsu, sun kankama zube da datti daga kasan kananan koguna da hanyoyin boge, suna zubar da su daga hanyar su. Hanyoyin da suka biyo baya suna barin dabbobi su kasance cikin ruwa, suna motsawa tsakanin madatsun ruwa ko wuraren ciyarwa. Don mafi yawan ɓangaren, rodents suna yin wannan a lokacin rani, lokacin da ruwan yake ƙasa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa 'yan Kanada suna da kwazo da himma fiye da na yau da kullun. Gininsu ya fi rikitarwa kuma mai dorewa, tunda suna amfani da duwatsu sosai cikin gini.
Abincin
Beavers dabbobi ne na dabbobi masu kyau. Abun abincinsu na iya canzawa lokaci-lokaci. A cikin bazara da bazara, tushen abincinsu ya zama ganye, Tushen, ganye, algae. Ta hanyar kaka, suna canzawa zuwa rassan bishiyoyi na bakin ciki da bishiyoyi, suna fifita Aspen, Willow ko alder.
An fara a tsakiyar Oktoba, rodents fara girbi abincin itace don hunturu. Zai iya zama rassan lokacin farin ciki har ma da sassan sassan jikin Aspen, Willow, ceri tsuntsu, alder, Birch, da kuma karamin adadin conifers. An sare bishiyoyi da aka jefa cikin kananan dabbobi kuma an adana su a karkashin ruwa a wurare masu zurfi kusa da burrows da masauki. 'Yan beavers na iya iyo ruwa zuwa jigilar kayayyaki a ruwa ba tare da barin kwanciyar ruwa ba.
Idan babu isasshen ciyarwar itace, dabbobin suna gamsu da ciyawar ciyayi. Lokaci-lokaci akan kai hare-hare kan gidajen lambun da lambun kayan lambu suna yiwuwa.
Yawancin bea na Turai ba sa tara lokacin hunturu. Madadin haka, suna zuwa bakin teku a cikin hunturu don neman abinci.
Kogin Beaver
Halin halayyar dabbobi shine kasancewar “rafin beaver” wanda glandon keɓaɓɓu ya samar. Abu ne mai hadaddun abubuwa wanda ya kunshi daruruwan kayan aikin, wadanda suka hada da giyar mashayi, sinadarai, salicylaldehyde da kastoramine. Sunan kimiyya na wannan kayan itace castoreum.
Tuni tun zamanin da, allahntaka kaddarorin kaddarorin da aka dangana ga beaver rafi. A cikin karni na Y-IY BC Hippocrates da Herodotus sun lura da fa'idar aikinta na lura da wasu cututtuka. Kuma a yau wannan kayan ya sami aikace-aikace a cikin maganin mutane, amma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin turare.
Beaver din yana amfani da sirrinta mai kyau don dalilai na alamar. Alamun kamshi sune daya daga cikin hanyoyin da jarumawanmu ke musanya bayanai. Dukansu jinsunan Kanada da kogin suna barin alamomin wari a kan motsi da aka gina kusa da ruwa daga ɓoye da tsire-tsire da aka ɗaga daga ƙashin tafki.
Dangantaka ta iyali
Mafi yawan lokuta, beavers suna zaune a cikin gungun dangi (yankuna), amma akwai mutane waɗanda suka fi son salon rayuwa mai kaɗaici. A kan filayen abinci mara kyau, yawan dabbobi guda ɗaya na iya kaiwa zuwa 40%.
Iyalin sun hada da ma'aurata da suka manyanta, 'ya' yan shekara na yanzu, 'Ya'yan bara, wani lokacin kuma onean shekaru ɗaya ko fiye da matasa daga cikin magunan da suka gabata. Girman iyali na iya kaiwa ga mutane 10-12.
Matsayi a cikin mulkin an gina shi bisa ga ka'idar shekaru, tare da mafi girman matsayin ma'aurata manya. Bayyanar bayyanar tsokanar ta jiki ba ta da yawa, kodayake ana iya lura da ɓoɓo a cikin wutsiyoyi a cikin yawan ɗaruruwan mashaya. Wannan shine sakamakon yaƙin da baƙi kusa da kan iyakokin ƙasa.
Nau'i-nau'i a cikin waɗannan masussumai masu ɗorewa ne kuma sun dawwama cikin tsawon rayuwar abokan. Rukunin dangin sun tabbata, wani bangare saboda karancin kiwo. Suna kawo brood guda ɗaya a shekara, a ciki daga 1 zuwa 5 cubs a cikin wata karamar al'ada, a cikin canjin Kanada yana da girma - har zuwa 8 cubs. Koyaya, mafi yawan lokuta a cikin brood akwai ƙwatanda yakai biyu.
Gasar yana farawa a cikin Janairu (a kudu na kewayon) kuma yana gudana har zuwa Maris. Cutar ciki tana kwana 103-110.
Sighted jariri, densely pubescent, tare da rikicewar ƙananan incisors. Uwa tana ciyar da jariran da madara (wanda yafi sau 4 sau biyu fiye da madara saniya) na kimanin sati 6, kodayake yana da makonni biyu, masu bi da suka fara dandana kumatun iyayensu. Lokacin da yake wata 1, saurayi ya fara barin hankali a hankali ya bar maza ya ci nasu.
Yayin da yara ƙanana, mahaifin yakan ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci don kare tsarin dangi: tsare kan iyakoki da barin alamu ƙanshin. Mace a wannan lokacin tana kan aikin ciyar da jarirai da kulawa da su. Yaran sun girma da sauri, amma suna buƙatar watanni masu yawa don yin ƙwarewa don sanin gwanin ginin dam ko bukkoki. Iyaye suna koyar da su shiga cikin duk abubuwan da suka shafi iyali, gami da gini.
Yawancin lokaci, matasa suna barin dangin su kuma suna neman ƙasar su ta gaba riga a cikin shekararsu ta biyu kuma suna jagorantar rayuwa ta kai kaɗai har sai sun sami ma'aurata.
Budurwa ta balaga tana faruwa a shekara ta biyu na rayuwa, amma mace yawanci suna fara haifuwa ne a cikin shekaru 3-5 na rayuwa.
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar beaver a cikin yanayi shine shekaru 17-18, Kanada - shekaru 20. Koyaya, a cikin vivo da wuya su rayu fiye da shekaru 10. Matsakaicin shekarun waɗannan ƙwaƙwalwar da aka rubuta a cikin gandun daji ya kai shekaru 30.
Sadarwa
Baya ga yiwa yankin alama, beavers suna tattaunawa da juna tare da taimakon murkushe wutsiyarsu a cikin ruwa. Wannan shine yawanci yadda tsofaffi ke gaya wa baƙi cewa an gan su. Arfin da ya mamaye yankin da aka mamaye shi yana mai da martani, yana ba shi damar tantance girman manufar sa da kuma matsayin barazanar da ya ke fuskanta.
Wata hanyar sadarwa ita ce ta hanyoyi daban-daban, har da muryoyi: dabbobi suna iya yin gurnani da gulma.
Amfanin da illolin beavers
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, an san masalarin bea saboda sha'awar ginin su: suna shirya ƙauyuka, suna ƙirƙirar madatsun ruwa wanda zai daidaita matsayin ruwa a jikin ruwa. A sakamakon haka, ruwa na iya mamaye manyan wurare na gandun da kuma lalata shi. Ciyawar ciyawa da hanyoyi na iya wahala.
Batu na biyu mara kyau shine cewa madatsun ruwa sun kara dagula yanayin kifayen, kasancewar wani shingen inji don kifayen kifayen, farin kifi, kifin kifi da kifayen kifayen da ake amfani dasu a kananan koguna.
Yanzu bari mu kalli ayyukan wadannan dabbobin daga wannan bangaren. Tsawon lokaci, madatsar ruwan beaver da ke kan kogin ya jinkirta narkewa da ruwan hadari, kuma wannan yana rage yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa yayin ambaliyar, rage kasa da guguwar bakin teku, gajarta lokacin bazara mara ruwa, kuma yana taimakawa wajen dawo da tsarin magudanan ruwa da rafukan da aka lalata sakamakon ayyukan dan adam. Duk wannan yana sanya gandun dajin ba shi da m, sabili da haka ba shi da haɗari ga gobarar daji.
Saurin rage hauhawar ruwan kogin, madatsun yana kara tara tarin kayan aiki, samarda tsarin gurbataccen yanayi wanda zai cire kazamar cutar daga ruwa. Bugu da kari, gawarwakin halittar ruwa na haifar da wasu fa'idodi, kamar, alal misali, haɓaka bambancin muhalli.
Har ila yau, 'yan beaers suna inganta tushen kiwo, barewa, ciyar da “sharar gida” na kayan da ake amfani da su wajen gina madatsun ruwa, kuma wannan, a sa'iban, yana jan dabbobi da ke cin naman mutane.
Don haka, wadannan dabbobin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin tsarin ruwa, kuma mutum zai iya fadada iliminsa game da bukatun ilimin halittu da kuma kirkiro dabarun da zasu ba mutane da masu bi damar amfani da shimfidar wuri tare.
Beit Habitat
'Yan Beavers suna zaune tare da gabar koguna, ƙoguna, tafkuna, tafkunan ruwa, a cikin wuraren ɓarawon dutse, a cikin fadama. Tare da ƙarancin yawan jama'a, masu bea suna da damar da za su zaɓi wurin da za su zauna don haka galibi sukan mamaye wurare masu nutsuwa, ruwa mai cike da ruwa cike da tsutsa da sauran tsiran bishiyoyi da tsirrai, tare da isasshen tsirrai na ciyawa da yardar rai ta ci su. Bayan ya cika yawan jama'a, beavers suna zaune a sassan da ke motsawa cikin sauri a cikin koguna, a cikin tafkuna masu bushewa sosai, waɗanda basu da wadatar rayuwa. Misali,
A Arewacin Amurka, beavers sun dade suna zaune yankuna mara lafuzzan koguna da koguna, suna hawa sama zuwa tsayin mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku.
A waɗancan wuraren akwai wuraren ɓ aruruwan tafkuna masu yawa, bea bera wa kansu ramuka. A cikin wuraren ajiya tare da bankunan ƙasa kaɗan, dabbobi suna zaune a cikin tushen filaye, suna girma tare da bankunan bishiyoyi, ko gina bukkoki.
Beaver burrows suna da rami daya ko da yawa - karin wurare na karkashin ƙasa wanda aka yi layi da shinge na itace. Hanyoyin ƙasa suna daɗaɗɗun hanyar sadarwa na rami tare da diamita na 25-40 santimita, hanyoyinda aka ɓoye waɗanda galibi suke ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Gidajen biredi suna da fasali mai kama da juna wanda aka yi da ragoyoyi na rassan bishiyoyi da kuma rassan bishiyoyin da aka ɗaure tare da silt. Yawanci, bukkoki suna tashi a wuraren ramuka masu rushewa ko lalata cobs. Fitowa daga bukkoki, waɗanda galibi suna da yawa, suma suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Yawancin shekaru akwai bukka a ciki wanda beavers ke rayuwa, mafi girma girmansa. Kwararrun dole ne su hadu da bukkoki har zuwa tsayin mita 1.5-2, tare da fadin murabba'in 4-5 ko fiye. A irin wadannan bukkoki akwai wuraren saukar beaver da yawa a kan benaye 2-3. Idan dangin beaver yana zaune a cikin wani kandami na dogon lokaci, zai iya samun kusan ramuka 10 ko gidaje na gida 2-3, galibi a hade tare da tsarin ramuka da cobs da aka ziyarta.
A lokacin rani, zazzabi a cikin ɗakunan da ke zaune bai tashi sama da digiri +22 ba, kuma a lokacin hunturu ba kasafai saukar da ƙasa-digiri -4. Ctarancin zazzabi da yawa da aka gani a cikin gidajen beavers fiye da yanayin waje yana ƙyale waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da sanyi, su rayu har fiye da da'irar Arctic.
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Kayan Beavers
Beavers suna zaune a cikin iyalai, yawanci sun ƙunshi dabbobi manya 2, jarirai na wannan shekara ta haihuwa da matasa na bara. A cikin duka, dangi na iya samun dabbobi 6-8. Shekaru 2, a matsayin mai mulkin, su bar dangin iyayensu a cikin bazara, wani lokacin a cikin bazara, kuma su kafa sabon yankinsu. A wuraren da ke da iyakantaccen yanayi don sake zama za'a iya samun su a dangin 2-3 har ma da dabbobi masu shekaru 4. A cikin irin wannan dangi za a iya samun bea 16. A akasin wannan, inda yanayin ƙaƙƙarfan ragowar dabbobin da ba su da iyaka, dabbobi masu shekara ɗaya a wasu lokuta ma sukan ƙaurace wa iyalai.
A lokacin fari, mummunar girgiza gawarwakin ruwa, za a tilasta wa masu gadin wasu iyalai makwabta su hallara inda har yanzu ake kiyaye ruwa. Wasu lokuta a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren akwai har zuwa 16-20 ko fiye da beavers. Yana da halayyar cewa dabbobin da ke cikin wahala suna zaman lafiya da junan su, yayin da a wasu yanayi kuma ana iya lura da mummunan fada tsakanin beavers daga wasu dangi.
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Beaver kiwo
Beaver tare da cubs
Beavers sun kai ga balaga a cikin shekaru 2-3 na rayuwa - mafi Turai sau 3 a cikin 3, da Kanadana - a cikin na biyu. Sun fara haihuwa sau 1 a shekara. Lokacin da ya dace na dabbar da ke zaune a tsakiyar rami yana faɗuwa a ƙarshen Disamba - daga farkon Afrilu, tsayin farawa - a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi sukanyi zuwa sama, a wasu lokutan sukan bar rafukan beaver akan nau'ikan daban-daban. Aikin dabbar ta hanyar canjin dabbar beavers na faruwa ne a ruwa, a karkashin kankara. Haihuwar mace tayi daga 103 zuwa 107, matsakaita tsawon kwanaki 105. Sabili da haka, lokacin haihuwar haihuwa yawanci yana kan Mayu-Yuni.
Beavers an haife shi cikakke, gani, an rufe shi da ulu mai laushi. Inda ake haihuwar dabbobi da wuri, har ma a lokacin ambaliyar bazara, ana iya lura da jarirai a cikin matsuguni na ɗan lokaci. Yara jarirai kwana 2 da haihuwa ba wuya su iya tafiya tare da kogon, da wuya su tashi a ƙafafunsu kuma suna hawa daga gefe zuwa gefe. 'Yan Bea waɗanda aka haife su a cikin gidaje na dindindin, musamman ma a cikin masu taƙasa, suna da wuya a samu
Har zuwa tsawon makonni 2-3, da kyar dabbobi ba mai iya nutsewa ba, tunda nauyinsu baya wuce nauyin ruwan da suke kewayawa.
Da kimanin wata 1 da haihuwa, masu bearon suka fara bayyana a farfajiya, inda ake cin ciyawar matasa na ciyawar ciyayi da ciyawa. A watanni 3-4, matasa beavers sun riga sun zama cikakkiyar dabbobi masu 'yanci, tare da duk al'adun dabbobi manya.
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Me 'yan bea ke ci?
'Yan Beavers suna ciyar da abinci ne kawai a kan abinci. Babban jigon tsire-tsire na ɗanɗano ya kusan 300, amma tushen abinci mai gina jiki bai wuce 10-20 nau'ikan bishiyoyi da tsirrai ba, da kuma nau'in ciyawa 20-30. Ainihin, waɗannan sune willows daban-daban, Aspen, Birch, egg, poplar, lily water, sedge, cattail, reed, arrow arrow ... A cikin bishiyoyi da tsintsaye, dabbobi suna cinye da kore, ɓangaren da ba a rufe shi ba, ƙarar rassan, ganye, ciyawa - mai tushe, ganye, furanni, wani lokacin rhizomes.
Thearfin beavers don ƙirƙirar abincin abinci na hunturu sananne ne. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan hannun jari daidai yake da mita 10-25 kwance mai siffar mai siffar sukari, amma wasu iyalai suna horarwa har zuwa 50 har ma zuwa 100 cubic mita na bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da rassan, mai tushe da rhizomes na ruwa na ruwa da na ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa. A lokaci guda, akwai iyalai waɗanda yawancin kayan abinci na hunturu ba su nan.
A baya can an yi imanin cewa beavers suna cin tsire-tsire masu ciyawa galibi a lokacin dumi, kuma a cikin hunturu suna amfani da haushi na bishiyoyi da shukakkun bishiyoyi ne a cikin damina da kuma gnawed a lokacin thaws a farfajiya. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa wannan ba haka bane. Ruwa da ciyayi na bakin teku babban taimako ne na musamman a ciyar da masara a cikin hunturu, kuma ga wasu iyalai suna taka rawa sosai. Duk wannan yana taimaka wajan fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu iyayen biyun basu da ajiyar abinci, menene kuma suke ci a lokacin hunturu. Kari akan haka, yakamata a zartar da tunanin cewa wadatar abinci da aka sanya a karkashin kankara ya ƙare ko ganima a ƙarshen Janairu-Fabrairu, kuma daga wannan lokacin dabbobin zasu canza gaba ɗaya zuwa makiyaya.
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Maƙiyin beavers
Abokan gaba a cikin tsoffin beavers 'yan kadan ne - kyarketai, lynxes, bears, Wolverines. Wasu masana binciken dabbobi suna danganta otter din a kansu. Beaver da otter suna rayuwa iri ɗaya kuma sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da juna. Ko yaya dai, akwai 'yan kalilan da aka samu da rubuce rubuce wadanda suka kai harin da beaver. Saboda haka, mutum zaiyi tunanin cewa manyan abubuwan fashewar tsoffin beavers sune abin dogaro mai kariya kuma suna kiyaye otter a nesa.
Bean beavers, musamman ma beavers na shekarar haihuwa ta yau, suna da yalwar abokan gaba. Bugu da ƙari ga abin da ke sama - ƙazanta ne, karen kare, mink, marten, polecat. Daga cikin tsuntsayen, owls da sauran manyan kudaye, goshawk, baƙar fata, ortrey suna da haɗari ga masu dabbaka. Akwai sanannun lokuta na ragowar beavers a cikin ciki na kifin kifi da manyan pikes.
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Beaver Masu fafatukar abinci
Beavers suna da fewan takara kaɗan. Zuwa wasu, da mahimmanci, kamar yadda game da masu fafutukar abinci na masu dabbaka, zamu iya magana ne kawai game da waɗancan dabbobi waɗanda, waɗanda ke zaune a tsiri gabar tekun, suna cin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na beavers. Wadannan dabbobin sun hada da muzwa, barewa, inda na biyun, wanda ke rayuwa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, ya kai matuƙar yawa. Sauran dabbobin - mice, voles, muskrats da sauransu sune abokan gasa na abinci na beavers kawai a cikin shekarun haifuwar su.
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Wanda yake zaune cikin ɓoyayyen abubuwa
'Yan Beavers kusan basu da masu fafutuka a kan tushen wuraren zama ko wuraren zama. A wasu yankuna, wannan tsarin na burrows, tare da beavers, suna amfani da otters. A tsakiyar latitude, manyan burukan beaver, tare da ramuka, wani lokacin dawakai, karnukan karnukan rak, da kuma marasa galihu galibi ke ziyartar su. A cikin tsohuwar ɓoyayyen bututun beaver mutum na iya samun dabbar dawakai da karnukan karnuka.
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Cutar Beaver
'Yan Beavers suna iya kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban - masu kamu da cutar. Mafi sau da yawa fiye da wasu, cututtukan helminthic suna faruwa a cikin beavers kogin. Ba ƙari ba ne a ce a cikin Yanayi wata ɗaya bayan haihuwar, duk beavers suna kamuwa da tsutsotsi. 26 nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halayen beavers sanannu ne sanannu. Mafi yawan cututtukan tsutsawa sune shayari da ciyawa.
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Mawaƙa a cikin beavers
Stikhorkhoz yana haifar da ɗayan launin fenti mai launin fari, girmansa da sifar da yayi kama da alkama mai kumburi. Wannan kwayar cuta wani lokaci tana tarawa adadi mai yawa a cikin dabbobin kuma yana sa ƙarshen ya rasa nauyi, anemia, yana lalata jikin mai gubar tare da ɓoye na m. Farfajiyar gona ta shahararrun mazauna gandun daji na Voronezh, Batyug, Pozersk da sauran alumma.
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Beaver Travassosiosis
Travassosiosis yana haifar da ƙaramin gashin gashi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke haifar da ciki da kuma a cikin manyan hanji na ciki. Beavers kamuwa da wannan nematode yawanci fama da wani tashin hankali na narkewa, wanda a cikin m ci gaba zai iya haifar da mutuwar dabba.
A lokacin wuce gona da iri, yayin aikin sake farawa, beavers sukan mutu daga paratyphoid da pasteurellosis. Hakanan sanannan cututtukan beaver daga tularemia.
A yau munyi magana game da irin wannan dabba mai ban sha'awa kamar beaver, koya game da halayensa da abin da yake ci, inda yake zaune. Muna fatan cewa wannan bayanin zai taimaka a cikin farauta na beaver. Af, a wace hanya kuka fi son farautar wannan dabbar? Raba abubuwan da kuke ji da kuma labarai a tare damu.
An shirya labarin ne bisa kayan Yu. Dyakov, ɗan takarar ilimin kimiyyar nazarin halittu, wanda aka karɓa daga tushen kyauta.
Muna jiran ra'ayoyin ku da ra'ayoyin ku, shiga cikin kungiyar mu ta VKontakte!
Fasali da mazaunin giya
A cikin tsari na rodents, wannan dabbar dabbar ita ce mafi girma, ya kai kilogiram 30 kuma mafi nauyi. Jikin mutum squat ne da tsawonsa har zuwa m 1.5, tsawansa zuwa kusan cm 30. Gajerun kafafu tare da yatsu biyar, a cikinsu akwai membranes. Kafafun kafafun hindu sun fi ƙarfin gaba.
Hannun yatsu masu ƙarfi ne, karkatacciyar hanya da daidaita. A yatsan na biyu, kamfen yana bifurcated, yayi kama da tsefe. Wannan shine abin da dabbar ke amfani dashi don magance mayi mai kyan gani da ƙima. Jawo yana kunshe da daskararren gashi da dumin ruwa, amintaccen kariya daga hauhawar jini, tunda yana jikewa cikin ruwa mara kyau.
Zafin kitse mai ƙyalli, wanda yake riƙe da zafin ciki, shima yana tsirarwa daga sanyi. Yankunan launi na ulu daga kirji zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baki, kamar paws da wutsiya.
Saboda kyakkyawan fur da kyan gaske, dabbar an kusan lalata ta kamar jinsina: akwai mutane da yawa da suke so su sami abin sawa da hula daga fata ta dabba. A ƙarshe beaver kara a cikin jerin ja littafin dabbobi.
Wutsiyar dabbar tana kama da itacen ora na 30 cm a ciki da fadi da santimita 11 zuwa 13. An rufe farfajiya da manyan sikeli da ƙusoshin wuya. Halin wutsiya da wasu fasalulluka sun bambanta Euraiyanci ko beaver na kowa daga dangin Amurka (Kanada).
A wutsiya akwai wen da gland biyu don samar da wani abu mai kamshi da ake kira rafin beaver. Sirrin wen shine adana bayanai game da mutum (shekaru, jinsi), kamshi yana nuna iyakokin yankin da aka mallaka. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine bambancin rafin beaver, kamar yatsan yatsa a cikin mutum. Ana amfani da abun cikin turare.
A cikin hoto beaver
A kan karamin wulakanci, gajerun kunnuwa suna zubewa daga ulu bayyane. Duk da girman gabobin audit, dabbar dabbar tana da kyau kwarai da gaske. Lokacin da hanci yake nutsuwa cikin ruwa, kunnuwan dabbobin suna rufe, idanun suna kariyar "karni na uku" kuma ana kiyaye shi daga raunin da ya faru.
Kwayar walƙiya tana ba ku damar ganin dabbar a cikin ruwa mai ɗaci. Hakanan an kirkiro lebe bea musamman musamman don kada ya narke, ruwa baya shiga ramin bakin magana idan ya narke.
Manyan ƙwayoyin huhu suna ba dabba damar iyo, ba tare da ya bayyana a saman ruwa ba, har zuwa 700 m, yana ɗaukar kimanin mintina 15. Ga dabbobin ruwa masu ruwa-ruwa, waɗannan lambobin rikodin ne.
Rayuwa dabbobin dabbobi cikin zurfin jigilar ruwa mai ɗauke da ruwa. Waɗannan su ne tafkunan daji, tafkuna, koguna, rafuffuka, bankuna na tafki. Babban yanayin shine ciyayi na bakin teku masu arziki na duwatsu masu laushi, ciyayi da ciyawa. Idan wuri mai faɗi bai dace sosai ba, to, beaver ɗin yana aiki akan canza yanayi, kamar magini.
Da zarar an kafa dabbobi ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya, sai dai ban da Kamchatka da Sakhalin. Amma wargajewa da ayyukan tattalin arziki ya haifar da lalata yawancin ɓangarorin beavers. Aikin ci gaba ya ke har zuwa yau, masu bi a cikin gida suna zama a cikin ruwa.
Halin Beaver da salon rayuwa
Beavers dabbobi ne masu ruwa-ruwa masu nutsuwa wadanda suke jin kwarin gwiwa a cikin ruwa, iyo da kyau, nutsewa, da kuma kan tudu beaver yana irin m dabba.
Ayyukan dabbobi suna ƙaruwa da maraice kuma da farawar dare. A lokacin rani za su iya aiki na awanni 12. Sai kawai a cikin hunturu, a cikin tsananin sanyi, ba su barin wuraren zama ba. Burrows ko abin da ake kira bukkoki sune wuraren da iyalan masu bautar suke zama.
Ruwan ƙofar Mink yana ɓoye ta ruwa kuma ya haifar da rikitattun hanyoyi na yankuna na bakin teku. Fitocin gaggawa na tabbatar da lafiyar dabbobi. Gidajan mazaunin da ta fi girma mita kuma kusan 50 cm tsayi koyaushe yana saman matakin ruwa.
Beaver na iya gina madatsun ruwa wanda zai iya tallafawa nauyin mutum.
Taron takamala na musamman yana kiyaye wurin akan kogin inda rami yake daga daskarewa hunturu. Udaurin beavers ɗin yayi daidai da ƙwarewar masu zanen kaya. Ana aiwatar da bukatan bukkoki a kan manya-manyan shinge ko kananan bankuna.Waɗannan su ne siffofin kamannin-siffofi har zuwa 3 m high na brushwood, silt da lãka.
A ciki, suna da fili, tare da girman su har zuwa mita 12. A saman akwai rami don iska, kuma a ƙasa akwai manholes don nutsewa cikin ruwa. A cikin hunturu, ana sa zafi a ciki, babu kankara, beavers suna iya nutsar da kansu a cikin tafki. Saro a kan bukka a ranar sanyi wani alama ce ta mazauni.
Don kula da matakin da ake buƙata na ruwa kuma a tsare masauki da ɓoye, wuraren da beavers ke sanya madatsun madatsun ruwa, ko madatsun ruwa, daga magudanun bishiya, goge gora da sill. Koda duwatsu masu nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 18 ana samun su don ƙarfafa ginin.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, tsarin madatsar ruwan itace, wanda ya mamaye kayan kayan gini har tsawan 30, tsawo zuwa 2 m, kuma har zuwa m 6. Tsarin zai iya tallafawa nauyin mutum a sauƙaƙe.
A cikin hoto, Nora Beaver
Lokacin gini yana ɗaukar makonni 2-3. Sannan masu sa ido suna lura da amincin abin da aka gina da kuma aiwatar da "gyara" kamar yadda ya cancanta. Suna aiki tare da iyalai, suna rarraba nauyin, kamar dai sakamakon ingantaccen tsari ne wanda ba shi da kuskure.
Rodents sauƙi a jimre a cikin mintuna 5 tare da bishiyoyi har zuwa 7-8 cm a diamita, ƙwanƙwasa tsokoki a gindi. Tare da manyan bishiyoyi, har zuwa 40 cm a diamita, copes na dare. Yanke sassa, yawon shakatawa zuwa gida ko dam yana gudana cikin tsari da tsari ba tare da tsayawa ba.
Wani irin dabbar dabbobi a cikin gidansa, bayyane ta wurin zama. Ba wai kawai gidajen zama ba, har ma tashoshi masu amfani da kayan gini da abinci ana haɗa su, basu da tarkace da tarkace abinci.
Hanyoyi, gidaje, filayen gini - komai yana hade kuma an tsaftace shi. An ƙirƙiri wuri mai faɗi na musamman, wanda ake kira beaver. Sadarwar dabbobi na faruwa ne tare da taimakon alamomi masu ƙanshin jijiyoyi, ana iya samun sautikan da ke kama da raɗa, wutsiya wutsiya.
Ruwa-ruwa - ƙararrawa da umarni don ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Babban makiya a cikin yanayi sune karnuka, dawakai, bears launin ruwan kasa. Amma an lalata wata babbar illa ga mutanen da beaver mutane suka yi.
Beaver - dabba-mai aiki da kwanciyar hankali game da yanayin rayuwar iyali mai natsuwa. A lokacinsu na kyauta, suna kulawa da sutturar Jawo, suna sanya shi tare da ɓoyewa daga glandon sebaceous, suna kare shi daga danshi.
Take
Kalmar "beaver" an gaji ta ne daga yaren pre-Indo-Turai (c. Jamusanci Biber, jam. Bėbros), wanda aka kirkira da cikakkiyar ma'anar sunan launin ruwan kasa. Ginin da aka sake ginawa * bhe-bhru-.
Dangane da hanyoyin ilimin harsuna na 1961, kalmar beaver yakamata a yi amfani da shi a ma'anar dabba daga tsarin rodents tare da fur mai mahimmanci, kuma beaver - a ma'anar fur na wannan dabba: abin wuya na beaver, sutura akan dutsen beaver. Koyaya, a cikin yaren da ake magana, kalmar beaver kamar yadda aka saba amfani da kalmar sanya kalmar daidai beaver (ta yaya fox da fox, ferret da ferret).
Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Harafi na 2004, ƙudurin furtawa beaver, beaver (dabba, fur).
Rarraba
A farkon lokacin tarihi, an rarraba abin da ya dace da masarautar a cikin yanki na gandun daji na Turai da Asiya, duk da haka, saboda girbi mai zurfi, a farkon karni na 20, beaver ya kusan ƙare yawancinsa. Yankin beaver na yanzu shine mafi yawan sashi sakamakon ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin da ya haifar da sake haɗuwa. A cikin Turai, yana zaune a cikin ƙasashen Scandinavia, Burtaniya mai girma (an kashe shi a ƙarni na 16 ban da Scotland da gundumar Devon, wanda aka sake buɗewa a cikin yankin Gloucestershire a 2005), ƙaramin Rhone (Faransa), Elbe basin (Jamus), Vistula basin (Poland) , a cikin gandun daji da kuma sassan gandun daji-steppe na yankin Turai na Rasha, a Belarus, Ukraine. A cikin Rasha, ana samun beaver a cikin Arewacin Trans-Urals, ko'ina a cikin yankin Novosibirsk. Ana samun mazaunin gida biyu na fata guda ɗaya a saman Yenisei, Kuzbass, Pribaikalye, Khabarovsk Territory, Kamchatka, Kurgan, Omsk da Tomsk Oblasts (mutane dubu goma) zuwa Kogin Keti a arewa, a cikin Altai Territory. Ban da wannan kuma, ana samun sa a cikin yankuna na arewa da gabashin Kazakhstan, a cikin Mongolia (kogin Urungu da Bimen) da kuma a arewa maso yamma China (Xinjiang Uyghur Automatous Region).
Gidaje da madatsun ruwa
Beavers suna rayuwa cikin ɓoye ko bukka. Entranceofar gidan beaver koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin ruwa don aminci. Rowsungiyoyin ɓoyayyiya suna maƙarƙashiya a cikin kantuna da kantuna, haɓakaccen ɗakin gidaje masu ƙarancin shiga 4-5. Ganuwar da rufin ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa an yi leɓe da ƙarfi. Livingakin zaune a cikin ramin yana daga zurfin da bai wuce mita 1. Girman ɗakin zaune ba shi da ƙari fiye da mita, tsayinsa shine 40-50 santimita. Dole kasan ya zama santimita 20 a saman ruwa. Idan ruwan da yake cikin kogin ya haye, bea ya tasar da bene, yana narkar da ƙasa daga rufin. Saboda haka sashin kogin da ke saman ƙofar zuwa rami a cikin hunturu bai daskarewa kuma ya kulle dabbobi a cikin ramin ba, sun rufe wannan wurin da alfarwa ta musamman. Wani lokacin rufin burgo ya rushe da ƙasa mai ƙarfi da aka yi da rassa da itace an shirya shi a wurinsa, yana mai jujjuya burki ya zama wurin da zai kawo canji - rabin-ruwa. A cikin bazara, a cikin babban ruwa, beavers suna gina hammocks a saman bushes daga rassa da rassa tare da gado busasshiyar ciyawa.
Wuraren an gina su ne a wuraren da ba zai yuwu ba - a kan tudu mai laushi da ƙarancin rami da kuma zurfin ruwa. Dayawa daga cikin beavers ba zai fara gina sabbin gidaje ba kafin karshen watan Agusta. Maƙallan suna kama da tari mai kama da kera na itace, wanda aka ɗaure shi da satan da ƙasa, har zuwa 1-3 m da tsayi zuwa 10-12 a cikin girman .. Ganuwar aƙalin an lulluɓe shi da kyau tare da ɓoye da yumɓu, har ya zama ya zama babban kagara, wanda babu makawa ga masu farauta, iska tana gudana ta rami a cikin rufin. Duk da yawan yarda da aka samu, beavers suna amfani da yumbu ta amfani da kafafunsu na gaba, ba wutsiya ba (wutsiyar tayi amfani kawai a matsayin tsumma). A cikin bukka akwai manholes a cikin ruwa da wani dandamali wanda ya haura sama da matakin ruwa. Tare da sanyi na farko, beavers bugu da insuari yana hana bukatan da sabon yumɓu na yumɓu. A cikin hunturu, ana kiyaye ingantaccen zazzabi a cikin bukka, ruwan da yake cikin manholes ɗin ba ya daskarewa, kuma masu bea suna da damar da za su fita zuwa ƙasanƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin tsananin sanyi a kan bukka ya kasance tururi, wanda alama ce ta mazaunin gidaje. Wani lokacin a cikin ɗayan biaryar beaver akwai kuma hutsuna da burrows. 'Yan Bea suna da tsabta, ba su taɓa zubar da gidajensu tare da tarkace abinci da tarkace.
A cikin wuraren jerawa tare da matakan ruwa na canzawa, da kuma a kan rafuffukan rafukan koguna, iyalai biyun sun gina madatsun ruwa (madatsun ruwa). Wannan yana basu damar haɓakawa, kula da kuma daidaita matakan ruwan a cikin tafki don ba a shigar da ƙofofin shiga bukkoki da burbushin ba kuma sun sami damar isa ga masu farauta. Madatsar ruwa ta dabaibaye garin katako, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da katako, wadanda ake hada su da yumbu, murguda baki, guntu-guntu da sauran kayan da beavers ke kawowa hakora ko goshinsu. Idan jikin ruwan yana da kwarara mai sauri kuma akwai duwatsun a kasa, ana amfani dasu azaman kayan gini. Yawan nauyin duwatsu na wasu lokuta zai kai kilogiram 15-18.
Don gina madatsar ruwa, an zaɓi wuraren da itatuwa ke kusa da ƙarshen bakin. Ana fara ginin da beavers tsaye mai danko rassan rassan da kuma kututture a cikin tushe, yana ƙarfafa gibba da rassan da kuma reeds, ciko gilasai tare da murɗa, yumbu da duwatsu. A matsayin tushen tallafi, suna yawan amfani da katako wanda ya fada cikin kogi, sannu a hankali ya rufe shi da kayan gini daga kowane bangare. Wasu lokuta rassa a cikin madatsar beaver suna da tushe, yana basu karin ƙarfi. Tsawon dam na yau da kullun shine 20-30 m, nisa a ginin shine 4-6 m, a cikin fifiko shine 1-2 m, tsayi zai iya kaiwa zuwa 4.8 m, kodayake yawanci 2 m. Tsohuwar dam ɗin tana iya tsayayya da nauyin mutum. Rikodin a cikin aikin madatsun ruwa, ba na talakawa bane, har ma da 'yan beran Kanada - dam ɗin da aka gina su a bakin kogin. Jefferson (Montana), ya kai tsawon mil 700 (a cikin jihar New Hampshire akwai dogon dam - 1.2 kilomita.) Siffar madatsar ta dogara da saurin yanzu - inda yake da jinkiri, madatsar ruwa ta kusan kai tsaye, tana jingina da kogunan sauri. sama-sama. Idan halin yanzu yana da ƙarfi sosai, beaver ta kafa ƙaramin madatsun madatsun ruwan sama. Ana yin magudin magudanar ruwa a ƙarshen ƙarshen dam ɗin don kada ya fashe ambaliyar. A matsakaita, dangin beaver yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda don gina madatsar ruwa 10. Beavers a hankali suna kiyaye amincin dam ɗin kuma ku ɗora shi idan ya kasance ruwan ɗorewa. Wasu lokuta wasu iyalai da yawa da ke aiki a cikin juzu'i suna aiki a cikin ginin.
Babban taimako ga binciken yanayin halayen bea a lokacin gina madatsar ruwa ya yi ne daga masanin ilmin kimiya na kasar Sweden Don Wilson [en] (1971) da kuma masanin ilimin kimiyar kasar Faransa Richard (1967, 1980). Sai ya juya cewa babban mai kara kuzari ga aikin shi ne amo na kwarara ruwa. Samun kyakkyawar ji, masakiya ya cika daidai inda muryar ta canza, wanda ke nufin an sami canje-canje a tsarin dam. Koyaya, har ila yau ba su mai da hankali ga rashin ruwa ba - a daidai wannan hanya, beavers sun mayar da martani ga sauti na ruwa da aka yi rikodin akan tef. Experarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi ya nuna cewa sauti, a fili, ba shine kawai ƙarfafa ba. Don haka, giya da ruwa da aka shimfiɗa a jikin madatsar ruwa sun lullube da ƙawance da rassa, koda kuwa ta haye zuwa ƙasa kuma yana “ba a jika”. A lokaci guda, bai zama cikakke bayyane yadda masu biyun ke rarraba nauyi a tsakanin su a cikin aikin haɗin kai ba. Zasu iya yin aiki ko dai a cikin kungiyoyi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ko kuma kaɗaita. Amma duka masu tattarawa da masu ginin masu zaman kansu suna aiki bisa ga wani sabon tsari na duniya, cikakke ne kuma an yi tunani game da mafi ƙanƙantaccen bayani.
Don ginin da shirye-shiryen abinci, masu bi giya suna sare bishiyoyi, a maimaita su a gindi, suna toshe rassan, sannan a raba gungumansu zuwa sassa. Wani beaver ya fado da Aspen tare da nisan mitar cm 5 - 5 cikin mintuna 5, itaciyar mai girman inci 40 cm ya fadi kuma ya yanke lokacin da dare, ta yadda da safe kawai sai kututture fata da tarin aski suka kasance a wurin dabbar. Gangar jikin beaver ta ciji yana ɗaukar sifar halayyar hourglass. Beaver yayi gnaws, yana tashi a kafafunsa ya huta a kan wutsiyarsa. Fuskokin sa suna aiki kamar itace: domin ya murkushe wata bishiya, wani bea ya huta abin da ke saman sa a jikin sa sai ya fara juye da motsin sawayen sa daga gefe zuwa gaba, yana yin motsin 5-6 a sakan na biyu. Abubuwan bugun beaver suna kara kaifin kanka: kawai gaban gaban an rufe shi da enamel, baya yana kunshe da karancin dentin. Idan beaver tauna kan wani abu, dentin yakan nika sauri fiye da enamel, don haka gaban haƙorin haƙora zai kasance mai kaifi koyaushe.
'Yan bea na cin wasu rassan bishiyar bishiyar da ta fadi a wuri, wasu kuma suna rushewa da ja ko ruwa a gefen ruwa zuwa mazaunin su ko kuma wurin aikin madatsar ruwan. Kowace shekara, suna bin hanyoyi guda iri ɗaya don abinci da kayan gini, suna tattake hanyoyin gefen ruwa waɗanda sannu a hankali ambaliya da ruwa - tashoshin beaver. Suna girke bishiyoyin tare da su. Tsawon tashoshin ya kai ɗaruruwan mita tare da faɗin 40-50 cm da zurfin of 1 m. Beavers suna kiyaye tashoshin koyaushe.
Yankin an canza shi ne sakamakon ayyukan beavers da ke zaune a kai ana kiransa beaver shimfidar wuri.
