Yawo
Kalong ( Pteropus vampyrus )
Tsarin kimiyya

• Pteropidae

• Macroglossinae Grey, 1866
• Pteropodinae Grey, 1821

Yawo (latti Wakilan kwayoyin Pteropus da haihuwa mai alaƙa a cikin wallafe-wallafe ana kiranta foxes na tashi, da kuma wakilan kwayoyin halittu Roousettus (kuma wani lokacin duk karin magana) - karnuka masu tashi. Dangane da yawancin alamun tsarin kwarangwal (ribs na hannu, dan kadan an canza shi a cikin mahaifa, kasancewar wani kambori a yatsan sashi na biyu) da kuma rashi (yawanci) na cigaban yanayin halittar, da yawa daga chiropterologists suna ganin tsuntsayen fuka-fukai sune mafi tsarikancin jemage na zamani.

Tsarin

Ba kamar jemagu ba, tsuntsayen da ke da fikafikan kai sun kai manyan girma: tsayin mutum har zuwa 42 cm da fikafikai har zuwa 1.7 m (dawakai masu tashi). Koyaya, akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ikan cin ƙanƙan fure-da na fure tare da girman 5-6 cm kawai, tare da fikafikanti na 24 cm.The taro ya bambanta daga 15 zuwa 900 g.Notopteris) yana da tsawo. Underarfin cikin maniyyin mace yana tasowa a yawancin jinsuna. Fingerafin reshe na biyu yana da ƙarshen suttura kuma a koyaushe sanye yake da kambori.

Kwanyar tare da sashin man fuska mai elongated. Idanun suna da girma. Jemaguro sun dogara ne da gani da wari, da ikon canzawa wuri (abin da ake kira “snap”, hanyar da ta bambanta da ta sauran jemagu) an samo ta ne a cikin karnukan tsuntsaye kawai. Rousettus egyptiacus (dukda cewa tabbas yana cikin wasu nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa). Auricle mai sauki ne, ba tare da manyan fayiloli da tarkace mai furucin ba, wani lokacin tare da anti-tragus mara kyau, ɓoyen ciki da ciki na fis ɗin a ƙarƙashin buɗewar ƙofofin kunne. Tubular da dwarf tubular nitmphs suna da halayyar tubular hanci wanda ke buɗe a gefe. Harshen an rufe shi da papillae mai tasowa; a cikin kananan nau'in cin abincin pollen yana da tsawo. Haƙoran kunci suna squamous, gaba ɗaya suna asarar halayyar kuliyoyin, sun dace da cin abincin tsirrai, daga 22 zuwa 38 duka. Hanjin ciki sau 4 muddin yana jiki.

Launin yawancin nau'ikan launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ne, amma yana iya zama launin rawaya, mai launin kore, tare da farin aibobi a fuka-fukan. Halin rashin daidaituwa na jima'i. Yana bayyana kanta a cikin maza a cikin ƙara girman fanks da haske mai launi, a cikin manyan girma dabam (agogo kogon dutse, bindems, jigon jemagu, wasu nau'ikan jemage epaulette), a gaban glandular kafada fata jaka tare da gashin bulo na haɓaka daga gare su (karnuka masu tashi, jigon epaulette, bindems da dwarf epaulettes, bovine muzzle, Ankhieta), a gaban manya-manyan jakar-janai (epaulettes, tsuntsaye masu fuka-fukai, guduma).

Rarraba da salon rayuwa

Wakilan dangi suna zaune a wurare masu zafi da wurare masu nisa na Gabashin Hemisphere. An rarrabu daga Yammacin Afirka zuwa Filipinas, Samoa da tsibirin Caroline, a arewacin kewayon dangi ya isa zuwa ƙarshen kogin Nilu (Misira), Cyprus, Siriya, Kudancin Iran da Kudancin Japan, a kudu - zuwa kudu maso yamma Ostiraliya. A cikin fauna na Rasha ba ya nan. A wasu tsibirin na Oceania, dabbobi masu shayarwa kafin zuwan Turawa sun wakilci tsuntsayen fuka-fuki kawai.

A matsayinka na doka, tsuntsayen fuka-fukan suna aiki da dare da maraice, duk da cewa akwai yawan tsibirin da ke aiki da rana. Ana amfani da ranar a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi, a ƙarƙashin hawayen rufin gidaje, a cikin kogo, ƙasa da yawa a cikin manyan ramuka. Wataƙila ba za a sami mafaka ta dindindin ba, kamar yadda tsuntsayen fuka-fukan da ke kifaye ke yawo don neman abinci. Daga wuraren dnevka zuwa wuraren ciyarwa suna iya yin jirgin sama har tsawon kilomita 30, kuma a duka tashi sama zuwa kilomita 90-100 a cikin dare ɗaya. Speciesananan jinsuna galibi sune keɓewa ko zama a cikin ƙananan rukuni, manyan za su iya kafa babban gungu a ƙasan. Saboda haka, dabino masu fikafikai (Eidolon) wani lokacin suna yin matsuguni mai yawan mutane sama da 10,000, har ma a manyan biranen. Yayin ragowar, reshe mai fiɗa yawanci yakan rataye shi, yana mannewa da ƙaƙƙarfan kamfen zuwa reshe ko don rashin daidaituwa a kan rufin kogon, wani lokacin rataye a kafa ɗaya. An lulluɓa jikinsa da fuka-fukai masu fatar fata, kamar a cikin bargo, cikin yanayi mai zafi, yana jan su kamar fan. Fuka fuka-fukan ba su shiga cikin ɓoyewa.

Ratayewa sama yana kare mazaunin dake bacci da rana daga magabatan ƙasa, kuma masu farkawa suna tayar da ƙararrawa lokacin da tsuntsayen masu farauta ko macijin bishiya suka bayyana.

Tsuntsaye na tsibirin Philippine suna jin tsoron mutane kuma suna barin rassan zamanin su, amma mazauna karkara sun san hanyar da za su iya kwantar musu da hankali. Bayan an rufe mutane da ganyen banana, garken tsuntsaye masu fikafikan suna kwanciyar hankali kuma sun dawo wurin da rana.

Abinci mai gina jiki

An nemi tsuntsayen abinci ta hanyar gani da ƙwarewar wari. Ba kamar jemagu ba, ba su da yanayin canzawa, in ban da wasu nau'ikan da suka ci gaba da canza tsarin halittar halittu daban-daban, da na sauran sauro.

Suna ciyar da mafi yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa:' ya'yan itacen mango, gwanda, avocado, guava, terminalia, sapotilla, banana, dabino na kwakwa da sauran tsire-tsire masu zafi. Suna iya ɗaukar 'ya'yan itatuwa kai tsaye a kan tashi, ko rataye kusa da kafa ɗaya. Ku ci ruwan 'ya'yan itacen, wanda yake riƙe fruitan itacen a cikin dunƙule guda kuma ku ciji kaɗan, a matse ku sha ruwan. Yawancin dabbobi masu fuka-fuki kusan ba sa hadiye sassan jikin abinci, suna tauna piecesa fruitan itace na dogon lokaci kuma suna fesa miyar, kusan bushe, matsi. Birdsanann tsuntsaye masu fikafikai masu dogon zamani, suna ciyar da furanni da fure na fure. Tsuntsayen fikafikan fika-fizik, ban da abincin shuka, ku ci kwari. Wasu nau'ikan sun yi ƙaura bayan ofa ofan 'ya'yan itace da yawa. Bouts da son rai suna shan ruwa, suna hadiye shi a sama, wani lokacin suma suna shan ruwan teku, a bayyane yake sake maye gurbin ƙarancin gishiri a abinci.

Kiwo

Sake haifuwa a galibin jinsuna, a fili, na zamani ne. Matar tana kawo cubaya 1 (kasa da 2) sau ɗaya a shekara. A cikin manyan nau'ikan, ciki yana kasancewa har zuwa watanni shida. Newaƙan jarirai suna rufe da ulu, har jariri ya koyi tashi, mace tana ɗauke da ita. Tun yana dan wata uku, tsuntsaye masu fikafikan kifi mai fikafikai tuni suka canza zuwa cin 'ya'yan itatuwa. A cikin zaman talala, wasu tsuntsayen fikafikai sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 17-20.

Daraja ga mutum

Tsuntsaye na iya haifar da babbar illa ga aikin gona, filayen bishiyoyi. Wasu kabilu suna cin naman dabbobin da ke fikafikai. Duk tsuntsayen fuka-fuki suna taimakawa wajen rarraba iri; tsirrai masu cin ciyawar ne suke fitar da tsirrai (abinda ake kira) chiropterophilia) Misalai na tsirrai da aka dasa ta fuka-fuki sune gurasar gurasar, baobabs, da tsiran alade (Kigelia).

Wakilan m na dangin Pteropodidae sune jigilar halitta na ƙwayar Hendra (Kwayar cutar Hendra) da cutar Nipach (Abouth virus) .

Rarrabawa

Iyalin Pteropodidae sun hada da nau'ikan halittu sama da 170, haɗe cikin kusan 40 genera. Adadin yankuna ƙarƙashin ƙasa daban-daban sun bambanta daga 2-3 zuwa 6. Musamman, an dade da nuna cewa abincin pollen a cikin tsuntsaye fuka-fukan da ke ci gaba sau da yawa.

Rousettinae na ƙasa (ciki har da Epomophorinae)

A ƙarshen 1980s - farkon shekarun 1990s. an ba da shawarar cewa wakilan reshe da Microchiroptera sun haɓaka ikon fidda jirgin sama sakamakon juyin halitta. Wannan batun, ba yaduwa bane; daga baya karyological da nazarin kwayoyin halittu suma basu tabbatar dashi ta kowace hanya ba.