Kwayoyin kwayoyi sune kwari mafi tsufa na kwari: ragowar magabatansu na nesa wanda masanan suka gano a zamanin Carboniferous (shekaru miliyan 350-300 da suka gabata). Bayan haka, tsawon shekarun juyin halitta bashi da tasiri a bayyanar karnukan kwari, don haka aka tsara wadannan halittu a matsayin na farko. Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun gano da kuma rarrabe fiye da nau'ikan 5,000 kwari na wadannan kwari. Amma jinsunan dodo da za a iya lura da su a yankin Turai na Rasha kalilan ne: babu sama da ɗari daga cikinsu. Wadannan kwari sun fi son yanayin dumin yanayi, saboda haka mafi yawansu suna zaune a dazuzzuka masu daushin Kudancin Amurka da Kudancin Asiya. A cikin yankuna masu yanayin bushewa, ba a samun dabbar dabbar mazari.
Wanda aka Haifa
Ba tare da togiya ba, duk nau'in tsuntsayen tsuntsaye (duka mahaifa da manya) suna ciyar da kwari, yawanci jini-tsotsa (dawakai, sauro, kudun). Tsarin jikin Dragonfly cikakke ne don farauta akan tashi. Wadannan kwari '' durƙusad '' ne, tare da kirjin da aka furta da ciki. Shugaban dodo yana da hannu sosai. Idanu biyu masu rikitattun idanu suna zaune akan sa, yana bawa kwari damar ganin duk abin da ya faru a ciki da bayan sa, kuma tsakanin waɗannan biyun sune talakawa waɗanda ke yin aiki don jan hankali a sararin samaniya. Gashinan hangen nesa an tsara su saboda magudanar ruwa ta hango mafi kyau duka sama. Sabili da haka, tana kai hari ga wanda aka azabtar daga ƙasa. Kwaro yana da bakin da ke da ƙarfi (yana “cin wuta”, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka ce), gajeriyar eriya da tafin kafafu waɗanda aka rufe da gashin da ke taimakawa kama ganima. Kowane memba cikin tawagar yana da nau'i biyu da fuka-fuki biyu, waɗanda suke daidai kuma suke haɓaka. Wannan yana nuna cewa ita kwaroron ƙwayar cuta ce. Dragonfly na iya tashi da sauri sama da kilomita 55 / h.
Diptera
An rarrabe ƙananan abubuwa guda uku na dodo. Na farkon su shine isosoptera. Ya haɗa da m, haske da, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙananan kwari tare da ciki mai zurfin ciki. Duka biyun fikafikai guda ɗaya ne daidai da girman su, a hutawa, maɗaurin ya ninka su a baya domin su zama kusurwa mai fa'ida tare da saman bayan. Iaƙƙarfan fuka-fukai suna tashi a hankali da santsi. Daga cikinsu akwai nau'ikan kifayen kamar kibiya mai nagarta, kyakkyawar budurwa da daddaɗa mara nauyi. Kaya mai kafaɗuwa-mai kafaɗɗu da ke zaune a ruwa suna da ƙwayar na numfashi na musamman wanda ke ƙarshen ƙarshen ciki - kukan wutsiya.
Bambancin da Anisozygoptera
Kashi na biyu ya bambanta. Suna da jiki mai ƙarfi, kuma tushe na fikafikan hular yana faɗaɗa. Idanuwa sukan taba. Saurin saurin hawa biyu yana da girma. A hutawa, fuka-fukan waɗannan dodonlies sun baje. Kudancin lardin yana zaune cikin sill kuma suna numfasawa tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin dubura. Zai dace a ambaci wasu nau'ikan karnuka masu alaƙa da fikafikansu daban-daban. Wannan kakanin talakawa ne, babban dutsen, tsohuwar tagulla, dabbar jini.
Wakilan ɓangaren na uku (Anisozygoptera) sun haɗu da halayen mutanen biyun, kodayake a waje sun fi kusantar da fikafikansu. A Rasha, waɗannan dodon dodo ba su rayuwa.
Ruwan tsoffin tsoffin
Shugaban dabbar yana da girma, wuyan motsi ne. Lokacin da aka kalle shi daga mazari, manyan idanu sun mamaye babban ɓangare na kai, waɗanda aka rarrabu a tsakiya. Anya yana kunshe da fuskoki 28,000 (ommatidia), kowane ɗayansu suna amfani da ƙwayoyin 6 masu ɗaukar hoto. Don kwatantawa: yawan fuskoki da ke cikin fuskokin tashi sama da dubu 4, buɗaɗɗen albasa - dubu 17. Fuskokin da ke cikin bangarori daban-daban na ido suna da tsari mara daidaituwa, wanda ke ƙayyade ikon gano abubuwa daban-daban na haske da launuka daban-daban. Akwai wurare marasa duhu waɗanda suke toshe wuraren da suke da hangen nesa. Hoton yana fitowa a wannan bangare na kwakwalwa wanda yake kwance kai tsaye a karkashin idanun ido. Za'a iya kwatanta “cilia” a ido tare da eriya, aikinsu shine ɗaukar asalin hasken, zuwa daidaituwa yayin jirgin. Thearfin antennas yana da faɗi sosai cewa kifin ƙwanƙwasa baya taɓa rasa asalin hasken sa yayin tashin jirgin, wanda yasa ya sami damar zamar da manufa daidai da motsi (kuma kamar yadda kuka sani, saurin dutsen guda ɗaya shine mafi girma a duniyar kwari).
Wani bakin ciki mai kama da sanda lokacin jirgin yana aiki a matsayin ma'auni.
Me yasa muguwar kwalaba a ciki?
Maza suna da “karfi” a saman ciki, wanda suke riƙe mace ta wuyan yayin balaga. Irin waɗannan "tandems" na dindindin za a iya lura da su sau da yawa a kusa da jikin ruwa. Mamar tsuntsayen suna jefa kwai a cikin ruwa ko sanya su cikin kyallen tsirrai masu amfani da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ovipositor. Kafafuwan mazhabar rarrauna, sun sami ikon kiyaye kwari a cikin ciyawar ko kiyaye abin da ake ci, amma ba su dace da tafiya ba. Abun ciki na wani katako ne mai tsawo; a cikin nau'in halittu masu saurin magana, gajarta ta gajarta fikafikan kuma tana da sassauqawa. Dukkanin maza da mata za a iya ƙidaya su cikin kashi 10. A cikin maza na halittar Zygoptera, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (kayan haɗin gabobin) sune sassan 2-3, ƙananan kuma buɗewar ovipositor shine kashi 9-10 a cikin mata.
Manyan fuka-fukai tare da wuraren buɗe yanar gizo a cikin manyan katakowa koyaushe suna yada zuwa ga tarnaƙi, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan (kibiyoyi, ƙaho) a hutu za su iya ninka tare jiki. A wasu tsuntsayen fuka-fukan, fikafikan suna iri ɗaya ne a sikari, kunkuntar zuwa tushe (ƙananan yanki gaba ɗaya), a cikin wasu fikafikan hular sun fi fadi girma fiye da na gaba, musamman a ginin (ƙananan yanki ya bambanta) A launi na mazhabobin yana mamaye shuɗi, shuɗi, sautunan rawaya, ƙasa da sau ɗaya akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe mai haske. Wasu suna da fikafikan fuka-fukai ko kuma duhu. A cikin samfuran bushewa, launin yana da matukar ɓaci da canje-canje.
A matakin farko na ci gaba, tsutsa tsintsiya yana da zukata 2: daya a kai da na biyun a baya na jiki. A mafi yawan balagagge larva yana da idanu 5, kunnuwa 18, zuciya 8-Room. Jininta kore ne.
Gut ɗin Hind: guguwar motsi da hurawa
Thearshen ciki na lardin dabbar, ban da babban aikinta, shima yana taka rawar sashin motsi. Ruwa yana cika goron goron, sannan ana fitar dashi da ƙarfi, kuma tsutsa yana motsawa bisa ƙa'idar motsi na cm 6 cm. Gut ɗin yana kuma zama mai ƙarfi don numfashi, wanda kamar famfo yake, yana yin matse ruwa mai wadatar oxygen a koyaushe.
Babban mazari
Burbushin halittar tsuntsaye ya koma zamanin Jurassic kuma ba za'a iya danganta shi da ɗaya daga cikin ukun abubuwan data kasance ba, saboda haka, ana kiran su da umarnin burbushin: Protozygoptera, Archizygoptera, Protanisoptera da Triadophlebiomorpha. Wani keɓaɓɓen rabe-raben Protodonata, wanda wani lokacin aka sanya shi azaman yanki a cikin ɓoyayyun Odonata, ya ƙunshi manyan dodo, a cikinsu akwai kuma manyan mutane. Mafi girma daga cikin katon dabbar dabbar Meganeuropsis permiana, tana da fuka-fuki na 720 mm.
Ga nau'ikan zamani, wannan adadi yana da sauri, manyan nau'ikan suna da fikafika da ƙasa da 20mm (jinsin Nannodiplax, dangin Libellulidae) ko fiye da 160 mm (nau'in Petalura ingentissima, dangin Petaluridae): wasu tsintsaye na zamani na halittar Zygoptera suna da fikafikan 18 mm ko sama da haka (nau'in, Agriocnemis pygmaea, Coenagrionidae dangi) har zuwa 190 mm (jinsin Megaloprepus caerulatus, Pseudostigmatidae iyali). Mafi girma daga cikin dabbobin zamani sun gane Megaloprepus caeruleatayana zaune a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, yana da tsawon tsayin jiki na 120 mm da fuka-fuki na 191 - mm. Rearancin katako na Australiya Petalura gigantea tare da fuka-fuki na 110 - 115 mm (mace har zuwa cm 125). Kuma ko da yake Kattai na duniyar kwari suna zaune a cikin tropics, mazari, roka, wanda aka samo a cikin ƙasarmu, ana ɗauka ɗayan kwari mafi girma.
Manyan dodo biyu na kasarmu suna cikin mallakar dutsen (Aeschnidae). Ofayan nau'ikan da aka saba shine blue rocker (Aeschna juncea), tsayin jiki har zuwa 70 mm, kuma a cikin fikaffilai har zuwa 95 mm. Maza suna da haske, tare da fifikon shudi, musamman akan ciki. Mata suna mamaye launin kore da launin shuɗi. Waɗannan kyawawan tutocin tashi ne, masu iya shawo kan dubun har ma da ɗaruruwan kilomita, suna zaune a cikin sabon rami. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a lura da aiwatar da sakin wata mazari daga tsutsa, wanda aka zaɓi wannan daga ruwa a kan sassan tsirrai. Fuka fuka-fukan matasa guda biyu har yanzu suna da rauni, baƙuwa, murfin launuka masu launin shuɗi ne. Amma sa'a daya bayan an tsage, dodon ya shirya don tashi.
Iyalin masu ba da horo (Corduliidae) sun haɗa da dodon-sikelin-matsakaici, a cikin launi wanda akwai haske mai haske na ƙarfe mai haske.
Dragananan mazhabobi: kyakkyawa, kaset da kibiyoyi
Zaman Yanke - Calopterygidae, Lyutki - Lestidae, Arrows - Coenagrionidae
Kusa da kowane tafki a tsaye, lyuta dryas (Lestes dryas) sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma ɗayan kamannin shine lyutka-amarya (L. sponsa), wacce ta bambanta kawai da tsarin kayan jinsi. Mata suna da wuta. Kamar dodon, smallan uwansu, marasa ƙarfi marasa tashi -. mafarautan, babban abincinsu sauro ne da tsintsaye. Nymphs ci ruwa tashi larvae. Tsawon jikin kananan tsuntsu daga 25 zuwa 50 mm. Suna kiyaye fikafikansu a madaidaiciya game da ciki saboda ba za su iya yada su ba a cikin wani jirgin sama. Su da kansu zasu iya zama wadanda ke fama da manyan dodo, tsuntsaye, ko ma tsirrai. Arancin dangi na kibiyoyi (Coenagrionidae) ya haɗa da kyawawan tsummoki har zuwa 40 mm tsayi, nada fuka-fukai a hutawa tare da ɗan gajeren sautsi tare da jikin. Suna da jirgin sama mai rauni kuma ana kiyaye su a cikin mafi yawan lokacin tsiro. Mafi sau da yawa fiye da wasu, muna da kibiya shuɗi (Enallagma cyathigerum), wanda ke da fuloti masu launin shuɗi-bango a bayan kai.
Masu ɗaukar hoto iska da ruwa
Dragonflies sune dabbobin iska da ke farauta a sama, da gani gano yiwuwar abin da za su ci, don kama shi, wasu lokutan kwafin tsuntsayen suna yin mu'ujizai na sararin samaniya. Sau da yawa sukan ci ganima a kan tashi. Wasu nau'in tsuntsayen katako masu girma ne, kuma yana da matukar wahala ka kama su. Cin gidan sauro, dawakai da sauran daskararru masu lalata jini yanada fa'idodi sosai. Haɓaka dukkanin haƙoran haƙoraƙi dole ne ya ratsa matakan ruwa - ƙwanƙwasa (abin da ake kira larvae na kwari tare da fara fikafikan sa). Nymphs sune ma mazan da suka fi girma, saboda suna cin abinci bawai kawai ganima ne wanda yai ƙanƙansu da girman su ba, har ila yau suna da ikon shawo kan abokan gaba da girma tare da kansu Har ila yau, suna kai hari a kan hanyoyin ruwa na ruwa, ƙananan kifaye kuma ba sa iya tsayayya da waɗannan masu farautar. Dukkanin ciyayi masu kama da kare, suna kama ganima ta wata leɓar ƙananan juji - abin rufe fuska da sauri yana buɗewa ana jefa shi gaba, yayin da maƙarar da ke ƙarshensa kamar maƙarƙashiya tana soke shi da wanda ya mutu. Lokacin da aka rufe abin rufe fuska, sai a cire ganima a bakin ta a hankali.
Larvae da nono
Ana samun larvae na lardin da danshi a cikin dukkan nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa. Ana iya samunsu a tafkuna da koguna, bushewa tafkuna da ma a cikin ramuka na bishiyoyi cike da ruwa. Larvae wasu nau'ikan sun sami damar rayuwa a cikin yanayin salinity na matsakaici, wasu larvae suna jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-ruwa, masu rarrafe zuwa saman duniya cikin dare, ana iya samun su tare da bankunan marshes da kuma a kan rassan bishiyoyi masu ambaliyar ruwa. Larvae na nau'ikan shida suna haifar da yanayin rayuwa gaba ɗaya.
A cikin ci gaba na ci gaba, tsutsa tsintsiya daga 10 zuwa 20 sau yana da shekaru 3 zuwa shekaru 6-10, ya danganta da nau'in. Yawan mahaɗin ya dogara da yanayin halitta da kuma wadatar abinci. A lokacin motsin 6-7, farawar fikafikan su fara haɓaka. Kwayar cuta ta kai tsaye, ta wuce gaban ɗalibai, ƙwaro ya bar ruwan kuma wani lokaci ana cire shi a wani ɗan nesa nesa daga inda aka haife shi. A lokacin rashi, wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki da yawa, maɗaurin raunin ya ciyar kuma ya sami balaga ta jiki. Alamar balagagge zai zama launi mai haske na mazirin ruwa. Dragan wasan matasa suna gano su ta gilashin fikafikan su. Tare da shekaru, da launi na dodonflies ya zama mafi rikitarwa, ƙari ga wuraren da aka canza launin suna bayyana waɗanda ba su cikin ƙananan yara.
Yawancin manya suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci. A cikin wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi, daskarar ruwa yana ɓoyewa, inda ake zaɓar wuraren da ba a keɓe don lokacin hunturu; a cikin tsaunukan teku, dodon daddawa suna jira lokacin rani har su fara rayuwa da fara ruwan sama. Wasu magudanan ruwa suna ɗaukar jirgin sama masu tsayi, gami da hanyar transatlantic, amma yawancin nau'ikan suna zaune kusa da wuraren kiwo
Yayin aiwatar da ma'aurata, ma'auratan suna yin abin zamba mai wahala. Namiji yana hannun mace ta hannun kai (genus Anisoptera) ko kuma protorax (genus Zygoptera). Ma'aurata suna tashi tare (namiji a gaban, mace a baya), sau da yawa suna hutawa a kan bushes a cikin matsayi ɗaya. Mace tana wasa da ciki, kafa wata karama, kuma tana haɗu da gabobi na biyu wanda ke kan ɓangarorin 2-3 na namiji, wanda a ciki aka yi amfani da maniyyi daga farkon buɗewar daga ɓangaren 9. A cikin nau'in daban-daban, dabbar ta yi canjin daga wasu secondsan seconds da sa'o'i da yawa. Wasu nau'in tsuntsayen kuma suna sanya ƙwai ɗaya tare, saboda a wannan lokacin namiji da mace ba za a gano su ba. Ga wasu, namiji yakan zama yana kan mace yayin da take sanya kwai. A cikin na uku, maza suna bawa mace Amoy don su jimre da wannan tsari: ko dai su koma wurin su ko su zauna a wani daji kusa.
Sanya cikin garken
An sani cewa dabbar dabbar dodo (Odonata) zata iya tattarawa cikin garken dabbobi, masu girma dabam wanda a wasu lokuta ana iya ɗauka babba. Don haka, maza kan taru a cikin garkensu da wuraren sintiri, za su iya zama a kan dajin da ke kusa ko tashi sama da ƙasa don bincika mata. Yankin da suka tara kan shi kadan ne. Gaskiyar ita ce a cikin jinsin da yawa mata suna nesa da ruwa, suna bayyana kusa da kandami ko tafkin kawai don canjin ko kuma don sa ƙwai. A wasu halayen, maza da mata suna riƙe matsayinsu kuma suna tashi a cikin jirgin ɗaya. Misali, a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1817, dutsen ya tashi a kan Dresden na tsawon awanni biyu. 26 ga Yuli, 1883 garken rago guda huɗu (Libellula quadrimaculata) ya tashi a Malmo a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden daga awanni 7 da mintuna 30. Da safe har zuwa ƙarfe 8 na yamma. Maraice. A cikin 1900, an lura da garken dodo mai ƙwanƙwasa a Beljim, yana da tsawon mitoci 170 da faɗin kilomita 100.
Da sauri don ɓoye
Camouflage yawanci ana danganta shi da tsayayye, duk da haka mazari (Hemianax papuensis), abokan hamayya a kan ƙasa, da bambanci, yi amfani da motsi don ɓoye wa juna. Sai ya zama cewa katsewar tsuntsu a cikin jirgin sama tare da mafi girman daidaito ya mayar da inuwarsa a cikin kwayar idanun abokan gaba, kuma kasancewar kwararar bakin ciki yana sanya maki ya hangi maziyarcin a matsayin wani abu mai tsinkaye wanda baya kawo barazana. Yadda kwari biyu suke cin nasara cikin wannan duk asirin ne.
Saurin Fitar da Jirgin Sama - har zuwa 96 km / h, bumblebee - 18 km / h.
Dragonflies a ciki labarin baki daban kasashe
A wasu ƙasashe (musamman Japan), dodon dabbar hoto hoto ne mai kyau tare da kayan kamshi da tsuntsaye. A cikin al'adun Turai, halayyar diyan dodo ba ta da fa'ida. An dauke su a matsayin "goggle doki" da "maharbar aljanu."
Tabbas, daskararren tsuntsu ba zai iya harba ko cizo ba. Duk nau'in dodo na lalacewa gaba daya. Haka kuma, suna da amfani kwari, kamar yadda suke lalata kwari masu cutarwa. Kasancewar kwarartattun kwarije kusa da tafki yana nuna kyawun muhalli da kasancewar yawancin mazaunan ruwa na ciki.
Dragonflies
»Arthropods» Dragonflies
Gilashi: Kwayoyin cuta (Insecta)
Fasali: Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Squad: Dragonflies (Odonata)
Kwayoyin tsuntsaye sune kwari mafi sauri a duniya. A takaice dai, saurin jirgin su na iya wuce kilomita 100 / h. Wadannan kwari masu tsinkaye suna da wuyar magana - suna cin abinci da yawa sau da yawa fiye da nauyinsu da rana. Manyan manyan idanun diyan sun hada da idanu dubu 20-30, ko fuskoki, kuma suna samar da kwari da kusan kusan madaidaicin gani.
A halin yanzu, an san kusan nau'ikan jinsunan 5,000. Suna rayuwa ne galibi a cikin tsaunuka da ƙananan kwari. A Rasha, an san kusan nau'ikan 170. Matsalar tashin iska - girgizawar fikafikan gudu, wanda a sa'ilin tashin jirgin sama ya haddasa mutuwar sama da jirgin sama guda, wanda masassarar zazzabi ta magance miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata.Eningan ƙaramin ɓoɓo na reshe, da ake kira pterostigmus ko “gefen gado”, amintacce yana kawar da duk rawar da ba a so.
Kyakkyawan kyakkyawa |
Dragwararrun mazhabobi manya-manya ne kuma manyan insectsan tsutsotsi masu ɗauke da fusiform, galibi suna da launuka masu haske, babban zagaye da dogayen raga. Suna iya tafiya da kansu ba tare da ɗayansu ba kuma suna haɓaka saurin gudu. Dogo mai tsayi da haske yana aiki azaman yawo kamar mazari - yana taimakawa ci gaba. Kafafu biyu na kwararan arewaran sun ci gaba sosai kuma basu dace da tafiya ba.
Dragonflies sune masu farauta da gaske, sun fi son bude sarari. Sukan kama ganima - ƙudaje, sauro, da keɓaɓɓu, da sawun tsuntsayen, kuma suna cin abincin su a kan jirgin, suna tumɓuke su da kayatattun abubuwa. Dragonflies sun fi aiki yayin rana, a cikin lokacin da ya fi zafi, a yanayi mai kyau, lokacin bazara yana farawa bayan fitowar rana da ƙare lokacin faɗuwar rana. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana samun su a gefen bankunan jikin ruwa, gefuna na daji, tare da hanyoyin daji da sharewa. Bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin, wacce ke faruwa a cikin iska, macen da ta hadu ta sanya ƙwai ko dai a cikin ruwa ko cikin ruwa ko kuma ɓangarorin tsire-tsire. Larvae yakan fito ne daga qwai, wanda ke haɓaka mafi yawa a cikin tafukan shara.
Tsarin Dragonfly |
Larvae ya bambanta da manya, amma kuma suna jagorantar rayuwa mai tsinkaye, cin abincin kwari, tadpoles, har ma da kifin soya. A cikin larvae, ƙananan lebe an canza su zuwa rukunin farauta na musamman - abin rufe fuska da ƙugiyoyi. Yana kusanci wanda aka azabtar, tsutsa yana jefa mashin a gaba, kuma ƙugiya ta tono cikin wanda aka azabtar. Larvae sune mafarauta na cin abinci ba bisa ka'ida ba - suna cin abinci mai ƙoshin ruwa, kuma manyan larvae har ma suna kaiwa da tadpoles da kifayen kifi. Samuwar tsutsa tsintsiya yana ɗaukar shekaru 1-3, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi. Kafin tashi, yana fitowa daga ruwa tare da mai tushe na tsirrai kuma a hankali an 'yantar da shi daga fata. Da farko, matashin dodo ya bushe fikafikan su m, a rana, sannan kuma ya tashi sama.
Dragonflies alama ce mai kyau na tsabtace jikin ruwa. Ba zasu iya haɓaka cikin ruwan da aka ƙazantar ba, sabili da haka da wuya ka gan su a bankunan koguna na birane. An haɗa Dragonflies cikin manyan rukuni biyu: homoptera da heteroptera. Daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan-masu girma da kyan gani mai ban sha'awa, mafi shahararrun wakilai ne na iyalai na Kyau masu launin shuɗi ko kore, Lyutka, Strelka. Matsakaicin manyan dabbar dutsen zai iya kaiwa 10-12 cm, waɗannan sune nau'ikan iyalai Koromysl, Kakannin kakaninki, Kakannin uwa, Dozors, Dabbar dodo.
A wasu ƙasashe na gabashin, larvae da balagaggun kwalliya - saba da tasa. Kada ka yi mamaki idan a daya daga kasuwannin gida za ku sami sa'a gano irin wannan magani |
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Duk da cewa magudanan tsuntsayen sune mafarautan farauta, su da kansu sukan zama ganima ga manyan dabbobi kamar kwaro, zakoki da tsuntsaye. Ga na ƙarshen, irin wannan abincin shi ne mafi girma tare da haɗari mai yawa: bayan duk, mazugun ruwa suna aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar cuta na cutar parasitic - homonymosis mai sauƙi. Abubuwan da ke haifar da sahihan hadaddun sune katsewa, wanda idan tsuntsu suka mamaye shi yasa baza su iya kwanciya da kwanyarsu ba: harsashi ya zama mai rauni ko baya ci gaba.
Yan uwa
Onfwararren sikirin da aka fizge daga matsakaici yawo.
Suna zaune a kan tsire-tsire, suka shimfida fikafikan su ga bangarorin kuma su juya su baya, saboda fuka-fukan su kasance a kusurwa ga jikin. 'Yan kalilan ne kawai ninka fuka-fukan su tare da ciki. Launi yawanci kore ne ko na tagulla, tare da kayan ƙarfe. Larvae mazaunan Wuraren da ruwa mai tsafta, har da waɗanda ke bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.
Lute mara dadi(Sympycna fusca)
Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya. Jikin ne yafi kowanne launuka kamar tagulla, a kirji babban falon tagulla ne. Endsarshen fikafikan an nuna dan kadan. Tsayin jiki har zuwa 35 mm, fikafikai har zuwa 45 mm.
Maƙangan tsofaffin tsararrakin sabon ƙarni suna tashi kusa da jikkunan ruwa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa Oktoba. Daga nan sai hunturu su sake haduwa a lokacin bazara.
Jimlar rayuwar zazzagewa har zuwa watanni 10. Lyutki tashi mara kyau kuma sabili da haka mafi yawan lokuta suna zaune akan tsire-tsire na bakin teku. Matan sun kwanta har qwai 350, suna ajiye su cikin kayan matattakalar ciyawa, ciyayi, reeds da sauran tsire-tsire kai tsaye a saman ruwa, duka a farfajiyar da sassan ruwa na ciki, karancin lokaci suna sanya qwai a cikin kyallen tsirrai na shuka.
Larvae siriri ne, wayayye ne, yana ci gaba a cikin tafkuna, rami da sauran jikin ruwa na tsaye. Tsaya tsakanin tsirrai na cikin ruwa.
Ci gaban larvae an kammala shi a cikin makonni 8-10.
4. Dr.(Lestes dryas)
Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya.
Jikin da ke saman mai launin tagulla ne, kirji a gefunan da ke ƙasa mai launin shuɗi ne, yana da ratsi. Gashinan fikafikan suna da launin ruwan kasa. Tsayin jiki har zuwa 40 mm, fikafikai har zuwa 50 mm.
Maƙangan dabbar da ke tashi a kusa da gawarwakin ruwa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa Satumba.
Halittu da kayan halitta na dabbar dabbar dabbar biri, nau'in halitta
Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin kyallen tsirrai na ruwa na ruwa. Sau da yawa, ana sanya ƙwai 50-70 a kan shuka ɗaya, wanda aka sanya shi cikin layi madaidaiciya har zuwa tsawon cm 40. A faɗuwar, waɗannan tsire-tsire sun mutu kuma sun fada cikin ruwa tare da ƙwai.
Larvae yana fitowa daga ƙwai a bazara. Ci gaban larvae an kammala shi a cikin makonni 8 zuwa 10.
Kwayoyin cututtukan dangi na gaskiya
Ya ba ni mamaki yadda suke numfashi. Yanzu na san cewa berayen yin iyo suna numfasawa a cikin hunturu, suna tattara kumburin oxygen wanda tsire-tsire masu ruwa ke fitarwa. Akwai kuma wata hanyar samun oxygen daga ruwa. Tsakanin elytra da ciki, ƙwaro mai iyo yana da rami, kuma irin ƙwaro yana tattara kumburin oxygen a wurin. Amma irin ƙwaro na iya yin numfashi tare da kumfa kawai a yanayin zafi kaɗan, lokacin da dukkanin ayyukan sa ke raguwa kuma ba a buƙatar adadin oxygen mai yawa.
Larba
A cikin tsutsa tsutsa, tsintsayen da wakilan tawagar diptera - sauro sauro.
Larvae na Dragonfly suna da gills, kuma suna numfasawa oxygen narkar da ruwa. “Tsutsauran jini” da masunta suka sani - jan tsutsotsi - Waɗannan sune lardin sauro na karrawar dangi.
Karrarawa suna zaune a cikin laka ƙasa. “Kayan jinin” yayi karami da girma - Waɗannan su lardin sauro ne na ire-irensu.
Wani misali na wani lokacin hunturu na diflora ana lura dashi a cikin matattarar ƙwayar Rasberi. Wannan halittar tana hibernates a matakin lardin.
Idan ka duba a hankali matasa harbe na raspberries a cikin hunturu, za ka iya ganin bloating, yaduwa da kara nama. Kuma bude wannan sashin da bai dace ba na tushe, wanda ake kira da gall, zaka iya ganin larva na orange na gugar alade rasberi.
Dukkanin kwari a lokacin hunturu suna da manufa guda ɗaya - don tsira cikin yanayin zafi.
Kafin rashin farashi, abubuwa daban-daban na tsarin sake fasalin kwayoyin halitta suke faruwa a cikin kwari. Daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin shine tara yawan glycerol.
Dukkanin hanyoyin da suke faruwa yayin hunturu suna buƙatar kasancewar wannan abu.
A cikin hunturu, wata ƙabilar rayayyun kwari ta ɓace daga ganinmu. A ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, suna jiran awa ɗaya na farfaɗo - raƙumar da aka dade ana jira.
A. L. Kalutsky, likitan dabbobi
Iri nau'in rarrafe: sunaye da hotuna. Wakilan onfan wasan mazari
Kwayoyin kwayoyi sune kwari mafi tsufa na farko: ragowar magabatansu masu nisa wadanda masana archaeologists suka gano a zamanin Carboniferous (miliyan 350-300)
shekarun da suka gabata). Bayan haka, tsawon shekarun juyin halitta bashi da tasiri a bayyanar karnukan kwari, don haka aka tsara wadannan halittu a matsayin na farko.
Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun gano da kuma rarrabe fiye da nau'ikan 5,000 kwari na wadannan kwari. Amma jinsunan dodo da za a iya lura da su a yankin Turai na Rasha kalilan ne: babu sama da ɗari daga cikinsu.
Wadannan kwari sun fi son yanayin dumin yanayi, saboda haka mafi yawansu suna zaune a dazuzzuka masu daushin Kudancin Amurka da Kudancin Asiya. A cikin yankuna masu yanayin bushewa, ba a samun dabbar dabbar mazari.
Kyawawa
Gabaɗaya, ƙungiya guda biyu suna tsaye a tsakanin sauran ctungiyoyin kwari don cancanta na ado. Kuma bisa manufa ba shi yiwuwa a gamsar da wakilan dangin kyakkyawa. Misali, kyawawan ‘yan mata suna kanana (har zuwa 5 cm tsayi), daskararren kango tare da fuka-fukan da ba su wuce cm 7 ba.Har jikin da fikafikan maza suna zane-zanen shuɗi, kore, tabarau mai launin shuɗi kuma suna da shehun ƙarfe.
A cikin mace, jikin yana da launi, amma fuka-fuki ba su bane.
Kyautatawa sun fi son bankunan da ba su da yawa na kogunan ruwa masu santsi da ƙananan koguna. Suna sa qwai a cikin ganyayyaki na tsire-tsire na bakin teku, larvae kuma suna ƙoƙari su zauna kusa da mai tushe da asalinsu. Flightaukar budurwa kyakkyawa tayi kama da jirgin mai walƙiya.
Kibiyoyi
Kibiyoyi ba su da banbanci kamar kyawawa, amma kamar dai sauran tarin kwari. Hoton ƙaƙƙarfan kibiya da aka sanya a ƙasa yana tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar.
Kibau suna kan hanya guda ta rayuwa kamar kyawawa, sai dai idan an zaɓi abin da aka fi ƙima da shi.
Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, saboda tsayin jikin kibiya mai daraja 3 kawai cm ne, yayin da fikafikan shine 4.5 cm .. Namiji yana da kirji mai zurfi mai hade da madaidaicin bakin ciki da baki, kamar an saka shi da zoben bakin ciki. Fuka fukafukan suna da fadi da kuma m. Wasu mata suna da launi iri ɗaya, wasu kuma marasa saurin rubutu ne kuma basu da ratsi ko zobe.
Kibiyoyi suna tashi a hankali da wuya su bar gidajensu. Su larvae rayuwa da kuma farauta a cikin mai tushe da tushen na cikin ruwa shuke-shuke. Rarrabe jinsi ɗaya daga wani a cikin wannan iyali ba aiki mai sauƙi ba. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a rikitar da mai harbi da wani dangi.
Hakikanin dodon ruwa
Yawancin nau'ikan dodo da ke cikin wannan iyali daga yankin Diptera. Sunayensu suna magana don kansu: fadama, lebur, na jini.
Wadannan bambance-bambancen kwari ana bambanta su da babban, kuzari da kuma gajarta jiki, fuka-fuki an ɗan juyar da kai da gaban duhun duhu a gindinsu. Mamar maciji kan sanya ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin ruwan kandami ko kogin natsuwa, wani lokacin ma a cikin yashin teku. Manyan ciyawa na ainihin dodo na zaune a cikin wuta. Tabarmaɗar katako mai ƙwanƙwasa ita ce kwari mai matsakaici.
Tsuntsu shine 8 cm, tsayin jikin mutum shine 4,5 cm.Daga mace da namiji suna da nonon launin shuɗi, amma mahaifar tana rufe da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, yayin mahaifar mace launin ruwan kasa ce, mai duhu mai duhu a garesu. A gindin sassan biyu na fuka-fuki suna da alwati mai duhu. Idanun suna kore.
Sauran wakilan dangi suna da matukar mahimmanci - dattin jini (hoto a ƙasa).
Ana iya gane su da sauƙin launi mai haske - launin rawaya mai haske, ruwan lemo ko ruwan hoda-ja.
Wadannan magudanan ruwa suna daya daga cikin kwanannan. Suna aiki daga tsakiyar lokacin rani har zuwa Nuwamba. Canjin cutar lardin cikin manya yakan faru ne a cikin wasu 'yan watanni.
Kakanni
Daga cikin fasalin waɗannan tsintsaye, ya zama dole don suna da launi mai launi, idanu da yawa da kuma daraja a gindin fuka-fashin baya a cikin maza.
Kakannin suna da ikon dogayen jirgi kuma sun gwammace tafkunan ruwa tare da tsaftataccen ruwa, inda mata suke kwantawa ƙwayayen su tashi.
Kakannin gama gari, kaka da aka daɗa da kakannin kakanninku sune nau'in jinsin magogin ruwa da aka fi sani a Tsakiyar Rasha. Waɗannan sunaye masu ban dariya (kamar "tsohuwar ƙarfe" ko "tsohuwar tagulla"), amma kuna buƙatar tuna cewa kakannin su kuma ana kiranta kogin kogi, kuma ana kiran tsofaffi masu tsaro.
Kakannin talakawa shine guda biyu mai launin baki da-rawaya tare da fuka-fuki. Canza launuka yayi kama da Aspen.
Manyan kakanin kakana suna da ƙarfi, masu ƙarfi kuma sun san yadda za su yi ta tono a cikin taushi. Kuma, abin mamaki shine, magabatan manya sun yi gajeru. Suna zaune sama da wata guda.
Rocker hannu
Waɗannan manya-manya, mai haske da launuka iri-iri.
Da alama wakilan kifin ruwan ba su mallaki irin wannan juriya ba: masu tukin jirgin sama na iya tashi da nisa na kilomita da yawa daga rafin ƙasarsu (abin da ya faru an gan su a saman teku). Girman waɗannan kwari suna kuma daɗaɗa girmamawa: fuka-fuki na mai gadin patrol (ko sarki) ya kai 8 cm.
Chestakin kirji mai launin shuɗi ne, ciki shudi ne, mai launin rawaya.
Fuka-fukan maza ba su da launi sosai, kuma na mace ba su da launin rawaya. Gabobin hangen nesa masu launin kore-kore. Masu garkuwa da mutane suna zaune cikin tsayayye, galibi suna bushewa da jikkunan ruwa.
Suna sa ƙwai a cikin nama mai ruɓaɓɓen tsire-tsire da ruwa cikin ruwa. Babban larvae su na iya jimre da soyayyen kifi.
Baya ga abubuwan da ke sama, a cikin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha akwai wakilan waɗannan iyalai kamar: tsohuwar uwa, flutches, cordulegasterids. Dukkanin kwararan fuloji ana ɗaukarsu da amfani. Suna cin kwari da kwari da jini kuma, abinci, ga abinci ga tsuntsaye da kifi.
Bayanin
Tsawon jiki shine 40-45 mm, ciki 25-29 mm tsawo, hind reshe 18-22 mm tsawo.
Katangawar Hind na alfarma uku-lobed. Edgearsashin kusurwar gaban fararen juji a cikin tsararraki tare da ƙarin dubin ko kaɗan na protrusion. Namiji da mace suna da launi iri ɗaya. Kirji da ciki sune launin tagulla a saman, dan kadan mai haske, tare da ingantaccen tagulla mai duhu, mai ɗan haske kan kirji na sama. Babban asalin jikinsa shine m. Idanun sun yi launin shuɗi a farkon, amma a cikin bazara, bayan hunturu, sun mai da shuɗi.
Pterostigma a gaban reshe yana can nesa daga ƙyallen reshe (kusan zuwa tsayinsa) fiye da reshen reshin. A hutawa, ana kiyaye fuka-fuki a jiki.
Gyaran kaiSympecma fusca) yayi kama da lyutka na Siberian, kawai cikin cikin ya fi sauki.
Kiwo
Wani halayyar sifa game da wannan nau'in halittar dattin dusar kankara tana hunturu a matakin girma. Tuni a watan Afrilu, dabbar ta hanyar canjin ciki da kwanciya. Kwanciya kwai yana faruwa ta hanyar sokin zanen gado na tsire-tsire masu ruwa. Matakan lardin na kansar zai ɗauki tsawon watanni 3. Zamani na gaba na manya ya bayyana a watan Yuli. Yawancin sauran nau'in hunturu a cikin lardin larval (mollusks) a kasan wuraren rami. A cikin wuraren ajiyar ruwa, larvae suna jagorantar tsarin rayuwa mai tsabta tare da ciyar da kananan ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa.