Kindan Adam na yin tunani game da buƙatar tsarkake ruwan sha a duk tarihinsa. Don haka, a cikin tsohuwar Girka, an tafasa tafasa cikin sharuddan, kuma a cikin Misira a cikin karni na II BC. e. An yi amfani da hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa ta amfani da ma'adinai na halitta kamar su alum. Tare da haɓaka wayewar kai, wanda ya haɗu da haɓaka yawan jama'a da masana'antun masana'antu, fasaha na aikin tsarkake ruwa ya canza. Sun inganta a cikin nau'ikan iri daban-daban da kuma abubuwan da ake lalata, da kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin amfani. Wadanne hanyoyin kulawa da sharar ruwa ana amfani da su yau a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu - za mu fada a cikin labarinmu.
Me yasa tsabtataccen ruwan famfo kuma ta yaya yake gurbata?
Akwai wadatattun mutane da suka yi imani da cewa ruwan famfo yana da tsabta, kuma yin magana game da ƙarancin ingancin shi ne silayon talla. Wannan ba haka ba ne - sau da yawa ruwan famfo ya ƙunshi kusan duka tebur lokaci-lokaci, kuma mutum na iya tsammani abin da cutar da lafiyar ta haifar. Don daidai ƙayyade abubuwan da ruwan shan yake daga famfo, kuna buƙatar yin nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Idan dabi'ar wasu abubuwa ta wuce gona da iri (wataƙila, wannan lamari ne), to shigowar abubuwan tacewa zai taimaka wajen kula da ƙoshin lafiya.
Akwai abubuwa da yawa na gurbata ruwa. Mafi sauki shi ne inclusions na inji, wanda aka kirkira saboda mummunan yanayin bututun ruwa yayin ɗaukar kaya daga tushen. Waɗannan sun haɗa da barbashi ƙasa, tsatsa, yashi. Na gaba rukuni yana narkar da impurities. A cikin ruwa daga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin, yawan ƙarfe yakan wuce abin da ke ƙarfe, wanda ke haifar da ma'auni akan ɓangarorin aiki na kayan gidan. Sauran abubuwan rashin iyawa na yiwuwa - alal misali, ƙarfe masu nauyi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauransu.
Tsabtace ruwa a cikin yanayin gida: hanyoyin magance ruwa
A zamanin yau, ingancin ruwa, wanda za'a iya ɗaukar shi amintacce don amfani, an tsara shi ta hanyar kayyadewa da takardun fasaha. Don haka, ga tsarin ɗimbin ruwa da ba na ɗimbin ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa mai zafi a Rasha akwai buƙatun tsabta da tsabta, ƙa'idojin aiki, jagorori da umarni (duba tebur 1). Bugu da kari, an samar da ka'idojin kasa da na ketare don tabbataccen dakin gwaje-gwaje, hanyoyin sarrafa inganci, da kuma zabi da kuma nazarin samfuran ruwan sha (duba tebur 2).
Tebur 1. Ka'idodin tsabtataccen tsabta da tsabtace jiki waɗanda ke bayyana buƙatun ingancin ruwa
Koyaya, duk da dokar gwamnati, yawan ruwan famfo yana fuskantar gurɓataccen sakandare bayan magani, saboda mummunan yanayin tsabta da fasaha na hanyoyin rarraba. Tushen bayyanar abubuwa masu cutarwa ga mutane kuma na iya zama hanyar da ake bi da ruwa a tsirrai na lura da masana'antu. Wannan na faruwa ne yayin da ake amfani da manyan allurai na ƙarfe ko kuma sinadaran coagulants na aluminium don lalata ruwa ko kuma sunadarin clorine da sauran abubuwan da ake dasu ta hana ruwaye kasance cikin ruwan. Abin da ya sa tambaya ta samo asali game da hanyoyin gida na tsarkake ruwa daga tsarin samar da ruwa.
Tebur 2. GOSTs da ake amfani dasu a tsarin kula da ingancin ruwan sha
Dangane da rijiyoyin da rijiyoyin, bukatar tsarkake ruwa da ke fitowa daga gare su ya samo asali ne sakamakon kasancewar cikin ruwan karkashin ruwa daban-daban na abubuwanda suke cutarwa, hanyoyin sune:
- Luarfin masana'antu da sharar gida wadda ke ɗauke da kusan dukkanin abubuwan abubuwan sananniyar sunadarai Daga cikinsu, abubuwan da ke haifar da teratogenic (mayewar mahaifa) da kuma canjin carcinogenic (oncological) suna da haɗari musamman.
- Rashin sharar gari da sharar gida, suna zama tushen tushen ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Rushewar duwatsun ƙasa, wanda ke haɗuwa da haɓaka ma'adinan ruwa.
A zahiri, dukkan hanyoyin zamani na tsarkake ruwa an kasu kashi biyu:
- Chemical wanda ya hada da:
- magani tare da jami'ai daban-daban na oxidizing (chlorine, ozone, potassiumgangan),
- coagulation da flocculation - hanyoyin hadewa da wasu abubuwanda aka dakatar da su, wanda, bayan fadadawa, ana iya cire su cikin ruwa sau da kafa,
- da amfani da ion musayar resins don taushi ruwa.
- A zahiri : ɓarna, daidaitawa, daidai gwargwado tare da feshin UV.
- Halittar jiki misali matsin lamba matsakaici, wutar lantarki da lantarki, wutar lantarki.
- Halittu - amfani dashi don kula da sharar gida (amfani da al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta ko al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta naeroerobic).
A mafi yawancin lokuta, ana yin amfani da tsari na tsaftacewa da tsabtace ruwa.
Ruwan sha: hanyoyin inzila don tsarkake ruwa a gida
Tacewar injina yana ba ku damar cire manyan inclusions daga ruwa. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da kyakkyawan raga, polypropylene zaruruwa ko yashi mai kyau azaman matattara. Wadannan hanyoyin kyawawan abubuwa suna riƙe da barbashi mai kyau. Babban mahimmancin tsabtace na inji shine sauƙi na amfani, farashi mai araha da rarrabawa. Wannan zaɓin ɗin shima yana da abubuwan ɓarkewa - bazai yuwu a iya magance wari mara kyau ba, ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwa masu narkewa. Kari akan haka, lokaci-lokaci zai zama tilas don kurkura da / ko maye gurbin kayan tacewa.
Yawancin gurbataccen ruwan sha: Hanyoyin tsarkakewa
Don tantance wane gurbata ake buƙata don tsarkake ruwa, wajibi ne a tantance shi, yana nuna alamun inganci da ƙididdigar dukkan abubuwan.
Mafi yawan nau'ikan gurbata yanayi da hanyoyin shan ruwan sha:
- Mechanical impurities wanda zai iya kasancewa kamar haka cikin ruwa daga rijiyar (rijiya) haka a cikin famfo ruwa ana cire su da taimakon laka (injin) da kuma matatun mai.
- A yanayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin halitta suke kasancewa a cikin mai yawa a cikin ruwa, kuma abubuwan da suka dace don abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan sunadarai sun ƙare, yin amfani da hanyar osmosis na baya don tsarkake ruwa duk duniya.
- Babban baƙin ƙarfe cikin ruwa daga rijiya ko daga rijiya yana buƙatar cire baƙin ƙarfe, wanda aka yi ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban: amfani da cajin inert ko catalytic a cikin matattara, aeration, da tsabtace lantarki.
- Babban abun cikin manganese, wanda ya zama gama gari a cikin ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko daga buɗe hanyoyin samun ruwa, ana iya keɓance shi da ƙwayar potassium, tuhumar catalytic, kuma a ƙaramin taro - ta amfani da hanyar osmosis na baya.
- M ruwa daga rijiyoyin ko rijiyoyin , wanda ya ƙunshi matsanancin abun ciki na bicarbonates da sulfates, yana buƙatar taushi tare da tacewa tare da reshen musayar ion.
- Useswayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samo A cikin ruwa daga maɓallin asali (rijiyoyin da rijiyoyin), amma kuma ana iya kasancewa a cikin ruwan famfo An lalata ta amfani da chlorination, ozonation, UV sakawa a iska, ions azurfa ko ta amfani da hanyoyin kula da ruwa na osmosis na baya.
- Cakuda gurbataccen iska - hydrogen sulfide, injina na inji, ƙarfe, manganese, taurin ƙura, da dai sauransu - suna nan cikin ruwa daga rijiyoyin buƙatar yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa na tsabtace lokaci guda.
A cikin kowane yanayi, tattaunawa tare da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar kamfanin shigarwa na kayan aikin rigakafin ruwa zai taimaka muku zaɓi mafi ingantacciyar hanyar kula da ruwa.
Hanyoyin sha na zamani da tsarin kula da ruwa na gida
Kamar yadda aka tace, abubuwanda suke ɗaukar abubuwa waɗanda suke riƙe da gurɓata tare da pores ɗin su ana ƙara amfani dasu. Mafi mashahuri sigar wannan rukuni shine mai fil mai. Yana cire sinadarin chlorine daga ruwa, yana kawar da launi mai kauri, kamshi mara dadi. Fil ɗin kayan yana kuma yaƙar ƙwayoyin cuta, amma ba sosai ba.
Amfanin daskararren kwal ko kowane sihiri na sihiri sun haɗa da araha mai ƙoshin filli, tsabtace muhalli da rashin lahani ga lafiya. Acewa da ɓarnatarwa kuma yana da wasu halaye. Tsawon lokacin filler yana iyakantacce, bayan hakan zai buƙaci maye gurbinsa. Idan ba ku aikata shi kan lokaci ba, ƙimar tacewa za ta faɗi nan da nan. Kari akan haka, kananan kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke lalata ruwa zasu iya fara yawa a cikin kayan.
Tsabtace ruwa a cikin gidan ƙasa: aiki ne na ƙara rikitarwa
Muguwar gurbatacciyar iska da masu mallakar kananan gida ke karɓar ruwa daga rijiya ko rijiya na buƙatar tsarin kula da tsari. Domin ruwa ya zama mai amfani, misali, mai yuwu, ana ɗaukar babban hadaddun hanyoyin kulawa da ruwa, yana kunshe da na'urori masu tace nau'ikan da aka haɗa a jere. A matsayin misali, zamu iya yin la'akari da tsarin tsabtace ruwa mai haɗaɗɗun gidaje, waɗanda ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kasuwar suka bayar - kamfanin Ecodar. Wannan shine “EM Standard” tsarin. Wannan hadadden yana yin waɗannan ayyukan:
- Primary tsabtatawa na injina na inji da bayyanawa. Ana yin ta da matattarar laka ta raga.
- Cire baƙin ƙarfe, cire manganese da hydrogen sulfide - Cire wari mara dadi na mustiness da launin glandular. A saboda wannan, ana amfani da matattakaɗin aikawa kyauta-hade tare da rukuni na ineration tare da gudana mai fitowar ruwa.
- Ana cire yawan wuce haddi. Don wannan, ana amfani da matattarar ruwa mai haɗa ruwa tare da haɗaɗɗun ion-musayar guduro gudan firikwensin.
- Kau da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar UV irradiation ta hanyar sterilizer.
- Kimiyya amfani da kyakkyawan tace.
Kit ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙarin na'urorin da suka wajaba don daidai aikin tsarin:
- mai-free iska compressor tare da iska daidaitawa daidaitawa iska,
- tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik
- mai taurin kai ruwa,
- magudanan ruwa na ruwa
- kayan masarufi.
Irin wannan hanyar hadewar tsarkake ruwa daga rijiyar tana baka damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha a mashigar.
Bayan yanke shawarar shigar da tsarin kula da ruwa, yakamata a kusanci lissafin sigoginsa:
- Aiki yakamata ya rufe buƙatun gida don tsabtataccen ruwa tare da ɗan ƙima. Don ruwan sha da ruwa da ake amfani da shi don buƙatun gida, ana iya amfani da matatun digiri na daban daban: alal misali, ƙari da shigar da kyakkyawan tsarin tsabtace ruwa don dafa abinci ta amfani da hanyar osmosis ta baya.
- Kayan aiki kayan aiki ya dogara da matsayin gurɓataccen ruwan asalin, yanayin zafinsa da kaddarorin ƙirar halittu, ƙimar aiki, girma da alama na matattara, kayan kaya ko kicin. Garantin wayoyi daban-daban suma sun bambanta.
- Hanyoyi da hanyoyin tsarkake ruwa , da nau'in kuma girman matatar an zaɓi abubuwan dogaro da sakamakon bincike na ruwanku.
- Lokacin da aka ƙayyade aikin kayan aiki, yana da mahimmanci a yi la’akari ruwa da kuma reagent amfani da tsarin da ake buƙata don sabuntawa, kuma idan aka yi amfani da matatar osmosis ta baya, asarar ruwa a cikin nau'in substrate drained a cikin lambatu wanda bai wuce ta cikin membrane mai tacewa ba.
- Kafin bayar da fifiko ga wani mai saka kayan aiki, yana da kyau a tambaya ko ya cika aikin sabis Menene mitar da farashinta. Yawancin manyan kamfanoni suna da ƙimar farashi mai fa'ida. Bugu da kari, suna ɗaukan lokaci-lokaci kuma suna ba da gudummawa cikin shirye-shiryen aminci.
Hanyoyin tsarkake ruwa: mai sauki ne kuma abin dogaro
Wadanne hanyoyin kulawa da ruwa ne suka dace da wani gida ko kuma gidan da yake da alaƙa da tsakiyar ruwa? A cikin yanayin inda ruwan famfo bai dace da turba ba, launi, kamshi da ɗanɗano, matakin farko don magance matsalar zai zama cikakken bincike. Dangane da sakamakonsa, yana yiwuwa a zaɓi hanyar da ta fi dacewa da tsabtace ruwa.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa ƙungiyar masu tace nau'in babban abu (ko shafi) ana sanya laka koyaushe (inji) m tace - raga ko cika. Suna tsawaita rayuwar daukacin ruwa da tsarin tsabtace ruwa. A mafita daga gare ta, ko dai kai tsaye a gaban maɓallin osmosis na baya (idan ya cancanta), amma bayan an sanya matattara don ƙaddamarwa da taushi lafiya ruwan da ake buƙata:
- Hanyar sihiri tsarkake ruwa, ko hanyar microfiltration , ya ƙunshi amfani da carbon da ke aiki da ƙarfi ko wasu abubuwan zobe-shaye-shaye. Sihiri sihiri na cikin gida yana fitar da kwayoyin kwayar halitta daga ruwa, barbashin colloidal da abubuwan dakatarwa tare da barbashi daga 100 zuwa 0.1 microns (microns). Bayan amfani da carbon da aka kunna, bazuwar ƙwayoyin chlorine da ƙwayoyin ozone waɗanda suke cikin ruwan famfo kuma yana haɓaka.
- Hanyar Ultrafiltration ya ƙunshi a cikin hanyar ruwa ta hanyar membrane tare da pore na 0.1 zuwa 0.01 μm, wanda ke ba ka damar cire abubuwa na kwayoyin, manyan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin nauyi mai nauyi, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta daga ruwa. Don haka, tare da membrane pore diamita na 0.02 microns, ruwa zai tsarkaka daga giardia na hanji (8-15 μm), cryptosporidia (4-6 μm), E. coli (0.5-1.5 μm), da ƙwayoyin da ke da siffa sanda (0.3) μm) da coliphages (0.25 μm).
- Membrane nanofiltration tsaftacewa - "sisterar 'yar uwa" na juyawa daga osmosis - yana ba ku damar fitar da mafi girman bakan da keɓaɓɓe, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta da gishirin salts, wucewa ion vaan iska da ƙananan siffofin kwayoyin. Koyaya, yana buƙatar riƙe matsin lamba a cikin samar da ruwa a matakin mashaya na 3-10, gwargwadon ƙirar ƙira. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar tsabtace gida a Faransa, Netherlands da Amurka.
Aiki juyawa osmosis tace ya cancanci zurfafa bincike, saboda tsarin aiwatar da wannan tsarin yana da fasali masu mahimmanci. Yi la'akari da su akan misalin ƙirar gidan osmosis na juyawa Osmos mai hikima .
Maƙerin ya ba da rahoton cewa wannan kayan aikin da aka cire ya cire ƙananan ƙwayar (tsatsa, yashi, silt), nitrates, nitrites da ammonium salts, fluorides, magungunan kashe kwari ... Fil ɗin kuma yana riƙe da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, yana rage ƙarfin ruwa, yawan ƙarfe da sinadarin chlorine mai narkewa a ciki.
Wannan wani tsari ne mai hadaddun da ke da matakai da yawa na lura da ruwa da kuma:
- Cartarƙwarar providesan kwalliyar da ke ba da tsabtatawa na farko na inurluble impurities.
- Cartarfafa katako mai cike da baƙin ciki tare da manyan ƙwayoyin carbon, wanda aka tsara don cire ƙwayar chlorine mai aiki, wanda kuma yana kare membrane daga tasirinsa.
- Carbon toshe - mai monolithic matsi mai toshe don tsabtace ƙanshi da kwayoyin.
- DOW membrane - kai tsaye juyawa kashi na osmosis, yana ba da tsabtatawa daga abubuwan sunadarai da kwayoyin halitta.
- Mineralizer - wani kadi na musamman a cikin samfurin WWOS5M da WWOS5PM don cike ruwa tare da abubuwa masu amfani.
- Postcarbon shine ƙarin katako mai tsaftacewa wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka ɗanɗano ruwa, kazalika da cire ragowar kamshi.
Me yasa wannan adadin matakan aiwatarwa yake zama dole? Matatar da ke tsarkake ruwa kafin ta shiga cikin rauni na osmosis wanda aka tsara don cire waɗancan nau'in gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya lalata shi, waɗannan matakan wajibi ne.
Kasancewar mai mineralizer ana buƙatar saturate ruwa mai tsafta tare da ma'adinai masu amfani, tunda tsarin osmosis na baya yana cire kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke ɓoye daga ruwan, yana ɓarnatar da abin da yake ciki. A wasu samfurin, ba a shigar da mineralizer ba. Katin katako-bayanda zai baka damar kawo ingancin ruwan zuwa cikakke cikin sharuddan kayan jikinsa.
Hakanan yana hade da tanadin ajiya, tunda filta ta hanyar osmosis na baya-baya hanya ce mai saurin tafiya, kasancewar irin wannan tanadin zai baka damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai tsabta.
A wasu halaye, alal misali a cikin tsari AmaryaWater Osmos WWOS5PM , akwai abin da ake kira matattarar mai amfani da ƙarfi don tabbatar da matsin lamba. A duk samfuran, an sanya magudanar magudanar ruwa, wanda ke rage zubar da ruwa mara tsafta a cikin lambatu. Idan ka sayi ƙira daga sanannen mai ƙira, zaku iya tabbata cewa wannan na'urar zata rage rage ƙarfin ruwa.
Don haka, zabar ingantacciyar hanyar maganin ruwa da tacewa, ba kawai za ku kula da kula da lafiyar dangin ku ba da kuma samar da ruwa mai inganci ga ƙwararrun masarufi, amma kuma yana kiyaye kayan gida da kayan saurin jujjuyawar yanayi waɗanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga tasirin salts daga tsufa da lalacewa.
- 1 https://www.britannica.com/topic/water-purification
- 2 https://clck.ru/EZ38L
- 3 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25896187_28964822.pdf
- 4,5 https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_20178530_93674294.pdf
- 6 http://masters.donntu.org/2008/ggeo/rudokvas/library/7.htm
Zabi na hada hadar da ruwa da tsarin tacewa don mallakar gidaje shine kawai yakin, yana da mahimmanci a danganta shigar dashi da kuma baiwa kwararru kwararru. A saboda wannan dalili, tabbatar da duba ba wai kawai kasancewar takaddun shaida na daidaituwa da tsabtace jiki da yanke hukunci game da duk kayan aikin da aka saya daga mai siyar ba, har ma da takaddun shaida na shigar da wasu nau'ikan aiki da membobinsu a cikin ginin SROs a kamfanin mai sakawa.
Hanyar shan tsaftataccen ruwan sha dangane da nau'in gurbataccen iska
Idan muna magana ne game da tsabtace gida na ruwan sha, ya kamata a fahimci cewa hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a cikin matatun gida sun sha bamban da fasahohin tsarkakewa da ake amfani da su a manyan masana'antu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda takamaiman hanyoyin samar da abubuwa, sakamakon wanda gurbatattun abubuwan da wadancan abubuwan da yawanci basa samu a rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kuma ruwan famfo.
A cikin wannan bita, zamuyi magana game da tsabtattun gidaje don tsabtace ruwan sha da bayyana kawai manyan hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu a ciki, gwargwadon yawancin gurɓataccen ruwan famfo da ruwa mai kyau.
Dukkanin hanyoyin tacewa za'a iya rarrabasu zuwa na inji (gami da shawo kan jiki), jiki (disinfection tare da ultraviolet, tafasa, juyawa osmosis, da sauransu), sunadarai (chlorination, fluoridation, ozonation, da sauransu), nazarin halittu (hade da amfani da microorganism), da kuma kimiyyar sinadarai (electrolysis, ionization na azurfa, da sauransu). Dukkaninsu ana amfani dasu zuwa mataki daya ko wata a tsarin tsabtace ruwa kuma suna shafar nau'ikan ƙazamar iri iri.
Misali, barbashi na inji cire ta sedimentation na ruwa, coagulation (sedimentation na barbashi ta hanyar sunadarai) da kuma amfani da daban-daban kayan tace. Wuce baƙin ƙarfe kwatankwacin ruwan famfo na Rasha ana cire shi sakamakon lalacewa (ci gaba da abubuwa masu hada ƙarfi a cikin bututun), jiyya tare da wakilai masu amfani da iskar shaye-shaye - ozone, fluorine, sodium hypochlorite, da sauransu, ta hanyar tacewa ta hanyar cajin da aka gyara, wanda ba kawai an cire hazo ba, amma har ma an narke baƙin ƙarfe.
Microbiological impurities , kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ana cire su ƙarƙashin rinjayar, alal misali, sanannun ƙwayar chlorine da radiation ultraviolet. Ozone yana da lahani a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma nau'ikan spore (gami da waɗanda ke tsayayya da ƙwayar chlorine) kuma baya yin ƙamshi, ba kamar chlorine ba. Koyaya, kafin shan ruwa, dole ne ya sami lokaci don rarrabuwa, tunda ita ce mafi ƙwarin guba, kamar chlorine da fluorine. Saboda haka, don bukatun gida, irin waɗannan hanyoyin ba da shawarar ba.
Yaushe babban acidity Ana amfani da carbon karafa na carbon or a-dolinite-calcined mai dauke da sinadarin magnesium. Amma game da karuwar rigakafi, ana yin sa ne saboda yawan abun da ke cikin kalsiya da magnesium kuma ana cire shi ta hanyar tafasa, cationization (shakar alli da magnesium ion ta amfani da wani abu na musamman), electrodialysis (shock lantarki) da kuma komawar osmosis. Ana kuma amfani da hanyar karshe don tsarkake ruwan sha don gurɓata tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da gishiri.
Tsarin kula da ruwa na gida mai zaman kansa
A cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu da ƙananan gidaje, ana amfani da manyan matatun mai, waɗanda ake gina su a cikin bututun kuma suna tsarkake ɗaukar ruwa mai shigowa. Babban matattara, kamar masu tace gida, sun bambanta cikin manufa da nau'in kayan tace - dangane da nau'in gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka cire da kuma adadin ruwan da aka cinye. Ana iya amfani dasu don tsabtace na inji daga manyan barbashi, don tsabtace kemikal daga wasu ƙwayoyin kwayoyin halitta, don tsabtace ƙwayoyin halitta daga ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma cire baƙin ƙarfe, sanyaya ruwa, da sauransu. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, irin waɗannan tsarin suna da ƙirar zamani wanda zai ba ka damar shigar da adadin madaidaicin matattara na wani nau'in. Amma da farko, yana da mahimmanci a bincika ruwan da yake shiga gidan ƙasarku. Wannan zai ba ku damar zaɓin tsarin ruwan da ya fi dacewa da tsarin tsabta.
Ya danganta da sakamakon da ake so, zaku iya amfani da tsarin don m ko tsaftacewa mai tsabta. A magana ta farko, fitowar ita ce ruwa don amfani da fasaha, a na biyu - don sha. Yana da kyau a sanya kyawawan matattara bayan kayan matattakala, saboda haka matatar zata zama gurɓataccen hankali a hankali.
An tsara matattara masu tsaftataccen tsabtace na inci, kuma matatun matatun mai don tsabtace na inji ne, kodayake akwai wasu keɓancewa daga masana'anta zuwa masana'anta. M tacewa nau'ikan biyu ne - cike da manya-manyan kwalaben polyphosphate ko sake sabuntawa, tare da resin musayar ion. Idan kwayoyin polyphosphate kawai suna hana samuwar sikeli, wanda ke adana kayan aiki na gida, amma baya sanya ruwa ya dace da shan ruwa, to sai a sake tace mai tsafta kuma a sanyaya ruwan a hankali. Koyaya, farashin su yana da girma sosai - kimanin dala 500-1200.
Hanyar osmosis na baya, wanda muka yi magana game da shi a sama, Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin tsarin tsabtace ruwa don gidan ƙasa. A lokaci guda, ana samun kusan ruwa mai narkewa a waje. Koyaya, wannan shine ɓarkewar wannan tsarin, saboda jikin ɗan adam yana karɓar daga ruwan da aka ƙone har zuwa kashi 60% na yawan abinci na alli, magnesium da potassium. Don haka, tsarin osmosis na jujjuyawarmu yana hana mu mahimmancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci (musamman idan ana amfani da ruwa ba kawai don dalilan shan ruwa ba, har ma don dafa abinci), wanda zai haifar da ƙarancin abinci mai mahimmanci. Bugu da kari, shigowar osmosis na baya yana buƙatar matsanancin matsa lamba a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa.
A ƙarshe, babban matattara ya bambanta da adadin matakan tsabtatawa. Morearin matakai (kayayyaki) waɗanda aka ambata a sama, mafi girma adadin gurɓatattun disassimilar da aka cire saboda hanyar su. Misali, farkon farko shine don tsaftataccen tsabtace na inji, wanda ke biye dashi na biyu don kyakkyawan tsafta, cire chlorine, gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta da wari mara kyau; a mataki na uku, ruwa yayi taushi kuma ana cire baƙin ƙarfe. Dogaro da ƙirar da aka zaɓa, tsarin yana iya haɗawa da tacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan - maganadisu, musayar ion, da sauransu. Don haka, yin amfani da ka'idodin filtration daban-daban da aka aiwatar a cikin wasu kayayyaki daban-daban, ana iya samun ruwan sha mai inganci a fitarwa.
Tace don famfo ruwa
A cikin yanayin samar da ruwa na tsakiya, babu buƙatar manyan abubuwan tacewa, tunda ruwan da yake shiga gidajenmu, duk abin da suka ce, yana da aminci. Kuna iya sha shi kawai ta hanyar barin shi ya tsaya na ɗan lokaci (don kwashe sauran ƙwayoyin chlorine). Koyaya, ƙarin tsarkakewa da laushi na ruwan famfo sun shahara tsakanin Russia. A saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa iri iri - jujujuju da matatun mai, ana sanya su a ƙarƙashin matattara ko kuma a haɗe kai tsaye a kan bututu ko kuma ruwan wanka.
Matatun Pitcher sun fi dacewa idan babu buƙatar manyan ɗumbin ruwan sha. Ana zubar da ruwa kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin da ya cancanta, wanda ga yawancin Russia shine zaɓi na kwarai da gaske. Irin waɗannan matatun mai tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau sosai, kuma farashin su yana da ƙasa kaɗan - kimanin 400-500 rubles. Wadanda suke buƙatar tsaftace ɗimbin ruwan da ke shigowa nan da nan na iya ba da shawarar matattakalar ruwa. Suna zuwa nau'ikan guda uku - a ƙarƙashin wanki, tebur (an sanya shi kusa da matattarar ruwa) da kuma tacewa a kan bututun ruwa. Kimanin kuɗin kuɗin tacewa don wanka, gwargwadon yawan matakan, yawan aiki da nau'in filt, shine kusan 3,000 - 12,000 rubles, masu tace kan famfon shine 800 - 900 rubles, masu tacewa kusa da matattarar su 4,000-77,000 rubles. Filin tashar osmosis na juyawa zai biya 10,000 - 20,000 rubles (gwargwadon yawan matakai da aiki).
Don haka, zaɓin tacewa don kula da ruwan sha ya kamata ya danganta da ingancinsa kai tsaye a gidanka. Don samun ingantaccen cikakken bayanan abin da ya ƙunsa, ana bada shawarar yin umarnin ƙididdigar farko a cikin ɗakunan bincike. Idan babu sha'awar kashe lokaci da kuɗi, albeit marasa ƙima, akan bincike, zaku iya siye nan da nan ku sayi tsarin fage mai yawa don tsabtace da ruwa mai laushi, wanda aka tsara don ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba. Amma a wannan yanayin, tanadi a cikin bincike game da ruwan sha zai haifar da farashi mai ɗorewa don sauyawa matakan daban-daban na tsarkakewa, kodayake ana iya rarraba wasun su.
Lokacin zabar ka'idodin tacewa kuma, a zahiri, tsarin kula da shan ruwan da kansa, yakamata a bi hanyoyin aikin. Da farko, mika samfurin ruwa don gwaji zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka amince da waɗannan dalilai. Abu na biyu, a cikin kwanaki 2-7 zaku sami ra'ayi mai gamsarwa game da abun da ya shafi ruwa. Abu na uku, zaɓi zaɓi wanda ya dace da kai gwargwadon shawarwarin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sha ruwan inganci mai tsabta don farashin da ya dace!
Ion musayar tsarkakakken ruwan sha na gida
Baza a iya raba abubuwa masu narkewa ta hanyar matatun inji, a ɗan ɗauka waɗanda aka kwashe su kuma cire su. Don kawar da lalatattun abubuwa, kuna buƙatar tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ya ci gaba ta amfani da resins musayar ion. Lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta ratsa su, ana maye gurbin ions wanda ake maye gurbinsu da sodium ion, ana tsarkake ruwa, an sake dawo da resins ta amfani da maganin gama gari na sodium chloride.
Tsarin musayar Ion shine ingantaccen ingantaccen bayani wanda zai baka damar cire kullun abubuwanda ke cutarwa daga ruwa. Resins kansu basu da lafiya domin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, don haka waɗannan tsarin suna da ƙaunar muhalli. Rashin daidaituwa game da tsabtatawa tsarin shine tsadar tsirrai. Resins kuma suna haɓaka rayuwar aiki tsawon lokaci kuma suna buƙatar sauyawa ko sabuntawa.
Hanyar tsarkake ruwa ta amfani da kayan musamman da na'urori: maganin magnetic
Tsabtace Magnetic ita ce hanya mafi kyau don cire salts mai taurin kai wanda ke samar da sikeli kuma yana iya lalata kayan gidan. Kullum bayyanar da filin magnetic yana kawar da sikelin abubuwan. Wannan zaɓi na tsabtatawa yana taushi ruwan ba tare da tafasa ba. Rayuwar sabis ɗin kayan aikin ba shi da iyaka, amma, kuma farashin sa yana cizo. Na'urar Magnetic bugu da additionari tana sanye da tarko mai ƙonewa, wanda yake buƙatar wanka daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Juyin osmosis
Tace osmosis na juyawa da kyau zai cire kusan dukkanin nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa. An sanye shi da membrane na musamman ta cikin pores wanda kawai ƙananan ƙwayoyin sun shiga, kuma dukkanin barbashin ƙazamar lalacewa sun zauna a kan sifar mai. Ruwa yana gudana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ko matsa lamba na hydrostatic. Maganin da ya rage a gaban membrane sai a zube shi cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Tsarin osmosis na jujjuyawa har ma da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsarin yana da rashi biyu - suna da tsada kuma suna cire duk gishiri daga ruwa, gami da amfani. Za a iya magance matsala ta biyu ta hanyar shigar da injin.
Tabbataccen hanyar da mutane za su iya tsarkake ruwan sha a gida ana kunna carbon din tsarkakewa
Tsarin carbon mai tsarkakewa hanya ce mai sauki kuma mai araha. Coal yana kawar da wari mara dadi kuma yana cire abubuwa masu cutarwa daga ruwan famfo. Tsarin tsabtace gida yana da sauki sosai - kunsa adadin kwamfutar da ake buƙata a cikin cheesecloth (kwamfutar hannu a kowace lita na ruwa) kuma sanya a cikin akwati na ruwa. Tsaftacewa - 8 hours.
Ta yaya kuma zaka iya tsarkake ruwa a gida, ka sanya shi mai tsafta?
- Tafasa ita ce mafi sauƙin hanyar cire gurɓatattun abubuwa. Yana ba ku damar kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, gurɓatattun kwayoyin, chlorine, gas da sauran abubuwan haɗaka. Amma tafasasshen tafasar shima yana da nasa abubuwan, wanda ya kamata ku sani game da shi. A lokacin sa, ruwa yakan bushe, kuma tattarawar gishiri ya kara yawa, tsarin ruwan da kansa ya zama "matacce". A lokaci guda, tafasa ba shi da ban tsoro ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta - suna mutuwa a yanayin zafi sosai. Idan zamuyi magana akan chlorine, to kawai an cire gaseous.
- Zabi na gaba shine goyon baya. Zai iya cire sinadarin chlorine sosai. Don tsaftacewa, kawai zuba ruwa a cikin akwati ka bar awa 12. Babban salts na baƙin ƙarfe zai zauna a ƙasa. Hanyar mai sauqi qwarai, amma fa'idarsa ita ce mediocre. Sabili da haka, bayan daidaitawa, ruwa yakan dafa shi.
- Daskarewa - wannan dabarar ta dogara ne akan ka'idodin recrystallization. Yana da tasiri sosai fiye da distillation da tafasa, kamar yadda hasken organochlorine yake, ana cire abubuwa masu tarin yawa tare da tururi. Amma ka tuna cewa daskarewa da daskarewa ruwa ba zasu taimaka maka ba - kana buƙatar bin ka'idodi. Sanya kwandon a cikin injin daskarewa, kuma idan ruwan ya daskare ta da rabi, sai a fitar da abin da ba a gauraya ba, kuma a narke ɓangaren abin da ya narke, a yi amfani da shi a dafa ko a sha. Da kyau tattalin ruwa narke yana da tsabta tsabta kuma kawai amfani ga jiki.
- Hanya ta gaba ita ce gishiri. Cika ganga mai lita biyu tare da ruwan famfo kuma narke gado na gishiri a ciki. Bayan mintuna 30, tsarkakakken ruwa zai kasance a shirye, wanda kawai za a ɗebo. Babban kuskurensa shine sau da yawa ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da irin wannan hankalin don sha da dafa abinci.
- Shi kuma silicon yana cire abubuwan rashin ruwa daga ruwan famfo. Wannan hanyar tana haɗu da tsabtatawa da tsarkakewa tare da silicon.A baya can, an wanke dutsen a ruwa mai gudana, sannan a sanya shi a cikin gilashin ruwa mai lita biyu, cike da ruwan sanyi, an rufe shi da giwa kuma a tsabtace shi daga hasken rana. Bayan kwanaki 2-3, ruwan zai kasance don amfani. Zai buƙaci a zame shi cikin akwati dabam ba tare da motsawa ba (ƙuraje ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba).
- Shungite - ana amfani da manyan duwatsu don tsabtatawa. Ga kowane lita na ruwa, kuna buƙatar yanki na ma'adinai mai nauyin 100. Ana zuba ruwa a cikin akwati mai tsabta na kwanaki 3, bayan haka za'a iya cire shi kuma amfani dashi kamar silicon. Tare da ƙara yawan acidity na ciki, hankula don samar da ƙwanƙwasa jini da kasancewar cutar kansa, wannan hanyar ba za a iya amfani da wannan tsabtace hanyar ba.
- Azurfa - wannan kashi yana cire ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta hanyar kwayar cutar ta kwayar cuta, karfe mai daraja ya mamaye bilic da carbonlic. Don tsarkake ruwa ta wannan hanyar, saka tsabar kuɗi, cokali, ko wani abu a cikin tankin ruwa na awa 10-12.
Sauran hanyoyin mutane:
- wani gungu na dutsen ash - yana fada cikin ruwa tsawon awanni 2-3,
- hawan willow, rassan juniper, ganyen ceri tsuntsaye, albasa mai peeled - a wannan yanayin, tsabtace tsari yana tsawan awa 12,
- ruwan inabi, vinegar, aidin - ko 300 g busassun farin giya, ko saukad da 3 na iodine, ko teaspoon na vinegar da lita na ruwa.
Tace masu gidan domin shan ruwan sha da nau'ikan su
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da matatun mai yawa don tsarkake ruwa. Su girma ne da karami, tsayayyu kuma mai ɗaukar hoto. Zaɓuɓɓuka mafi sauki kuma mafi arha sune nozzles don crane, jugs. Amma ka tuna cewa aikin irin waɗannan na'urori ba su da ƙasa, kuma don amfani na dindindin a cikin babban iyali shi kawai ba zai isa ba. Solutionsarin hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su, su ne na'urori masu ɗauke da toshewa da kuma magudanan ruwa (amma sun fi tsada)
Matatun Fulatani na Tebur
Tacewar kwararar ruwa ita ce mafi kyawun tsarin iyali wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin matattarar ruwa. Oftenarancin lokaci, amma za'a iya hawa kayan aiki kusa da matattara, amma irin waɗannan samfuran ba su da ƙima. Abunda yake tace matattakalar ya hada da wasu manya-manya abubuwa, don haka ruwan ya gudana ta hanyar tsabtace matakai da yawa. Na farko, an cire manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa daga gare ta (hanyar mechanically1), sannan an cire ƙananan inclusions (matattara masu kyau), abubuwa masu narkewa (juyawa osmosis ko musayar ion).
Babban ginannin matattarar kwarara
Ana saka matattarar bayanai akan riser. Masu tsabtace masu tsabta suna ratsa kansu kansu ɗimbin ɗumbin ruwa da ke shiga cikin ɗakin, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da shi don sha da kuma bukatun gida (misali, wanka, ruwan wanka na yara, da sauransu). Su ne mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ruwan yana da wuyar gaske, yana da ƙarfe da yawa, tsatsa - wannan yana da lahani ba kawai ga sha da dafa abinci ba, har ma don abubuwan aiki na kayan gidan. Babban tacewa yadda yakamata yana kawar da rashin amfani na inji, koda na ƙaramin diamita.
Yadda zaka zabi matattara don tsarkake ruwa
A gaban samar da ruwa na tsakiya, ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da tsarin tsutsotsi masu tsada (kodayake yana da kyawawa). Kafin yanke shawara game da zaɓin na ƙarshe, yanke shawara kan kasafin kuɗi mai araha - ba shakka, kayan aiki mai gudana yana da inganci da dacewa don amfani da jujin juji, amma shigarwarsa tana da alaƙa da manyan kuɗi.
Yaya dangantakar ruwan sha da hanyoyin magance ruwa?
Fasaha don tsarkake ruwa kafin shan ruwa tsari ne na shirya ruwan sha, wanda ya hada da hanyoyi daban-daban na cire abubuwan da ba'a so ba, ma'adanai, abubuwan kwayoyin halitta da gas, sakamakon shine samar da ruwan sha mai dacewa.
Kafin zabar hanyoyin da za a tsarkaka ruwan sha, kuna buƙatar gano abin da za'a tsarkaka ruwa daga. Babban gurbata ruwan sabo (famfo, rijiya, bazara, rijiya) sun haɗa da:
- najasa na inji - yashi, silt, yumbu, tsatsa,
- kwayoyin, kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin mahaifa,
- baƙin ƙarfe, manganese da karafa masu nauyi,
- bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, mahadi nitrogen da ENT kyauta,
- sauƙaƙa mai narkewa da gases.
Ayyukan hanyoyin zamani na tsarkake ruwa kafin shan ruwa sun sha bamban kuma an zabi su ne gwargwadon ingancin ruwan asalin, wanda bincike ne na bincike.
Wadanne hanyoyi ake tsarkake ruwa
Masana tsabtace muhalli sun banbanta hanyoyi guda biyu na gurbataccen ruwa, wanda kowannensu a hanyarsa ke shafan muhalli, yana da wata haɗari:
- A zahiri
A wannan yanayin, abubuwan rashin daidaituwa suna shiga jikin ruwa, wanda ke tarawa cikin su a cikin dakatarwa. - Chemical.
Ana haifar dashi ne sakamakon zubar da sinadarai masu cutarwa cikin hanyoyin ruwa, wanda idan aka mai da hankali ya haifar da mutuwar dukkan abubuwa masu rai. - Halittu.
A karkashin wasu halaye, alal misali, cin zarafin lafiyar muhalli, akwai saurin haifar da cutarwa ga mazaunan wuraren tafki. Abinda aka fi amfani da shi shine ambaliyar tafkuna da tafkuna tare da algae da laka, juyawa zuwa fadama. - Kai.
An haifar da shi ta hanyar masana'antar ɗan adam, sakamakon wanda yawan zafin jiki a jikin ruwa ya hau. Wannan yana haifar da rushewar ma'aunin yanayin muhalli, bacewar wasu nau'ikan halittu da ke rayuwa da su "fure" na ruwa.
A yau akwai hanyoyi na zamani masu zuwa, waɗanda rukuni suka rarraba su:
- Halittu.
- A zahiri.
- Chemical.
- Halittar jiki
Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan iri daban-daban dangane da yanayin gurɓatattun abubuwa, ƙarar ruwa, ƙarfin fasaha. Wannan ya faru ne sabili da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari da kuma halayen tasirin akan wasu rukunin gurɓatattun abubuwa.
A cikin yanayi da yawa, don cimma sakamako mafi girma, ya zama dole a yi amfani da hanyar haɗa kai, haɗa da hanyoyi da hanyoyi da yawa na tsarkake ruwa lokaci guda. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan buƙatar ta samo asali don hana fitar da magudanar ruwa daga manyan masana'antu ko tsarin birane na gida. Yi la'akari da kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin daki-daki.
Halittu
Mafi yawan lokuta, nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta wadanda zasu iya lalata da sarrafa sinadarai da abubuwan gurbata jiki ana amfani dasu azaman "masu tsabtar rai". Wani lokaci ana amfani da algae da wakilan fungi na microscopic don waɗannan dalilai.
Ofaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da wannan hanyar tsabtatawa ita ce damar zaɓar tsabtace ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta dangane da yanayin da abubuwan da za'a cire. A matsayin misali, za a iya yin la'akari da ƙananan ƙwayoyin nitrophying.
Yayin aiwatar da rayuwarsu, suna lalata da kuma lalata abubuwan da ke dauke da sinadarai masu guba a cikin nitrogen. Sauran kwayoyin cuta suna iya cinye abubuwanda ke dauke da sinadarin phosphorus.
Yadu a wuraren ajiyar ruwa, tarin wadatattun kwayoyin halittun da ke tace ruwa sune keɓance mazauna duka. Mafi sau da yawa ana mai da hankali a cikin ƙananan yadudduka, a cikin nau'i mai duhu ko taro mai baƙar fata. Duk ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi amfani da su don kula da ruwan sha na halitta an rarraba su a haɗuwa zuwa rukuni biyu:
1. Aerobic, wanda a cikin aiwatar da rayuwarsu suna buƙatar oxygen.
2. Anaerobic. Wadannan kwayoyin basa bukatar oxygen don girma da haihuwa.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan suna buƙatar yanayi na fasaha. Zai iya kasancewa:
- Bude tafkunan.
- Filin filayen wasa.
- Na'urar Biofilter.
- Filin saukar jiragen sama.
- Methantanks.
Matattarar tafukan ruwa da wuraren tacewa sune tafki na wucin gadi ko kuma filin da kawai ake zubar da shara. A cikinsu, tsarin tsabtace ruwan da ke shiga wurin yana faruwa ne tare da taimakon ƙananan halittu masu rai da ke ƙasa (jikin ruwa) ko cikin ƙasa (filin).
Rashin lalacewarsu shine tsabtace tsari mai tsayi, da ƙarancin inganci lokacin aiki tare da gurɓatattun abubuwa. Amfanin irin waɗannan na'urori shine ƙarancin farashin aikin su da kiyayewa.
A cikin biofilters, ana kula da ruwan sha ta hanyar tacewa ta hanyar kayan kayan halitta. Ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin iska aerobic, sabili da haka, don tsabtatawa mai kyau suna buƙatar samun isashshen oxygen.
Aerotank wani yanki ne mai hadadden fasaha wanda ake aiwatar da injin sarrafa kwayoyin halittu. Abubuwan da suke aiki a ciki suna kunshe da ƙwayoyin oxygen a koyaushe. Aeration na iya hanzarta hanzarta aiwatar da tsarin kula da ruwa.
Ana amfani da ƙwayoyin Anaerobic, waɗanda basa buƙatar oxygen don rayuwa, ana amfani dasu a cikin na'urori da ake kira methanthanks. Sakamakon samfuri ta lalacewar gurɓatattun abubuwa, suna karɓar methane - gas mai cin wuta wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don bukatun gida.
Don haka, na'urar zata yi aiki ba kawai don tsabtace gurɓataccen ruwa ba, har ma don samar da mai mai tsabta yanayi. Don hanzarta aiwatar da tsabtatawa, tanki methane yana da tsari tare da tsarin dumama. Matsakaicin zafin jiki don aikin fermentation a cikin na'urar daga +30 zuwa + 50 ° C.
A zahiri
Hanyar tsabtace ta jiki ta ƙunshi cire manyan abubuwan narkar da su wanda aka narkar da su a cikin nau'i mai ƙazantawa da kyakkyawan dakatarwa daga ruwan sha.
Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune don mafi yawan ɓangarorin da aka haɗa cikin fasahar rikitarwa, azaman matakin farko na aikin tacewa. Za'a iya amfani da hanyoyi na zahiri don kula da manyan ɗimbin abubuwa masu amfani da ruwa.
Wasu hanyoyin yau da kullun na kawar da gurɓatattun abubuwa suna ba da izinin tsaftacewa mai zurfi, amma aikinsu bai isa ya yi aiki da manyan ɗimbin ruwa ba. Misalin ingantaccen tsabtace jiki shine taceran membrane wanda zasu iya tursasawa koda kananan kwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin karafa mai nauyi, gyada da kuma sinadarai.
Dukkanin hanyoyin tsarkake ruwa na jiki sun kasu gida-iri:
- Damuwa.
A wannan yanayin, ruwa mai datti yana wucewa cikin na'urori waɗanda ke da ƙwayoyin wani tsinkaye - gratings, sieves. Lokacin yin tace, an cire manyan barbashi marasa gurɓatar abubuwa. Bayan haka, ana aika ruwa don tsaftacewa mafi kyau. - Riƙewa.
Babban mahimmin tsari shine sanya abubuwan barbashi na inji daga ruwa zuwa kasa. Hanyar ba ta buƙatar aikace-aikacen kowane tasirin waje da farashin kuzari. Dukkanin aikin yana faruwa ta halitta, a ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin gravitational. Bayan haka sai a zubar da ruwa na sama, wanda ba shi da illa daga injina na injina, a cikin kwantena daban, kuma ana cire labulen. Ana yin aikin a cikin tanki na musamman. - Jirgin ruwa.
Hanyoyin zamani na tace ruwa suna sa a sami damar cimma babban matakin tsarkakewa, har zuwa kauda abubuwan da aka gano sunadarai masu narkewa a ciki. Ana samarwa ta hanyar wucewar ruwa ta hanyar kayan matattara, ko a cikin centrifuge. A cikin batun na ƙarshe, tare da taimakon sojojin centrifugal, rarrabe abubuwa na kwayoyin ruwa da sauran abubuwan da ke ciki yana faruwa. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar duka don bukatun gida da kan sikelin masana'antu. - [type-box type = "m"] UV kamuwa da cuta. [/ info-box]
Yi niyya don halakar da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda zasu iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hasken Ultraviolet baya bada izinin tsarkake ruwa daga gurɓatattun injina, saboda haka yana nufin hanyoyin jiki na mutun. Rushe ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna faruwa ta hanyar lalata tsarin DNArsu tare da raƙuman ruwa na UV tare da kewayon hasken wuta har zuwa kusan nano 400.
Chemical
Dangane da nau'in bayyanar ga reagents, hanyoyin tsabtace kemikal daga cikin nau'ikan masu zuwa:
- Rashin daidaituwa.
Yana faruwa saboda ma'amala tsakanin acid da alkalis, wasu daga cikinsu akwai abubuwa masu gurɓatar iska, wasu kuma - reagents. Sakamakon wannan, haɗuwa da juna a cikin ruwa da gishiri yana faruwa, kuma daidaita ma'aunin acid ɗin. Magungunan da ke dauke da acid an kera su da mafita na ammoniya, soda ash, potassium ko sodium hydroxides. Fitar da gurbata da alkalis an tsabtace da abubuwa masu dauke da acid - oxides, gas acid. - Hawan iska.
Ya bambanta da tsarin keɓewa, ana amfani da abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Ta wannan hanyar, ana tsabtace magunguna masu guba waɗanda ke haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam lokacin da suka shiga jikin tsabta. A wannan yanayin, ya zama dole don aiwatar da tsabtatawa mafi tsabta, wanda ba koyaushe yana ba da tsarin cire wargi ba.
Hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka kuma yana ba ku damar tsaftace ruwan sha daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da takaddun ƙwayoyin sinadarin chlorine, potassium, da kuma abubuwan da ke kunshe da oxygen. Hanyar da aka fi amfani dashi da ingantaccen tsari don tsarkake ruwan sha shine chlorination, wanda ake amfani dashi a yawancin tashoshin shan ruwa. Bayan amfani da reagents acidic mai ƙarfi, ana yin aikin don dawo da tsarkakakken ruwa. An tsara shi don ba shi ƙimar daraja ta Ph wacce aka saba da ruwa irin ta yau da kullun.
Halittar jiki
Akwai takamaiman adadin hanyoyin musamman na tsabtace kimiyyar sinadarai. Yi la'akari da manyan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a masana'antu da rayuwar yau da kullun:
- Zazzagewa.
Amfani da shi don cire iska mai ƙarancin abinci ta hanyar wucewa iska ta ruwa. A sakamakon haka, gurɓatattun injina suna tashi zuwa saman ruwa, yana mai da hankali cikin nau'in kumfa. Sannan an cire babban ruwa na ruwa tare da kumfa, kuma an aiko ruwan don ƙarin, tsabtatawa mai zurfi. - Tafiya.
Wannan yana nuna yawan zaɓi da ɗaukar abubuwan gurɓatattun abubuwa ta amfani da ƙarfin hulɗar aiki ta jiki ko sunadarai tare da reagent. Saboda babban ƙarfinsa da ikon kawar da microelements, koda lokacin da aka narkar da shi a cikin ƙananan kashi, ana amfani da sihiri sau da yawa a matakin ƙarshe na maganin ruwa.
Ana amfani da carbon, zeolites, silicate da gwanayen almara a matsayin mayu. Tare da taimakonsu, an cire magungunan kashe kwari da ciyawa, nitrates, surfactants, an cire ƙwayoyin phenolic. - Musayar Ion
Ana amfani dashi galibi don taushi ruwa mai tsauri sosai a matakan karshe na maganin ruwa. Wannan hanyar tsarkake ruwa ta hada da musayar ions tsakanin ruwan sha da reza. Ya danganta da cajin caji + ko -, waɗannan reagents ana kiransu cations ko anions. Zasu iya zama abubuwa na halitta, kamar zeolites, ko kuma ta hanyar da ɗan adam ɗin yake. Abun da ke tattare da irin wannan matatar, lokacin tsabtatawa ba ruwa mai gurbata sosai, ya isa na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, ana amfani dasu sosai a rayuwar yau da kullun, don tace ruwa daga matattarar ruwa. - Lantarki
Wannan dabara tsari ne mai hadaddun tsari wanda ya danganta da tacewar membrane da kuma rabuwar lantarki daga ions. Ana aiwatar dashi a cikin na musamman na'urar da ke da ɗakunan ajiya da dama wanda ke kusa da membranes. Wasu daga cikinsu suna iya magana ga anions, wasu kuma zuwa cations. Ions a cikin kayan suna motsawa ƙarƙashin rinjayar filin lantarki a cikin shugabanci. Sakamakon haka, an datse mafita mai kyau a cikin tanki ɗaya, kuma tsarkakakken ruwa a wani. - Juyin osmosis.
Wata hanyar tsarkake ruwan sha, gwargwadon wucewa ta hanyar membrane. A lokaci guda, maɗaukakarta sunyi ƙanƙan da keɓaɓɓun ƙwayoyin H2O ne kawai ke iya wucewa, suna jinkirta dakatarwar mai kyau, salts, oxides, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Matattara irin wannan ana amfani da su sosai a cikin na'urori masu tace gida. Abin da kawai mummunan wannan hanyar ita ce ƙananan aikinta. Don haka, matatun gidan osmosis na jujjuyawar gida sun sami damar samar da wadatattun 'yan lita na ruwa tsarkakakkiyar awa daya. - Tsaftacewa a jiki
Ana samarwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da ruwan da ake tsabtace a low ko kuma yanayin zafi. Mafi inganci, amma kuma mafi yawan zaɓi mai amfani da makamashi shine cirewa. Sakamakon yana tsarkakakken tsarkakakken ruwa mai narkewa, daga abubuwan da ba lallai ba sunadarai. Hanyar daskarewa ta dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa tsarkakakken ruwa tsarkakakke ya fara jujjuya kankara, sannan kawai sai ya zama datti. Ana amfani da hanyar hadadden hadawan abu da iskar shaka domin kawar da iska mai guba sosai.
Hanyoyin tsarkake ruwa a gida
A gida, ana samun hanyoyi da yawa don tsabtace ruwan famfo:
- Tafasa.
Ta hanyar ruwan zãfi na wani ɗan lokaci (sama da minti 10), 90% na ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke ciki za a iya kashe su. Koyaya, ba shi yiwuwa a rabu da ƙarancin injina da sinadaran ta wannan hanyar. - Riƙewa.
Hanyar ta yi kama da ta masana'antu: ana zuba ruwa a cikin akwati, kuma an bar shi awanni da yawa ko kwanaki. Sakamakon haka, mafi yawan abin da ke tattare da sarkakken abu ne zai zauna a kasan. - Daskarewa
Don yin wannan, zuba ruwa a cikin kwalban filastik kuma sanya shi a cikin injin daskarewa. Bayan wani lokaci, wani ɓangaren ruwan zai juya zuwa kankara, kuma wani ɓangaren zai kasance cikin yanayin ruwa. Rabin da ba wanda bai taɓa ɓoye ba yana ɗauke da rashin illa kuma dole ne a cire shi. - Tsarin silicon.
Ana amfani da silicon don tsarkake ruwan famfo, kuma yana bashi kayan warkarwa. Don yin wannan, ana zuba silicon tare da ruwa na yau da kullun kuma an bar shi don kwanaki da yawa. Ruwa mai ƙura yana bugu cikin ƙananan rabo na kwanaki da yawa don hana ci gaban cututtuka na gabobin ciki. - Carbon mai aiki.
Daya daga cikin ingantattun adsorbents, mai ikon cire duk abubuwan da aka tarwatse masu kyau da abubuwa masu cutarwa daga ruwa. - Membrane Tace
Wannan hanyar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tana samun karuwar shahara. Masana'antun duniya suna samar da nau'ikan tsarin matatun gida ta amfani da ƙananan membranes.
Mun san komai game da ingancin ruwan sha da kuma hanyoyin shirya shi.
Duk hanyoyin da ake bi don shirya ruwan sha suna da fa'idarsu da rashin amfanin su, saboda haka, zaɓin zaɓin da ya dace, kuna buƙatar zama bisa ga dacewar hanyar a kowane yanayi. Misali, don bincika ruwa da tsayar da inganci da adadi na abubuwan rashin kazanta, kazalika da fahimtar menene matakin tsabtace ruwa a mafita ake buqata, saboda ana sanya bukatu daban-daban kan ruwan sha, ruwan gida da kuma ruwa na masana'antu. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine siyan sikelin wanda zai baka damar tsarkaka ruwa tare da ma'adinai masu amfani.
Matsalar yanzu ta karancin ruwan sha. Babban hanyoyin gurbata yanayi
Ruwa shine tushen duk tsarin rayuwa, wanda babu wanzuwar wanzuwar mutum ko ci gaban ɗan adam gabaɗaya mai yiwuwa ne. Baya ga bukatar kai tsaye ta kula da muhimman abubuwanda ke tattare da kwayoyin, mutum yana shan ruwan sabo a adadi mai yawa don kiyaye aikin gona da samar da buƙatu iri iri na gida. Ruwa ya mamaye sama da kashi 70% na duniya kuma ya kai kusan 1/4400 na adadin duniya, amma sabo ruwa ya zama ƙasa da kashi 3% na yawanta. A lokaci guda, kusan kashi 70% na tsarkakakken ruwa yana cikin yanayin glaciers, wanda ke rikitar da amfani dashi.
Tabbas, koda ragowar ruwan tsarkakakken ruwa, wanda yake mafi sauƙaƙawa, yana da ɗimbin yawa, waɗanda basu da sauƙin shayarwa. Ko yaya dai, a halin yanzu, matsalar karancin amfani da ruwa da ruwa tana daga cikin mahimman abubuwanda ake haifar da su, dalilai da yawa ke haifar da hakan. Na farko, tare da yawan mutanen duniya masu tasowa da kuma saurin ci gaban masana'antu da ke shan ruwa da tattalin arziki, kayan sha'awar ruwa mai kyau kuma suna haɓaka. Abu na biyu, ana samun raguwar ajiyar hannun jari koyaushe saboda gurɓataccen iska daga wurare daban daban da suka shafi ayyukan ɗan adam.
Don dalilai na haƙiƙa, ba shi yiwuwa a dakatar da ci gaban jama'a, ƙasa da hana ci gaban ɗan adam. A lokaci guda, rage gurbataccen gurbataccen ruwa da kuma shirye-shiryenta na farko ba wai kawai ana iya yiwuwa ba ne, har ma da hanyoyin da za a iya magance matsalar karuwar amfani da ruwa. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a ambaci wasu hanyoyin da ake nufi ko dai don rage yawan amfani, ko kuma, a wata tattaunawa, wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin samun ruwa mai tsafta. A lamari na farko, saboda sabbin kayan zamani, ingantaccen amfani da ruwa, ko kuma ana ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don amfani da ruwa sosai a rayuwar yau da kullun. A bangare na biyu, ana kokarin fitar da ingantaccen ruwa daga mahimmin hanyoyin: ci gaban daskarar da kankara, gurɓatar danshi ta fuskar iska, ƙoshin ruwan teku, da dai sauransu. Koyaya, kulawa da ruwa da kula da ruwa sune wuraren da suka fi fifiko.
Babban hanyoyin gurbata yanayi kuma a lokaci guda babban masu amfani da ruwan sha shine masana'antu, noma da gida. Bi da bi, manyan hanyoyin gurbatawa sun haɗa da sinadarai na zahiri, ƙirar halitta da zazzabi.
Tare da gurɓar da iska, ƙazamar ƙazanta, kamar yashi, yumbu ko tarkace iri-iri, suna shiga jikin ruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana bambanta gurɓataccen iska a cikin wani yanayi daban, tunda babban gurɓataccen abu shine kuzarin zafi, wanda kai tsaye yana shafan mahallin. Heatingarin dumama na tafki na iya canza yanayin halittun da ke gudana a ciki, wanda hakan kan iya haifar da mutuwar kifayen da sauran mazaunan ruwa na ruwa, ko kuma hakan na iya haifar da haɓakar algae ko zoanzir, buƙatar tsaftacewa daga wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga tsarin aikin ruwa na gaba. Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa gurbataccen yanayi na iya yin tasiri mai kyau, saboda haka, kalmar "gurbatawar iska" tana da dangantaka, kuma ya kamata a kimanta yanayin yanayin muhalli daban ga kowane yanayi.
Gurbatawar sinadarai shine ci gaba da sunadarai a cikin jikin ruwa takamaiman masana'antu ko masana'antu da aikin gona. Musamman, yana da mahimmanci a nuna ƙarancin iska tare da samfuran mai, abubuwan karafa mai nauyi, abubuwa masu aiki (saman abubuwa) da nitrates, babban tushen wanda shine kwararar takin zamani. Dangane da batun gurbata yanayi, muna magana ne game da clogging da abubuwa na kwayoyin da microorganisms (gami da pathogenic da parasitic). Bugu da kari, da dama sunadarai mahadi mai arziki a cikin nitrogen da phosphorus na biogenic asalin ne mai gina jiki na gina jiki ga wasu kwayoyin, da kuma gurbata wani tafki tare da irin wannan mahadi yana kaiwa ga ingancinsa - sannu-sannu a hankali ambaliyar tare da canji mai zuwa zuwa fadama.
Rarraba hanyoyin da hanyoyin tsarkake ruwa
Hanyoyi masu gurɓataccen abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda suke haifar da ƙarancin hanyoyi da yawa don tsarkake ruwa daga gare su. Koyaya, za'a iya raba su duka zuwa rukuni bisa tsarin manufa. Saboda haka, mafi yawan rarrabuwa na hanyoyin tsabtatawa sune kamar haka:
- A zahiri
- Chemical
- Halittar jiki
- Halittu.
Kowane ɗayan gungun hanyoyin sun haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka na musamman don aiwatar da tsabtatawa da ƙirar kayan aikin sa. Hakanan wajibi ne don yin la'akari da cewa lura da ruwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, aiki ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke buƙatar haɗuwa da hanyoyi daban-daban don cimma nasarar da ta dace don maganin sa. An ƙaddara cakudin aikin tsabtace ta yanayin gurbatawar - yawanci ana amfani da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar wata hanya ta daban azaman abubuwan da ba a so. Tsirrai masu tsinkaye bisa hanya guda ana samun su a lokuta inda ruwa yake yawan gurbata shi da abu ɗaya ko fiye, ingantaccen rabuwa wanda zai yuwu a cikin tsarin hanya ɗaya. Misali shine sharar ruwa na masana'antu daban-daban, inda sanannan sinadarai da ƙimin abubuwa suke da masaniya a gaba kuma ba ya bambanta da yawaitar magana.
Babban tsarin kungiyar magudanar da magudanar ruwa
Kafin kai tsaye kai tsaye don magani, ruwan sharar gida ya shiga cikin masu caji, inda aka narkar dashi kamar yadda ya cancanta da tsaftataccen ruwa. Anyi hakan ne domin daidaita daidaiton abubuwan gurɓar da ruwa a cikin ruwa, don hana cunkoso a matakin aikin injiniyan da kuma hana haɓakar haɓakar ƙwanƙwaran abubuwa a cikin yanayin nazarin halittu. Kasancewar manyan kuɗaɗe akan kayan aikin magani ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mara kyau zuwa aikin jiyya. Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan tsabtace na inji, wanda na iya haɗawa da na'urori kamar tarkunan yashi, tarkunan man shafawa, tankokin kwalliya da kuma shinge don tara manyan tarkace.
Bayan ruwan ya wuce maganin farko, ana ciyar da shi babban magani. A mafi yawancin lokuta, ana amfani da magani na halitta a cikin tanki na aeration ta amfani da sludge mai kunnawa don waɗannan dalilai. Za a iya inganta babbar hanyar ta tsabtatawa mai zurfi, inda ake amfani da matattara, tsire-tsire masu osmosis, da sauransu. A duk matakan, ana fitar da abubuwa daban-daban daga cikin ruwa, suna fitar da su ta hanyar laka, wanda dole ne a zubar dashi. Don yin wannan, an ƙaddamar da su ga yawancin ayyukan (wringing, bushewa, da dai sauransu), kuma ƙarin ƙaddararsu ta dogara da ƙimar da aka samu na samarwa. Wuce haddi mai narkewa, wanda aka cire shi daga sake zagayowar tank, wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman karin abinci, ana kuma kula dashi. Ruwan da aka tsarkake zuwa yanayin da ake buƙata yana shafe shi ta hanyar ƙwaro, daskarewa, ko maganin UV.