Juyin halitta yana canza jinsunan dabbobi da yawa sama da ganewa, amma tsutsotsi, mollusks da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa ba su canza ba har miliyoyin shekaru. Da yawa, amma ba duka ba. Jirgin ruwa yana ɗaya daga cikin halittu masu ban mamaki na halitta, waɗanda suka sami damar daidaitawa zuwa kusan dukkanin wuraren zama, inda suka shiga cikinsu kwatsam. Kuna da sha'awar? To bari mu gano tare su wanene waɗannan matattarar jirgin ruwa.
Teredo: taƙaitaccen bayanin
Jirgin ruwa, ko kuma gida, kamar yadda ake kiran su, suna kama da tsutsotsi masu tsayi, suna isa zuwa wasu yanayi har zuwa tsawon mita guda. Wani dattijo ya zaɓi ya ciyar da rayuwarsa gabaɗaya a cikin itacen da ke cikin ruwan gishiri. Ruwa na wurare masu zafi da yanayin zafi ana ɗaukar su da kyau a gare su; ba sa rayuwa a cikin tekun sanyi. Kuma ba za su wanzu a cikin ruwa ba, inda yawan gishirin ya ragu ƙasa da kashi goma.
A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya sun san nau'ikan nau'ikan saukar ruwan jirgi sama da saba'in, wasun su ma sun tona asirin al'ummomin Oceania don cin abinci, suna ganin hakan abune mai kyau.
Jirgin ruwa: aji
Idan ka nuna wannan halitta ta dabi'a ga mutum talakawa, to zai iya karfin gwiwa ya ce ya ga tsutsotsi a gabansa. Amma wannan ba haka bane. A zahiri, wannan clam ne. Tsarin jirgin ruwan da yake tafiya a cikin juyin halitta ya iya kusan canzawa gaba daya ya daidaita da yanayin rayuwa a cikin kunkuntar da kuma dogon tsinkaye. Bayan haka, su ne ke ceci halittar wannan halittar daga abokan gaba kuma suka zama tushen abinci.
Kuna iya samun wannan abin mamaki, amma kwafin jirgin ruwa ya kasance na maɓallin bivalve mollusks. Yana da harsashi, wanda yayin juyin halitta ya juya ya zama ƙaramin tip a gaban jiki.
Queanan layin sun fi kama da ɓoyayyun abubuwa waɗanda muka saba da mu, amma a zahiri a farkon sati na biyu na rayuwarsu sun karye ta farkon tafiyarsu kuma tuni ƙaramar yarinya ce.
Habibat Jirgin ruwa
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a tekun kudu. Yawancinsu suna cikin dazuzzuka mangoro. Tushen waɗannan bishiyoyi koyaushe suna cikin ruwa, kuma ɓututtukan da suka faɗa cikin teku, sun zama mazaunin gaba. Amma kwale-kwalen na iya haƙa ramuka a kowane itace da ya shiga ruwa. Sau da yawa, sukan zama sanadin mutuwar jiragen ruwan, kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwa sun yi ƙoƙarin kawar da wasu kwari da suka zauna a ƙasan jirgin. A cikin watanni shida kacal, wani yanki mai saukar ungulu zai iya rusa rukunin jiragen ruwa na katako.
Abubuwan da suka tsaya a gaban mai sukar biranen tashar jiragen ruwa suma suna son gaban. A gare su, hadarin jirgin ruwa bala'i ne na ainihi. Misali, a cikin Sevastopol taras zai iya yin aiki bai wuce shekara biyu ba. A wannan lokacin, sun mai da su wani nau'i na sieve na motsawa da yawa.
Tekun Baƙi: yadda muka isa can
Jirgin ruwan da ke cikin Tekun Bahar yana jin kwarin gwiwa. Kimanin shekaru hamsin da suka wuce, ya kasance azabtarwa da mazauna karkara kuma ya cutar da aikin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam. Amma ta yaya wannan mollusk din ya shiga cikin ruwan mu?
Masana ilimin halitta sun yi imanin cewa an shigo da kwale-kwalen jirgi a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum daga Tekun Farisa. A nan ne mafi kusa da gandun daji na mangrove suke, ƙari, a cikin ruwayen bay, maida hankali ya kai babban matsayi a tsakiya - a kowane mutum hamsin a kowace santimita. Sabili da haka, ba abin mamaki bane cewa jirgi mai ciniki yana tare da su kawai.
Abubuwa uku na kwatancen mollusks suna zaune a cikin tekun Bahar Maliya. Yawancin lokaci ba su kai tsawon fiye da ashirin da biyar zuwa talatin santimita. Amma an yi rikodin lokuta daban-daban lokacin da jirgin ruwan ruwan Tekun Bahar Maliya, hotunan da muka ambata a cikin labarin, ya kasance santimita sittin da biyar.
Gini
Jirgin ruwa yana da tsayi daɗaɗɗen jiki. Tsawon saurayi ya bambanta daga santimita ashirin da biyar zuwa mita biyu. Mollusk yana ciyar da rayuwarsa gabaɗaya a cikin wani rami da aka haƙa shi. Kusan a matakin lardin, sai ya fara tono jujinsa a wani yanki na itace ya ci gaba da yin wannan yayin da yake girma, don haka ramin a cikin rami yawanci ba ya wuce milimita biyar a girma. Nan gaba, hanya zata fadada kuma tana iya samun diamita har zuwa santimita biyar, gwargwadon girman mutum.
Jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu a gaban ƙarshen akwati yana da ƙaramin harsashi biyu, fuka-fukan wanda ya ƙunshi sassa uku. Kunnen kunne da jikin kowane ganye yana sanye take da kaifi mai kaifi, kuma suna taimakawa tona rami a gaba. Da zarar an yi amfani da shi, an sanya mollusk a ciki tare da taimakon kafa a gaban jiki kuma tare da motsi gaba yana fara ƙirƙirar rami cikin zurfin yanki na itace. Abin mamaki, hadarin jirgin ruwa baya motsawa. Masana ilimin halittu sun yi imanin cewa duk maƙwabta suna jin sautin da suke yi lokacin da suke toshe itace, kuma a hankali suke zagaya yankin da aka riga aka mallaka.
Yayinda kuke motsawa ta cikin rami, mollusk yana rufe bangonsa da farar ƙasa. Kusan duk jikin mutum yana cikin ginin, kawai siphons ya kasance a waje - wani tsari mai tsawo wanda yake aiki azaman gabobin numfashi ta hanyar da ruwan teku yake tacewa da kuma mollusk. Idan akwai haɗari, hadarin jirgin ruwa yana jawo siphons zuwa cikin hanya kuma rufe ramin tare da karamin farantin da ke a ƙarshen jikin.
Yadda ake cin abincin jirgin ruwa
Shellfish yana ciyar da kwayoyin halitta wanda aka tace daga ruwan teku. Amma kuma magunan jirgi suna ciyar da bishiyoyin da suka rage daga narke hanya. Ciki, tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke jikin kwayar, suna samar da enzymes waɗanda ke rushe sel. Sabili da haka, koyaushe kusan an rufe shi da sawdust.
Tsarin
Jikin matattarar jirgin ruwa manya ne mai silima da tsayi (wani lokacin sama da mita). A ƙarshen gaban ƙarancin ƙarami ne (har 1 cm) harsashi na bivalve, ana amfani dashi don hakowa cikin itace. Kowane ganye ya ƙunshi sassa 3, wanda 2 yana rufe (kunne na gaba da jikin ganye) an rufe shi da haƙarƙarin. Yayin hakowa, mollusk yana haɗe zuwa bangon hanya tare da taimakon kafa, dan ƙara buɗe fuka-fuki kuma yana motsa su a cikin shugabanci na tsufa.
Koma bayan jikin, mai 'yanci daga kwasfa, an rufe shi da alkyabbar sirrin lemo a jikin bangon hanyar. Poarshen maɓoɓin jiki, wanda akan sami siphons, yana fitowa daga ƙofar ƙofar. Faranti alli a haɗe zuwa siphonspallets) rufe shigarwar lokacin dawo da siphons.
Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da hadarin jirgin ruwa
Yanzu yana da wuyar tunanin yadda mummunan lahani na iya haifar da mollusks mai aiki. Bayan haka, mutane sun koya rufe itacen da takaddara mai guba na musamman wanda ke tsoratar da su, kuma yawanci ana yin su ne da kankare. Amma a lokaci guda kusan kusan hallaka ƙasar gaba ɗaya.
A farkon rabin karni na sha takwas, kusan rabin Holland ɗin suna cikin hadarin ambaliyar. Gaskiyar ita ce a bakin tekun a cikin katako da yawa katako na gandun daji ya fara lalacewa a dunƙule abubuwan madatsun ruwa waɗanda ke kare ƙasar daga teku. Yaren mutanen Holland ya yi shekaru da yawa ba tare da gajiya ba don canza tarin zuwa wasu sababbi don kawar da barazanar ambaliyar lardunan da ke kusa.
Shin kuna ganin wannan ya tsufa gaskiya ne? Sannan za mu iya kawo wani abu sabo. A farkon karni na ashirin, San Francisco bata kusan dukkanin tanade-tanade - ana cinye su bi da bi. Mollusk, wanda ya fara haifar da ƙarfi, ya mamaye duk gabar teku, wanda ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tashar jiragen ruwa.
Idan kuna da ra'ayi daga labarinmu cewa biyun sune kwari na gaske kuma ba ku kawo wani amfani ba, to ku kuskure ne. Sun mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tsarin yanayin ruwa. Bayan haka, itace, wanda ayyukan mollusks suka zama turɓaya, ya zama tushen abinci ga sauran mazaunan ruwa.
Lafiyar dabbobi da darajar amfani
Yawan jirgin ruwan yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutum yayi girma kuma yana iya kaiwa mita 2 a tsayi kuma 5 cm a diamita. Wadannan mollusks suna ciyarwa ta hanyar tace ruwan da yake sha ta siphons, haka kuma ta hanyar sarrafa bishiyoyin da aka kirkira lokacin hakowa. Jirgin saman iska ba su da enzymes na kansu don rushewar ƙwayoyin cellulose; ana aiwatar da matakin ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke gudana a ciki. tsekume - yaduwar makanta daga ciki. Kwayoyin cuta kuma suna kama nitrogen a cikin ruwa, wanda ba shi da kyau a itace.
Jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu ba kawai yana amfani da kayan halitta ba ne kawai (tsirrai da katako ba da gangan ba cikin teku), har ma da gine-ginen katako da jiragen ruwa na katako, waɗanda ke haifar da babban lahani ga gidan. Don kare kifayen jirgin ruwa, itace ya cika ta da dafi mai dafi ko an jingina shi da creosote [Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1097 ba] .
Wasu nau'ikan abin da ake ci ana shayarwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya [Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1097 ba] .
Haraji
Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan saukar ruwan jirgi 60 da ke zaune a tekuna na yankuna masu zafi da yanayi. Ana samun nau'ikan hudu a cikin ruwayen Rasha. Za'a iya bambance abubuwa masu zuwa a cikin iyali:
- subfamily Teredininae Rafinesque, 1815
- Bactronophorus Tapparone-Canefri, 1877
- Dicyathifer Iredale, 1932
- Lyrodus Binney, 1870
- Neoteredo Bartsch, 192
- Psiloteredo Bartsch, 1922
- Teredo Linnaeus, 1758
- Teredora Bartsch, 1921
- Teredothyra Bartsch, 1921
- Uperotus Guettard, 1770
- subfamily Bankiinae R.D. Turner, 1966
- Bankia Grey, 1842
- Nausitoria Wright, 1884
- Nototeredo Bartsch, 1923
- Spathoteredo Moll, 1928
- subupamily Kuphinae Tryon, 1862
- Kuphus Guettard, 1770
Bayanan kula
- ↑ 12345678910Ruppert E.E., Fox R.S., Barnes R.D. Animalsananan dabbobi dabbobi // Incoebrate Zoology. Aiki da Ci gaban Juyin Halitta = Invertebrate Zoology: Tsarin Juyin Halitta / Per. daga Turanci T. A. Ganf, N. V. Lentsman, E. V. Sabaneeva, ed. A. A. Dobrovolsky da A. I. Granovich. - bugu na 7. - M.: Cibiyar ilimi, 2008. - T. 2. - 448 p. - kwafi 3000. - ISBN 978-5-7695-2740-1
- ↑ 1234Jirgin ruwa - labarin daga Babban Soviet Encyclopedia
Gidauniyar Wikimedia. 2010.
Duba menene "Jirgin ruwa" a cikin wasu kamus ɗin:
KYAUTA KYAUTA - dangin ruwa na rijiyoyin burtsatse na ruwa Jikin yana magana da jiki (tsayawa har zuwa 1.5 m), tare da harsashi (tsawonsa har zuwa 10 mm) a ƙarshen kai. KO. Gwanaye 70, galibi a cikin tekuna na wurare masu zafi, gami da jinsuna 5 a cikin Baƙi, Azov da ... ... Babban Encyclopedic Dictionary
KYAUTA KYAUTA - Teredo, annoba ta kamuwa da cuta. bivalve mollusks wannan. Teredinidae. A ƙarshen jikin mutum akwai ƙaramin harsashi (tsayinsa ya kai mm 10), kowane ganye zuwa mashigar ya ƙunshi sassa 3, 2 daga cikinsu (kunne na gaba da jikin ganyen) an rufe shi da haƙarƙarin rijiyoyin, ... ... Halittar Encyclopedic Dictionary
jiragen ruwa - dangin ruwa na rijiyoyin burtsatse na ruwa Jikin yana magana da jiki (tsayawa har zuwa 1.5 m), tare da harsashi (tsawonsa har zuwa 10 mm) a ƙarshen kai. Kimanin nau'ikan 70, akasarinsu a cikin tekuna na wurare masu zafi, gami da jinsuna 5 a cikin Baƙi, Azov da ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
KYAUTA KYAUTA - dangin cutar. bivalve mollusks hakowa itace. Jikin yana da tsutsa-tsutsotsi (tsayi har zuwa 1.5 m), tare da harsashi (tsayi har zuwa mm 10) a ƙarshen kai. KO. Nau'in 70, ch. arr. a cikin tropic. tekuna, gami da Jinsuna 5 a cikin Baƙi, Azov da Tekun Gabas ... ... Kimiyyar halitta. Kundin sani
katako - dabbobi suna haƙa ramuka a cikin itacen da ya faɗa cikin ruwan teku. Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan 200, gami da wasu mollus na bivalve (alal misali, hadarin jirgin ruwa), crustaceans, da sauransu.
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Teredo - (Teredo), ko jirgi mai saukar ungulu, asalin halittar mollusks ne na ruwan teku a cikin dangin Teredinidae. A ƙarshen jikin mutum akwai ƙaramin harsashi (har tsawon tsayi 10 mm), kowane ganye wanda ya ƙunshi sassa 3, 2 daga cikinsu (kunne na gaba da jikin ganyen) an rufe ... Wikipedia
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JIKIN SAUKI - dabbobi suna haƙa ramuka a cikin itacen da ya faɗa cikin ruwan teku. KO. Jinsuna 200, gami da wasu mollusks na bivalve (misali jirgin ruwan kwalekwale), crustaceans, da sauransu ... Babban Encyclopedic Dictionary
bivalve - A aji na marine da freshwater conch mollusks. Sink (tsayi daga fewan milimita zuwa 1.4 m) na cusps 2 da aka haɗa a gefen hannun. Kimanin nau'ikan 20 dubu. An watsa ko'ina cikin teku, kuma a cikin ruwa mai kyau. Suna zaune akan ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Tsarin waje
Theredo yana da sassan jiki wanda ya kai tsawon kusan mita. Tunda jirgin ruwan kwale-kwale na ajin kwari ne, yana da fasalin tsarin halitta. Ina kwano yake? An samo shi a ƙarshen jikin mutum kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan akwatina biyu game da cm 1 a girman su .. Tare da taimakonsu, mollusk yana murɗa itace. Kowane ganye yana kafa sassa uku tare da serrated gefuna.
Sauran ragowar jirgin ruwan mollusk yana da fasalulluka na tsari irin na wannan naúrar. Jikinsa ya tarwatse daga bangarorin kuma ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: gangar jikinsa da ƙafafunsa. Tunda bivalve mollusks basu da kai, suma basu da gabobin da ke jikin sa. Waɗannan su ne tantuna, pharynx, harshe tare da grater, muƙamuƙi da gland mai haɓaka. Tufafinsu suna rufe baya da jikinsu. Haka kuma akwai glandon wanda yake ɓoye lamirin damuwa.
Kusan duk jikin jigon jirgin ruwa yana cikin itace. A farfajiya, ya bar ƙarshen bangon tare da nau'i biyu na siphons. Ta hanyar su, dabba tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da muhalli. Kayan kariya yana da ban sha'awa. Tare da siphons, a ƙarshen jikin mutum farantin abu ne mai ƙwayar chitin carbohydrate. Idan kuma akwai haɗari, dabba za ta jawo Siphons cikin dazuzzuka Kuma an rufe ramin tare da farantin chitin.
Tsarin ciki
Kamar kowane mollus, jirgi mai saukar ungulu yana da sashin jiki na biyu. Kodayake, gibin da ke tsakanin gabobin ya cika da sako mai yalwar nama. Tsarin wurare dabam dabam na wadannan dabbobi a bude suke. Ya ƙunshi zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Jinin jini daga shiga cikin jijiyoyin jiki. Anan ya cakuda shi da ruwa ya kuma wanke dukkan gabobin. A wannan matakin, ana yin musayar gas. Jini yana shiga zuciya ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini. Jirgin ruwan kwaro ne mai jin jini. Saboda haka, ba zai iya rayuwa cikin ruwan sanyi ba.
Gashin jikin numfashin katako na katako sune gusar, tare da taimakon wanda yake shan iskar oxygen daga ruwa. Tsarin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ciki shine ƙodan ya wakilta. Suna ɓoye samfurori na rayuwa a cikin rami na kusa-kusa. Jirgin ruwan jirgi yana da jijiyoyin jiki.
Siffofin rayuwa
Jirgin ruwa yana cikin aiki akai. A cikin minti daya sai suyi kamar motsi guda goma. A lokaci guda, suna buɗe sashes, wanda tare da ƙusoshinsu suna lalata itacen. Matsakaicin motsin jirgin ruwa yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar dabba da kanta. Zasu iya kaiwa mita 2 a tsayin daka tare da diamita na cm 5. Wani sunan yana da alaƙa da wannan hanyar rayuwa - katako na katako. Abin mamakin shine gaskiyar cewa motsin waɗannan mollusks ɗin ba sa taɓawa. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna ba da shawara cewa su ji sautuka masu gabatowa na hakowa "maƙwabta" kuma canza alkiblarsu. Anan ne irin waɗannan dabbobi suke girmama juna!
Don narke hadadden ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar carbohydrate wanda ke yin itace, ana buƙatar wasu enzymes. Tabbas, basu iya ikon haɓaka su da kansa. Wani fasalin tsarin tsarinsu shine kasancewar wani mummunan makanta na ciki, wanda a kullun yake tattara jikinsa. Kwayoyin cutar Symbiotic suna zaune a nan. Suna rushe cellulose zuwa gluosin monosaccharide. Wani aikin symbionts shine gyara nitrogen a cikin ruwa.
Sake buguwa da ci gaba
Jirgin ruwa mai iska shine hermaphrodites. Wannan yana nuna cewa mutum ɗaya ya samar da sel da na mace. Kayan da ke da takin ciki an fara zama a cikin ƙwayar cuta, a cikin su ke inganta har zuwa makonni 3. Su larvae ci gaba da su. Sun shiga cikin ruwa suna iyo kuma nan da wani sati 2. Legafar mollusk ta fara ɓoye abu na musamman na furotin a cikin zaren - bisus. Tare da taimakonsa, tsutsa ya kama itace. A wannan lokacin, layin yana da kwatancen kwatankwacin mollusk na bivalve. Yawan jikinsa an rufe shi da bawo, wanda ƙafafunsa suka nuna sosai. Yayinda dabba tayi girma, dabbar ta zama kamar tsutsotsi.
Mahimmanci a cikin yanayi da rayuwar mutum
Haƙƙin jirgi sun sami kyakkyawan suna. Da gaske suna yin lahani da yawa ta hanyar lalata itace akan nasu. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da haɗari musamman a zamanin da, lokacin da mutane ba su san hanyoyin hanyoyin magance su ba. Jirgin ruwa mai saurin lalata zai iya lalata gindin ko gefan jirgin, juya ayyukan gadoji da marinas ya zama ƙura, ya haifar da mutuwar tsirrai. Yanzu itace, wanda zai iya zama "wanda aka azabtar" da hadarin jirgin ruwa, an lullube shi da wasu abubuwan guba na musamman waɗanda ke sanya shi “dafi” ga waɗannan mollusks.
Don haka, jiragen ruwan jirgi, duk da sunansu, wakilai ne na ajin "Bivalves". Suna zaune a kusan dukkanin tekuna, suna daidaitawa kan abubuwan woody. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da tsoka mai laushi da ragowar guda biyu. Tare da taimakonsu, suna yin motsawa a cikin itace, ta hanyar lalata shi kuma ya haifar da lahani mai yawa.
Darajar fasaha
A farkon karni na 19, halayyar kwayar halittar jirgin ruwa ta wahayi ga injiniyan Faransa Marc Brunel. Bayan lura da yadda kwandunan kwandon jirgin ruwa ya ba shi damar yin hanya ya kuma kare shi daga matsi na katako, Brunel ya tsara ginin ƙarfe na zamani don rami - garkuwar rami wanda ke ba ma'aikatan damar samun nasarar rami a ƙarƙashin wani katako mai tsaurin Thames. Ramin Thames shine farkon nasarar da aka samu a cikin gina babban rami a karkashin kogin da ake tafiya.