Girman chamois kusan mita ɗaya ne a tsayi kuma 75 cm a ƙ witƙasasshe. Wutsiya mai gajarta, tsayinsa baya wuce cm 8. nauyin chamois yana daga kilo 30 zuwa 50. Tana da karamin aiki mai ƙarfi tare da siririn wuya, gajeriyar magana, kunnuwa masu kaifi, wanda tsawonsa ya kusan rabin tsawon kai. Chamois suna da kafaffun kafaffun kafaffun kafafu tare da shimfidar lebur, haka kuma kaho suna kaiwa 25 cm wadanda suke da baya, dukkansu a cikin mata da maza. A bayansu rami ne wanda mucous, sirrin ƙanshi ke ɓoye lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin.
A lokacin bazara, chamois launin ja-ruwan hoda ne, launuka akan ciki mai ruwan hoda-rawaya. A bayanta tana da rawaya mai launin fari da launin ruwan kasa, wuyanta fari fari-fari. A bayan kafafu fararen fata ne, wutsiya akan marainiya kuma baƙar fata a saman goshi. Hanyar baƙar fata tana buɗewa daga kunne zuwa ido. A cikin hunturu, chamois launin ruwan kasa ne mai saman da fari a ƙasa. Kafa da kai suna da fari-fari.
Yaɗa
Chamois suna zaune a cikin Alps kuma ana samo su daga Savoy na Faransa zuwa Dalmatia, da kuma a cikin Balkans da Carpathians. Caucasus da Asiya orarama su ne a yankin rarraba su. Yawancin Chamo a hankali yana zaune da beltsin daji na tsayi, a lokacin rani yawanci yakan tashi sama har zuwa tsaunika. Idan ta ji haushi sosai a ƙasan, ta tashi zuwa wani wuri mai dutse, wanda kusan ba zai iya yiwuwa ga maza ba, daga inda, da sanyin safiya, tana yin abubuwa dabam-dabam a kan filayen tuddai tsakanin duwatsu. A cikin hunturu, gangara zuwa cikin dazuzzuka.
Halayyar
Mace da matasa suna zaune a cikin ƙananan garkuna daga dabbobi 15 zuwa 30. Haɗin zamantakewa ya bambanta da yanayin. A lokacin rani suna da zafin gaske. Daya daga cikin dabbobin yakan kasance a matsayin mai tsaro kuma yana sanar da wasu idan akwai hatsari tare da sautin-yi kamar mai huru. Yayin da kasuwancin ke gabatowa hunturu, ɗaurin ɗaurin garken ya zama rauni, wasu garken sun haɗu, wasu kawai suna rarraba. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, garken yana jagorancin mace mai ƙwarewa. Maza manya suna zaune su kadai kuma suna ziyartar garken dabbobi kawai a ƙarshen bazara. Neman yaran maza, suna fafatawa da wasu abokan hamayyarsu don samun damar aure tare da matan garken, wanda ke faruwa a cikin rabin na Nuwamba.
A ƙarshen Mayu ko farkon Yuni, hargitsi yana haihuwar 'yan biyu zuwa uku waɗanda ke bin mahaifiyarsu kuma suna shayarwa kawai akan madarar uwa tsawon watanni uku. Ana samun balaga cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku, a cikin mata tun kafin mazan su. Tsawon rayuwa a cikin mace shine shekaru 20, a cikin maza - 15.
Abincin Chamois ya ƙunshi harbe-harben kananan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, har da ciyawa da ciyayi. A cikin hunturu, su ma ba sa raina mosses da lichens.
Abokan gaba da Hadari
Abokan gaba na chamois sune lynxes, Wolves da bears. Wani lokacin matasa chamois sun zama ganima ga gaggafa. Hadarin dake tattare da tashin hankali shima ana wakilta shi da duwatsun da yake birgima da gutsuttsura na kankara, gami da ambaliyar ruwa wanda sanduna ke mutuwa da fari. A cikin lokacin tsananin sanyi, hargitsi da yawa kan fada cikin yunwar.
Tsarin jiki na Chamois
Dabbobin suna da ƙanana da matsakaici a matsakaici, tsayin daka a ƙ witƙasassun ya kasance daga 71 zuwa 86 cm, tsawon jikin yana daga cm 102 zuwa 119. Babban tsawon kwanyar shine 169-201 mm. Yin nauyi a cikin kewayon 25-45 kg, mara wuya. Matsakaicin nauyin namiji shine kimanin kilo 30-3.
Ginin gabaɗaya haske ne. Karamin gajeruwar jiki wacce take da fadi da kirji mai zurfi tana kan kafaffun manyan kafafu. Bayanin baya baya yana da ɗan daidaitawa, tsayin daka a cikin sacrum ya fi ƙarfin cm 6-6 fiye da tsayin tsinkayen. Shugaban yana da haske, tare da kunkuntar wuyan matsewa zuwa ƙarshen. Madubi na hanci karami ne, yana kama sarari ne kawai tsakanin sasanninta na cikin hanci, amma wani lokacin tare da gefan ciki ya kai kusan kusurwoyin manyan hanci. Duk lebe na sama, ban da kankataccen tsintsiyar mediya, an rufe shi da gashi. Launin madubi na hanci-baki ne. Idanun ba manya bane, amma convex, suna nuna bijirewa ne ga bangarorin. Idon idanu mai launin shuɗi ne. Kunnuwa suna da tsawo, kusan 12-14 cm, yawanci ba ƙasa da rabin tsawon kai ba.
Dukkan maza da mace suna da kaho, a ƙarshen, suna da wadatar haɓaka, kaɗan kaɗan da guntu fiye da na maza. Gindin ƙaho yana saman kofa. Siffar su ta halayya ce ta yanayin kusan layi daya, a tsaye, kuma a cikin dabba mai rai ko da sau da yawa wasu makoshi da aka karkatar da su gaba ɗaya kuma sun fizge kai. Yankin giciye na ƙaho zagaye ne ko kuma m, girth a cikin sansanonin yana game da 7-8 cm Distantin tsakanin sansanonin da wuya ya wuce cm cm 6. Tsawon kaho a lanƙwasa ya kasance daga 17-18 cm a cikin mace zuwa 24 zuwa 24 cm a cikin maza. Launin ƙaho launin launin toka-duhu ne ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Fushin murfin kaho yana ɗauke da ɗimbin ƙananan ƙananan zobba masu canzawa tare da tsagi tsakanin su. A gindin kaho, zoben suna nan kusa da juna da kuma kunkuntar, kusa da filo biyu, santsi, tare da tsaka-tsakin yanayi tsakanin su. Thearshe mai ƙaho ba shi da alamar ringi. Bugu da kari, ƙarami, amma an yi magana da tsinkayen tsinkayen yana bayyane cikin tsawon tsawon daga tushen tun daga saman sa.
Wuyan chamois gajere ne, amma kuma na bakin ciki ne. Shugaban, har cikin yanayi mai natsuwa, ya dage. Kafafu, kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, suna da tsayi da kauri. Abu sanannen abu ne cewa girman hooves, wanda kuma ke iya motsawa baya da girma, yana da girma idan aka kwatanta shi da girman dabba. Tsawonsu daga gefen bayan murfin yatsun hannu zuwa saman yatsun kafa ne daga 66 zuwa 73 mm, a kan wata gabar jiki daga 62 zuwa 68 mm. Tsayin kwatancen hooves tare da gefen gaba a ƙafafun gaba shine 43-47 mm, a kan kafaɗun kafa 1-2 mm ƙasa. Halin halayyar chamois hooves shine cewa lokacin bango mai kauri suma suna jujjuya ciki kuma su zama bayyananniyar hanyar da za'a iya gani kai tsaye a bayan murfin cikin kashin. Wannan lafazin, a fili, yana taka rawar birki ko ƙugiya yayin saukar da dabbar a gefen dutsen. Hooarin hooves suna da girma, amma suna haɓaka haɓaka (kimanin 34 a tsayi kuma tsawon 22-23 mm) kuma tabbas ma suna taka rawar gani azaman birki yayin hawa cikin duwatsun. Launin launi na hooves duhu launin ruwan kasa.
Gashinan chamois gajere ne (kusan 12 cm), harma da gashi kawai dan kadan ya wuce tsawon kunnuwa.
Launin chamois iri daya ne, wanda ya danganci karancin bambance-bambancen mutum, amma ana yawan fadada shi sosai lokacin yanayi.
Babban sautin launuka na fata yana da launin shuɗi-ja, tafi launin ja-ja, wani lokacin tare da ɗanɗano launin ruwan hoda, gwargwadon yawan gashi tare da nasihar launin ruwan kasa da kuma matsayin launin ruwan kasa.
Shugaban ya fi sauki fiye da jiki da wuya. Gefen hanci na sama ya kasance rawaya, kawai wani lokacin ma da ɗanɗano mai launin shuɗi, ƙarshen zai zama bayyananne a goshin. Kambi ne mai-m-ja, na sautin guda tare da bangarorin ɓangaren gangar jikin da wuya. Ofarsar murabus ɗin, musamman gefen gaban lebe na sama, fari ne ja.
Zama da rarraba chamois
Asalin asalin chamois (Rupicapra Blanville) har yanzu ba a bayyana ba. A cikin Babban Pliocene a kan ƙasar Faransa da Italiya, wani tsari ya rayu, ta fuskar ƙwarewar da ke da kusanci ga tashin hankali, amma samun lanƙwasa saman zankayen baya, amma a gaba.
Duk abubuwan da aka samo amintacce suna da alaƙa da lokacin, farawa daga tsakiya ko ma babba Pleistocene. A cikin Pleistocene, an rarraba wannan asalin ko'ina ba kawai ga kudu ba, har ma zuwa arewa. Ragowar chamois, alal misali, ana samun su a Belgium.
A halin yanzu, hargitsi yana zaune a tsaunin Cantabrian (Spain), Pyrenees, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Bavaria, Switzerland da Austrian Alps, a cikin Apennines, a cikin Carpathians a cikin Czechoslovakia, kudancin Poland da Romania, a wasu tsaunukan Yugoslavia, Albania da Girka, a cikin tsaunuka gabashin Asiya oraramar, Babban Caucasus Range da Transcaucasus. Arancin zamani na chamois na zamani suna wakiltar ragowar yanki mai ɗorewa lokacin rarraba wannan nau'in.
A rabin rabin karni na karshe, sunyi kokarin sau biyu don tura tashin hankali zuwa tsaunukan Norway, amma duk ƙoƙarin biyu sun gaza, tunda dabbobin da aka kawo sun mutu cikin kankanin lokaci, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba,.
Bayanin Chamois
Tsawon jikin chamois ya kai kimanin 1 m, tsayinsa ya kai cm 75. Wutsiyar dabbar tana da gajeru sosai, har zuwa 8 cm tsayi. Babban taro yana cikin girma daga kilo 30 zuwa 50. Ana san jinsin ta hanyar karami da ƙarfi na jiki; hargitsi yana da siririn wuya, gajeriyar magana, kunnuwa da aka nuna, tsawon sa kusan rabin tsawon kai. Hannun dogo ne dogaye kuma siriri, gashinan suna da fadi, kahon ya kai tsawon 25 cm, suna da baya baya, kuma akwai maza da mata. Bayan ƙaho akwai karamin rami, wanda a lokacin lokacin fitar ya zama tushen asirin mucous, asirin mai ƙamshi.
A lokacin rani, chamois fur mai launin ja-ruwan kasa, ciki mai haske ja-rawaya. An yi ado da baya tare da ratsin baki da launin ruwan kasa, ƙuƙwalwa mai launin shuɗi. Wata gabar jiki tayi fari a bayanta, zakara kuma bakin wutsiya bakar fata ne. Daga kunnuwa zuwa idanu na shimfida wani yanki na baki. Jawo hunturu yana launin ruwan kasa mai duhu akan bango, da fari a ciki. Wata gabar jiki da kuma kai mai launin fari-fari ne.
Fasali na abinci mai narkewa
Chamois, kamar herbivores, suna ciyar da harbe-harben kananan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, ganye da ganye. A cikin hunturu, suma suna cin gansakuka da lasisi. Wadannan dabbobin suna da ikon yin abin ba tare da shan ruwa na dogon lokaci ba, kuma suna larar debo daga cikin ciyawar. Tare da murfin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi, hargitsi zai iya cin lichens kawai, wanda aka juya daga bishiyoyi, ko kuma ɗakunan ajiyar ruwa, waɗanda suke cikin ciyayi da filaye. Saboda karancin abinci yasa chamois da yawa ke mutuwa a cikin hunturu. Bugu da kari, chamois suna buƙatar gishiri, kuma sune baƙi na yau da kullun a cikin tasirin gishiri.
Yarbancin chamois na yau da kullun
Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun bambanta damuna bakwai na tashin hankali bisa ga mahimmancin wuraren rayuwarsu:
- Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra), wata ƙungiya mai zaɓi wacce aka samo a cikin Alps,
- Anatolian ko turmois na Turkiyya (Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica), suna zaune a gabashin da arewa maso gabashin Turkiya, wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsu azaman nau'in jinsin Rupicapra asiatica,
- Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica), mazaunin tsaunuka ne a yankin Balkan,
- Carpathian chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra carpatica), suna zaune a cikin Carpathians, ana iya ɗaukarsu azaman nau'in jinsin Rupicapra carpatica,
- Chartres Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana), an rarraba shi a tsaunin Chartres a Yammacin Yankunan Faransanci,
- Caucasian chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica), wanda aka samo a cikin Caucasus,
- Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica), yana zaune a cikin Tatras.
Sake bugun zuciya
Tsawon rayuwar chamois a cikin yanayin halitta shine shekaru 10-12, mace yawanci tayi tsawon rayuwa fiye da maza, kuma dabbobi sun kai ga balaga tun tana shekara 20, amma haihuwa kawai tana da kimanin shekaru 3.
Zamanin yana farawa ne a ƙarshen Oktoba; Cutar ciki tana da makonni 21, kuma a ƙarshen bazara ko a farkon bazara, mata suna haihuwar 'ya'ya. Yayin haihuwar haihuwa, an cire su cikin layin katako mai yawa. Yawancin lokaci ana haihuwar mutum, lokaci-lokaci - cuba twoa biyu waɗanda suke sauka a kan ƙafafunsu kuma bayan zahiri 'yan sa'o'i suna bin mahaifiyarsu. Bayan sun haihu, da farko mata suna guje wa wuraren buɗe ido, amma da zaran sanduna sun koyi tafiya tare da kankara, sai su koma garkensu.
Chaarfafawa da damuwa suna da uwa sosai ga mahaifiyarsu, watanni shida na farko da take kulawa da su. Ciyar da madara ke ci gaba a farkon watanni uku na rayuwar jariri. Idan mace ta mutu, to sauran matan garken dole ne su kula da zuriyarta. Lokacin da yake da watanni 4, ƙaho ya ɓarke a cikin ƙaramin tashin hankali, sun sami haɓakar halayyar a ƙarshen shekara ta biyu na rayuwa.
Abokan gaba na hargitsi
Abokan gaba na maƙaran chamois sun haɗa da lynx, wolf da beyar. Matasa mutane galibinci suna afkawa da gaggafa. Kari akan haka, duwatsu da guntun dutse, ambaliyar ruwa da ke faruwa a tsaunika, da wadanda abin ya shafa wadanda galibinsu 'ya'yan wadannan dabbobi ne, masu hadarin gaske ga dabbobi suyi birgima. A cikin tsananin sanyi da dusar kankara, chamois galibi kan mutu saboda rashin abinci.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da tashin hankali
- Chamois suna da yawa a cikin dangi, ban da kuɗin Caucasian, wanda aka jera a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha, don haka a yau yawan jama'arta ya ƙunshi dabbobi kusan 2000, yawancinsu suna zaune ne a ɓangaren yanayi.
- Ba zai yiwu a mallake hargitsi na daji ba, amma irin nau'in madara da awaki nama, waɗanda ke dangi mai nisa na Almo chamois, a cikin yankin Switzerland. Irin waɗannan "chamois" na gida suna kama da dabbobin daji tare da launi, ƙarfin hali da kyakkyawan iyawa don dacewa da kowane yanayin muhalli.
Samun Taswirar Kalmar Daidaita Tare
Sannu! Sunana Lampobot, Ni shirin komputa ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen yin Taswirar Kalmar Magana. Na san yadda ake kirgawa, amma har yanzu ban fahimci yadda duniyarku take aiki ba. Ka taimake ni in tantance ta!
Na gode! Na zama mafi ɗan fahimta da fahimtar duniyar motsin zuciyarmu.
Tambaya: dutsen kabari Shin tsaka tsaki, tabbatacce ne, ko mara kyau?
Aiki tare da kalmar "chamois"
- Don haka, alal misali, an rubuta dokar a cikin sel na narkewar gland a jikin ganuwar ciki: da zaran abinci ya shiga ciki, sai su fara asirce. sulfuric acid.
- Idan kana da gashin mai sosai, lokaci-lokaci zaka iya amfani da sabulu na musamman na wanka domin wanka: kwal, resorcinol, boric, sulfuric, ichthyol.
- Koyaya, don dogaro, na ba shi game da haɗarin sulfur kuma ya nuna yadda diluted yake sulfuric acid zai lalata farar dutsen da baƙin ƙarfe.
- (duka tayi)
Halittar Chamois da salon rayuwa
Chamois dabba ce ta hali. Yankunan m dutse na tsaunuka tare da gandun daji sune yanayin da ake buƙata don kasancewar tashin hankali. Yankin da ya keɓewa a tsaye yana daga ƙananan iyakar gandun daji, wani lokacin a tsawan tsawo na kawai 600-700 m, zuwa sassan subalpine da na tsayi, har zuwa 3000 m da ƙari. Dukansu dutsen da gandun daji sune wuraren mafaka. Harshen tashin hankali na ƙarshe, a fili, ya dogara da ƙari kuma, idan akwai haɗari, zai iya shiga cikin gandun daji mai yawa, idan yana kusa, fiye da zuwa kankara. A cikin daji, za ta lura da wani mutum kuma za ta ɓoye masa kafin ya same ta. Koyaya, a wuraren da rashin damuwa ke damun su, suna son kansu su yi ciyawa a cikin tsaunukan marasa itace da bude wuraren kiwo, musamman idan akwai sassan duwatsu da sauran mafaka a kusa.
Ba a bayyane yanayin chamois lokacin ƙaura na lokaci ba, kamar wasu ungulates, a cikin chamois, a duk shekara ana iya samo su daga ƙananan yanki na gandun daji zuwa tsaunuka. Matsayi ne kawai na abubuwan da suka faru a tsaunuka daban-daban da wuraren zama. A lokacin rani, ana sa yawancin dabbobi a wurare masu girma daga 1700 zuwa 2500 m, a cikin tsiri na sama na gandun daji, a cikin sassan subalpine da na tsayi. Fiye da mazauninsu a wannan lokacin akwai tsaunuka, wurare masu dutse kusa da gandun daji, tsaunin katako mai tsafta da yadudduka tare da kananzir na katako, fir, ƙwari da Birch. Har ila yau, Chamois yana ci gaba da ci gaba da maganin subalpine da alkama a cikin ƙauyuka masu yawa na gandun daji na birch, inda dabbobi suke ɓoye idan akwai haɗari kuma suna hutawa a cikin lokutan zafi.
Canjin canjin sa'o'i na hutawa da makiyaya yana rikicewa a cikin hadari, yanayi mai sanyi, a damina da damuna, haka kuma a lokacin rani a cikin wani yanki na daji inda dabbobi ke samun isasshen inuwa. A cikin waɗannan halayen, a tsakiyar rana zaka iya haɗuwa da adadi mai yawa na dabbobi masu ƙiba, kuma mafi yawansu suna hutawa da rana, da yamma. A mummunan yanayin hargitsi yakan kwashe tsawon kwanaki a ƙarƙashin tuddai na duwatsu, cikin kogo ko hawa dutsen ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, cin ƙananan layuka da aka rataye.
Chamois garken garke ne. Girman garken yana da yawa a cikin mazauna da yanayi iri daya. Gargadin garuruwan chamois baya gudana ta bangare daya, amma yana birgima ta kowane bangare kuma yana sake tattarawa cikin rukunoni kungiyoyi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, masu lura da garkunan da aka lura kuma sun dogara da yawa a yawan adadin chamois a cikin yankin da aka bayar. A cikin wuraren da chamois ke da yawa a lamba, suna riƙe guda 2-3. A da, a yammacin Caucasus akwai garken daruruwan samfurori.
A wasu halayen, samuwar manyan garken, ga alama, tana da alaƙa da ƙuntata wuraren wuraren hargitsi saboda yawan garken dabbobi.
Manyan garkunan hargitsi ana lura da su a watan Agusta da Satumba. Ya bambanta da sauran wasu ungulates, a lokutan hunturu kuma musamman maɓuɓɓugan rani ƙangin garken sun ragu a hankali, kuma kawai a lokacin rani ne bayan an gama sake tashin hankali.
Abubuwan da ke cikin garken sun haɗu sau da yawa, daga dabbobi na kowane zamani da mata. Amma wani lokacin mazan manya da mata tare da samari suna yin gungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
Ciyarwar Chamois
Abincin Chamois a lokacin rani shine yawancin tsire-tsire na herbaceous. Kwafaffen A. A. Nasimovich, bisa ga abubuwan lura a cikin sassan subalpine da na Alif, jerin abincin abincinsu na lokacin bazara sun haɗa da nau'in ciyawa 33 da kuma nau'in 8 na tsirrai da bishiyoyi. Daga nau'in ciyawa don yawan nau'in forbs na gaba, amma a cikin jerin abinci da aka ci musamman, hatsi - fescue da bluegrass suna cikin farkon, biye da biro, karrarawa, anemone, buttercups, dinari, butterbur da saniya. A cikin jinsin bishiyoyi-bishiyoyi ganyayyaki da matasa ana cinye su, kuma a allunan fir.
Tushen abinci mai sanyi na hunturu shine, ban da busassun ciyawa waɗanda aka girbe a wuraren rashin dusar ƙanƙara da mara ƙanƙara, abinci-reshe na itace - rassan bishiyoyi da hawan willow, beech, ash ash. Fescue, ganye da harbe na tsire-tsire-hunturu ana cinye su da yawa: ƙonewa, mistletoe, cherry laurel. Mosa, katako na katako har ma da allurar Pine, fir da spruce kuma ana cin su. A cewar wasu rahotanni, 'ya'yan itacin da ke cikin kirji suna cinye su ne da wuya. Babu yanayin cin ciyawar da aka girbe a cikin cabas, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin tashin hankali na Turai, a cikin Caucasus.