Ambaton Wolves a cikin karni na 20 sun kwashe abubuwa da yawa game da tunani. Shekaru da yawa, wannan dabba an ɗauke shi rikodin yaudara, zalunci; a cikin al'adu da yawa, an dauki ƙyarkeci matsakaici ne tsakanin duniyar rayayyu da duniyar matattu.
A lokaci guda, an fahimci ƙyarkeci a matsayin alama ce ta ƙarfi, ƙarfin hali, aminci. Irin wannan yanayi na duwatsun ƙwallo da ƙarancin bayanai kan halaye da rayuwar waɗannan dabbobin a cikin yanayin halitta ya haifar da rashin fahimta game da karnukan karnuka kuma na dogon lokaci ya zama wani lokaci don zargin su da wuce gona da iri, giya da ƙarancin lokaci.
Yason Konstantinovich Badridze, wanda aka haife shi a Georgia, a cikin gidan da ake ƙaunar yanayi da girmamawa, ya yanke shawarar ba da rayuwarsa ga ilimin ethology, kimiyyar da ke nazarin yanayin dabi'ar dabbobi. Zaɓin nasa ya faɗi akan binciken halayen karnuka. Pretty anjima, masanin ilmin halitta ya gano cewa ilimin kimiya game da kyarketai ya yi karanci, kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin binciken da gwaje-gwajen. Zai yiwu a yi nazarin rayuwar karnukan karnuka kawai a cikin mazauninsu na asali, kuma Badridze ya tafi zuwa ga Borjomi kwazazzabo, wanda ya saba da shi tun yana ƙuruciya, inda ya fara lura da rayuwar ƙungiyar kyarkeci, ba kawai daga waje ba, amma ɗaukar aiki a cikin ayyukan dangin dabba.
A cikin dangin karnuka
Sannu a hankali, sane da masaniyar karnukan wari, jaraba, sannan abota, ya ba Badridze damar gudanar da babban aikin kimiyya kuma, gwargwadon sakamakonsa, rubuta littafi game da karnukan karnuka da halayensu da haɓaka ilimin ɗan adam game da halayen karnukan bera a dabi'a.
Ofaya daga cikin mahimmancin masanin ilimin halittar rayuwa a cikin kundin kyarkeci shine lokacin da karnukan karnuka suka kare dan uwansu mai kafa biyu daga dabbar beyar - duk da cewa a cikin yanayin "majibin gandun daji", kyarkeci sun fi so su ƙetare kuma kada su shiga cikin yaƙin. Koyaya, lokacin da beyar ta sadu da masanin ilimin halitta ya nuna kulawa a gare shi, garken ya amsa kuma yaci gaba da kai hari, yana tilastawa beyar ta tafi.
Jason Badridze ya bayyana wani hadadden tsarin sadarwa a cikin kunshin wolf - na gani, wari, sauti, da kuma wanda ya kira telepathic. Wannan ikon dabbobi ya yarda ta hanyar kallo a farko kallo kamar bashi da wata ma'ana, amma daga baya gwaje-gwajen masanin kansa da kansa, wanda aka aiwatar a yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya tabbatar da ikon wolf na yada bayanai “ido zuwa ido”.
Bayan ya dawo ga rayuwar da ya saba, Badridze ya sadaukar da shekaru da yawa don aiki akan sake farfado da kyarkeci, watau an kubutar da karnukan wolf kuma danginsu sun koma mazauninsu na asali.
Kwarewar Farley Mowet da matan Dutcher
Marubucin Kanada kuma masanin ilimin halitta Farley Mowet sananne ne a cikin littafinsa Kada Kayi: 'Wolves!' Wanda, ko da yake yana da wasu almarar almarar, duk da haka yana ba da haske game da rayuwar karnukan karnuka a sararin Kanada.
Littafin mai cike da tarihi a yanayi, kuma yana dauke da lura da kuma kammalawa da masanin kimiyyar yayi na tsawon watanni na rayuwa a cikin kusancin fakitin Wolves. Kusa da kusanci ga garken a yankin da aka karanci karatu a Kanada ya baiwa Mowet bayanai masu yawa, musamman, cewa karnukan karnuka ba sa iya tayar da hankali ga mutane, kuma a rage yawan kwararowar caribou, kyarkeci ya fi karanci alhakin masu fashin da ke farauta gefuna.
Jim da Jamie Dutchers ma'aurata ne da suka rayu tsawon shekaru 6 a cikin tanti a cikin gandun daji na Idaho, suma a makabartar kyarkeci. Dangane da sakamakon ƙwarewar da suka samu, sun rubuta wani littafi mai suna Life tare da Wolves kuma suka yi fim mai suna iri ɗaya, wanda ya karɓi zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don lambobin talabijin daban-daban kuma sun sami kyautar Emmy Award for Best Documentary Films.
Babban abin da ya motsa Dutse shi ne irin yanayin hangen nesa da karnukan karnuka, waɗanda suka kafu a cikin jama'ar Amurkan, kawai kamar yadda masu farauta suke cutar da tattalin arzikin. Rayuwa tare da kyarketai sun nuna cewa karnukan karnuka suna da babban matsayi na tsara kai, yayin da suke fuskantar dimbin ra'ayoyi waɗanda suke daidai da na mutum, kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin sadarwa masu dumbin yawa. An ba da kyarukan Wolves na fakitin, wanda shine dalilin da yasa labarun game da dangantakar da ke cikin kunshin ta zama kamar sigar iyali. Bugu da kari, ma'auratan sun karyata matsayin cutarwa da karnukan karnuka masu kwarjini ga halittu, tare da tabbatarwa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwan, cewa adadin wadannan dabbobin da aka yiwa mutane a cikin shekaru da dama da shekarun da suka gabata ana lissafin su a raka'a, sabanin harin na wasu dabbobin daji.
A halin yanzu, tsinkayen karnuka ta hanyar wayewa ya fara canzawa, wannan dabbar ba alama ce ta daji ba, amma dabba ce mai hankali da nutsuwa. Bugu da kari, kar mu manta cewa dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata shine kyarkeci ya zama amintaccen abokin mutum a farauta da kare gidan, daga karshe ya zama karen kare.
Duniyar dabbobin daji ba kawai masana kimiyya bane, amma masu fasaha waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar hotunan dabbobi masu ban mamaki waɗanda basu da bambanci daga hotuna.
Shin kuna son labarin? To ku tallafa mana latsa:
Shirya
Yarinyar Ellie daga Kansas da karenta mai aminci Totoshka sun fada cikin Fairyland. Girgizar, wanda mummunan sihiri ta Gingem, ta ɗauki vanyari tare da Ellie da Totoshka ta hanyar hamada da tsaunuka marasa iyaka. Mai sihiri irinta Willina ta ba da motar wanda hakan yasa ta sauka kai tsaye kan kan Gingema kuma ta murƙushe shi. Villina ta gaya wa Ellie cewa babbar maye Goodwin, wanda ke zaune da kuma dokoki a cikin Emerald City, na iya mayar da ita Kansas. Don dawowa gida, Ellie dole ne ya taimaki halittu ukun don cikar burin da suke so. Tare da Toto ta hanyar mu'ujiza wanda ke magana da mu'ujiza, yarinyar ta tashi a kan wata hanyar tubali mai launin rawaya zuwa Emerald City. (Kafin barin, Totoshka ya kawo Ellie kyautar azurfa na Gingham.) Tare da hanya, Ellie ya hadu da wani yanayin da ya farfado, Scarecrow, wanda sha'awar shi shine samun kwakwalwar mutum, Iron Lumberjack, wanda yake mafarkin sake dawo da zuciyar da ya rasa, da kuma Zakin Cowardly, wanda ba shi da ƙarfin hali don ya zama ainihin sarkin dabbobi. Tare suna tafiya zuwa Emerald City zuwa ga maye Goodwin, Mai Girma da Tsoro, don roƙonsa ya cika burin da suke so. Bayan sun tsira daga halaye masu yawa (harin na Ogre, haɗuwa tare da Sabretooth Tigers, ƙetara kogi, tsallaka filin wasan cin amana) da yin abokai a lokaci guda, suna zuwa Emerald City. (A ƙarshen kasada ta uku, Ellie ta sami masaniya da sarauniyar filin mice Ramina, wanda ya ba ta zoben azurfa don yarinyar ta iya kiranta idan ya cancanta.) Duk da haka, Goodwin ya yarda da cika burinsu a kan yanayin guda ɗaya - dole ne su 'yantar da Violet Land daga ikon mai sihiri masaniyar Bastinda,' yar uwa. marigayin Gingham. Ellie da abokanta sunyi la'akari da irin wannan kasuwancin mara fata, amma har yanzu sun yanke shawarar gwada shi.
Da farko sun yi sa'a: sun kange harin da karnukan kyarkeci, bokaye da ƙudan zuma da Bastinda ya aiko, amma Monwararrun Flying, waɗanda Bastinda ya tara su tare da taimakon sihirin sihirin, sun lalata Scarecrow da Lumberjack kuma suka kama Leo. Ellie ba ta da lahani kawai saboda tana da kariya ta takalman azanci na Totoshka da aka samo a kogon Gingema. Bastinda, ba kamar Ellie ba, ya san game da ikon sihiri na takalmin 'yar uwarta kuma yana fatan satar su daga yarinyar ta hanyar wayo. Da zarar ta kusan yin nasara, amma Ellie doused Bastinda da ruwa daga guga, kuma masihirta ta narke (saboda an annabta cewa zata mutu daga ruwa sabili da haka ba ta wanke fuska ba har shekara ɗari biyar!). Ellie, tare da taimakon 'yanta Miguns na' yanci, ya dawo da Scarecrow da Lumberjack zuwa rayuwa, kuma Miguns sun nemi Lumberjack ya zama mai mulkin su, wanda ya amsa cewa dole ne ya fara samun zuciya.
Kamfanin ya dawo da nasara, amma Goodwin ba ya cikin hanzari don cika burinsu. Kuma lokacin da suka fara samun masu sauraro, ya zama mai nuna cewa Goodwin ba haƙiƙa bane, amma kawai talakawa ne, da zarar an kawo shi cikin Magic Land a balanba. Koda yawancin emeralds masu kyau waɗanda ke ƙawata birni, galibi, sune gilashin sauƙi waɗanda ke bayyana kore saboda gilashin kore waɗanda ake buƙata kowa ya suturta a cikin birni (da alama yana kare idanu daga ƙyalƙyalin idanuwan emeralds). Koyaya, sha'awar abokan Ellie har yanzu sun cika. A zahiri, Scarecrow, Lumberjack da Leo sun mallaki halayen da suke fata game da su, amma sun sami gatanci kansu. Saboda haka, jakar alama tare da allura da fil, raunin zuciya da kvass "don ƙarfin gwiwa", wanda Goodwin ya shirya, yana taimaka wa abokai su sami hankali, kirki da ƙarfin zuciya. Ellie kuma a ƙarshe ya sami damar komawa gida: Goodwin, wanda ya gaji da gabatar da matsayin maye, ya yanke shawarar gyara balbalin nasa sannan ya koma ƙasarsu tare da Ellie da Totoshka. Yana sanya wanda zai kula da masu hikimar zama magajinsa. Koyaya, kafin ya tashi, iska ta watse igiya da ke riƙe balloon, sai Goodwin ya tashi kawai, ya bar Ellie a Fairyland.
A kan shawarar tsohon sojan dogo Dean Gyor, abokai, har da Scarecrow wadanda suka bar kujerar na ɗan lokaci, suka tashi a kan sabon tafiya - zuwa ƙasar Pink mai nisa, zuwa ga sihiri mai kyau Stella. Hakanan akwai haɗarin da ke jiransu a hanya, wanda babban ambaliyar ruwa ce ta same su a tsibirin a tsakiyar Kogin Nilu. Neman juna bayan ambaliyar da ketare kogin, Ellie da abokanta sun fada cikin gandun daji, wanda dabbobi ke neman kariya daga babbar gizo gizo. Zakin mara tsoro ya ci gizo-gizo kuma dabbobi sun san shi a matsayin sarkinsu. Sannan Ellie yana buƙatar tsallaka dutsen Marrano, inda lyinga Fan Flying suke taimaka mata.
A ƙarshe, Ellie ya isa Pink Country, kuma mai sihiri Stella ya bayyana mata asirin takalman azurfa: suna iya canja wurin mai shi zuwa kowane nesa, kuma Ellie zai iya komawa Kansas a kowane lokaci. Anan abokai sun ce ban kwana, Scarecrow, Lumberjack da Leo sun tafi ga mutanen da shugabanninsu suka zama (an kawo Flying Monkeys a can bisa umarnin sihiri Stella, wanda Ellie ya ba da kyautar Golden), kuma Ellie ta dawo gida ga iyayenta.
'Yan wasa
- Ellie
- Toto
- Sankarini
- Lumberjack
- Inanan zaki
- Gingham
- Villina
- Bastinda
- Stella
- Aminci
- Harakar Jigo
- Faramant
- Dean Gyor
- Lestar
- Fregoza
- Ramina - Sarauniyar Firam Mice
- Cannibal
- Sabar-toothed damisa
- Manyan gizo-gizo
- Birai masu birgewa
Bambancin sigar
Akwai su da yawa bugu na tatsuniyar, kuma rubutun su bai dace ba. Marubucin ya saba aiwatar da littafin sau da yawa, kuma idan nau'ikan farkon sun kasance fassarar tatsuniyar Baum ce tare da maye gurbin wasu aukuwa, to a cikin sigogin da suka gabata an canza haruffan da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ke haifar da yanayin kansa na Fairyland, sananne ya bambanta da Oz.
Abubuwa shahararrun siffofi guda uku da mahimman kayan aikin su:
- Bugun 1939 - mafi kusa ga rubutun Baum na asali:
- Ellie maraya ce da ke zaune tare da kawunanta da inna,
- Hamada ce kawai ke kewaye da ƙasar sihiri, amma ba tsaunukan da ke duniya ba ne,
- matsafa da haruffa ba su da sunaye,
- a cikin daji tsakanin kwari kwari Tigers bears live,
- a cikin tsaunukan arewa na Pink Country suna zaune da guntun wando marasa ƙarfi tare da wuyan wuyan elongate.
- Bugu na 1959:
- Ellie yana da iyaye
- bokaye suna samun sunayenmu na yau da kullun
- zakoki mai maye gurbin bishiyoyin sabor-toothed,
- Prygunov - manyan maza masu tsalle-tsalle waɗanda suka buga abokan gaba da kawunansu da dunkule.
- Fasali na Uku:
- Scarecrow ya fara magana da yawan ajiyar wurare, a hankali yana motsawa zuwa madaidaicin magana,
- Kafin haduwa da Eater, Ellie ta cire takalmanta, ta haka ta rasa kariyar sihirin ta,
- sunaye Fleet, Lestar, Warra,
- Masu tsalle suna kiran kansu Marrans,
- Mai Lumberjack bai ce zai kawo amaryarsa zuwa Violet Land ba,
- duk nassoshi na giwaye a cikin yankin Magic Land an cire su,
- an ambaci cewa nadin Scarecrow a matsayin mai mulkin Emerald City ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin wasu daga cikin masu girmamawar.
Banbancin ƙarshen, a fili, an tsara shi don mafi kyawun haɗin littafin tare da jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka rubuta wannan lokacin. Baya ga manyan canje-canjen da aka lissafa a sama, akwai bambance-bambancen rubutu da yawa tsakanin waɗannan littattafan, kamar sauya kalmomin mutum. Zamu iya cewa labarin ya sake rubuta rubutu dayawa sau da yawa.
An haɗa littafin a cikin shirin don ɗaliban makarantun koyar da ɗalibai a cikin ilimin halayyar '' Littattafan Yara ''.
Banbancin Labari
Kodayake zaku iya sake fasalin taƙaitaccen shirin "Mayen Oz" da "Babban mayen Oz na Oz" tare da kalmomi iri ɗaya, bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin waɗannan littattafan suna da yawa kuma suna da zurfi nesa ba kusa ba cikin wani harshe da maye gurbin sunayenku, kamar yadda maiyuwa ga alama daga farkon gani. Ga jerin gajerun bambance-bambance:
- Babban halin shi ne Ellie Smith, ba Dorothy Gale ba, kuma tana da iyaye (John da Anna Smith), yayin da Dorothy maraya ne tare da Uncle Henry da Aunt Em.
- Bayanin Volkov na rayuwar yarinyar Kansas bai cika da baƙin ciki ba kamar na Baum.
- Duk da cewa Baum Dorothy mai ilimi ne, karatun karatu yana da matukar ƙima a rayuwarta. Karanta karatun Volkov sosai, karanta ba kawai tatsuniyoyi ba ne kawai, har ma da littattafai masu ba da labari (alal misali, game da tsoffin sabulu-hakori damisa), yawanci suna barin saƙonnin saƙo.
- Guguwa da ta kawo Ellie zuwa Sihirin Sihiri ta lalace ne ta hanyar mugayen sihiri Gingham, wanda yake son ya lalata duniya, kuma an yiwa gidan kallon Gingham ta hanyar sihirin Villina (Baum yana da hadari - bala'i ne na gama gari, kuma mutuwar mai sihiri ita ce haɗari).
- An ba Dan hoton hoto na Gingema a matsayin mai sihiri mai ƙarfi, an sa mata suna 'yar'uwar Bastinda. Baum yana da tarihin tunawa da mazaunan gari game da sihirin gabas, kuma sihiri ta Yamma ba ita ba 'yar uwarta.
- Lokacin da yake haɗuwa tare da mai sihiri, Dorothy ya ce: "Ina tsammanin duk matsafan mugaye ne." Ellie: "Shin ku masihirta ce? Amma ta yaya mama ta gaya mani cewa a yanzu babu masu maye? ”
- Totoshka, sau ɗaya a cikin Magic Land, ya fara magana da mutuntaka, kamar sauran dabbobin ƙasar. A cikin Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Oz, har yanzu ba shi da ma'ana (dukda cewa ɗayan littattafan da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa shi ma, ya iya magana, amma bai so).
- Volkov's sihiri ƙasar ba shi da dama, an yi shinge daga ƙasashen waje ba wai kawai daga hamada ba, har ma da jerin sigogin tsaunin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba.
- Gabatarwa daga sassan Magic Land zuwa maki masu mahimmanci hoto ne na madubi na Oz: idan Baum yana da countryasan ƙasar, inda Dorothy ya fara tafiya, yana gabas, to Volkov yana da shi a yamma.
- Sunaye na kasashe sun canza launin launi: Kasar rawaya ta Baum ta dace da kasar violet na ƙasar Volkov, haka ma dai. Matsayin Volkov na ƙasashe gaba ɗaya ba shi da ma'ana, tsarin ya ɓace, gwargwadon abin da tsaka-tsakin launi na bakan - kore - yana tsakanin matsanancin. Amma wata hanya ta taso - ƙasar mugayen matsafa waɗanda launuka masu "sanyi", ƙasar kyawawan sihiri - masu "ɗumi".
- A cikin Wizard of Oz, masu sihiri ba masu suna da suna, ban da Glinda, kyakkyawan sihiri na kudu. Don Volkov, ana kiran sihiri mai kyau na Pink Country Stella, kuma masu sihiri na Arewa, Gabas da Yamma suna karɓar sunayen Willin, Gingham da Bastind, bi da bi.
- A Volkov, mutanen Magic Land sun bambanta da alamomin halayyar: Maƙallan --an bango - suna ƙyalli idanunsu, Munchkins - suna jujjuya jajayen. Baum bashi da irin wannan halayen, suna kawai.
- Ga Volkov, ana kiran mai maye da suna Goodwin, kuma ana kiran ƙasar da Wizard Country, don Baum, ana kiran ƙasar Oz, kuma maye shine Oscar Zoroaster Fadrig Isaac Norman Hankle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs. Shi da kansa ya fadi baqaqen ne kawai, kuma ba ya ba haruffa na karshe da suka haifar da kalmar "OzPinhead", wanda ke nufin "OzGlupets."
- Ellie tana karɓar hasashen sha'awace-sha'awace guda uku waɗanda dole ne a cika su domin ta iya komawa Kansas.Ba a ba wa Dorothy wani yanayi ba, amma, ba a ba ta wani alƙawarin ba, sai don taƙaitaccen umarnin - don zuwa Emerald City. Bugu da kari, ta karɓi sihiri ta Sihiri daga Sihiri mai kyau na Arewa, tare da ba ta tabbatacciyar hanya, kuma duk wahalar tana cikin hanyar tafiya kawai. Hanyar Ally ba kawai ta yi nisa ba, har ma tana da mutuƙar mutu, kuma ba tare da abokai masu aminci ba galibi suna da wahala.
- Dorothy yana karɓar takalman sihiri, kuma daga baya hat hat (tare da gidan wuta), a matsayin gado na doka daga sihirin matan da aka kashe. Ellie da takalmi da hat sun tafi, gabaɗaya, kwatsam.
- A cewar Baum, taron, wanda ya shawarci Scarecrow ya sami kwakwalwa, ya koya wa sauran tsuntsayen kada su ji tsoron sa. Volkov bai yi magana kai tsaye game da wannan ba. Volkov da kansa ya bayyana da "babban disheveled," daga Baum ta kasance "da haihuwa."
- Berwararren ɓoye a cikin littattafan Volkov (kuma - bisa ga al'adar da aka kafa - a yawancin fassarar fassarar Russia na tatsuniyoyi game da ƙasar Oz) ana yin ƙarfe. Baum yana da gwangwani. Matsayar Volkov, sabanin Baum, sauƙaƙe “yana rasa fuska” - fentin idanu da bakin an wanke su da ruwa.
- Tsakanin haɗuwa da Lumberjack da haɗuwa da zaki, Wolves ya saka ƙarin babi wanda Eater ya sace Ellie. Scarecrow da Lumberjack suna kulawa don 'yantar da yarinyar kuma suka kashe Ogre.
- A cewar Baum, ba alamun Saber-toothed da ke zaune a cikin daji tsakanin kogin, sai dai Calidases - halittun da jikin beyar, shugaban damisa da kuma hakora masu tsawo wadanda kowane ɗayansu zai iya tsage zaki.
- An ba da sunan Volkov ga sarauniyar mice na filin (Ramina) kuma an nuna shi a fili cewa, lokacin da ta rabu, ta bar Ellie wata kukan azaba wacce za a iya kiranta. A Baum, sarauniyar mice kawai ta faɗi cewa Dorothy na iya kiran ta a kowane lokaci ta hanyar zuwa filin, ko da yake daga baya Dorothy ta kira Sarauniyar Mice tare da kukan, wanda a baya ba a ambata a labarin ba.
- Wakilin Baum, yana tsaron fadar masihirtan, nan da nan ya wuce matafiya, ana kiransa "soja tare da korayen bakinsa", Volkov ya ba shi suna - Dean Gyor kuma ya gabatar da wani yanayi tare da hada gemu.
- Goodwin, aika Ellie da kawayenta zuwa Violet Land, ta umurce su da su kwace Bastind na iko, komai hanya. Oz ya ba Dorothy bayyanannun tsari don kashe masihirta.
- An canza kalmomin sihirin da ke haifar da Flying Birrai - kamar duk lokutan da aka rubuta a littattafan Volkov, sun fi karin sauti kuma ba sa buƙatar alamun motsa jiki, kamar tsayawa a kafa ɗaya, kamar Baum.
- Birai masu tashi ba su cutar da Ellie saboda tsoron takalman azurfa. A cewar Baum, yarinyar tana da kariya ta sumbanta sihiri mai kyau na Arewa, Volkov bai ambata shi kwata-kwata.
- An bayyana sakin Ellie a garin Bastinda da karin bayani dalla-dalla, hoton mai dafa Fregosa ya bayyana, an kara da dalilin shirya zanga-zangar adawa da Bastinda.
- Baum Dorothy bai san cewa maye na Yamma yana tsoron ruwa. A Volkov, Ellie ya san game da wannan tsoron Bastinda (wani lokacin ma ta yi amfani da ruwa da aka zube a ƙasa don kawar da sihiri) na ɗan lokaci), amma ba ta ɗaukar cewa ruwa mai mutu ne a gare ta ba.
- A Baum, don ɗaukar takalmin azurfa, mai sihiri ta yi amfani da waya wacce ta sanya mara ganuwa. A Volkov, Bastinda ya rasa duk kayan aikin sihiri kuma ya ci nasarar igiya.
- A lokacin da aka kama Volkov, Ellie Bastind ta daina zama mai sihiri kuma yanzu za ta iya kayar da ita daga hannun mutane. Baum, duk da gaskiyar cewa masihirta ta yi asarar mata sihirinta, amma tana riƙe da ikon maita.
- Bastinda, lokacin da Ellie yayi mata ruwa, yayi bayanin cewa bata wanke fuska ba tsawon ƙarni saboda ta sami hasashen mutuwa daga ruwa. A cikin Baum, mayya ta yamma kawai ta faɗi cewa ruwan zai kashe ta, sannan ta sanar da Dorothy cewa ta kasance shugabar katangar, kuma ta yarda cewa tana da mugunta sosai a rayuwarta.
- Labarin Monan Birni a cikin Volkov an ba da cikakken bayani game da Baum.
- A Volkov, Totoshka ya gano Goodwin yana ɓoye bayan allon saboda ƙanshi. A cewar Baum, Totoshka ya fallasa wannan maye cikin hadari yayin da ya tafi kusa da shi, yana jin tsoron hayaniyar Leo.
- Goodwin, kamar Ellie, ya fito ne daga Kansas. Oz daga Omaha ne, kusa da Kansas. Goodwin, kafin ya zama wasan iska, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, yana wasa da sarakuna da jarumawa, yayin da Oz ya kasance mai son motsa jiki ne.
- A cikin Baum, magajin ga Wizard ya kasance "mai ban tsoro ga kan kursiyin" a cikin wata shuɗar shuɗar shuɗi da suttura, a cikin Volkov the Scarecrow - wani esthete da dandy, ya fara sarauta tare da sabunta kayan aikinta (wanda ya yi burin samun gwanaye a filin).
- A cewar Baum, hanyar zuwa Dandakiyar Siye da Kudu ta ratsa daji tare da bishiyoyi masu yaƙi da wata ƙasa ta Porcelain. Ga Volkov, waɗannan ƙasashe ba su nan gaba ɗaya, amma an ƙara wani babi tare da ambaliyar ruwa, tun da Volkov ya canza shugabanci na yanzu da kuma hanyar babban kogin na Magic Land. Tana tahowa daga arewa zuwa kudu, sannan gabas zuwa kasar Miguns (a Baum wannan kogin yana gudana daga kudu, ya juya zuwa yamma, yana wucewa kusa da Emerald City a ɗan arewa, kuma yana guduwa zuwa yamma .. Saboda haka, ba toshe daga Emerald City zuwa Kasar Pink).
- Harshe na ƙarshe da ke kan tafiya zuwa Volkov zuwa Haɗin Pink ba Hammer-Heads bane, amma Jumpers (Marranes) (duk da haka, a farkon fitowar littafin an bayyana su da "makamai mara gajeriyar harbi", wanda ya sanya su mafi kama da Hammerheads).
- Ellie ta kira Biranen Flying a cikin ofasar Jumpers, bayan Toto ya gaya mata cewa bayan sha'awar ta uku, za ta iya canja wurin Golden Hat ga kowane daga cikin abokanta (to, Ellie ta yi mata alƙawarin Scarecrow). Dorothy ba ya shirin yin amfani da Biranen Flying a nan gaba.
- A cewar Volkov, ƙasar Pink tana zaune ne a cikin Chatterboxes - masoya na hira, a cewar Baum - ƙasar ta Krasnaya da mazaunanta ba su da bambanci da sauran mutanen Oz, in banda zaɓi na ja.
- Komawa Kansas, Ellie ya hadu a garin Goodwin kusa da nan. Baum bashi da wannan abun.
Bambance-bambance a cikin bangaren ruhi-tunani
Kwatanta "Mashahurin Macijin Oz" da "Wizard na Emerald City" sun nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan ayyukan dangane da yadda suke cike da nutsuwa da turanci. Yayinda rubutun na asali ana iya ɗauka tsaka tsaki ko mai rinjaye (tare da abubuwa na "kyakkyawa" da kuma "nishaɗi") shirin Volkov shine "duhu" rubutu. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin nassoshi game da canje-canje a cikin tunanin halin da Baum bashi da, amfani da kalmomin "tsoro," "dariya," fadada kwatancen, da yawan ambaton sauti da onomatopoeia. Ruwan da aka ambata sau da yawa: ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin babi na "ambaliyar ruwa", Volkov ya kara da cewa, a cikin bayanin gidan Goodwin akwai tafkuna, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, moat da ruwa - cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ba su da asali, ambaton rafin kuma yana bayyana lokacin da suke bayanin rafin da ke haye hanyar . Wani fasalin rubutun Volkov shine jumlar karin magana sau da yawa, musamman a cikin sassan da ba a asalin ba.
Fassara
Duk da cewa littafin da kansa fassarar ce, ita kanta, an fassara shi zuwa yaruka da yawa, ciki har da Ingilishi da Jamusanci, kuma an buga shi a kusan dukkanin tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu.
An buga bugun mujallar nan na Wizard ta farko a Jamhuriyyar Dimokiradiya da Tarayyar ta Jamus a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Shekaru 40, littafin ya tsira har sau 10, har ma da sake haduwa da Jamusanci, lokacin da Baum littattafan asali na Baum suka sami Gabas ta Jamusanci, ana ci gaba da buga juye-juye na littattafan Volkov tare da ci gaba da fansho. Rubutun bugu na 11, wanda aka buga a 2005, da waɗanda suka biyo baya, an gyara, kuma littafin ya sami sabon salo. Koyaya, a shekara ta 2011, bisa ga yawan buƙatun masu karatu, aka tilasta gidan bugawa ya koma buga littafin a cikin tsohuwar ƙirar, a cikin tsohon sigar fassarar har ma da "al'ada" bayan ma'anar, yana fallasa kasawar tsarin jari hujja.
Bayanna
A cikin rubutun bayan littafin, A.M. Volkov, yayin da yake magana game da matasa masu karatu a zamanin shi, ya nuna cewa sun yi matukar mamaki da suka fahimci cewa Babban Mai Girma Wizard Goodwin ba da gaske maye ba ne. Sannan Volkov ya rubuta cewa labarinsa yana koyar da cewa dukkan yaudara da dukkan ƙarairayi an bayyana su bada jimawa ba. Kyakkyawan hali, amma mai rauni mai rauni Goodwin bashi da kwarewa ta musamman da sha'awar aiki. Yarda da cewa rayuwa a cikin Kasa na Magic daidai yake da rayuwa a cikin ɗan jari hujja Amurka na yau, bai ga wata hanya ba don kansa don samun nasara da wadata, sai dai maƙaryaci. Wannan karyar na yau da kullun yana haifar da Goodwin har zuwa lokacin da ya aika da ƙaramin yarinya maimakon kansa don yin yaƙi da mugayen sihiri. A. A. M. Volkov a cikin bayanin bayannan yana nuna cewa ya rubuta labarin tatsuniyoyinsa "Mayen Maganar Emerald City" dangane da labarin marubucin nan Ba'amurke Lyman Frank Baum, wanda ake kira "Mutumin nan mai hikima daga ƙasar Oz", yana ba da labarin ranar da aka sake ta a Amurka - 1900, kuma game da da yawa jerin. Ya rubuta cewa ya canza abubuwa da yawa a littafin Baum kuma ya rubuta sabon babi. Ya faɗi cewa Totoshka a Baum, sabanin Totoshka, bebi ne. Bugu da kari, the afterword ya ce marubucin ya fara rubuta littafi na biyu game da fitowar Ellie da abokanta - "Oorfene Deuce da sojojinsa na katako."
Jerin hanyoyin sake zagayowar littattafai A. Volkova. Ci gaba
Litattafan Volkov da aka haɗa cikin zagayen Emerald City an haɗa su da jerin labarai guda ɗaya cikin jerin masu zuwa:
- "Wizard na Emerald City" (1939, 1959).
- "Oorfene Deuce da Sojan sa na Itace" (1963).
- "Sarakuna bakwai na ƙasa" (1964).
- The Fiery God of Marrans (1968).
- Farar Fari (1970).
- "Sirrin Masarauta da Aka Rage" (1976, 1982).
Idan budurwar Ellie ta kasance babbar alama a cikin littattafan ukun farko, to, a cikin littafi na huɗu marubucin ya gabatar da sabon jaruma, wato ƙaramar'san Ellie - Annie, wacce ta “maye gurbin” Ellie a cikin abubuwan adabin ta na sihiri.
Akwai cigaban labarin:
- labarin "Emerald Rain," wanda Yuri Kuznetsov ya rubuta,
- jerin litattafai '' Emerald City '' '' Talals of the Emerald City '' wanda Sergey Sukhinov ya rubuta.
Siffar allo da kuma samarwa
- "Mayen na garin Emerald City" wasan kwaikwayo ne 'yar tsana da bangare biyu (Gidan Talabijin na Tsakiya, USSR, 1968). Darakta: Nina Zubareva. Marwan sun bayyana matsayin: Maria Vinogradova, Rostislav Plyatt, Boris Runge, Alexey Pokrovsky, Oleg Tabakov, Sergey Tseits. A cikin rawar wani wawa - Anatoly Barantsev. Mawaki - Gennady Gladkov, mawaƙa - Yuri Entin. Mawallafin marubucin labarin a cikin kuɗi shi ake kira Alexei Volkov.
- "Wizard na Emerald City" - zane mai ban dariya da yawa (TO "allo", USSR, 1973).
- “Mayen na Emerald City” - wani fim (M. Gorky Film Studio, Russia, 1994).
- "Kasada a cikin Emerald City" - wani fim mai rai mai kayatarwa mai yawa (Studios Mill a buƙatun NTV-Kino, 1999-2000)
A cikin 1970, bisa ga labarin F. Baum da littafin A. Volkov, kamfanin "Melody" ya fitar da rikodin tare da kayan adabi da kide-kide "Mayen Magana na Emerald City". An bayyana matsayin da: E. Sinelnikova (Elli), V. Doronin (Scarecrow), A. Papanov (Iron Lumberjack), R. Plyatt (zaki mai zaki), I. Masing (Totoshka, Bastinda), G. Vitsin (Goodwin), M Babanova (Villina), E. Nachalov (Jagora na Birai), N. Aleksakhin (Masu gadi, Tiger), A. Kostyukova (Mama) da E. Fridman (Papa).
A Jamus, an saka wasannin rediyo biyu a littafin:
- Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Darakta: Dieter Scharfenberg, LITERA junior 1991, MC.
- Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Darakta: Paul Hartmann, Deutsche Grammophon - Junior 1994, MC.
A watan Mayun 2006, an fitar da sigar sauraren littafin a CDs biyu. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo da darakta Katarina Talbach ta karanta rubutun:
- Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Jumbo Neue Medien, 2CD, ISBN 3-8337-1533-2
Saurari muryar ƙyar
Amma ga masana kimiyya da masana kimiyyar halittu, kyarkeci ba mummunan halitta bane. Masana sun ce karnukan karnuka suna da kunya, suna yin iya ƙoƙarinsu don guje wa haɗuwa da mutum. Wata kasida a cikin mujallar kimiyya Geo ta ba da rahoton cewa a zahiri waɗannan mafarautan suna tsoron mutane. Kodayake kyarkeci yana da yanayin da ya fi tsoratarwa, bai kamata ka yi tunanin cewa dukansu masu sihiri ba ne.
Wolves suna da hankali, masu ƙaddara ƙarfi.
Masanin ilimin halitta Paul Package, wanda ya yi nazarin halayen karnukan karnuka shekaru da yawa, da gaske ya faɗi ƙaunar waɗannan dabbobin. Ya ce kyarkeci suna da motsin rai: suna iya yin farin ciki, baƙin ciki har ma da nuna halin walwala. Bulus har ma ya kalli tsohuwar wolf, wacce ke da rauni sosai da gurgu, ba zai iya farauta da kanshi ba, amma karnukan karnukan ba su bar shi daga fakitin ba, sun ciyar da shi, duk da cewa tsohuwar ba ta buƙatar dangi. Ko da menene, fakitin sun yaba masa kuma ba su bar shi ya mutu ba saboda yunwar. Wadanne dabbobi ne za su iya kiyaye irin wannan ɗan adam?
Neman farauta
Wolves farauta a fakitoci.
Halin halayyar karnukan kyarketai shine farautarsu cikin fakitoci. A bangare guda, irin wannan dabarar tana da amfani, amma a gefe guda, tana barazana ga rayuwarsu. Yin farauta a cikin fakitoci, kyarketai ne ke samun abinci da kansu kuma suna ciyar da jariransu.
Wolves suna da ƙanshin gaske, da ji mai kyau da kuma cikakkiyar hangen nesa. Bugu da kari, sun sami damar gudanarwa da sauri, suna shawo kan dogon nesa, wanda ya sa mafarauta daga gare su suna da kyau kwarai. Amma waɗannan masu ƙaddarawar ba su kai hari ga dabbobi ba a jere, alal misali, ƙaƙƙarfan maza da manya. Sun zabi wani ganima mai rauni, saboda haka karin abinci ya rage ga dabbobi masu lafiya. Saboda haka, hakika, akwai fa'ida daga waɗannan mafarautan, saboda kyawawan dalilai ana kiransu "masu tsari daga gandun daji."
Sadarwar kyarkeci
Wolves ɗin suna da kyakkyawar ma'anar wari da ikon bayar da amsa nan da nan don ganima.
Amma game da mummunan ƙyar karnukan wolf, wanda ke yaduwa sama da kilomita da yawa, wannan kawai hanya ce ta sadarwa tsakanin karnuka da danginsu. Idan daya daga cikin mutanen ya rabu da kunshin lokacin farauta, to ya tashi zuwa tsauni da sautuka, don haka yana kira ga sauran mambobin fakitin.
Bugu da kari, da taimakon kururuwa, karnukan karnuka sun nuna cewa an riga an mamaye wannan ƙasa, kuma baƙi ba za su iya iƙirarin hakan ba. Kuma wani lokacin waɗannan dabbobin zasu iya yin kuka kuma irin wannan, suna bayyana farin cikinsu. Lokacin da duk garken suka fara kuka, da alama suna jin daɗin babban mawaƙinsu.
Ga kunnen mutum, irin wannan waƙoƙin yana damun sa, amma kyarkeci ya fi so.
Wolves a hankali suna kiyaye yankinsu.
Baya ga hayaniya, karnukan karnuka suna da sauran nau'ikan sadarwa: haɓaka, ƙarairayi, ƙwanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, suna amfani da matattarar magana don sadarwa. Duk wannan yana taimaka musu don haɗu da haɗin gwiwa a cikin fakitin kuma su sami wani matsayi na zamantakewa a cikin dangi.
Siffofin waje na Wolves
Harshen fada yakan faru ne a cikin dangi guda.
Yi la'akari da kyarkeci. Suna da kauri mai kauri, yawanci launin toka, wani lokacin yana iya zama launin baki. A kan ulu hade da launin ruwan kasa, ana samun baƙi da fari gashi. Wolves suna da kyan gani: masu launin rawaya.
Yanayin dabi'a da wuraren shakatawa na karnukan kyar
Shin akwai hatsari ga makomar karnuka? Haka ne, tun da farko an samo waɗannan masu farauta ko'ina a cikin Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma a yau suna zaune ne a wasu yankuna: a Amurka, Kanada, Alaska da Russia.
Wolf ɗin da take kwance tana kama da kwance kuma babu lahani.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi imani cewa ya kamata a ƙirƙiri ƙarin wuraren halitta na musamman da ajiyar dabbobi. A yau, wuraren shakatawa da yawa suna gida ga namun daji. A cikin Banff Park, wanda yake a cikin Kanada, karnukan karnukan ba su haɗu ba har kusan shekaru 40, amma a cikin 80s su da kansu sun dawo daga Dutsen Rocky. Ga mutane da yawa, dawowar karnuka 65 zuwa asalin ƙasarsu ya zama hutu na gaske. Hakanan a Faransa, karnukan karnuka sun dawo bayan sun kwashe shekaru 50 basu dawo ba. Bugu da kari, sun dawo Italiya. A cikin National Park Yellow, wanda yake a cikin Amurka, karnukan kyarketai sun fara bayyana sake, waɗanda aka lalata fiye da shekaru 40 da suka gabata. A yau, mutane da yawa da ke ziyartar wurin shakatawa suna fatan cikakken dawowar Wolves, kamar yadda a baya waɗannan dabbobin sun kasance muhimmin sashi na yanayin ƙasa.
Abota da ƙyamar wolf da mutum: sun ce hakan ba mai yiwuwa ba ne, amma, kececence ake yi.
Amma masu shayarwa basa son dawo da karnukan kasarsu ta asali. Masanin Halittu L ..David Mack ya ce idan makiyaya suka koma Yellowstone, to a waje daya tilas ne a sanya ido sosai a kan dabbobin. Abin da zai faru gobe ga karnukan karnuka a wannan duniyar da mutum ke mulki ba a san shi ba.
Makomar karnuka
Yawancin mutane waɗanda ke nuna sha'awar dawowar karnukan kyar suna nuna cewa halaye ga waɗannan mafarautan a hankali yana canzawa. Littafin "Wolf: yanayin da ke kewaye da yawan jama'a" yana cewa mutum har yanzu yana da damar da zai ceci kyarkeci waɗanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali. Dukkanta ya dogara ne akan ilimin mutum, don haka dole ne a yi nazarin halayen karnuka.
Ya kamata mutane su fahimci wa kansu cewa karnukan karnuka ba masu fafatukar su bane, suna da dabbobi masu fa'ida ga muhalli da yanayi baki daya, saboda haka suna buƙatar kariya ta hankali.
Farauta
Da kyarkeci bai yi farauta shi kadai ba. Wannan shine yadda suke rayuwa da ciyar da dangi. Ana nuna su da kyawawan halaye na fara'a. Su ne Hardy, kuma suna iya shawo kan dogon nesa a cikin mafi kankanin lokacin yiwuwa. Ba dukkan karnuka ne ke kawo hari ba. Suna ganin abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da ƙarfi daga gare su kuma suna ƙoƙarin guje musu.
Babban hanyar sadarwa
Lsahonin da kyarketai ke ɗauka hanya ɗaya ce ta sadarwa da irin nasu. Don haka suna magana game da ganima, yankin binciken ko wani bayani mai amfani ga wasu karnukan kyarketai. Za'a iya amfani da 'yankuna da yawa don sadarwa. Wolves a koyaushe a shirye suke don yin gwagwarmaya har zuwa ƙarshe don ƙasarsu, su ne masu.
Kiyayya da kauna ga kyarkeci
A ambaton wolf, yawancin motsin zuciyarmu suna tashi koyaushe kuma yawancin su ba su da kyau, saboda mutane sun kafa fahimta game da waɗannan dabbobin, kuma tsoro ya sami asali daga tushen wariyar launin fata.
Duniyar duniyar kyarma.
Mutane ba sa son kyarkeci, kamar mahara. Bugu da kari, karnukan karnuka suna kawo matsaloli da yawa ga manoma, yayin da suke farautar dabbobi. Hakanan, ƙirƙirar mummunan suna ya kasance yana da tasiri ga almara da tatsuniyoyi. A cikin tatsuniyar tatsuniya, ana ɗaukar wannan ma'abutan mugunta da mugunta. Kowa ya san labarin game da Little Red Riding Hood saboda haka yana jin tsoron karnuka, amma ya kamata a sani cewa irin wannan tsoron ba tushe bane, domin karnukan karnukan karnukan gaske wani lokaci suna kaiwa mutane hari.