A daren bazara, katifar wuta abu ne mai ban sha'awa da gani abin ban mamaki yayin da, kamar a labarin tatsuniya, fitilu masu launuka masu haske kamar kananan taurari a cikin duhu.
Haskensu ja-rawaya da kore cikin inuwar launuka daban-daban da haske. Kwaro mai kashe gobara yana nufin tsari irin ƙwaro, gidan ƙwaro, wanda ke da nau'in kusan dubu biyu, aka rarraba a kusan dukkanin sassan duniya.
Mafi kyawun wakilan kwari sun zauna cikin subtropics da tropics. A cikin ƙasarmu akwai kusan nau'ikan 20. Haske ana kiran Latin: Lampyridae.
Kwatancen kwari iri ɗaya ne irin ƙwaro da ke aiki a cikin duhu. Kallon su da rana, gaba daya bashi yiwuwa a yarda cewa irin wannan kwaro mai rarrafe zai iya zama mai ban mamaki da dare.
Suna daga rabi zuwa biyu santimita a girma, sun bambanta a cikin karamin kai, manyan idanu da jiki mara laushi. Haske, kamar yadda aka gani a hotoyana da fikafikai da eriya guda biyu a haɗe a goshi, ya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in, a sifa da girma.
Wani fasali na musamman game da gobarar shine kasancewar gabobin luminescent na musamman akan ciki, wanda ya kunshi kwalliya masu cike da lu'ulu'un uric acid kuma suna saman su, sel masu daukar hoto da karfin gwiwa ta jijiyoyi da jijiyoyin jikinsu ta yadda iskar oxygen ta shiga.
Hanyoyin hadawan abu da iskar shaka wanda ke faruwa a wurin cikakke me yasa wutar daji ta tashi kuma daga abin da suke haskakawa. Kwayoyin suna amfani da irin wannan siginar, suna kare kansu daga abokan gaba, ta haka suna sanar da su rashin cancantar su, haka kuma suna jan wasu halaye na maza da mata.
Halin rashin wuta da salon rayuwa
Daga cikin mafi yawan wakilan kwari da ke rayuwa a farfajiyarmu shine Ikram tsutsa. Yana zaune kamar haka rashin wuta a cikin gandun daji, a cikin lokacin dumi, yana nuna ayyukan dare.
Wakilan wadannan kwari suna kwana a ranar suna ɓoye cikin ciyawa. Mata suna da dogaye, tsintsin jiki, launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da fararen abubuwa uku a ciki, ba su da ikon tashi, kuma ba su da fikafikai. A cikin bayyanar, sun yi kama da larvae tare da tsawon kimanin 18 mm.
Irin waɗannan kwari suna da ikon canza daji gaba ɗaya ta hanyar sihiri, suna kunna fitilun su akan ciyawa da cikin dazuzzuka, masu walƙiya masu walƙiya da shuɗewa. Kamar wancan katuwar wuta - gani wanda ba a iya mantawa dashi. Wasu daga cikinsu, wadanda suke fika a hankali suna tashi ne cikin iska su kuma wuce gona da iri.
Kuma a, a cikin iska mai ƙarfi, rush kamar roka na wasan wuta na dare. Waɗannan maza ne masu ƙone wuta waɗanda suka gano 'yan matan su kuma suka gudu zuwa cikin ciyawa kusa da su.
Wakilan maza masu kwari suna da siginar sigari mai sutimita kusan daya da rabi tsayi, babban kai da manyan idanuwa. Ba kamar mata ba, suna tashi da kyau.
An kafa shi a cikin Caucasus, wakilan waɗannan kwari daga asalin halittar Luciola suna haskakawa tare da gajeren walƙiya tare da ƙarancin sa'o'i ɗaya zuwa biyu, kama da rawar kama da irin ƙwaro photinus daga Arewacin Amurka.
Wani lokacin gobarar kan haifar da haske mai tsayi a cikin jirgin, kamar taurarin harbi, hasken yawo da hasken rawar a bangon wani daren kudu. Akwai bayanai masu mahimmanci a cikin tarihin mutane suna amfani da gobarar a cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.
Misali, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa fararen baƙi na farko, masu jigilar jirage masu tasowa zuwa Brazil, Ina kuma gobarar rayuwa, sun kunna gidajensu da haskensu na zahiri.
Kuma Indiyawan, suna farauta, sun ɗaure waɗannan fitilun na zamani zuwa yatsun ƙafafunsu. Kuma kwari masu haske ba wai kawai sun taimaka gani a cikin duhu ba, har ma suna tsoratar da macizai masu dafi. Kamar fasalin gobarar wani lokaci ne al'ada don kwatanta kaddarorin tare da fitilar mai kyalli.
Koyaya, wannan haske na halitta yafi dacewa, saboda ta hanyar kunna fitilun kansu, kwari basa yin zafi kuma basa ƙaruwa da zafin jiki. Tabbas, yanayi ya kula da wannan, in ba haka ba yana iya haifar da mutuwar gobarar.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Fan itace suna zama a cikin ciyawa, a cikin ciyawa, ko gansakuka, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin ganye mai ganye. Kuma da dare sukan farauta. Kayan wuta suna cin abinci tururuwa, ƙananan gizo-gizo, larvae na sauran kwari, ƙananan dabbobi, katantanwa da tsirrai masu juyawa.
Samfuran samfuran gobarar bazuwar ba su ciyar da ita, amma suna wanzu ne kawai don haihuwa, suna mutuwa bayan matsi da tsarin kwanciya ƙwai. Abin takaici, wasan kwaikwayon na wadannan kwari wasu lokuta sukan isa ga mutumci.
Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa matan waɗannan kwari masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suke ƙawata daren rani na allahntaka, galibi suna da halin rashin kunya.
Mata daga nau'in Photuris, suna ba da alamun yaudarar maza ga wani nau'in halittar, kawai suna tafukan, kamar dai don hadi ne, kuma maimakon saduwar da ake so, ku cinye su. Wannan halin ana kiran shi da masana ilimin kimiyya m mimicry.
Amma wutar daji tana da amfani sosai, musamman ga mutane, ta hanyar cin abinci da kawar da kwari masu haɗari a cikin ganyayyakin da suka faɗi na itace da kuma gidajen lambun. Gobarar daji a cikin lambun - Wannan alama ce mai kyau ga mai lambu.
A Japan, inda yawancin nau'ikan kwari da ban sha'awa na waɗannan kwari suna zaune, gobarar daji suna ba da ma'amala a cikin filayen shinkafa, inda suke ci, suna lalata abubuwa masu yawa, katuwar ruwa, share tsirrai na rashin kyawun ƙauyukan, suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Hasken da gobarar ke fitarwa ta kasance ta lokuta daban-daban, wanda yake taimaka masu lokacin da suke matse. Idan namiji ya zo lokacin haihuwar, zai shiga neman wanda aka zaɓa. Kuma ita ce ta bambanta shi ta fuskar alamun haske kamar maza.
Idan aka bayyanar da bayyanar da bayyanar da alamun soyayya, to a mafi yawan damar abokin tarayya zai so amintaccen abokin zama. A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, a tsakanin ciyayi mai guguwar gandun daji, saurayi har ma da shirya don makomar darikar su ta fitila mai haske, haske da kunna fitilun fitila waɗanda ke haskaka da tsabta fiye da hasken wutar manyan biranen.
A wannan lokacin, lokacin da manyan idanun maza suka sami lambar sirri mai mahimmanci-kalmar sirri daga mace, ƙonewar wuta tana kusa da juna, ma'auratan suna gaishe da juna tare da haske mai haske na ɗan lokaci, bayan wannan an gama aiwatar da haɗin kai.
Mata, a cikin yanayin inda ma'amala ta kasance nasara, ya sanya ƙwaya, daga abin da manyan larvae suka bayyana. Su ƙasa ne da ruwa, galibi suna da baki tare da launin rawaya masu launi.
Larvae mallaki abin sha mai ban mamaki da yawan ci. Zasu iya cin kayan bawo da kifin kifi, kazalika da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa, kamar abincin da suke so. Suna da iko iri ɗaya kamar na manya. Jin daɗin bazara, lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya shigo, sai su ɓoye a cikin itacen ɓarawon, inda suke zama na hunturu.
Kuma a cikin bazara, kawai bayan farkawa, sun sake fara cin abinci na rayayye na wata ɗaya, wani lokacin kuma. Daga nan ne tsarin aiwatarwar yara, wanda zai kasance daga kwanaki 7 zuwa 18. Bayan haka, manya sun bayyana, suna shirye don sake sake mamakin wasu tare da kyakkyawan haske a cikin duhu. Tsawon rayuwar mutum ya kai kimanin watanni uku zuwa hudu.
Kwaro mai kashe gobara. Rayuwar gobara da rayuwa
Wanene ya kalli haske mai ban mamaki da baƙon abu a cikin ciyawa a farkon bayyanuwar faɗuwar rana yayin kyakkyawan maraice? Duk abin da yake kewaye yana ɗaukar hoto mai ban mamaki. Wasu nau'ikan jujjuyawar abin da ba a sani ba sun fito ne daga waɗannan abubuwan.
Koyaushe fatalwa ta wani farin abu mai kyau. Menene wannan mu'ujiza ta halitta? Wani abu ne dabam katuwar wuta game da abin da aka harbe mutane da yawa majigin yara da tatsuniyoyi.
Kowa ya san wannan kwaro mai ban mamaki tun daga ƙuruciya. Gobarar A cikin lambun mai ban sha'awa da sha’awa, yana jan hankali da jan hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba.
Ga tambaya me yasa wutar daji ta tashi har yanzu ba a sami amsa guda ba. Mafi sau da yawa, masana kimiyya suna karkata zuwa sashi ɗaya. Da gaske ne irin wannan kwalliyar da baƙon abu mara kyau yakan haifar da mace kwari kashe gobara wanda hakan ke ƙoƙarin jawo hankalin kishiyar maza.
Irin wannan dangantakar soyayya tsakanin jinsunan masu kashe gobara da kuma tsananin mamakinsu an dawo dasu a zamanin da, dalilin da yasa magabatan suka dade suna danganta haske da kuma bikin Ivan Kupala.
Amma hakika yana cikin farkon watan Yuli cewa wannan kwaro ana lura dashi galibi. A da ana kiranta kashe gobarar tsutsotsi ne. Suna cikin ɓarnar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar kwalba. Ba ko'ina ba zaka iya lura da wannan kyakkyawa.
Amma waɗancan mutanen da suka gan ta aƙalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu tare da farinciki sun ce wannan abin tunawa ne da abin birgewa. Hoto na Gobarar ba mai kyau ba ne wanda yake isar da kwalliyar su, amma kuma zaka iya dube shi na dogon lokaci tare da dauke numfashi. Ba kyakkyawa ba ne kawai, har ma da soyayya, mai ban sha'awa, yawo, mai jan hankali.
Bayyanar Tsarin rayuwar Beetle
Kwari suna haske da haske daban ja zuwa kore, Hasken haske shima daban ne ga kowa. Wannan kwaro ne irin ƙwaro, wanda akwai wasu halittu da yawa. Kawai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha akwai kusan ashirin daga cikinsu. Etaman ƙwaro zaune a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma canjin yanayin ƙasa.
Firefly shine irin ƙwaro ƙasa aiki musamman da dare. Aƙalla, ganin sa yayin rana, ba shi yiwuwa a tsammaci wannan ɗan kwaro na yau da kullun na iya kama da sabon abu a cikin duhu. Kwaro ya kasance daga santimita 0,5 zuwa 2 a tsayi, suna da karamin kai da manyan idanu. Jiki ya faɗi a saman. Akwai fuka-fuki da must must 11, waxanda suke kan goshin gwoza.
Wani fasalin kwaro shine ikon su mai haske. Wannan tasirin yana kasancewa cikin gwoza saboda tsarin jikinsu. A ciki na irin ƙwaro akwai lu'ulu'u na uric acid, a saman wanda ke cikin ƙwayoyin photogenic tare da jijiyoyi da tracheas da ke gudanar da oxygen. Sakamakon hadawan abu da iskar shaka, masu aikin kashe gobara suna kama haske. Gabaɗaya, haske na ƙone gobara yana kare kanta daga maƙiya, yana nuna masu cewa ba abin ci bane. Hakanan, ta hanyar luminescence, kwaro yana jan hankalin daidaikun maza da mata.
Yadda gobarar ke haskakawa
Fanfashin wuta yana haske sabili da sashin halittar musamman a jikinsu - ɗaukar hoto. Tana cikin wutsiyar ciki kuma tana da tsari mai rikitarwa, wanda ya kunshi bangarori uku masu aiki. Don tsabta, yi tunanin fitilar walƙiya: fitilar ƙasan tana mirrored kuma ya kamata ta haskaka hasken da aka samar sakamakon hadadden hanyar da sinadarai ke samu ta tsakiyar ɗakuna. Abubuwan da ke cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar sun hada da photocytes - sel wadanda zasu iya canza oxygen zuwa haske. A saman aikin aiki ana wakilta ta da haske-mai watsa abun wuta.
Oxygen, wanda ake buƙata a adadi mai yawa don ƙirƙirar haske na ƙonewar wuta, an rabu da shi daga mitochondria na salula ta hanyar maye gurbin shi da nitric oxide. Kwari ba su da huhu, don haka dukkan hanyoyin da ake buƙata don rayuwa suna faruwa a cikin sel, gami da numfashi. Kuma tsarin juyayi yana daidaita hanyoyin aiki na "walƙiyar".
A yanayin, akwai kwayoyin halittu da suke “ɗaukar haske” - reefs, kifin teku mai zurfi, mollusks, jellyfish, da sauransu. Dukansu a cikinsu da kuma a cikin masu amfani da wutar, wutar luciferin tana da alhakin luminescence, wanda aka kunna a cikin luciferase ta amfani da kwayar adenosine triphosphate - ATP (ɓangaren duniya na ƙarfin salula) da, oxidizing, yana haifar da haske mai sihiri. Wannan na faruwa yayin rabuwa da ƙwayoyin carbon dioxide, lokacin da ƙwayoyin luciferin suka bar yanayin farin ciki, yana saki ƙarfin haske, don haka yana sanya wuta a cikin duhu.
Abin banmamaki da sanyi mai zafi na gobarar da gaske bata jin zafi kwata-kwata banda na rai. Babu raunanan infrared ko ultraviolet a cikin photons. Amma sai “walƙiya” take ɗaukar kusan 98% na kuzarin da aka kashe, sabanin wutar fitila na yau da kullun, ƙarfinsa shine kawai 10%, wanda ƙarfinsa yana ɗan kashe kuɗaɗe mara amfani.
Me yasa gobarar tayi haske
Abubuwan wuta na mata, ta hanyar, ba su bambanta musamman kyakkyawa - su, ba kamar maza ba, ba su da fuka-fuki, amma kuma suna da alamar luminesce don mayar da martani ga maza daga itacen. Koyaya, mata masu rikitarwa ne - musamman mata daga nau'in Photuris, waɗanda ke yin jinkirin zama wani nau'in halitta - Photinus. Bayan haka, yaudarar maza na jinsin Photinus ke ci, amma mace suna samun dogaro a nan gaba, saboda kwayoyin wadanda abin ya shafa suna dauke da wani enzyme na musamman wanda ke jan tsuntsaye da gizo-gizo. Wasu lokuta ayyukan cuwa cuwa suna faruwa ba tare da kyakkyawan dalili ba.
Wakilan mata suna ba da sigina na musamman, wanda ke nuna cewa a shirye suke domin hadi. Don haka namiji ya fahimci inda zan tashi. Gabaɗaya, haske yana haskakawa, da yawan jan hankalin mata yana jawo ta.
Bugu da kari, su larvae, pupae da qwai suna haske - wannan shine abinda masana kimiyya ba zasu iya bayani ba. Amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ta wannan hanyar suna watsa sigina ga masu hasashen cewa ba sa cutarwa.
A cikin Eurasia, nau'ikan da suka fi yawa, wanda ake kira "tsutsa" Ivanov. " An yi imani cewa a daren Ivan Kupala ne aka kunna waɗannan kwari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine na jinsunan 2000, 'yan wuta ne kawai ke haskakawa, ragowar suna aiki ne kawai a lokacin rana.
Alamar Gobarar
Amma mafi yawan adadin hadisai da zurfin alamar alamun wutar gogewa ana Jafanawa ba su. Kamar yadda ya cancanci yanayin dumama da laima, a can suna haskakawa da sha'awa sosai fiye da danginsu mara nauyi daga tsakiyar latitude. Domin kuwa lokacin da suka dace da juna matattarar sa babban haske ne. Japan har ma tana yin bikin Firefly - bikin Hotaru.
Mutane sun yi amfani da gwoza mai cin wuta don buƙatu iri-iri - a matsayin adon gashi, a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ƙauna, azaman wutar lantarki, a matsayin mataimaka a cikin yaƙi da mugayen ruhohi. A yau, ana amfani da luciferase na roba, wanda aka samo asali daga kwari mai rai, ana amfani dashi a magungunan halayen magani, kazalika don saka idanu kan ingancin kayayyakin abinci.
Yawan gobarar ya ragu sosai, kuma wannan ya faru ne saboda lalata da lalata mazauninsu. Gaskiyar ita ce, daga waɗannan wuraren ba sa ƙaura, amma suna ɓacewa kawai.
Bidiyo akan abin da yasa gobarar tayi haske
Kwayoyi masu ban mamaki sune waɗannan katsewar wutar. Yana da ban mamaki, haske, mai ban sha'awa, abin tausayi ne kawai - mazaunan dare, a lokacin da ba za ku tarye su ba, ba za ku burge su ba. Ta yaya murhun wuta yake ƙyalli? Kuma me yasa? Me? Tambayoyi da yawa game da wannan karamar halitta.
Kadan game da yadda ake kashe gobarar: kwari a cikin dare suna bacci a cikin rana, farauta da daddare, akwai nau'ikan 2,000 a baki daya, suna zaune a duk bangarorin duniya, babu kasar da basu da masaniya game da gobarar. Girma na wasan wuta daga 2 zuwa 4 mm (mm ba santimita ba!). Guda ɗaya adadin jinsunan sun sami damar sanya larvae waɗanda ke iyo a ruwa.
Yawancin nau'ikan jinsunan gobara suna zaune a Japan, mazaunin su shine filayen shinkafa, inda suke ciyar da katantanwar ruwa. Saboda haka, gobara a Japan tana kawo fa'idodi mai yawa ga mutane ta hanyar share kwari daga noman shinkafa.
Na dogon lokaci zaku iya magana game da nau'ikan gobarar daji daban daban, ku tattauna yadda suke rayuwa da daddare, gano maganin da kuka fi so, amma abin da ya fi ban sha'awa shine gano inda haske yake?
Haske na wasan wuta yana haifar da sakamako mai guba wanda ke faruwa yayin haɗuwar oxygen da alli a cikin ƙwayar. Tsarin luminescence kansa shine ake kira bioluminescence. Babban tarin alli yana cikin ciki na wutar, a saboda haka hanjinsa yayi matukar haskakawa, yana kama da karamar fitila mai tashi a cikin duhu. Akwai nau'ikan halittar da ke fitarwa tare da daukacin jiki, sannan kuma kyakyawan fuskarsu mai haske, ba mai haske.
Masana kimiyya sun kwatanta wannan yanayin na kwari da fitila mai kyalli, amma sabanin fitila, gobarar ba ta ƙunawa, suna fitowa da hayaki mai sanyi. A zahiri, idan kwaro yayi zafi da kanta, nan da nan zai ƙone, saboda haka yanayi ya kula da kare murfin, yana ba shi ikon yin haske ba tare da dumama jikin ba.
Haske ba ya faruwa kwatsam ko kuma bayan duhu, dole ne a kunna aikin kashe gobarar. Don yin wannan, ƙwayar "haske" tana ba da iskar oxygen zuwa waɗancan wuraren da tarin ƙwayoyin haɗi sun bayyana. Don dakatar da haske sosai don dakatar da kwararar oxygen. Komai yana da sauki. Yi tunani sau nawa mutane suke kama da gobara, a jefa su a tukunya kuma jira lokacin da wutar za ta yi haske. A wannan yanayin, kwari kusan bashi da iska. Mutane kalilan sun san cewa ƙonewar wuta tana buƙatar iskar oxygen, ba duhu ba, don haske.
Tun da kwaro ba shi da huhu, yana da wuya a samar da iska ga jikin mutum - ta hanyar tracheoles, waɗanda suke sanye da tsarin ƙarfin tsoka. Tsokoki, a zahiri, suna sarrafa haske na aikin wutar.
Aikin tsoka yana da jinkiri, kuma ƙonewar wuta tana tashi da sauri - masana kimiyya sun ɗan warware wannan tatsuniya kwanan nan. Babban aiki a cikin haske shine nitric oxide, wanda aka samar da umarnin kwakwalwa. Kwaro yana tattara oxygen yayin rana, yana riƙe shi a cikin mitochondria, kuma idan ya cancanta, kwakwalwa ya ba da umarni, an saki nitrogen kuma an ba da haske nan take. Matsayi na tsokoki yana kasancewa kawai a cikin goyon bayan jiki na tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Haske na walƙiya na wuta yana haskakawa da dare, haka ma, ga kyawawan dalilai - yanayi mai barazanar rayuwa dole ne ya tashi, jikin yana samar da steroids waɗanda ke sa wutar ba ta da daɗi, haske kuma ya zama alama ce ga abokan gaba - alama ce ta neman koma baya.
A cikin daren dumi a ƙarshen Yuni - farkon Yuli, kuna tafiya gefen gefen gandun daji, zaku iya ganin hasken wuta mai haske a cikin ciyawa, kamar dai wani ya kunna ƙananan fitilar LEDs. Awannin lokacin rani a takaice, zaku iya kallon wannan rawar kamar awanni biyu kawai. Amma idan kun goge ciyawa sannan kuma suka kunna fitila a inda hasken yake konewa, zaku iya ganin kwaro mai tsinkaye-tsalle mai tsinkaye, wanda ƙarshen ƙirin yana haske da kore. Yayi kama da mace gama gari wuta (Lampyris noctiluca ) Mutane suna kiransa Ivanov tsutsa , Tsutsa Ivanovo saboda imani cewa lokacin farko a shekara ya bayyana a daren Ivan Kupala. Mace kawai ke jiran maza a ƙasa ko ciyayi zasu iya fitar da haske mai haske, yayin da maza kusan basa fitar da haske. Firean da ke ƙyamar wuta yana kama da ƙwaro irin na yau da kullun tare da wuya elytra, yayin da mace a cikin tsufa ta kasance kamar tsutsa, kuma ba ta da fuka-fuki ko kaɗan. Ana amfani da haske don jan hankalin namiji. Musamman sashin jiki wanda ke fitar da haske yana zaune a sashin karshe na ciki kuma yana da matukar ban sha'awa a tsarin: akwai ƙananan sel sel. dauke da adadin lu'ulu'u urea masu yawa, da aiki kamar madubi mai nuna haske. Tsarin lumbar da kansa ya shiga ta hanyar tracheas (don samun isashshen oxygen) da jijiyoyi. An kirkiro haske a lokacin hadawar abu na abu don abu - na musamman, luciferin, tare da halartar ATP. Ga masu kashe gobara, wannan ingantaccen tsari ne, yana faruwa ne tare da kusan kusan kashi 100%, dukkan makamashi yana shiga cikin haske, kusan ba tare da zafi ba. Kuma yanzu karin bayani dalla-dalla game da wannan duka.
Gobarar gama gari (Lampyris noctiluca ) wakili ne na dangin gobaraLampyridae ) tsari na irin ƙwaro (Coleoptera). 'Ya'yan waɗannan ƙwaro suna da siginar sigar-siga, tsawan tsayi 15 mm, kuma babba babba mai manyan idanu. Suna tashi lafiya. Mace tare da fitowar su suna kama da larvae, suna da tsutsa mai tsutsa har zuwa tsawon mm 18 mm, kuma ba mai fiɗa. Ana iya ganin Svetlyakov a gefen gefunan daji, ciyayi na ciyayi, a bakin tafkuna da koguna.
Babban a cikin duk hankalin mutum kalmar shine gabobi mara haske. A cikin mafi yawan katsewar wuta, suna a bayan ciki, suna kama da manyan fitilu. Wadannan sassan an shirya su ne a kan tushen wutar lantarki. Suna da nau'i na "fitila" - rukuni na sel photocyte waɗanda birgima da jijiyoyi suke riska. Kowane ɗayan wannan tantanin yana cike da "man", a cikin rawar da yake shine luciferin. Lokacin da gobarar ke hurawa, iska ta ratsa trachea zuwa sashin hasken, inda luciferin yake oxidized a karkashin tasirin oxygen. Reactionwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta yana fitar da makamashi a cikin hasken. Haske na haskakawa koyaushe yana haskaka haske a kan hanya madaidaiciya - zuwa teku. Gobarar kashe gobara a wannan batun ita ma ba ta da nisa. Hotunan su na daukar hoto suna kewaye da sel wadanda ke cike da lu'ulu'u uric acid. Suna yin aikin mai yin tunani (mai kunna madubi) kuma suna ba ku damar kashe kuzarin amfani a banza. Koyaya, waɗannan kwari bazai yiwu su damu da adanawa ba, saboda duk aikin da suke dashi na hassada duk wani masanin fasaha. Abubuwan kashe gobara suna da rawar gani na 98%! Wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 2% na kuzarin da kawai suke ɓacewa, kuma a cikin abubuwan da mutane suka kirkira (motoci, kayan lantarki), daga 60 zuwa 96% na kuzarin da aka ɓata.
Yawancin mahaɗan sunadarai suna shiga cikin haske. Ofayansu yana da tsayayya wa zafi kuma yana nan a cikin adadi kaɗan - luciferin. Wani sinadarin shine luciferase enzyme. Hakanan, ana buƙatar acid adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) don amsawar haske. Luciferase shine furotin mai wadataccen tsari a cikin kungiyoyin sulfhydryl.
Ana samar da haske ta hanyar hadawar abu da iskar shaka da luciferin. Ba tare da luciferase ba, adadin dauki tsakanin luciferin da oxygen yana da ƙasa sosai; catalysis na luciferase yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Ana buƙatar ATP azaman cofactor.
Haske na faruwa lokacin da ake canzawar oxygenlu daga yanayin farin ciki zuwa ƙasa. A lokaci guda, oxyluciferin yana da alaƙa da kwayar enzyme kuma, dangane da sinadarin hydrophobicity na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa mai ban sha'awa, hasken da aka tsinkaye ya bambanta a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan gobara daga launin rawaya-kore (tare da ƙarin microroprop na hydrophobic) zuwa ja (tare da ƙarancin hydrophobic). Gaskiyar ita ce tare da ƙarin microenadium mai zurfi, ana rarraba ɓangaren makamashi. Luciferases daga masana'antar kashe gobara iri daban daban suna samar da bioluminescence tare da maxima daga 548 zuwa 620 nm. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin kuzari na amsawa yana da girma sosai: kusan dukkanin kuzarin da aka amsa ana canzawa zuwa haske ba tare da ɓarkewar zafi ba.
Dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗauke da luciferin iri ɗaya. Luciferases, ya bambanta, sun bambanta a cikin jinsuna daban. Yana biye da cewa canjin launi na haske yana dogara da tsarin enzyme. Kamar yadda bincike ya nuna, zazzabi da pH na matsakaici suna da tasirin gaske akan launi na haske. A matakin microscopic, luminescence sifa ce kawai ta hanyar cytoplasm na sel, yayin da kwayar halittar ta zama duhu. Haske yana fitar da haske ta hanyar izinin hotogenic dake cikin cytoplasm. Lokacin da ake bincika sabbin sassan kwayoyin halitta na hotogenic a cikin haskoki na ultraviolet, waɗannan manyan abubuwan ana iya gano su ta sauran dukiyoyin su, mai kyalli, wanda ya dogara da kasancewar luciferin.
Yawan adadin kuzarin da aka dauka yayi matukar misaltawa idan aka kwatanta da misalai irin na luminescence, gab da hadin kai. A takaice dai, ga kowane kwayoyin luciferin da ke halayen amsawar, ana fitar da adadin haske guda daya.
Abubuwan kashe gobara sune karnuka masu cin ciyawa da kwari. Firefly larvae kai wata ɓata rayuwa, kama da ƙasa irin ƙwaro larvae. Larvae ciyar a kan kananan invertebrates, yafi terrestrial mollusks, a cikin bawo abin da suke ɓoye sau da yawa.
Adult beetles ba su ci, kuma nan da nan bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin da kwanciya qwai mutu. Matar tana sanya ƙwai akan ganye ko a ƙasa. Ba da daɗewa ba, baƙar fata tare da takaddun rawaya suna bayyana daga gare su. Suna cin abinci mai yawa kuma suna girma da sauri kuma, a hanya, kuma suna haske. A farkon kaka, yayin da yake mai daɗi, suna hawa ƙarƙashin ƙasan bishiyoyi, inda suke ciyar da duk lokacin hunturu. A cikin bazara, sun tashi daga matsuguni, sun yi kitse na kwanaki da yawa, sannan ɗalibai. Makonni biyu bayan haka, sai gobarar matasa ta bayyana.
Idan aka kalli kyakyawan juzuwan masu kashe gobara, tun zamanin da, mutane suna mamakin me yasa basa amfani dasu don dalilai masu amfani. Indiyawan sun liƙe su don moccasins don ba da haske kan hanyoyi kuma su tsoratar da macizai. Waɗanda suka fara zama a Kudancin Amurka sun yi amfani da waɗannan kwari a matsayin haske don bukkoki. A wasu ƙauyuka, wannan al'ada ta rayu har zuwa yau.
Kwaro mai kashe wuta babban iyali ne na gungun ƙwayoyin gwoza tare da ikon ban mamaki don fitar da haske.
Duk da gaskiyar cewa kwari masu kashe gobara ba sa kawo kusan wata fa'ida ga 'yan Adam, halayyar waɗannan kwari da aka saba yi koyaushe tana da kyau.
Kallon sauye-sauye na lokaci daya da yawa a cikin daji daji, zaku iya tafiya na ɗan lokaci zuwa cikin tatsuniyar gobarar.
Bayyanar
A waje, kwari masu kwari suna kama da suna da saukin kai, ko da babu rubutu. Jikin yana da elongated da kunkuntar, kai kadan ne, antennae gajere ne. Girman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana da ƙarami - matsakaici daga santimita 1 zuwa 2. Launin jiki launin ruwan kasa, launin toka mai duhu ko baƙi.
Yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta sun ba da bambance-bambance tsakanin mace da namiji. Tsarin kashe gobara na maza a cikin bayyanar yayi kama da karnuka, na iya tashi, amma ba ya yin haske.
Mace tana da kama da tsutsa ko tsutsa, ba ta da fuka-fuki, don haka tana jagorantar yanayin rayuwa. Amma mace ta san yadda za ta yi haske, wanda ke jan hankalin wakilan mata da maza.
Me yasa haske yake?
Sverorgan na luminous a wurin kashe gobarar kwari yana a bayan ciki. Taro ne na sel sel masu walƙiya - photocytes wanda ta sa jijiyoyin wuya da jijiyoyi suke wucewa.
Kowane irin wannan kwayar yana dauke da sinadarin luciferin. Yayin numfashi ta hanyar trachea, oxygen yana shiga cikin sashin hasken fitila, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wanda luciferin yake oxidized, yana fitar da kuzari a cikin nau'i mai haske.
Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ƙarewar jijiya yana ratsa sel haske, kwari a cikin ƙwaro zai iya yin sarrafa ƙarfi da yanayin haske. Zai iya zama ci gaba mai haske, haske, walƙiya ko walƙiya. Saboda haka, kwari suna haske a cikin duhu suna kama da garmar Kirsimeti.
Tsawon rayuwa
Matan irin ƙwaro suna ƙwai ƙwai akan gado na ganye. Bayan ɗan lokaci, ƙarancin fari-mai launin shuɗi ya fito daga ƙwai. An bambanta su da kyawawan abubuwan ci, ƙari, ƙananan kwari masu gobara suna faɗuwa idan sun damu.
Irin ƙwaro larvae hunturu a cikin itacen haushi. A cikin bazara, sun bar tsari, suna ci da ƙarfi, sannan kuma ɗalibai. Bayan makonni biyu zuwa uku, tsoffin gobara tana fitowa daga rago.
- Mafi kyawun ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna zaune a cikin tsaunin Amurka.
- A tsawon, ya kai santimita 4 - 5, kuma ba kawai ciki ba, har ma kirji yana haske a ciki.
- Ta fuskar haske da hasken da yake fitarwa, wannan kwaro ya ninka har sau 150 fiye da takwarorin sa na Turai - kamar gobarar yau da kullun.
- Mazaunan ƙauyuka na wurare masu zafi suna amfani da gobarar. An sanya su cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuma tare da taimakon irin wannan hasken wutar lantarki na farko sun kunna gidajensu.
- Ana yin bikin kashe gobara a kowace shekara a farkon lokacin bazara a Japan. A yamma, 'yan kallo suna taruwa a cikin lambun kusa da haikalin kuma suna kallon tsalle-tsalle masu kyau da yawa na kwari masu haske.
- Mafi yawan nau'ikan jinsin Turai shine kamar wutar daji, wacce aka fi sani da suna tsutsa Ivanovo. Ya sami wannan suna ne saboda imani cewa kwari mai kashe gobara ya fara haske a daren Ivan Kupala.
A lokacin rani bayan faɗuwar rana, zaku iya ganin gani mai ban mamaki: a cikin dare, ƙananan fitilu suna haske kamar taurari. Kuma wannan sabon nau'in kwari mai haske - ƙyamar wuta. Bari muyi magana dalla-dalla game da waɗannan kwari masu kashe gobara waɗanda zasu iya haskakawa da kama da taurari.
Haraarfin etabilar Wuta
A cikin yankin namu, Mafi na kowa shine Ivan tsutsa. Wannan irin nau'in wutar da ke rayuwa a cikin daji kuma ana iya gani a daren bazara mai zafi.
Yayin rana, yawanci kwari sukan ɓoye cikin ciyawar ciyawa. Matar tana da launi mai launin ruwan kasa da ratsi uku akan ciki. Basu iya tashiwa kuma yayi kama da larduna har zuwa santimita 18 a bisa farfajiyar. Wadannan kwari ƙirƙiri gani mai ban mamaki haskensa da daddare, kamar taurari suna fadowa daga sama.
Wannan sabon haske mara misaltuwa yana nuna damuwa. Wasu gobarar suna haske fiye da wasu kuma saboda wannan bambancin, kallon su ya fi ban sha'awa. Sukan yi yawo cikin ciyawa da bishiyoyi kuma, da sauri suna tashi sama, suna kama da sallama.
A cikin maza, jikin yana cikin sigar sigari, kusan tsayi 1.5cm. Suna da babban kai da idanu. Ba kamar 'yan matan budurwarsu ba, fasikannin gaske ne.
Akwai sanannun bayanai game da amfani da gobarar a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Labarin tarihi ya faɗi cewa baƙi waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Brazil amfani da gobarar wuta kamar wutar lantarki a gidajensu. Farauta Indiyawan sun sanya irin ƙwaro a ƙafafunsu don haka suna haskaka hanya, har da tsoratar da macizai.Wannan yanayin tsutsotsin ya yi kama da fitila mai walƙiya, amma ba kamar fitila, wutar ba ta ƙone wuta lokacin tsananin haske.
Sake bugun, offspringa longan da tsawon rai na irin ƙwayar wuta
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, gobarar yana jawo rabin mace akasi zuwa haskensu kuma ya auresu. Lokacin da lokacin canjin namiji ya fara na irin kwaro, sai ya fita neman macen ko ta shi ne a wannan lokacin ne ta lura da wanda aka zaba ta a karkashin inuwar haske. Mafi tsananin haske, mafi shahara ga maza kuma ana karɓar babbar kulawa ga mata.
Wasu nau'ikan kashe gobara a cikin lokacin mating suna shirya wasan kwaikwayo na haske wanda dukkan gungun kwalliya suke shiga. Yayi kama da hasken wuta na babban birni.
Lokacin da mace ta baiwa namiji wata alama da ta zabe shi, sai ya gangaro mata kuma suna tattaunawa na wasu mintuna, suna haskakawa da hasken wuta, bayan wannan hadi ya zama da kanta. Bayan da aka yi niyya, mace za ta iya ƙwai daga ciki irin ƙwaro larvae . Yawancinsu baƙi ne ko rawaya. Akwai lardin lardin da ruwa.
Abubuwan haɓaka ne masu ban mamaki, larvae a cikin adadi mai yawa ci kananan invertebrates kazalika da murfin kilms. Zasu iya haske kamar kwaro na manya. Bayan sun ci abinci a lokacin bazara, don hunturu sukan ɓoye a cikin bishiyoyi kuma suna yin hunturu a can.
A farkon bazara, larvae ya farka kuma ya sake cin abinci mai yawa. Wannan yana faruwa na kimanin wata ɗaya ko fiye, bayan hakan yana faruwa. tsutsa tsintsiya , wanda ya kasance daga kwanaki 7 zuwa 18.
Sakamakon haka, wani irin ƙwaro tsoho ya bayyana, wanda, kamar sauran, zai yi haske a daren bazara mai duhu tare da hasken sa. Tsofaffi ba su daɗe, kusan watanni uku zuwa huɗu.
General halaye
Iyalin sun hada da irin ƙwaro babu kwari. Shugaban yana ƙarami, yana da manyan idanu. Antennae 11-kashi, gajere ko matsakaici tsayi, a haɗe a goshin, siffar su tayi dabam da filiform zuwa sawtooth da tsefe. Lebe na sama yana haɓaka. M na jikin beetles na wannan iyali ne mai taushi ko a matsakaici sclerotized. Jiki na sama ya zama lalatacce, pronotum partially ko gaba ɗaya yana rufe shugaban. Elytra na bugawa, sau da yawa tare da alamun hakarkarinsa. Tsakanin coxae ya canza, m. Wings tare da tantanin halitta firikwensin. Gwoza yawanci suna da ƙananan kayan aiki na baka kuma kada ku ciyar. Dimorphism na jima'i ana kiransa mahimmanci kuma galibi yana bayyana kanta a cikin raguwar elytra da fuka-fuki a cikin mace, saboda abin da suke zama na waje suna kama da larvae.
Vaaƙwalwar nau'in campodeoid, madaidaiciya, ɗan ƙaramin sauƙi a cikin shugabanci na gaba, akasarin launin duhu. Prothorax ya fi girma daga mesothorax da mesothorax. Shugaban shine don mafi yawan ɓangaren da aka zana shi. Akwai hankula zuwa ga samuwar ɗakunan lebur na gida a kan gidajen gona: larvae na wakilan janareto Lampyris da Luciola bangarorin tergites na sassan ciki suna da ɗan elongated ga gefen da baya. Shugaban larvae yana da kadan, mafi yawa elongated, a cikin larvae na kwayoyin Lampyris kusan murabba'i. Sutures na kai yana da kyau. Lebe na sama ba ya nan. Crescent-dimbin yawa mandibles tare da tsotsa canal, sclerotized karfi. Idanun rikicewa sun bata. A ɓangarorin kai akwai manyan idanu masu sauƙi. Antennae kashi uku ne. Bangare na uku 'karamin karami ne, wanda yake kan wani dandamali mai laushi a dandalin sashi na biyu kusa da abin mamakin, kamar yadda yake a wakilai na dangin jiki mai laushi.
Larvae ƙasa ne ko ruwa. Tsarin iska na ruwa mai iska suna da kuzarin na ciki na gefe, ya kasu kashi biyu.Larvae ciyar a kan kananan invertebrates, yafi terrestrial mollusks, a cikin bawo abin da suke ɓoye sau da yawa.
Babban ka'idodin sadarwa
Amfani da gobarar wuta tana amfani da sadarwa ne tsakanin mutane. Wakilai na wannan dangi sun bambanta kusan dukkan siginar da ke da alaƙa da halayyar jima'i, alamomin kariya da siginar ƙasa: ko suna roƙo da alamun bincike na maza, siginar "yarda", "ƙi" da "alamun bayan-ƙawancen" mata, kazalika da alamun tashin hankali har ma da haske mai kwalliya. Koyaya, ba kowane jinsin bane yake da nau'ikan alamun alamun da ke sama. Wasu nau'in, alal misali, Lampyris noctilucasami damar emit kawai sakonnin kira, kuma a mafi yawan wakilan dangi Photinus da Photuris babu bambance-bambance tsakanin daftarin da alamomin bincike a cikin maza. Haka kuma, kawai a cikin matan halittar Photuris an lura da sabon abu mai haske, wanda mata ke fitowa da alamun alamomin halayyar halittar Photinus. Maza Photinusirin waɗannan alamomin suna jawo wa kansu ga mace irin halittar yara Photuris .
A cikin sadarwar haske, raunin wuta yana bambanta tsarin sadarwa guda biyu. A nau'in farko, mutane masu jinsi iri ɗaya (galibi ba mata mai tashi ba) suna samar da wasu nau'ikan alamu na sadarwa waɗanda ke jawo hankalin mutane mata da maza kuma ta haka ne suke cika aikin "bishara". Wannan nau'in tsarin halayyar gobara ce ta haihuwa. Lampyris, Phengodes, Diplocadon, Dioptoma, Pyrophorus da sauransu da yawa. Haka kuma, kasancewar alamomin hasken wuta a jikin mutane masu jinsi daya ba na tilas bane.
A cikin tsarin nau'in na biyu, mutane masu tashi sama da mace ɗaya (galibi maza) suna samar da ƙayyadaddun alamun haske na jinsin, sakamakon wanda jinsin sauran jinsin ke haifar da nau'in-takamaiman jinsi ko takamaiman jinsi. Ana samun nau'in tsarin sadarwa irin wannan a yawancin nau'in gobarar daji, galibi a cikin ƙasashe Lampyrinae da Photurinaesuna zaune a cikin Amurkan.
Haka kuma akwai wasu nau'ikann tsarin tsaka-tsakin hanyoyin sadarwa. Gobarar Fuskar retusulata mace da mace suna haifar da haske mai dogon lokaci, kuma idan akwai haɗari, mata suna iya dakatar da haske. A jinsunan Dioptoma adamsi mata masu tashi marasa ƙarfi suna jawo alamun rashin haske na haske na maza tare da dogon haske. Koyaya, maza na wannan nau'in, lokacin da jima'i suka tayar, suna haifar da fitilun launin kore. Wasu nau'ikan jinsin haɗin gwal Pteroptix akwai hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu waɗanda kwari ke amfani da su a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Hanyoyin cuta na synchronous da yawa na mutane don tattara su cikin garken, wanda ake amfani da musayar alamun sadarwa tsakanin maza da mata. Hakanan ana lura da irin wannan halayen a cikin jinsin. Luciola discicollis da Luciola obsolenta .
Gashinan mara nauyi
Organsangarorin haske masu kama da wuta (fitilun) suna wakiltar manyan ɓangarorin haske akan ƙarshen mafitsara, ko kuma wasu gungun ƙananan haske, waɗanda suka fi yawa ko evenasa a ko'ina cikin jiki. Tsarin, wurin da adadin gabobin haske a cikin nau'ikan gobarar sun bambanta ƙwarai. Misali, a cikin wakilan halittar Phengodes, Diplocladon, Harmatelia da kuma wasu nau'ikan wurare masu zafi, ƙananan gabobin haskoki suna cikin gefen ƙashin kowane ɗayan ciki. Yankin Turai, Afirka, Amurka, Asiya da Far gabashin kwari masu kashe gobara a koyaushe suna da babban kashin luminescence wanda yake a gefen ventral na baya na ciki guda biyu.
Larvae na mafi yawan jinsunan suma sunkasance hade biyu ko kananan gabobin jikinsu a jikinsu.
Tsarin ilimin halittar tarihi da tsarin tarihi
An rarrabe nau'ikan tsarin halittar jiki guda shida. Abubuwa uku na farko na tsarin ginin haske ana kwatanta shi da rashin halayen da ake kira Kwayoyin tashar. Suna da takamaiman don sifar dake jikin kwayar halittar jiki kuma ba a samun su cikin wasu gabobin.
- Nau'in farko. Kawai gabobin wuta suke ciki. Phengodes, hasken da ke fitowa daga manyan kwayayen kwayoyi, kwatankwacin ilimin halittar jikin mutum ga mai jikin mai amo. Kwayoyin Photogenic ba su da alaƙa da trachea. A gefen ventral, an kunna fitilar da abun kwance a ciki, wanda a baya akwai yadudduka biyu ko uku waɗanda aka samar da ƙwayoyin hotogenic.
- Nau'i na biyu. An samo shi a cikin abubuwan kashe gobara na kwayoyin halittar Phrixotrix da mace Lamprohisa splendidula da larvae Phausis delarouseei . Abubuwan da ke cikin haske na wannan nau'in ƙananan ne, mai sihiri kuma suna manne da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayar cuta. Cikakken taro na photogenic nama yana shiga cikin takamaiman tracheols, wanda reshe kamar tsarin tushe.
- Nau'i na uku kama da tsari zuwa nau'in na biyu kuma ana nuna shi ta kasancewar wani yanki na musamman na sel columnar waɗanda basu da ikon iya walƙiya haske a kansu, duk da haka, cytoplasm wanda ya ƙunshi adadin lu'ulu'u masu yawa. Su masu tunani ne sosai. Ana kiran wannan nama "Layer reflex". Tracheoles ya wuce wannan Layer da reshe a cikin “photogenic Layer”. Wannan nau'in tsari shine halayyar larvae na yawancin nau'ikan kashe gobara da wasu manya.
- Nau'i na huxu ana nunawa ta hanyar saka alamar shaƙa a bakin iyakar “photogenic” da “reflex”. Kwayoyin m suna kasancewa a ƙarshen rassan a kwance na trachea, suna samar da matakai a cikin ƙaddarar dorsoventral. An lura da wannan a wasu nau'ikan. Photuris (Photuris pennsylvanica, Photuris jamaisensis).
- Na Biyar aka bayyana a cikin wasu nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a Japan (Luciola parva, Luciola vitticollis), Kudu maso Gabas Asiya (Pyrocoelia rufa, Luciola cruciata) da Afirka (Luciola africana) Siffar fasalin halitta shine kasancewar saka kaya a cikin jijiya a cikin “hoton kwayar halitta” da mafi yawan bangarorin tsarin kwance a jikin kwayoyin halitta.
- Nau'i na shida shi ne mafi yadu kuma mafi rikitarwa tsari. An samo shi a cikin mafi yawan janarorin Amurka Photinus da Photuris , Luciola parvula , Luciola lusitanica da sauran nau'ikan da yawa. Hanyoyin fitilun wannan nau'in ana nuna su da girma masu girma da kuma matsayi a gefen ventral gefen 6th da 7 sternites na ciki a cikin maza da 6th sternitis a cikin mata.
Hanyoyin dake nuna haske
Yawancin mahaɗan sunadarai suna shiga cikin haske. Ofayansu yana da tsayayya wa zafi kuma yana nan a cikin adadi kaɗan - luciferin. Wani sinadarin shine luciferase enzyme. Hakanan, ana buƙatar acid adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) don amsawar haske. Luciferase shine furotin mai wadataccen tsari a cikin kungiyoyin sulfhydryl.
Ana samar da haske ta hanyar hadawar abu da iskar shaka da luciferin. Ba tare da luciferase ba, adadin dauki tsakanin luciferin da oxygen yana da ƙasa sosai; catalysis na luciferase yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Ana buƙatar ATP azaman cofactor.
Tasirin rikicewar da luciferase ya ci a cikin matakan biyu:
- luciferin + ATP → luciferyl adenylate + PPni
- luciferyl adenylate + O2 Light oxygenluciferin + AMP + haske.
Haske na faruwa lokacin da ake canzawar oxygenlu daga yanayin farin ciki zuwa ƙasa. A lokaci guda, oxyluciferin yana da alaƙa da kwayar enzyme kuma, dangane da sinadarin hydrophobicity na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa mai ban sha'awa, hasken da aka tsinkaye ya bambanta a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan gobara daga launin rawaya-kore (tare da ƙarin microroprop na hydrophobic) zuwa ja (tare da ƙarancin hydrophobic). Gaskiyar ita ce tare da ƙarin microenadium mai zurfi, ana rarraba ɓangaren makamashi. Luciferases daga masana'antar kashe gobara iri daban daban suna samar da bioluminescence tare da maxima daga 548 zuwa 620 nm. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin kuzari na amsawa yana da girma sosai: kusan dukkanin kuzarin da aka amsa ana canzawa zuwa haske ba tare da ɓarkewar zafi ba.
Dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗauke da luciferin iri ɗaya. Luciferases, ya bambanta, sun bambanta a cikin jinsuna daban. Yana biye da cewa canjin launi na haske yana dogara da tsarin enzyme. Kamar yadda bincike ya nuna, zazzabi da pH na matsakaici suna da tasirin gaske akan launi na haske. A matakin microscopic, luminescence sifa ce kawai ta hanyar cytoplasm na sel, yayin da kwayar halittar ta zama duhu. Haske yana fitar da haske ta hanyar izinin hotogenic dake cikin cytoplasm. Lokacin da ake bincika sabbin sassan kwayoyin halitta a cikin rayukan ultraviolet, waɗannan manyan abubuwan ana iya gano su ta sauran dukiyoyin su, mai kyalli, wanda ya dogara da kasancewar luciferin.
Yawan adadin kuzarin da aka dauka yayi matukar misaltawa idan aka kwatanta da misalai irin na luminescence, gab da hadin kai. A takaice dai, ga kowane kwayoyin luciferin da ke halayen amsawar, ana fitar da adadin haske guda daya.
Sigogi na fitar haske
An yi nazarin halaye na zahiri na haske da ke ɗauke da ƙwaro. Wannan koyaushe shine monochromatic, ba a ba da izini ba. Ba zazzabi tare da zazzabi. Yawanci, kowane nau'in yana fitowa da haske ɗaya, launi mai cikakken haske, amma an san irin ƙwaro da haske wanda maza da mata suke da launi daban-daban.
Yana da al'ada al'ada bambanta manyan nau'ikan alamun haske waɗanda ke halayyar wakilai daban-daban na dangin gobarar:
- Ci gaba da haske. Rashin kula da lafiyar bioluminescence, halayyar ƙwai na kusan dukkanin nau'ikan gobara. Wannan nau'in alamun siginar haske ma halayen ne kawai ga manya na ƙwayoyin halittar 'yan halittu. Phengodes. Don wannan nau'in haske, dalilan muhalli da yanayin jikin mutum baya shafar hasken haske.
- Haske mara haske. Tare da wannan nau'in luminescence, beetles yana haskaka haske na dogon lokaci, haske wanda zai bambanta daga cikakken katsewar luminescence zuwa iyakar haske, gwargwadon abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, rudin kewaya, da yanayin kwaro. Wannan nau'in luminescence halayyar larvae ne na yawancin nau'ikan da kuma tsofaffi mutane daga haɓaka. Phryxotrix, Diplocladon, Lampyris, Lamprohisa, Dioptoma, Phausis da sauransu.
- Ripple. Wannan nau'in siginar ana wakilta ta gajeriyar walƙiyar haske wadda wuta ke fitarwa a tsakaitaka na yau da kullun. Wannan nau'in siginar ta ci nasara wajen aiki tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi na haɓaka. Pteroptix da Luciola .
- Bala'i. Mafi yawan nau'ikan siginar haske da aka lura da yawancin Turai, Amurka (Photinus, Photuris), Asiya, Gobarar Afirka - tsararriyar Luciola, Robopus, Pleotomus da sauransu.Babanin nau'in da ya gabata, yanayin rikice-rikice na rikice-rikice yana tasiri ba kawai ta hanyar muryoyin circadian waɗanda ke "kunna" ko "kashe" siginar haske ba, har ma da sauran dalilai na waje da na ciki waɗanda ke haifar da canjin yanayin tsawon lokacin tazara, masu nuna alamun haske. , ƙimar jinkirta martaba da sauran sigogi na siginar haske.
Yawancin nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna kayyade ayyukan haske kamar yadda suke iya ragewa da haɓaka ƙarfin haske ko kuma kunna madaidaicin haske. Wasu gobarar ƙannan wurare masu ban mamaki a cikin cewa duk ɗaiɗaikunsu, suna birgima tare, suna tashi sama kuma suna fita lokaci guda.
Ingantaccen amfani da fitilar wuta tana da nauyi sosai. Idan a cikin wutar fitila kawai 5% na makamashi ya canza zuwa haske bayyane (ragowar yana watsuwa da yanayin zafi), to daga gobarar wuta daga kashi 87 zuwa 98% na makamashi ya wuce zuwa hasken rana.
Rarrabawa
A shekarar 2019, an sake daukaka matakin farko na dangi kuma an gabatar da shi: don daukaka matsayin Lamprohizini Kazantsev zuwa matakin Lamprohizinae Kazantsev subfamily, 2010, gami da kwayar halitta Phausiskirki Memo da Mermades canja wurin zuwa Amfetina na subfamily, asalin halittar mutum Scissicauda An canza shi zuwa subfamily Lampyrinae, matsayin da yawa ya ke bayyane kuma an bayyana shi azaman incertae sedis (Pollaclasis, Vestini, Vesta, Bazawara, Dryptelytra, Ledocas), Photoctus McDermott, da Araucariocladus Silveira & Mermudes ana canzawa zuwa Lampyridae).
Incertae Sedis ("takaddar rashin tabbataccen matsayi"):
Haraarfin etabilar Wuta
A cikin yankin namu, Mafi na kowa shine Ivan tsutsa. Wannan irin nau'in wutar da ke rayuwa a cikin daji kuma ana iya gani a daren bazara mai zafi.
Yayin rana, yawanci kwari sukan ɓoye cikin ciyawar ciyawa. Matar tana da launi mai launin ruwan kasa da ratsi uku akan ciki. Basu iya tashiwa kuma yayi kama da larduna har zuwa santimita 18 a bisa farfajiyar. Wadannan kwari ƙirƙiri gani mai ban mamaki haskensa da daddare, kamar taurari suna fadowa daga sama.
Wannan sabon haske mara misaltuwa yana nuna damuwa. Wasu gobarar suna haske fiye da wasu kuma saboda wannan bambancin, kallon su ya fi ban sha'awa. Sukan yi yawo cikin ciyawa da bishiyoyi kuma, da sauri suna tashi sama, suna kama da sallama.
A cikin maza, jikin yana cikin sigar sigari, kusan tsayi 1.5cm. Suna da babban kai da idanu. Ba kamar 'yan matan budurwarsu ba, fasikannin gaske ne.
Akwai sanannun bayanai game da amfani da gobarar a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Labarin tarihi ya faɗi cewa baƙi waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Brazil amfani da gobarar wuta kamar wutar lantarki a gidajensu. Farauta Indiyawan sun sanya irin ƙwaro a ƙafafunsu don haka suna haskaka hanya, har da tsoratar da macizai.Wannan yanayin tsutsotsin ya yi kama da fitila mai walƙiya, amma ba kamar fitila, wutar ba ta ƙone wuta lokacin tsananin haske.
Abin wuta - bayanin da hoto. Menene kama da wuta?
Abubuwan kashe gobara sune kananan kwari masu girma daga girman mm 4 zuwa cm 3. Mafi yawansu suna da jikin mara lalacewa wanda aka rufe shi da gashi, kuma sifofin sifofin dukkan irin ƙwaro, wanda suka fito:
- 4 fuka-fuki, babba na biyu wanda ya juya ya zama elytra, tare da alamomi da kuma wasu lokuta alamun rijiyoyin,
- Shugaban motsi, wanda aka kawata shi da manyan idanunsa, cikakke ko kuma gaɓoɓin wani pronotum,
- suttura, daɗaɗɗun furen ƙarfe ko sawtooth, ya ƙunshi sassan 11,
- naanƙanin bakin mutum bakin ciki (mafi yawan lokuta ana lura dashi a larvae da mata, a cikin maza da yawa an rage shi).
Maza da yawa daga nau'ikan dabbobi, masu kama da irin ƙwaro irin na yau da kullun, sun sha bamban sosai da mace, mafi yawan abubuwan larvae ko ƙananan tsutsotsi tare da kafafu. Irin waɗannan wakilai suna da jikin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da nau'i-nau'i uku na gajerun ƙafafu, manyan idanu masu sauƙi kuma babu fuka-fuka ko elytra kwata-kwata. Haka kuma, ba su san yadda za su tashi ba. Antennae ƙananan, sun ƙunshi bangarori uku, kuma shugaban ɓoye mai ɓoye yana ɓoye a bayan garkuwar wuya. Lessasa mara ƙarancin mace, da ƙyar ta ƙara haske.
Mace Kayan Wuta na Zamani
Wutar Lamprophorus cf. Tenebrosus
Faƙƙarfan wuta ba masu launin launi mai haske: wakilan launin ruwan kasa sun fi yawa, amma murfin suma suna iya ɗaukar sautunan launin baƙi da launin ruwan kasa. Wadannan kwari suna da taushi da sassauqa, matsakaitan sikeli. Ba kamar sauran irin ƙwaro ba, elytra na gobarar yana da haske sosai, don haka a gaba ana kiran kwari da jikinsu masu laushi (lat. Cantharidae), amma sai a rabu cikin keɓaɓɓe na iyali.
Me yasa wuta mai kama da wuta?
Yawancin mambobi ne na dangin gobarar an san su ne saboda iyawar su don fitar da haske mai kyalli, wanda aka sani musamman a cikin duhu. A wasu nau'in, maza ne kawai zasu iya haskakawa, a cikin wasu - mata kawai, a wasu - su biyun (alal misali, gobarar Italiya). Maza suna fitar da haske mai haske a cikin jirgin. Mata basa aiki kuma yawanci suna haskakawa a farfajiya na ƙasa. Hakanan akwai katukan wuta wanda basu da wannan ikon kwata-kwata, kuma a yawancin nau'ikan haske yana fitowa koda daga larvae da ƙwai.
Af, dabbobin ƙasa kaɗan gaba ɗaya suna da sabon abu na bioluminescence (luminescence sunadarai). Larvae na saƙar naman sa mai iya wannan, wutsiyoyi kafa (tarin garkuwa), ƙwanƙwaran gobara, daskararrun dawakai da wakilan ƙwaro, misali, kamar gobarar ƙwace masu cin nama (pyrophorus) daga Yammacin Yankin Indies, an san su. Amma idan kun kirga mazaunan ruwa, to akwai akalla nau'ikan dabbobi 800 a duniya.
Gabobin da suke bada izinin kashe gobara su fitar da haskoki sune sel ne da ke ciki (fitilun fitila), da jijiyoyi da jijiyoyin jiki (jijiyoyin iska). A waje, fitilun sun yi kama da bakin shuɗi a kan zurfin ciki, an rufe su da wani fim ɗin amintacce (cuticle). Ana iya kasancewa dasu a sassan ƙarshe na ciki ko a ko'ina a rarraba jikin kwari.A ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna wasu, waɗanda aka cika da lu'ulu'u uric acid kuma suna iya haskaka haske. Tare, waɗannan sel suna aiki ne kawai idan da jijiyar ƙwayar jijiyar ƙwaƙwalwa daga ƙwaro. Oxygen trachea ya shiga cikin kwayar photogenic kuma, tare da taimakon enzyme luciferase, wanda ke hanzarta daukar matakin, yana magance sinadarin luciferin (wani haske mai fitar da halittu mai haske) da kuma ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Saboda wannan, wutar tana kamawa, tana fitar da hasken shudi, shuɗi, ja ko kore. Maza da mata na nau'ikan nau'in galibi suna fitowa haskoki da launi iri daya, amma akwai banbancen. Launin haske yana dogara da yawan zafin jiki da acidity (pH) na muhalli, da kuma kan tsarin luciferase.
'Ya'yan ƙwaro kansu da kansu suna haskaka haske, suna iya haɓakawa ko raunana shi, sanya shi ɗauka ko ci gaba. Kowane nau'in yana da tsarinsa na musamman na hasken phosphoric. Dangane da dalilin, haske daga cikin kwari mai cin wuta na iya zama turawa, haske, kwanciyar hankali, faduwa, mai haske ko mara dadi. Mace ga kowane nau'in yana amsa alamomin maza ne kawai tare da takaddara da ƙarfin haske, wato, yanayin sa. Ta hanyar yin amfani da yanayin haske na musamman, irin ƙwaro ba wai kawai ya jawo hankulan abokan hulɗa ba ne, har ma yana tsoratar da masu farauta da kiyaye iyakokin ƙasashensu. Rarrabe:
- bincika da kira alamun a cikin maza,
- sigina na yarda, ƙi da sakonni na haɗin coci a cikin mata,
- alamun tashin hankali, rashin amincewa har ma da kwatancen haske.
Abin sha'awa shine, masu kashe gobara suna kashe kusan kashi 98% na makamashinsu a kan kunna wutar, yayin da wutar fitila ta yau da kullun (wutar fitila) tana canza kashi 4% na wutar lantarki zuwa wutar, ragowar makamashi yana zubar da yanayin zafin.
Abubuwan kashe gobara, suna jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun, yawancin lokaci basa buƙatar ikon fito da haske, saboda ya kasance daga gare su. Amma wadancan wakilai na rana da suke zama cikin kogo ko cikin duhun duhun daji suma sun hada da '' hasken walkiya '. Gswai duk nau'in gobara a farko shima yana kawo haske, amma da sannu zai bushe. Da rana, za a iya ganin hasken murhun wuta idan kun rufe kwari da dabino biyu ko kuma matsar dashi cikin duhu.
Af, masu wuta suna ba da sigina ta amfani da jagorar jirgin. Misali, wakilan nau'ikan daya sun tashi a madaidaiciyar layi, wakilan wani nau'in sun tashi a cikin layin da ya karye.
Lamprohiza na ƙone da wuta
Iri alamun sigina na wutar.
Dukkanin siginar haske na wutar daji V.F. Buck ta kasu kashi 4:
- Ci gaba da haske
Wannan shine yadda babban ɗakunan ƙwayar cuta na mallakar halittar Phengodes ke haskakawa, da ƙwai na dukkanin abubuwan kashe gobara, ba tare da banda ba. Babu yanayin zafin jiki ko walkiya mai tasiri da hasken haskoki na wannan nau'in haske da ba'a iya sarrafawa.
- Haske mara haske
Ya danganta da dalilan muhalli da yanayin kwaro na ciki, wannan na iya zama mara ƙarfi ko haske. Zai iya lalacewa gaba ɗaya na ɗan lokaci. Saboda haka mafi yawan larvae haske.
Wannan nau'in luminescence, wanda a cikin lokutan ɓarna da rashin haske ana maimaita su a lokaci na yau da kullun, halayyar asalin Luciola da Pteroptix ne.
Babu wani lokacin dogaro tsakanin tsaka-tsakin flares da rashi tare da wannan nau'in haske. Wannan nau'in siginar alama ce halayyar mafi yawan masu kashe gobara, musamman a wurare masu tsauri. A wannan yanayin, damar kwari na fitar da haske ya dogara da dalilan muhalli.
H. Lloyd ya kuma gano nau'in haske na biyar:
Wannan nau'in siginar haske tana wakiltar jerin gajeren walƙiyar haske (mita daga 5 zuwa 30 Hz), yana bayyana kai tsaye bayan ɗaya. An samo shi a cikin dukkanin ƙananan wurare, kuma kasancewar sa bai dogara da wurin da mazauninsa ba.
Tsarin Tsarin Kashe Gobara.
A cikin lampirid, nau'ikan tsarin sadarwar 2 an rarrabe su.
- A cikin tsarin farko, duk wani jinsi daya (yawanci mace) yana fito da takamaiman alamun alamun kira tare da jawo wakilin jinsi, wanda kasancewar gabobin jikinsu ba na tilas bane. Wannan nau'in sadarwa shine halayyar gobarar daga cikin abubuwan Phengodes, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
- A cikin tsarin nau'in na biyu, mutane masu jinsi ɗaya (galibi maza masu tashi-tsalle) suna haifar da siginar kira, wanda mata marasa tashi suna ba da jima'i da ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan. Wannan yanayin sadarwa shine halayyar ɗabi'u masu yawa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) da Photurinae, suna zaune a cikin Amurkan.
Wannan rarrabuwa ba cikakke bane, tunda akwai wasu nau'ikan sadarwa tare da nau'in sadarwa na tsaka-tsaki kuma tare da ingantaccen tsarin tattaunawa na luminescence (a cikin jinsunan Turai Luciola italica da Luciola mingrelica).
Gobarar daji tana walƙiya synchronously.
A cikin tsaunin bala'i, yawancin nau'ikan kwari daga dangin Lampyridae suna haskakawa tare. A lokaci guda suna kunna "hasken walƙiya" kuma a lokaci guda suna kashe su. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun kira wannan sabon abu da yawan walƙiya. Har yanzu ba a yi nazarin tsari na walƙiya na kashe gobarar ba, kuma akwai nau'ikan juzu'a game da yadda kwari suke gudanar da haske a lokaci guda. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, akwai jagora a cikin gungun irin ƙwayoyin wannan nau'in, kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da wannan "mawaka". Kuma tunda duk wakilan sun san mita (lokacin hutu da lokacin haske), sun sami damar yin wannan cikin nishadi. Synchronously walƙiya sama, yafi maza na gwiwa. Haka kuma, duk masu bincike sun karkata ga sigar cewa aiki tare na sigina na wuta yana da alaƙa da halayen jima'i na kwari. Ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar yawan jama'a, sun fi samun abokin tarawa aboki. Masana ilimin kimiyya kuma sun lura cewa ana iya rikitar da aikin synchronism na kwari ta hanyar rataye fitila kusa da su. Amma tare da dakatar da aikinsa, an sake dawo da tsari.
Farkon ambaton wannan sabon lamari ya koma zuwa 1680 - wannan shi ne bayanin da E. Kempfer yayi bayan tafiya zuwa Bangkok. Bayan haka, an yi maganganu da yawa game da lura da wannan sabon abu a Texas (Amurka), Japan, Thailand, Malaysia da kuma tsaunukan New Guinea. Musamman yawancin ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna zaune a kasar Malesiya: a can, wannan yankin ana kiran shi da sunan "kelip-kelip". A cikin Amurka, a cikin Elkomont National Park (Babban dutsen Smoky), baƙi suna lura da haske na wakilan nau'ikan halittar Photinus carolinus.
A ina suke kashe gobara?
Gobarar daji sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kwari masu ƙauna zafi waɗanda suke rayuwa a duk sassan duniya:
- a cikin Amurka
- a Afirka,
- a Ostiraliya da New Zealand,
- a Turai (ciki har da Burtaniya),
- a Asiya (Malesiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Indonesia da Philippines).
Ana samun yawancin kashe gobara a cikin Tsarin Arewa. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗumi, wato, a yankuna masu zafi da ƙasa mai juyayin duniyarmu. Ana samun wasu nau'in a cikin latitude na yanayi. A cikin Rasha, nau'ikan nau'ikan kashe gobara 20 suna rayuwa, wanda ana iya samunsu a duk yankin ban da arewa: a Gabas ta Tsakiya, a yankin Turai da kuma Siberiya. Ana iya same su a cikin dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, fadama, koguna da tabkuna, a cikin share-share.
Abubuwan kashe gobara ba sa son zama cikin rukuni, sun ba da rance, amma galibi suna yin gungu na wucin gadi. Yawancin gobarar dabbobi ba mutane bane, amma akwai wadanda suke aiki yayin hasken rana. Da rana, kwari suna hutawa a kan ciyawa, suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin haushi, duwatsu ko maɓalli, kuma cikin dare waɗanda suke da ikon tashi su yi shi da sauƙi da sauri. A cikin yanayin sanyi, ana iya ganin su sau da yawa a kan doron ƙasa.
Menene abubuwan kashe gobara suke ci?
Duk larvae da manya sune mafi yawan lokuta masu farauta, kodayake akwai katako masu wuta waɗanda ke ciyar da ciyayi da fure na fure, gami da tsire-tsire masu juyawa. Kyubayen dabbobi masu yawa suna kama wasu kwari, a cikin caterpillars na dila ɗamara, molluss, millipedes, earthworms, har ma da yan uwan su. Wasu mata da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunin bala'i (alal misali, daga almara Photuris), bayan balaga, yi koyi da kwaɗayin da ke tattare da maza na wani nau'in don cinye su da samun abubuwan gina jiki don ci gaban zuriyarsu.
Mace a cikin manya suna cin abinci fiye da maza. Yawancin maza ba sa cin abinci kwata-kwata kuma suna mutuwa bayan an yi aure da yawa, kodayake akwai wasu tabbaci cewa duk manya suna cinye abinci.
Tsutsa mai wuta yana da goge mai ƙyalli a ɓangaren ƙarshe na ciki. Ana buƙatar ta don tsabtace ƙoshin da ke ragowar kan ƙananan kai bayan cin katantanwa da katsewar hancin. Duk larvae na wuta da gobara. Ainihin, suna cin kifin kifaye kuma galibi suna zama cikin maɗaukaka.
Sake bugun kashe gobarar.
Kamar kowane irin ƙwaro, ƙonewar wuta tare da cikakkiyar canji. Tsarin rayuwar wadannan kwari ya kunshi matakai 4:
- Kwai (3-4 makonni)
- Tsutsa, ko nono (daga watanni 3 zuwa shekaru 1.5),
- Pupa (makonni 1-2),
- Adult, ko girma (watanni 3-4).
Mace da mace suna aure a ƙasa ko a kan ƙananan tsire-tsire na awanni 1-3, bayan wannan mace ta sanya ƙwai 100 a cikin recesses na ƙasa, a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, a kan ƙananan farfajiya na ganye ko a cikin ƙwaro. Kayan yau da kullun masu kama da wuta suna kama da lu'ulu'u masu launin rawaya wanda aka wanke da ruwa. Llsawunn su na bakin ciki ne, kuma “kai” gefen ƙwai ya ƙunshi kwaro wanda yake bayyane ta hanyar fim ɗin zahiri.
Bayan makonni 3-4, ƙwararriyar ƙasa ko ruwa, waɗanda suke ƙaddara halaye, ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai. Jikin larvae mai duhu, dan kadan ya daidaita, tare da kafafu masu dogon gudu. A cikin nau'in na ruwa mai ruwa, ana ci gaba da hakowa na hanji Aan ƙaramin elongated ko murabba'in ƙoshin fure tare da eriya mai kashi uku ana ƙarfafa su cikin prothorax. A bangarorin kai yana kan 1 mai haske. Sosai mandibles (mandibles) na larvae yana da siffar sikila, a ciki wanda akwai tsotsa canal. Ba kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na manya ba, babban lebe na huɗu ba ya nan.
Larvae shirya a farfajiya na kasar gona - a karkashin duwatsu, a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, a cikin mollusk bawo. Nymphs wasu nau'ikan fireflies pupate a cikin fall guda, amma mafi yawa sun tsira daga hunturu kuma kawai a cikin bazara juya zuwa pupae. Larvae pupate a cikin ƙasa ko ta rataye kansu a kan haushi na itace, kamar matafila yi. Bayan makonni 1-2, gwoza ta fashe daga pupae.
Nau'in gobara, hotuna da sunaye.
Gabaɗaya, ɗora Kwatancen dabbobi kusan kimanin 2000 na nau'ikan gobara. Bari muyi magana game da shahararrun cikinsu.
- Na'urar Kayan Wutashi ne babban gobara) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Yana da sunayen mutanan Ivan da tsutsa ko Ivan tsutsa. Bayyananniyar kwari ta kasance tana da alaƙa da hutu na Ivan Kupala, saboda yana tare da zuwan bazara da lokacin damuna ke farawa da gobarar daji. Daga wannan ne sanannen sunan barkwanci, wanda aka bai wa mace mai kama da tsutsa. Babban gobarar kwaro-kwaro ce mai kama da kama-da wuta. Girman maza ya kai mm 11-15, mace - 11-18 mm. Kwaro yana da jiki mara nauyi da sauran alamomin dangi da oda. Namiji da mace na wannan nau'in sun sha bamban da juna. Mace tayi kama da tsutsotsi kuma tana jagorantar tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Dukkanin maza da mata suna da ikon bioluminescence. Amma mace ta fi fa'ida sosai, lokacin yamma tana fitar da wata haske mai haske. Namiji yana tashi da kyau, amma yana haske sosai mai rauni, kusan babu makawa ga masu kallo. Babu shakka, mace ce ta ba da siginar ga abokin tarayya.
- Waterfly (lat.Luciola cruciata) - An talakawa mazaunin filayen shinkafa a Japan. Yana zaune kawai a cikin rigar silt ko kai tsaye a cikin ruwa. Ya kan farauta mollusks da daddare, gami da matsakaitan rukunoni masu tashi sama. A lokacin farauta, tana haskakawa sosai, yana haskaka launin shuɗi.
- Faunin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsaki (Gidan Photinus na Wuta) (Latin Photinus pyralis) yana zaune a yankin Arewacin Amurka. Maza daga nau'ikan halittar Photinus suna haske kawai kuma suna tashiwa a kan hanyar zigzag, yayin da mata suke amfani da haskakawa don cin abincin maza na wasu nau'in. Daga cikin wakilan wannan halittar, masanan kimiyyar Amurka sun ware enzyme luciferase don yin amfani da shi a cikin ilimin halittu. Tsarin kashe gobara na yau da kullun shine mafi yawan jama'a a Arewacin Amurka. Wannan irin ƙwaro ne mai duhu wanda yake da launin duhu mai duhu 11-14 mm. Godiya ga haske mai haske, a bayyane yake a sararin ƙasa. Matan wannan nau'in suna kama da tsutsotsi. Kudancin wutar photinus na wuta yana rayuwa ne daga shekara 1 zuwa 2 kuma ya ɓoye a wurare masu laushi - kusa da rafuffuka, ƙarƙashin haushi da ƙasa. Suna yin hunturu suna binne kansu a cikin ƙasa. Dukkan kwari da tsofaffi su ne mafarauta, suna cin tsutsotsi da katantanwa.
- Pennsylvania Firefly (Lat. Photuris pennsylvanica) yana zaune ne kawai a Kanada da Amurka. Irin ƙwaro irin wanda ya kai girman cm 2 Yana da farar fata baki ɗaya, idanun ja da farare masu rawaya. A sashi na karshe na ciki shi ne sel na hoton. Tsutuwar wannan kwaro an kira shi da “tsutsar tsutsa” saboda iyawarta ta bioluminescence. Tsutsotsi-kamar mace ta wannan nau'in kuma suna da ikon kwaikwayon haske, suna kwaikwayon alamun jinsunan ƙwayoyin wuta na Photinus domin kamawa da cin abincin mazajensu.
- Cyphonocerus ruficollis - mafi tsabta da karancin karatun nau'ikan gobarar. Tana zaune a Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia. A Rasha, an samo kwaro a cikin Primorye, inda mata da maza ke haskakawa sosai a cikin watan Agusta. An jera ƙwaro irin ƙwaro a cikin Littafin Ruwan Ruwa
- Kayar da Kaya (Wuta a Wuta) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - wani nau'in halitta mai saukin ganewa kuma mara ƙarancin karatu wanda ke zaune a Yankin gabashin Rasha. Tsawonsa na iya kaiwa 15 mm. Ana kiranta wutar da ke da jan-wuta saboda kunamar da take da shi da kuma kayan aikinta. Elytra na irin ƙwaro duhu launin ruwan kasa, antennae su ne sawtooth da ƙananan. Matsayin lardin na wannan kwari yana wuce shekaru 2. Kuna iya samun tsutsa a cikin ciyawa, a ƙarƙashin duwatsun ko cikin zuriyar gandun daji. Maza manya suna tashi da haske.
- Karnatana Fir (lat.Pterotus obscuripennis) - blackan ƙaramin baƙar fata tare da kan lemo mai zaki da kuma raunin da aka gani mai ɗamara (filastar). Matan wannan nau'in suna tashi da haske, yayin da maza suka rasa ikon miƙe haske bayan sun juya zuwa cikin kwari manya. Beetanɗar Fir suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan Arewacin Amurka.
- Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai (tsutsa masu saurin wuta) (lat.Lamprohiza splendidula) - Wani mazaunin tsakiyar Turai. A kan asalin kwaro irin na maza akwai abubuwan fili masu kyau, sauran jikinsa kuma ana zanen su da launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Tsawon jikin tsutsotsi ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 15 mm. Maza suna da haske musamman a jirgin sama. Mata suna da nau'in tsutsa kuma suna iya ɗaukar haske mai haske. Abubuwan samar da haske suna cikin Tsutsotsar Turai ba kawai a ƙarshen ciki ba, har ma a cikin kashi na biyu na kirji. Larvae na wannan nau'in na iya yin haske. Suna da jikin fatar fata mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗigon ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda a ɓangarorin.
Fa'idodi da lahanin gobarar.
Fanfashin wuta kwari ne masu amfani. Sun lalata matsakaitan runduna na parasitic flatworms - mollusks da slugs. Kamar almara, suna haskaka wurin da suke rayuwa. Masana kimiyya suna amfani dasu don ware abubuwan da zasu iya tantance wanzuwar rayuwa akan sauran duniyoyi da kuma kirkirar sabbin kwayoyin halitta.
Abubuwan kashe gobara suna da abokan gaba kadan, tunda kwari suna sanya guba ko marasa dadi akan abubuwan dandano na ƙungiyar masu lucibufagins da masu maimaita masu ƙisa.
Bayanan Gaske
- Mafi kyawun ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna zaune a cikin tsaunin Amurka.
- A tsawon, ya kai santimita 4 - 5, kuma ba kawai ciki ba, har ma kirji yana haske a ciki.
- Ta fuskar haske da hasken da yake fitarwa, wannan kwaro ya ninka har sau 150 fiye da takwarorin sa na Turai - kamar gobarar yau da kullun.
- Mazaunan ƙauyuka na wurare masu zafi suna amfani da gobarar. An sanya su cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuma tare da taimakon irin wannan hasken wutar lantarki na farko sun kunna gidajensu.
- Ana yin bikin kashe gobara a kowace shekara a farkon lokacin bazara a Japan. A yamma, 'yan kallo suna taruwa a cikin lambun kusa da haikalin kuma suna kallon tsalle-tsalle masu kyau da yawa na kwari masu haske.
- Mafi yawan nau'ikan jinsin Turai shine kamar wutar daji, wacce aka fi sani da suna tsutsa Ivanovo. Ya sami wannan suna ne saboda imani cewa kwari mai kashe gobara ya fara haske a daren Ivan Kupala.
Yana da ban sha'awa
Myrmycins, mafi girma daga dangin tururuwa.
Don fadada fadadunka ko rubuta rahoto mai inganci da kasida, muna bayar da shawarar sosai cewa ka karanta abubuwan da ke ƙasa.Mun gamsu cewa bayan karanta waɗannan labaran, zaku koyi abubuwa da yawa na musamman da amfani. Muna muku fatan alkhairi a cikin kungiyarmu ta abokantaka!
Butterfly makoki (lat.Nymphalis antiopa)
Ya baki baki! Don samun cikakken bayani game da dabbobin daji ko kwari, kuna buƙatar sanin rarrabuwarsu ta kimiyya. Babban tsarin rarraba dabbobi ya hada da:
Muna ba da shawara cewa ku bi hanyar da ke ƙasa kuma ku ƙara ilimin ku tare da gaskiyar kimiyya. Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu!