Frog mai tsayi (Rana temporaria) - wakilin dangin frogs (Ranidae). Wannan babban amintaccen amarya ne: dan amman ya kai santimita 10. Jikin yana da girma, kai yayi babba. Launi na Amfibian na iya bambanta daga m zuwa cakulan. Abubuwan duhu masu duhu na launuka daban-daban da masu girma dabam, har da tubercles, sun watse a saman jikin. A ciki haske ne, mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi, yawanci tare da tsarin duhu mai duhu. Matsayi mai duhu na lokaci-lokaci yana fitowa daga ƙarshen ido ta hanyar ƙwayar ido har zuwa gindin gwiwar hannu.

A cikin maza, jiki ya fi zama siriri, maɓuɓɓugan juzu'ikan sun kasance a sasann bakin. A lokacin kiwo, sun yi bayyanar matse lambobin kira a yatsan farko, kuma sun dan dan canza launi - gefen jikin ya zama mai wuta, yayin da makogwaron ya samu farin jini.

A bayyanar, tsintsiyar ciyawa tana da alaƙa da wata halitta mai tartsatsi - theanƙararren kwaro-mai motsi. Koyaya, duba da kyau, suna da sauƙin rarrabewa. Da fari dai, jaruminmu shine maigidan abun kunya fiye da dan uwanta, abu na biyu, tana da girma, kuma na uku, a jikinta tana da yanayin da aka ambata da bakin ciki. Kari akan haka, tabar heroine tana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin zuciya na ciki.

Abubuwan Girman Fiki

An rarraba wannan amphibian ko'ina cikin Turai, ban da ofasar Iberian Peninsula. An samo shi ko'ina cikin Scandinavia kuma yana zuwa nan arewa nesa da sauran dukkanin amphibians. A cikin yankin Turai na Rasha a arewacin ya isa gabar Tekun Fasha. Iyakar gabas zuwa ga iyakar Irtysh, a kudu - zuwa wuraren tsakiyar tsakiyar Volga.

Amphibian mazaunan kusan dukkan nau'ikan halittu, amma yafi son yawancin coniferous, deciduous da gandun daji gauraye. A kan iyakar kewayon sa, ana samun ta ko da a cikin tundra da kuma cikin matattakala. Tana zaune a wuraren da aka noma - filaye, lambuna, a cikin lambuna da wuraren shakatawa. Duwatsu sun haɗu zuwa mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku.

Kamar sauran 'yan amphibians, kwayayen ciyawa suna ƙoƙarin guje wa tafkunan gishiri kuma basu da ikon rayuwa a rana a cikin ruwa, sanyin da ya kai 0.07%.

Rayuwar rana mai tsayi a yanayi

Wadannan 'yan amphibians suna kashe yawancin rayuwarsu a cikin ƙasa, amma suna ƙoƙarin gujewa wurare masu bushewa. Wuraren da suke buƙata galibi ne kawai a cikin lokacin dabbar, kodayake ana iya ganinsu sau da yawa a kusa da ruwa ko a cikin ruwa da kuma bayan lokacin kiwo.

Roashirwa suna zama mafaka don tsintsayen itace mai yawa, katako, duwatsu, ɓarna a cikin ƙasa: ƙarƙashin su suna ɓoyewa daga maƙiya da mummunan yanayi.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, kowane mutum yana zaune wuri guda a cikin shekaru da yawa: akan rukunin yanar gizonsa, kwaya ta saba da duk wuraren da suka dace da farauta, mafaka da lokacin hunturu.

Don ayyukan da ciyawar ciyawa, tsabtar muhalli na da matukar mahimmanci. Ba koyaushe ne zai yiwu haɗuwa da safe ko a rana mai haske ba. Aiki mai karfi a wurinta yana farawa ne da maraice da dare. A lokacin rani, lokacin da babu ruwa mai tsawo, kuma ƙasa ta bushe, da alama ba a sami ko wanne mutum a cikin gandun daji ba. Amma yana da ƙima ga ruwan sama ko faɗo cikin raɓa mai yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu.

Temperaturearancin iska mai ƙarancin iska bai iyakance yawan ayyukan kwaroron ciyawa ba: har ma a 2-3 ° C suna aiki, kodayake amphibians suna jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali a zazzabi 17-20 ° C

Wadannan 'yan amphibians suna gushewa da kasancewa tare da farawar sanyi na yau da kullun. Matasa suna barin zuwa hunturu kaɗan bayan manya, ana iya same su ko da a cikin Nuwamba, idan zafin jiki yayin rana bai yi ƙasa da 0 ° C ba.

Menene abincin rana?

Abincin ƙwanƙwaran ciyawa ya dogara da halayen ƙasa wanda suke rayuwa. Suna ciyar da ƙasa daban-daban da ƙarancin ƙasa. Akwai 'yan kwari masu tashi a cikin abincin waɗannan amintattun, tunda suna farauta cikin duhu, lokacin da akwai ƙarancin dabbobi masu tashiwa. A iyakar arewa da kewayon, suna ninka abincinsu da kwayoyin halittun ruwa.

Yawan zafin abinci ba iri daya bane a lokuta daban daban na shekara. Don haka, a lokacin kiwo, suna lura da abin da ake kira "lokacin mating".

Siffar Yanada Kyauta

Hambarin tsutsotsi na ciyawa yana da matsakaita na kwanaki 180: don amphibians da ke rayuwa a cikin latitude ɗinmu, wannan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci ne.

Amphibians na iya overwinter ba kawai a cikin ƙasa ba, har ma a ƙasa reservovers, sun fifita kogunan kankara-ruwa masu sauri, kwararar hamada da rami na peat. Amfibians hunturu suna da wuya a cikin tabkuna, tafkuna, da manyan koguna. Daskarewa gawarwakin ruwa yana haifar da mutuwar frolog. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wuraren ajiye ruwa a ƙarƙashin kankara, ana samun kashe-kashe sau da yawa - daga rashin isashshen sunadarin oxygen, dukkanin abubuwa masu rai suna mutuwa. Amphibians suma zasu iya mutuwa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. Amphibians da ke ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a cikin mafaka na amphibians kuma suna iya riskar mummunan makoma - yawancin lokaci ba sa rayuwa a cikin lokacin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi.

A karkashin ruwa, amarya tayi “bacci" a wani wuri mai ban sha'awa: gindinta na baya ya dafe, kuma gaban, ya juya "dabino" waje, kamar dai yana rufe kansa. A lokaci guda, "dabino" suna zama ja mai haske daga haɓakar tsarin iska mai yawa na jini a cikin fata. Frogs hunturu a karkashin ruwa na iya wasu lokuta suna motsawa har ma suna da abin da za su ci.

A wuri guda, wani nau'in frogs na iya yin bacci: yana faruwa cewa suna hibernate shi kaɗai, amma kuma mafi yawan lokuta akwai masu girbi da suka ƙunshi mutane 20-30, kuma a wasu lokuta adadinsu zai iya kaiwa adar samfurori da yawa.

Hijira

A cikin rayuwar waɗannan frogs, ana nuna nau'ikan ƙaura guda 3. Da fari dai, wannan shine ƙaura na shekara-shekara zuwa wuraren kiwo da kuma ƙari, na biyu, ƙaura daga sabbin metamorphoses zai tashi zuwa mazauninsu, kuma na uku, ƙaura zuwa wuraren hunturu.

Frogs na iya tattarawa a wuraren da ake dace da lokacin hunturu, suna rufe nesa har zuwa kilomita 1.5 a rana ɗaya. Wasu lokuta a cikin kaka zaka iya lura da tarin yawa na amphibians a wurare kusa da makomar su ta gaba: tare da bankunan koguna, a cikin ciyayin, da sauransu.

Procreation

Kwayoyin saƙo sukan tafi zuwa gawar ruwa don sanya ƙwai a farkon bazara. A ƙoƙarin ci gaba da tseren su, sun bar mazauninsu na al'ada kuma sun shawo kan mahimman nesa da matsaloli daban-daban.

Kogunan kwalliya a gare su na iya zama tafkuna daban-daban na tsayawa - ko da tituna masu cike da ruwa da dabbobin sun dace da kwanto.

Kwanciya ƙwai yana faruwa a zafin jiki na +5 zuwa + 15 ° C, wani lokacin har kankara na iya wanzuwa a wurare a farfajiya.

Ya danganta da yanayin wani tafki guda ɗaya, haifuwa tayi daga kwanaki 2 zuwa 10. A wuraren kiwo, maza ba sa yawan surutu, kar a shirya tsawa da tsawa. Suna kiran abokansu tare da alamomi daban daban na kusan na sakan biyu kuma suna kama da jita-jita.

Maza sun bayyana a tafki kaɗan jim kaɗan kafin mace. Wasu lokuta ma'aurata suna da alaƙa a ƙasa, lokacin da mace kawai ke shugabantar ruwa. Kamar maza ɗaya na toad, wanda ke cike da sha'awar barin offspringa offspringan, maza na ƙwanƙwaran ciyawa suna iya “rufe” ampahian dabbobi na sauran nau'in kuma, "ba da gangan" suka kama su a hannu.

Mace ta sanya ƙwayayen nan da nan ta bar tafkin da sauri ta koma mazauninta na dindindin, amma namiji ya zauna. Idan yayi sa'a, to a daren gobe zai bar zuriyarsa tare da wata mace.

Matar ta sanya ƙwai sama da dubu 4. Masonry yana da sifar dunƙule, wanda da farko yana da ƙananan girma, amma ba da daɗewa ba kuliyoyin da ke kumbura kuma dunƙule ya karu sau da yawa, yayin da suke samun sifar da babu ƙima kamar jelly. Irin wannan masarar sau da yawa ana iya ganin ta a cikin ruwa mara ruwa. Abin sha'awa shine, qwai ciyawar saurin saurin shawo kan hypothermia zuwa -6 ° C, ba tare da rasa karfinsu ba. Koyaya, ba tare da cutar da kansu ba, ba za su iya yin tsayayya da yanayin zafi ba daga + 24 ° C na dogon lokaci.

A karkashin yanayin al'ada, ci gaban tayi na tsawon kwanaki 5 zuwa 15. Yaran abinci a bazuwar kwayoyin halitta cikin ruwa da kananan tsirai. Ko da a cikin manyan tafkuna, tadpoles suna yin gungu mai yawa - har zuwa mutane 100 a kowace lita. Yankuna mara zurfi inda ake samun wannan yanki yana kama da kafaffiyar baƙar fata.

Dangane da yanayin, ci gaban larvae yana kasancewa tsawon watanni 1.5-3 kuma yana ƙare tare da metamorphosis.

A cikin shekarun bushewa da zafi, bushewar tafkunan na haifar da mutuwar mutane gaba ɗayan clutches waɗanda ke kan bankunan da tarin tadpoles, waɗanda idan ruwan ya ragu, an yanke shi daga sassan mai zurfi. A cikin mafi kyawun yanayi, yawan larvae na rayuwa zuwa metamorphosis, kuma bayan an kammala shi, ƙanannun kwayoyi a lokaci guda su bar wuraren tafkuna. A wannan lokacin, yawanci sukan mutu daga bushewa, a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motoci ko kuma su zama ganima ga kowane irin masu farauta. Wadanda suka sami nasarar tsira, suna cin abinci sosai don samun nasarar tsira cikin dogon lokacin sanyi.

Kwaroron fure ya kai ga balaga a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa. A cikin yanayi na rayuwa suna rayuwa a matsakaita na shekaru 6-8.

Bayanin da fasali

Yawancin wakilan wannan dabbar suna da koren haske a launi mai launuka masu launuka iri-iri. Gilashin rana babu fiye da 3 cm a tsawon, kodayake ana samun nau'ikan da suke girma kaɗan kaɗan.

Yawancin su, ciki kawai shine m, ta hanyar, idan ana so, za a iya bincika dukkanin gabobin ciki, gami da ƙwayayen mata masu juna biyu. A cikin nau'ikan kwalin gilashin gilashi, har kasusuwa da kashin tsoka suke bayyana. Kusan babu wani daga cikin wakilan duniyar dabba da zaiyi alfahari da wannan kadara ta fata.

Koyaya, wannan ba shine ainihin fasalin waɗannan frolog ɗin ba. Idanun su ma na musamman ne. Ba kamar na gaba na dangi (kwaɗar bishiya) ba, idanun kwalayen gilashi suna da haske kuma ba a nuna musu kai tsaye, yayin da kwaroyin bishiyoyin suna gefen bangarorin jikin.

Wannan alama ce ta danginsu. Pupilsaliban suna kwance. A cikin rana, suna cikin kunkuntar danna, kuma da dare, ɗalibai suna ƙaruwa da yawa, suna kusan kusan zagaye.

Jikin rana mai laushi ne, kuma babba, kamar yadda shi kansa. Wata gabar jiki mai tsawo ce, bakin ciki. A kan kafafu akwai wasu kofuna waɗanda zasu tsotsa, tare da taimakon abin da kwaroron ke rataye sauƙin. Fatsin aladu suna da kyama mai kyau da kuma tsafta.

An fara gano samfuran farkon waɗannan amintattun a cikin karni na 19. Tsarin Centrolenidae yana canzawa koyaushe: yanzu a cikin wannan dangin amphibian akwai ƙananan ƙananan yankuna biyu kuma sama da 10 na gilashin gilashi. Marcos Espada, masanin ilimin likitancin Spain ya bayyana da farko. Daga cikinsu akwai mutane masu ban sha'awa.

Misali, Hyalinobatrachium (karamin frog gilashi) ya hada nau'ikan mutane guda 32 tare da cikakken ciki da farin kashin. Bayyanar su yana ba da kyakkyawar kallon kusan dukkanin gabobin ciki - ciki, hanta, hanjin zuciya, zuciyar mutum. A cikin wasu nau'in, an rufe wani ɓangaren narkewa tare da fim mai haske. Kodan hanjinsu a zagaye yake, kuma a cikin wata kwalayar wata halitta mai ganye ne mai ganye.

A cikin halittar Centrolene (gecko), wanda ya haɗu da nau'ikan 27, mutane tare da kwarangwal na launin kore. A kan kafada akwai wani fashewa a cikin nau'i na ƙugiya, wanda maza suka yi nasarar amfani da su lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin maza, suna gwagwarmayar ƙasa. Daga cikin na gaba na dangi ana ɗauka mafi girma a cikin girman.

A cikin wakilan froch Cochranella, kwarangwal kuma launin kore ne mai launi da fararen fim a cikin peritoneum, yana rufe sashin gabobin ciki. Hannun hanta, hancin kafada ba ya nan. Sun sami suna ne da girmamawa ga masanin ilimin dabbobi na Doris Cochran, wanda ya fara bayyana wannan labarin gilashin gilashin.

Daga cikin su, mafi kyawun ra'ayi shine fringed gilashin rana (Cochanella Euknemos). An fassara sunan daga yaren Girka da "da kyawawan kafafu." Kyakkyawan fasalin shine firinji mai kaifi a gaban, cinya da hannaye.

Tsarin jiki

Tsarin gilashin gilashi Mafi dacewa ga yanayin rayuwarta da salon rayuwarta. Gangar jikinta na ɗauke da glandon da yawa waɗanda ke ɓoye gamsai koyaushe. Yana sanya danshi a kai a kai yana kuma kula da danshi a saman su.

Tana kuma kare dabbar daga cututtukan kwayoyin cuta. Hakanan fata yana shiga cikin musayar gas. Tunda ruwa ya shiga jikinsu ta hanyar fata, babban mazaunin wuri ne, wurare masu laushi. Anan, akan fata, zafi da masu karɓar zafin jiki suna wurin.

Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan ban sha'awa na tsarin jikin rana ita ce kusancin wurin hanci da idanu a saman ɓangaren kai. Ampan amarya na iya, yana iyo cikin ruwa, riƙe kansa da jikinsa sama da samansa, numfashi da ganin abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi.

Launin launi na rana mai gilashi ya dogara da mazaunin mazauni. Wasu nau'in za su iya canza launin fata dangane da yanayin muhalli. Don yin wannan, suna da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman.

Gashin gwiwar hindu na wannan amarya sunada tsayi fiye da fadi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa waɗanda aka sahun gaba suna daidaitawa don tallafi da saukarwa, kuma da taimakon na baya suna motsawa sosai a cikin ruwa da kan tudu.

Frogs daga wannan dangin ba su da haƙarƙari, kuma kashin ya kasu kashi 4: mahaifa, sacral, caudal, da gangar jikin. Kwanyar kwanyar taɗi mai haɗe take a haɗe tare da kashin baya. Godiya ga wannan, ƙwaya na iya motsa kansa. An hade gabar jiki tare da kashin baya daga gaban da gaban bel na wata gabar jiki. Ya ƙunshi ruwan wukake, kafada, da ƙashin ƙugu.

Tsarin juyayi mai narkewa sun fi rikitarwa fiye da na kifi. Ya ƙunshi igiyar baya da kwakwalwa. A cerebellum ne ƙanƙanta, saboda Wadannan 'yan amshin shata suna rayuwa mai karsashi kuma motsin su daya ne.

Tsarin narkewa yana da wasu fasali. Ta amfani da dogaye mai tsayi, mai harshe a cikin rami na baki, tsutsa tana kama kwari kuma tana riƙe su da haƙoran haƙoran da kawai ke a saman muƙamuƙi. Sannan abincin ya shiga cikin esophagus, ciki, don aiki mai zuwa, sannan ya matsa zuwa hanjin.

Zuciyar waɗannan amintattun isan adam tana da ɗakuna uku, ta ƙunshi atria da ventricle biyu, inda jijiya da jijiyoyin jini suke haɗuwa. Akwai da'irori biyu masu yaduwar jini. Tsarin numfashi na frogs yana wakilta ta hanci, huhu, amma fata na amphibian kuma yana cikin aikin numfashi.

Tsarin numfashi kamar haka: huhun hancin ya buɗe, a lokaci guda ƙasan ƙananan orororynx ɗinsa kuma iska ta shiga shi. Lokacin da ya rufe hancin, hancin ya hau kaɗan kuma iska ta shiga cikin huhun huhun. A lokacin shakatawa na peritoneum, ana aiwatar da ƙoshin haya.

Tsarin ƙwayar mahaifa yana wakiltar ƙodan, inda ake tace jini. Abubuwa masu amfani suna amfanuwa da tubules na koda. Bayan haka, fitsari yakan wuce cikin ureters kuma ya shiga cikin mafitsara.

Frogs na gilashin, kamar dai duk amphibians, suna da haɓaka metabolism. Jikin zafin jiki na rana kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin zafin jiki. Da farko na yanayin sanyi, suna zama marasa amfani, suna neman keɓewa, wurare masu ɗumi, sannan kuma suna hibernate.

Abubuwan da kwakwalwar gabbai suke da hankali, saboda kwazo suna iya rayuwa a kasa da ruwa. An tsara su don cewa amphibians zasu iya dacewa da wasu yanayin rayuwa. Gabobin da ke kan layi na gefen kai yana taimaka musu sauƙi kewaya cikin sarari. A zahiri suna kama da ratsi biyu.

Hasashen rana mai murfin gilashi yana ba ka damar ganin abubuwa a cikin motsi da kyau, kuma baya ganin kayan da ke tsaye. Halin ƙanshi, wanda ya fito da hancin hanci, yana ba da izinin rana don zagayawa da ƙanshi ta ƙanshi.

Gabobin ji suna kunshe da kunnuwa na ciki da na tsakiya. Tsakanin wata ɓoyayyen mahaɗa ne, a gefe guda kuma yana da mafita zuwa cikin oropharynx, ɗayan kuma ana kai shi kusa da kai.Hakanan akwai eardrum, wanda aka haɗa zuwa kunnen ciki ta amfani da sanduna. Ta hanyar shi ne ana yada sauti zuwa cikin kunne na ciki.

General halaye

Tsawon rayuwa - 5 (18) shekaru (bijim har zuwa shekara 16, tun daga shekaru zuwa 36).

Habitat - fadama, ciyayi mai dazo, ciyawa, cikin ruwa.

Halayyar - a cikin busassun yanayi suna ɓoyewa, cikin gajimare - suna farauta.

Ku ci - kwari (kwari), gizo-gizo, gastropods na ƙasa, soya kifi.

Ayyuka a cikin lokacin dumi na rana (shekara).

Rayuwa

Kwalaben gilashin akasari basu da wayewa, kuma yayin hutawa a ranar kusa da kandami a kan ciyawa. Sukan fara cin kwari da rana, a ƙasa. A can, a kan ƙasa, kwaɗi suka zaɓi abokin tarayya, aboki kuma suka hau kan ciyayi da ciyawa.

Koyaya, zuriyarsu - tadpoles, suna haɓaka cikin ruwa kawai kuma kawai bayan sun juya zuwa kwaɗayi kuma suna zuwa ƙasa don cigaba. Abin ban sha'awa shine halayen maza, wanda, bayan mace ta dage qwai, ya kasance kusa da zuriya kuma ya kare shi daga kwari. Amma abin da mace ke aikata bayan masonry ba a sani ba.

Tsarin waje

Frog yana zaune a cikin tafkunan ko a kan tudu. Her lebur, m kai tsaye a hankali juya zuwa cikin wani gajeren jiki tare da rage wutsiya. Hawayenta da ke tattare da fata ba wai kawai suna tabbatar da kasancewar fata a cikin musayar gas ba, amma yana kare shi daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Kasusuwan ya ƙunshi kashin baya, kwanyar kwanyar da yatsun kafa.

Tsarin narkewa

Tsarin narkewa yana farawa tare da babban rami na ororyryngeal, ba a ƙasan wanda harshen yake haɗe da ƙarshen gaban ba. Lokacin kama ganima, ana jefa harshen daga bakin, kuma wanda aka azabtar ya manne da shi. A cikin rami na oropharyngeal, ƙorafin glandan gwal na buɗe. Sirrinsu yana sanya matsin lamba da abinci, sauƙaƙe haɗiye ganima. A saman muƙamuƙi akwai ƙananan hakora masu conical waɗanda ke yin hidima kawai don kama abin da akeuto. Abincin da aka sanyaya da ƙwalwa yana shiga cikin esophagus sannan kuma ya shiga ciki. Kwayoyin glandular na ganuwar ciki suna ɓoye ƙwayar enzyme, wanda ke aiki a cikin yanayin acidic (ana kuma fitar da hydrochloric acid a cikin ciki).

Wani bangare na abinci da ke narkewa yana motsawa cikin duodenum, wanda hanjin juji na hanta ke gudana. Ana zuba ɓarin ƙwayar da yake cikin kwanon bile. Duodenum a hankali ya wuce zuwa karamin hanjin, inda ake samun abinci mai gina jiki. Sharan abincin da ba a san shi ba ya shiga babban dubura kuma ana keɓe shi ta cikin cocala.

Tsarin numfashi

Rogar rana tana hura haske da ta fata. A jikin bangon huhu mai hade da jannati akwai keɓaɓɓun hanyoyin sadarwa na jini. Lokacin da rana ta bude hancinsa kuma ya runtse zuwa kasan mahaifa, iska tana shiga ta karshen.

Daga nan sai ya rufe hancinsa tare da bawuloli, kasan kwafin oropharyngeal ya tashi, kuma iska ta shiga cikin huhu. Kashewa yana faruwa ne saboda aikin da tsokoki na ciki da rushewar ganuwar huhu.

Habitat

Amphibians suna jin daɗin yanayi mai kyau a bankunan koguna masu sauri, tsakanin rafuffuka, cikin gandun daji mai laima na tropics da tsaunuka. Gilashin rana da ke zaune A cikin ciyawar bishiyoyi da shishiyoyi, tsayayyun duwatsu da kuma ciyawar ciyawa. Ga waɗannan frogs, babban abu shine cewa akwai danshi a kusa.

Tsarin kewaya

Zuciyar tsofaffi 'yan yara gida uku ce - biyu atria da ventricle ɗaya. Marafan motsi tare da baƙin ƙarfe mai tsayi a cikin ciki yana tashi daga ventricle, wanda ke rarraba jijiyoyin jini da gauraye cikin tasoshin. Jinin azaba daga gabobin ciki da jini na jijiyoyi daga fata sun shiga atrium dama. gauraye jini yana tarawa anan. Jigilar jini daga huhu yana shiga atrium hagu. Dukansu atria suna ɗauka lokaci guda kuma jinin daga gare su yana shiga cikin ventricle. Sakamakon bawul din tsaye a cikin mazugi na jijiya, jini na venous yana shiga cikin huhu da fata, gauraye - ga dukkan gabobin jiki banda kai, gwal - ga kwakwalwa da sauran gabobin kai.

Amphibians suna da da'irori biyu na kewaya jini, amma ba a yanke su gaba daya ba saboda wata hanyar ventricle guda ɗaya. A cikin babban da'irar, jini daga ventricle yana gudana zuwa dukkanin gabobin, kuma daga gare su yana dawowa ta hanyar jijiyoyi zuwa dama atrium. A cikin karamin da'ira, jini yana gudana daga ventricle zuwa huhu da fata, kuma daga garesu, wadataccen oxygen, ya koma atrium hagu.

Tsarin Excretory

Tsarin mahaifa yana wakiltar kodan guda biyu wanda ke a gefen bangarorin sacral vertebra. A cikin kodan akwai glomeruli wanda ake lalata samfuran lalata da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga jini. Yayin gudanawar tubules na koda, ana sake amfani da mahadi masu mahimmanci, fitsari ya shiga cikin ureters guda biyu a cikin Cloaca kuma daga nan zuwa mafitsara. Bayan cika mafitsara, tsokoki na bangon sa suna kwantawa, ana fitar da fitsari a cikin cloaca sai a jefar da shi.

Tsarin ciki

Kwakwalwa tana da sassan guda ɗaya kamar kifi. Gaban gabanin ya bunkasa, ya kasu kashi biyu.

Abubuwan cerebellum ƙarami ne, wanda aka bayyana shi ta hanyar salon tausayawa da daidaituwar motsi.

A gaban idanun manya, wayoyin hannu (na sama da na kasa) da kuma membrane mai fashewa, suna kare cibiyoyin daga bushewa da gurbatawa.

Gabobin ciki

Abubuwan da ke tattare da azanci suna da rikitarwa fiye da na kifi; suna ba da jagora ga 'yan amphibians a cikin ruwa da kan tudu. Adult amphibians da suke zaune a ruwa suna haɓaka sashin layi na gefe, suna warwatse a saman fata, musamman da yawa akan kai. A cikin lokacin fatar jikin fata akwai yawan zafin jiki, zafi da masu karbar kayan kwalliya. Ganyen mai kamshi Sanadodin hadaddiyar zaitun da aka haɗa guda biyu waɗanda ke buɗe waje ta hancin hancin waje, da kuma cikin huhun ciki na ciki. Partangare na ganuwar salifactory sacs an yi layi tare da epithelium mai ƙamshi. Kwayoyin zaitun suna aiki ne kawai a cikin iska; cikin ruwa, hanci hanci na waje yana rufe. Gabobin kamshi a cikin amphibians da manyan kuɗaɗe wani ɓangare ne na jijiyoyin rai.

Cornea idanu convex, ruwan tabarau yana da siffar ruwan tabarau na biconvex. Akwai sanduna da Cones a cikin retina. Yawancin amphibians sun haɓaka hangen nesa.

A ji gabobin ban da kunne na ciki, tsakiyar kunne yana haɓaka. Ya ƙunshi kayan aiki wanda ke haɓaka faɗakarwar sauti. Openingararren buɗe ido na tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙwayar kunne yana daɗaɗa ta jijirar bakin ciki. A cikin rami ne auditory ossicle. An haɗa ramin kunne na tsakiya ta hanyar keɓaɓɓiyar rafi zuwa rami na bakin.

Kiwo

Kwayoyin kwayoyi da gwaje-gwajen 'yan matan amphibians da kifi iri ɗaya ne. Tsarin ciki na faruwa a cikin ruwa. An haɗa hanyoyi biyu. Abubuwan da aka haɗa hade sun faɗa cikin alkyabbar, vas ta murɗe tubule a cikin abubuwan wuta. Frogs suna haifar da bazara a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.

An sanya namiji a bayan mace, yana ta rike kafafunta na gaba da kyau. Itatuwa a kan yatsun ciki na taimaka wajan sanya paws don kada a rasa mace ta da yawa. A wannan lokacin, mace tana asirce har ƙwai 3,000, kuma nan da nan namiji ya shayar da su madara. Sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin qwai takin ne, kuma babu wani daga cikin ‘yan amphibians da zai jefa su a miliyoyin, kamar yadda ya saba da kifi, don haka qwai na iya zama mafi girma, wanda ke nufin akwai ƙarin raye-raye a kowane.

Abubuwan an rufe su da ƙwayar mucous, wanda ke narkewa sosai cikin ruwa. Llsarna, kamar tabarau, suna tattara haskoki na rana kuma suna ƙwai ƙwai da yawa, suna haɓaka ci gabanta.

Ci gaba

Caviar takin mai magani yana tasowa a cikin kwanaki 7-15. Manya, ɓangare mai duhu na ƙwai ya juya ya zama kai da wutsiyar tayi, da ƙananan haske cikin ciki. Ya ƙunshi jakar gwaiduwa tare da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda a hankali aka rage shi. Bayan kwanaki 8-15, tsutsa - tadpole yana barin ƙwanƙen kwai.

Tadpole ya bambanta sosai da tsarin daga dabbobi manya. Yana kama da kifi ba kawai na waje ba, har ma a cikin tsarin ciki. Ana amfani da fin wutsiya don motsi, kuma ana amfani da gogeren waje don numfashi. Tare da jaraba scrapers a kusa da bakin, tadpole ya fitar da kayan abincin. Layin gefe yana taimaka maka kewaya.

Ba da daɗewa ba, kwayar ta waje bace, ana maye gurbinsu da gil slill tare da petals, an rufe shi da babban fatar fata. A wannan matakin, tadpole yana da zuciya mai daki biyu da kuma da'irar zagayawa jini. Oxygen yana shiga cikin jini daga gabobin ta hanyar fuskoki uku na tsokoki na gill, da kuma ta jijiya daga cikin wutsiya. Babban samfurin kadaici kamar yadda yake a cikin kifi shine ammoniya.

Kwatantawa da tsarin larvae da kwaroyin manya

Bayan 'yan makonni, metamorphosis yana farawa - canjin tsutsa mai ruwa zuwa tsintsiya mai dacewa da rayuwa a ƙasa. Hanyoyin sun cika, layin a kaikaice ya shuɗe, a hankali hankali ya gajarta. 'Yanayinta suna bayyana, daga cikin hanjin hanji an samar da su, daga na huxu (da baya) artchial artery - da'ira na huhun jini. da sauransu, daidai da babban matakan juyin halittar amphibians. Tsoffin tsoffin ba su “fadowa” ba kuma ba su shuɗe cikin wofi ba. An rarraba su cikin kwayoyin kuma ana dauke su da jini zuwa inda za'a iya amfani dasu don "ginin" sababbin gabobin. Bayan watanni biyu zuwa uku, tadpole ya juye ya zama rana.

Abubuwan fasalin gilashin gilashi da mazauninsu

A cikin fadama mai dunƙulen kudu, Mexico, arewacin Paraguay, Argentina, inda mutane ba za su iya isa ba, ƙaƙƙarfa gilashin rana (Centrolenidae) yana jin daɗin zama. Bankunan koguna da rafuffukan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji mai laima sosai wuri ne da aka fi so a mazaunanta. Halittar da kanta, kamar dai daga gilashi ne, ta hanyar fata ana iya ganin su, kwai.

Yawancin 'yan amphibians suna da "gilashi" ciki, amma ana samun su da fatar fata a baya ko cikakkun kafafu masu translucent. Wasu lokuta ana yin ado da ƙwallon ƙafa tare da kamannin abin da ya zano. Smallarami, ba girma fiye da 3 cm a tsayi, kore mai haske, mai haske a launi tare da ɗigon launuka masu launuka masu yawa, tare da idanu daban-daban, irin waɗannan bayanin kumahoto na gilashin rana.

A cikin hoto gilashin gilashi

Ba kamar amintacciyar itace ba, idanunta ba sa duban bangarorin, amma a gaba, don haka ana fuskantar kallonta a wani kusurwa na 45 °, wanda ke ba da damar sa ido kan ƙananan dabbobi. Akwai takamaiman guringuntsi a kan diddige.

Cuungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta' yan ampilifa (Centrolene) suna da babban sigogi har zuwa cm 7. Suna da fararen fararen ciki, ƙasusuwa masu launin kore. Harkar ciki ta ƙunshi fitar da yawu. Manufar karuwar kayan aiki kayan aiki ne lokacin da ake yin yaɗa don ƙasa ko akasin haka.

Gilashin halin gilashi da salon rayuwa

Ya kasance a cikin Ekwado a ƙarshen karni na 19 ne aka samo samfuran farko, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 aka raba irin wannan amintattun mutane zuwa 2 janareto. Daga karshe aka zabi 3 halittar raga gilashin rana (Hyalinobatrachium) ana nuna shi ta kasancewar farin kashi, kasancewar babu fitila mai haske, wanda a cikin wasu "dangi" yana kunshe da dulmuyawar zuciya, hanji, hanta.

Wadannan gabobin ciki suna bayyane a fili. Babban bangare na rayuwar frogs yana faruwa a ƙasa. Wasu mutane sun fi so su zauna a cikin bishiyoyi, suna zaɓar yanayin ƙasa. Amma haihuwar mai yiwuwa ne kawai kusa da ruwa.

Jagoranci irin rayuwar da ba su dace ba, a ranar suna hutawa a kan bushin shara. Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium sun fi son farauta da rana. Faɗin Gilashi Frog na Gaskiya fasalulluka ne na halaye a tsakanin mata da maza, rarrabuwar kawuna yayin kwanciya qwai.

Maza suna kiyaye fewan sa'o'insu na farko na rayuwa, sannan lokaci-lokaci suna ɗaukar lokaci. "Mahaifan Mesh" suna kare masarar daga bushewa ko kwari na tsawon lokaci (duk rana). Akwai wata ka’idar cewa a nan gaba za su kula da ci gaban matasa. Matan daukacin nau'ikan mace bayan sun bauce su ta hanyar da ba a san su ba.

Gilashin cincin Glass

Daga cikin sunayen 'yan amphibians da aka samo Rogan murfin Venezuelan da aka ba ta kan yankin ƙasa. Kamar kowane 'amintattun' 'amintattun' 'amintattun mutane, ba shi da isasshen ra'ayi, yana ƙaunar cin abinci a kan ƙananan arthropods mai taushi, kwari, sauro.

A gaban wanda za'a iya azabtar da shi, ya buɗe bakinsa, ya buɗe akan ta daga nesa da santimita da yawa. Yanayin yanayi yana ba ku damar samun abinci ba da maraice ba, har ma da rana. A karkashin yanayin rayuwa na dabi'a, kwari na Drosophila sun dace da abinci.

Sayi tsintsiyar gilashi yana da matukar wahala, dukda cewa akwai cibiyoyin kimiya na binciken waɗannan dabbobin da ba a san su ba, akwai loversan ƙaunatattun ƙaunatattu da ke ɗauke da su. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiwo a kamfani masu rikitarwa, za ku buƙaci babban aquatorrariums na musamman tare da daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin.

Abokan gaba

Akwai wadatattun masoya don jin daɗin frogs, musamman ƙananan. Waɗannan su ne minks, weasels, Wolves, foxes, macizai, crows, hawks, magpies, da sauransu.

Hatta qwai na waɗannan amintattun mutane da aka lullube da jel-kamar ba su da yawa mai cinyewa, amma mafarauta ma suna nan a kansu - masu shirin kashe kwari, kwari, larvae na wasu 'yan amphibians, da dai sauransu Dukkanin magabantan ruwa na cikin ruwa.

Don adana ciyawar ciyawa a gida, kuna buƙatar terrarium lita 30-40. A zazzabi a daki, ba a buƙatar ƙarin dumama da hasken wuta. Ba za a iya sanya terrarium a wuri mai zafi ba, yana da kyau a nemi wurin sanyaya don (wannan nau'in baya yarda da yanayin zafi sama da 25 ° C).

Tunda wannan nau'in yana da matukar buƙata a kan danshi, dole ne a manta da fesa ruwa a kan substrate sau ɗaya a rana. Bugu da kari, babban, amma ba zurfi ba, ya kamata a saka kandami a cikin farfajiyar.

Yana da kyau a sanya terrarium ƙarƙashin kusurwar gandun daji.

Suna ciyar da dabbar da ƙudaje, kyankyasai, magudanar jini, bututun ƙarfe, da sauransu.

Tsawon rayuwa

Har yanzu ba a yi nazarin rayuwar rayuwar mai gilashi ba tukuna, amma an san cewa a cikin yanayin rayuwar rayuwarsu ya yi gajarta. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon yanayin rashin dacewar muhalli: guguwar da ba a sarrafa ta ba, saukarda kai a kai a jikin ruwa na lalatattun masana'antu. An ɗauka cewa tsawon rayuwar tsutsotsi na gilashi a cikin mazaunin halitta na iya kasancewa a cikin kewayon shekaru 5-15.

• A duniya, sama da nau'ikan gilashin gilashi 60 ne.
• A baya can, kwalaben gilashin sun kasance wani ɓangare na dangin itacen rana.
• Bayan kwanciya, mace ta ɓace kuma ba ta damu da zuriya ba.
• Tsarin dattako a frogs ana kiransa amplexus.
• Babban wakilin furen gilashi shine Centrolene Gekkoideum. Mutane daban-daban sun kai 75 mm.
• Muryar maza na bayyana ne ta nau'ikan sauti iri-iri - yiyi, gawurtaccen magana.
• Ba a yi nazarin rayuwa da ci gaban tadpoles ba.
• Kwalaben gilashin an lullube su da taimakon sallolin bariki, waɗanda suke a cikin ƙasusuwa kuma ana amfani dasu azaman dyes.
• Frogs na wannan iyali suna da hangen nesa na binocular, i.e. suna iya gani daidai da idanu guda biyu a lokaci guda.
• Homelandasar mahaifar tarihi na frogs frogs ita ce arewa maso yammacin Kudancin Amurka.

Rogaurin gilashi wata halitta ce, mai raɗaɗi ta hanyar halitta, tare da abubuwa da yawa na narkewa kamar jijiyoyi, haihuwa da salon rayuwa gaba ɗaya.

Tabkin Lake: Bayani

Tana da jikin elongated tare da ƙyallen dan kadan. Launi na saman na iya bambanta.Yawancin lokaci kore ne, amma wani lokacin ana samun launin toka da launin ruwan kasa. Dukkanin jikin an rufe shi da manyan duhuyen siffofin marasa daidaituwa.

A cikin mafi yawan wakilan wannan nau'in, lightan haske mai haske mai rarrabewa tare da ƙananan inclusions wuce tare da kashin baya da kai.

Theasa da jiki tana da launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. Sau da yawa akwai kusan bakin baki. Idanun sun zinare. A cikin yanayin rayuwar yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10. Kwayar tafkin ta yi girma zuwa 17 cm a tsayi. Ya kamata a lura cewa maza sun ɗan yi kaɗan fiye da na mace, amma suna da resonators. Da rana, yana shiga ruwa lokaci-lokaci domin ƙara fata danshi; a cikin dare, lokacin da iska zazzabi ta faɗo, ƙwayar ba ta fuskantar barazanar bushewa saman jikin ta.

Habitat

Amfibiyyawa sun fi son wasu wurare na halitta kamar cakuda dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, da kwari, a kudanci ana iya samunsa a cikin hamada, a arewa yana zaune da wasu yankuna na taiga. Don haka, mazaunin shi shine Tsakiya da Kudancin Turai, Asiya, Kazakhstan, Rasha, Caucasus, Iran, Arewacin Afirka.

Frog ɗin lake yana zaune a cikin tafkunan ruwa (sama da zurfin cm 20). Mazaunan wuraren waha, wuraren waha da koguna, tafkuna. Kana iya ganinta a iyakokin garin tare da rafukan ruwa na tafki, a cikin matsanancin farawa da ciyawa. Kasancewar mutum a kusa yana da nutsuwa.

Hatta mafi tsauraran yanayi na iya daidaita tafkin tafkin. Mazaunin mutane na wannan nau'in na iya bambanta sosai, sun sami damar rayuwa a wuraren da gurɓataccen shara tare da sharar gida, amma a wannan yanayin asircewar asali a cikin ci gaba mai yiwuwa ne.

Hakanan yana iya sauƙaƙe da sauri da sauri yana lalata madatsun madara da wuraren ajiyar ruwa. Lokacin da Wuraren sun bushe, zai iya yin ƙaura zuwa sabon mazauninsu, yana wuce kilomita 12.

Halayyar

Kwayar tafkin itace nau'in thermophilic. Yana aiki a kusa da agogo a yanayin zafi daga +8 zuwa +40 ° C. A cikin sa'o'i masu zafi musamman, yakan ɓoye a cikin inuwar tsirrai.

Dabba yakan ciyar da rana duka a kan tudu da cikin ruwa. A kan ƙasa, tsaran rana, yayin da yake tsaka-tsaki. Koyaya, samun kyakkyawar ji da hangen nesa, a mafi ƙarancin haɗari ya tsalle cikin ruwa. Anan ne kwaya ta sami wuri mai aminci da ɓoye, yawanci kawai clogging a cikin silt. A ruwa, zai iya zama tsawon lokaci. Kuma kawai bayan ya tabbata cewa babu wata haɗari, sai ya koma matsayin da ya gabata.

Kasancewa kyakkyawa mai iyo, har yanzu tana guje wa abubuwa masu sauri, kodayake ba ta tsoron tsawar.

Wannan rayuwar tafkin tafkin tana bashi damar zama lokacin hunturu a cikin tafkin guda. Wani lokacin yakan motsa don bincika wurare masu zurfi ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Inda ruwan bai daskare duk shekara ba, rana zata kasance mai aiki kullun. Wintering yana kimanin kwanaki 230, duk wannan lokacin yana cikin karkatarwa ko a ƙasa. Tashi zuwa tsakiyar Mayu, lokacin da ruwa sama sama isa. Game da dusar ƙanƙara, adadi mai yawa da kwaɗi ke mutuwa.

A cikin mazaunun da suka dace, yawan 'yan amphibians suna da ban mamaki kawai. Yawancin lokaci, kwaɗi a bakin ruwa suna zama cikin manyan garken ruwa, kuma tafkin na zaune ne kawai a cikin muzzles masu yawa.

Abincin

Me kwaɗon lake yake ci? Dukkanta ya dogara ne akan shekaru, mazaunin maza, jinsi da kakar. Suna ciyar da ƙasa da ruwa.

Farautar ƙasa yana faruwa kawai 'yan mituna daga bakin tekun. Wannan 'yar amurka amintacciya ce ta gaske. Saboda girmanta mai ban sha'awa, yuwuɗan abincinsa na iya zama ƙaramin shayarwa da maciji, linzamin kwamfuta, kajin har ma da ƙaramar rana.

Tritons, ƙananan kifi, da tadpoles nasu suna zama abincin rana a cikin ruwa. Vertarancin ciki - crustaceans, kwari, mollusks, milipedes da tsutsotsi suna cikin babban abincin.

Rogrowar lake tana iya kama abin da ta ci har ma da tsalle. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan sune 'yan kamshi, kwari, daskarewa. Yayin farauta, tayi amfani da harshenta da karfi, tana jifar shi 'yan santimita na gaba. Mangwaron wuya yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da ganima. Idan wanda aka azabtar ya kasance a cikin nesa mai nisa, to american creeps ta kan shi a hankali. Rogarfin rana kuma ya yi daidai da sanin yadda ake tsalle, sauka a daidai wurin.

Babban abincin abincin tadpoles shine ƙananan algae.

Ta yaya tsintsiyar lake

Mace ta balaga har zuwa shekaru uku. Ba kamar sauran amphibians ba, haihuwa tana faruwa ne daga baya a lokaci. Frog ɗin yana jira har sai ruwan zafin ya hau zuwa + 18 ° C. Wannan yawanci ƙarshen Mayu ne ko Yuni. Tana sanya ƙwai a cikin tafki guda ɗaya da take rayuwa a ciki, ba ta yin ƙaura ta musamman don wannan dalilin ba.

Daga bayyanar kumburin farko bayan hunturu zuwa farkon farawa, yakan ɗauki sati ɗaya zuwa wata.

Don kiwo, suna tattara cikin manyan rukuni. Maza a wannan lokacin suna da yawa da yawa muryoyi da kuma wayoyi sosai. A lokacin da croaking, resonators busa a cikin sasannun bakinsu. Hakanan, don lokacin kiwo a cikin maza, a farkon ƙafa a kan yatsa na farko, hatimin suka bayyana - corns corns.

Waƙoƙinsu na "waƙoƙi" suna jan hankalin mata. Kafin kwanciya qwai, dabbar ta hanyar canjin ya faru. Bayanannan, hadi na waje ne. Wannan yana faruwa a kusan dukkanin 'yan amphibians, kuma kwazon tafkin ba banda bane.

Bayanin wannan tsari shine kamar haka: namiji ya rungumi mace ta wannan hanyar da ƙafafunsa na gaba suka kasance akan kirji. Don haka, maniyyi da qwai ne ake jefa su lokaci guda a cikin ruwa, wanda hakan ke taimakawa ga haduwar karin qwai. Wani lokacin mace ɗaya ko biyu zata iya “rungume” mace ɗaya.

Lokacin kiwo shine wata daya. Oneaya mace tana iya sa ƙwai sama da 6.000.

Lake Frog Tadpoles

3-15 days bayan hadi, tadpoles ya bayyana. Nan da nan bayan haihuwa, sun bazu ko'ina cikin kandami. A cikin rana sun fi aiki, da dare suna ɓoyewa a ƙasa. A cikin watanni 2-3 kawai, sun kai tsawon cm 9. Duk da haka, bayan metamorphosis, kwaɗin sun kasance 1.5-2.5 cm ne kawai.

Mafi yawan zafin jiki ruwa a gare su shine + 20-28 ° C, a + 5-6 ° C, ci gaba ya tsaya, kuma a + 1-2 ° C suka mutu. Ba duk tadpoles zai juya zuwa tsohuwar tafkin tafkin. Yawancinsu zasu zama abincin kifayen tsuntsayen da tsuntsaye iri-iri.

Frog: bayanin, tsari, halayyar mutum. Menene mabuya take kama?

Haɗi mai ɗorewa tare da yanayin ruwa yana ɗaukar halaye da yawa na halayyar kwaɗi. Tadpole yana numfasawa da kwaya, tsintsiya madaidaiciya tana numfashi ta bakinsa, huhu da fata. Irin wannan babban saitin sassan jikin mutum na jijiyoyin jiki ba su da wani halayya kawai na 'yan gwagwarmaya. Yayinda rana ta kasance cikin ruwa, yana numfasawa a fata, kuma lokacin yana kan kasa - tare da baki da huhu. Tsarin duniya da na wurare dabam dabam. Abubuwa biyu na zuciya suna aiki a ruwa, kuma gauraye jini yana gudana cikin jiki, kamar a cikin kifi. A kan tudu, atrium hagu yana da alaƙa da aikin, kuma tsararren jijiyoyin jini wanda yake shiga cikin kwakwalwa. Saboda haka, tare da kowane ruwa mai narkewa, tsarin numfashi yana canzawa nan take.

Idan aka zo ga lokacin hunturu, rogaya ta narke ƙasa. Yayin da kwayan ya kasance a ƙasa, kama shi yana da sauƙi. Kuma kayi kokarin farauta mata kusa da ruwa. Babu makawa cewa za ku yi nasara. Dukkanin kwarangwal mai narkewa an daidaita shi don tsalle. Hagu na kafafu suna da tsawo, yana da 'yan ci biyu masu raguna. Lea'idodi goma waɗanda ke aiki a lokaci guda ta tsokoki masu ƙarfi. Kuma bel din manyannn na'urar kwalliya “ingantacciyar hanyar tunani” ce don “taushi mai kyau”.

Kodayake yawancin lokaci ciyawa da kwaroron tsutsa suna ciyarwa akan ƙasa, da alama suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin yanayin yanayin laima. Fatar su ba tsirara ce kuma an rufe shi da gamsai, sabili da haka an ƙaddara ayyukan da rana ba kamar sauran dabbobi ba - a lokaci na rana, amma da farko ta yanayin zafi da zafin jiki. Rogana tana iya farauta a kowane lokaci. Kuma idan yawancin lokuta wannan yakan faru da dare, saboda da dare ne galibi yafi ɗumi. Da rana, kowane yanayi da ta fi son ruwan sama na naman kaza.

Idanun rana

Sabon abu mai saukin fahimta, miniaturization da kuma dogaro da zane na gabobin kwakwalwar rana suna ci gaba da jan hankalin injiniyoyi. Sun riga sun gina "ido na lantarki" - na'urar da ta dogara da ka'idodin gashin ido.

Kamar yadda kuka sani, mafi mahimmancin ido shine retina, wanda ya kunshi wani yanki na photoreceptors, yadudduka da yawa daga sel biyu da kuma sel daya na sel ganglion. Photoreceptors - sanduna da Cones - tsinkaye haske, canza shi zuwa kwayoyin halittu, fadadawa da watsa shi zuwa sel. Bipolar aiwatar da bayanin da aka karɓa da kuma tura shi zuwa ga ganglia. Rassan jijiya na gani, wanda daga cikin halittun da kwayoyin halitta suke zuwa kwakwalwa, tuni suke tashi daga ganglia. Amma ya gano cewa kungiyoyi daban-daban na ganglia suna da kwararru na musamman. Wasu daga cikinsu suna fahimtar bambanci ne kawai, wasu - gefen motsi, wasu - gefen da ba shi da kyau, na huɗu - haske ne daban.

Kowane nau'in haushi yana jujjuya shi ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayar jijiyarsa zuwa ƙayyadaddun takaddun kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, bayanan da aka karba ana sarrafa su, kuma dabba tana tsinkayar batun gabaɗaya.

A ina frogs suke zaune?

Frogs suna zaune kusan ko'ina, ana iya haɗuwa da su a duk nahiyoyin ƙasa, ban da Antarctica. Tun da frogs ba sa son sanyi sosai, ba a samun su sau da yawa a cikin latitude Arctic (kodayake akwai wasu nau'in halittu da ke rayuwa a can). Amma yawancin nau'ikan frogs da ke jure yanayin sauyin yanayi. Kamar yadda muka rubuta a sama, a lokacin hunturu frogs sun nutse a kasan reser, wato, sun wuce cikin ruwa, saboda da farko lokacin bazara zasu sake iyo kan ruwa.

Hakanan, yawancin nau'ikan frogs suna rayuwa a cikin wurare masu zafi na Afirka, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka.

Guda nawa ne ke raye?

Yawancin shekarun kwaro ya dogara da nau'ikansu. Matsakaicin, suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 10-20. Tabbas, a cikin yanayin halitta, frogs suna da abokan gaba da yawa, saboda haka sau da yawa ba sa rayuwa har zuwa tsufa. Amma idan babu abin da ke barazanar su, to, alal misali, kwaroron robobin da ke zaune a cikin fargaba cikin natsuwa suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20, kuma da zarar an sami lamari yayin da guda ɗaya ya cika shekaru 32, ta mizanin ƙwanƙwasa sai ya zama gaskiya hanta ta gaske.

Me frogs ke ci?

Dogon tarihi na haɓaka ƙwanƙwalwar haɓaka ta haɓaka irin wannan ƙimar inganci kamar ƙamus da rashin izini a abinci. Babu isasshen abinci - rana za ta kwana saboda matsanancin rana da sati.

Da yawa - yana cin komai a jere, duk abin da ke cikin wurin da aka bayar a lokaci da aka bayar. Tsarin menu ya bambanta. Katako da katako, ƙudan zuma da wasikunku, tururuwa da kwari, daskararru da mayya, da yawa larvae da katantanwa, gizo-gizo da milki, kugulu da tsutsotsi da sauransu. Haka kuma, dandano iri daya ne da kusan dukkanin kwaro, banda na kwaroyoyin tafkin.

Latterarshen ƙarshen a bayyane yana fama da mummunan sha'awar - suna cinye kifayen kifi har ma da tadpoles nasu. Akwai lokuta idan waɗannan frolog suka ci kajin.

Amma da yawa cutarwa kwari da frolog da gaske lalacewa? Masanin ilimin dabbobi B. A. Krasavtsev yayi lissafin cewa a yankin da yakai fadin murabba'in mita dubu 24 da filin da akwai matsakaitan ciyawa 720. Idan ɗaya fiska yana cin kimanin kwari bakwai a rana, to, a lokacin farkawa (watanni shida: daga rabin Afrilu zuwa rabin Oktoba), yakan lalata 7 X 180 = 1,260 kofe. Ara yawan wannan lambar ta adadin kwaɗi a kan makircin, mun sami lamba mai ban sha'awa: 907,200 Kusan miliyoyin kwari!

Amfani da kwaɗi

Amma inda gaskiyar kwayar gaske take da gaske, hakika, a cikin ilmin halitta da magani. Shekaru da yawa, masana kimiyyar lissafi suna amfani da frogs a cikin gwaje-gwaje iri-iri kuma sun fi son su ga wasu dabbobi. An girmama falalar tare da wannan karramawa saboda kyawun aikinsa da kwazonsa, wanda aka samu tsawon lokaci na gwagwarmayar rayuwa.

Irin wannan “ƙauna” ta wurin masu bincike tana da tsada don kwaɗi. Daruruwan dubbai sun kama su. Don bukatunsa na tattalin arziƙi, mutum yana ɗaukar sabon sabon yankuna daga yanayi. Kuma idan har yanzu ana kare daji, ciyayi da koguna, to, ciyamanan ruwa da jikin ruwa na wucin gadi - manyan mazaunan frogs - ana ɗaukar filayen marasa amfani. An ƙware su da fari. Bugu da kari, rage ci gaba da adadin kwalaye ke kawowa ga iyawar ilimin halittar su: suna girma a hankali. Frog ya zama mai iya ciyarwa kawai a shekara ta uku, kuma a wannan lokacin ya kai girman da ya isa ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen. Don haka, duk wani lalata da mutum game da yanayi (ambaliyar ruwan da ba a kulawa dashi, ambaliyar ƙasa, cikewar ƙasa) yana shafar frogs yana daɗaɗa rai. An yi amfani dasu don yaƙar ɗimbin al'adu na halitta, amma ba za su iya yin tsayayya da ƙwarewar mutum ba.

Ba a shakkar isawar ƙwaro a gaban ilimin halitta, magani da aikin gona ba. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa a wasu ƙasashe an riga an gina dutse don girmamawa.

Dutsen tunawa da rana a cikin Paris.

Don haka bari mu fatan cewa abubuwan tarihinmu na yanzu da masu zuwa ga frog za su zama ladabi ga cancanta, kuma ba neman afuwa ba ga halakar wani wakilin dabba na dabba wanda ba zai iya tsayar da gasar tare da saurin wayewa ba.

Bayanan Frog mai ban sha'awa

• Rogan goliath da ke zama a Kamaru shine mafi girma a duniya. Girmansa ya kai kilo uku da rabi, kuma tsawon jikin shi yakai santimita 32. Tafarnuwa daga Seychelles ana ɗauka mafi ƙarancin rana a duniya. Dabbobin da suka manyanta ba su wuce 1.8 - 1.9 santimita ba.
• An ji kukan sautin bijimin, wanda aka samu a gabashin Arewacin Amurka, ana jin shi nesa nesa da kusan kilomita da dama kuma yayi kama da rurin sa.
• Gswararrun kwayoyi suna zaune a tsibiran Indonesia. A membranes tsakanin yatsunsu aiki a matsayin parafa. A tsintsiya mai tashi daga tsibirin Borneo, yankin membrane ya kai santimita 19 cm.
• Cutar guba mai guba tana da ƙarfi kamar curare. Mafarautan Kudancin Amurka suna amfani da shi don farauta da jaguars da barewa, suna lalata kibiyoyi masu guba.
• Rogan tsalle-tsalle mai tsaka-tsalle uku (Brazil, Peru, Guiana) asali yana kulawa da itsa .ansa. Lokacin da murfin ya bushe, tadpoles ɗin ya zauna jikin mahaifin, yana ɗaukar su cikin sabon tafki.
• Rhinoderm namiji da ke zaune a Chile ya haɗu da ƙwai masu tasowa kuma yana ɗauke da su a cikin jakar muryarsa.
• Wata mace ta shugaban kasa (Brazil, Guiana), ta amfani da duburaren kafa mai yawo (ovipositor), tana sanya kwai 40 zuwa 114 a bayanta. Sannan ana samar da sel tare da shinge a kusa da qwai. Dukkanin ci gaba da canzawa (kwanaki 82) yana faruwa a cikin waɗannan sel, daga abin da aka riga aka kafa kwaɗi su fito.

Neman shawarar karatu da amfani mai amfani

• Maslova I.V. Tasirin yanayi a wasu fannoni na rayuwar amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe (rus.): Tarin / Comp. A.O. Kokorin. - Moscow: WWF Russia, 2006. - P. 111 - ISBN 5895640370. - Bibcode: 26.23B58.
• Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. Kundin ƙamus na harsunan biyu na sunayen dabbobi. Amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Latin, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Faransanci. / Acad ya gyara shi.
• Ferrell, Vance. Rarraba yanki. Encyclopedia Juyin Juya Hali, Juz'i na 3. Bayanan Juyin Halitta (Maris 4, 2012). Dahl, Chris, Novotny, Vojtech, Moravec, Jiri, Richards, Stephen J. Beta bambancin frogs a cikin gandun daji na New Guinea, Amazonia da Turai: bambancin wurare masu zafi da yanayi (Ingilishi) // Journal of Biogeography (Turanci) Rashanci : jarida. - 2009. - Vol. 36, ba. 5. - P. 896? 904. - DOI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
• Shabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Green frogs: rayuwa ba tare da dokoki ba ko wata hanyar juyin halitta ta musamman? (Rashanci) // Yanayi: Jarida. - Kimiyya, 2010. - A'a 3. - P. 29-36.
• Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Taron kara wa kanku dabarun dabbobi.

Frogs: Bayani

An bambanta dangin frogs da gaskiyar cewa ba su da ƙuƙwalwar magana, don haka da alama cewa kai a zahiri yana ɗaya ne tare da babban jiki. Waɗannan dabbobin ma ba su da wutsiya, wanda aka nuna da sunan tsari kuma shine bambancin halayyar sa. Frogs kawai suna da hangen nesa na musamman, yayin da suke iya sarrafa sararin zama a tsakanin digiri 360.

Bayyanar

Frogs suna da babba babba, mai faɗi a siki, tare da manyan idanun a gefuna.Wadannan dabbobin, idan aka kwatanta da wasu wakilai na umarnin, suna da nau'i biyu na ƙyallen idanu - ƙasa da babba. A ƙarƙashin ƙananan fatar ido wani membrane mai ƙyalli, wanda kuma ake kira "karni na uku". A cikin bayan ido shine abin da ake kira eardrum, wanda ya ƙunshi yankin da fatar fata ta rufe. Sama da babban bakin, ana iya ganin hancin hanci biyu da makamai masu ɓuɓɓuka na musamman. Frog bakin yana dauke da manyan hakora.

Kafafuwan gaban goshin suna dauke da yatsu huɗu na gajeren zango, idan aka kwatanta su da kafafun hular, waɗanda sunfi ƙoshin ci gaba kuma suna ƙare da yatsunsu biyar, wanda aka sanya firiji na musamman da aka sanya fata, wanda ke ba da izinin rana don jin babban abu a cikin ruwa. Yatsun frogs din basu da mayuka, wanda kuma ana ganinsa wani bambancin halayyar dangin ne. Bayan jikin mutum shine abin da ake kira cesspool, wanda ke wakiltar hanya guda daya tilo da aka sarrafa kayan abinci. An rufe jikin frog da fatar tsirara, an rufe shi da wani nau'in gamsai na musamman, wanda adadin kudarsa na ƙasan wucin gadi ke rufe shi.

Lokaci mai ban sha'awa! Frog ɗin Turai ba ya da tsayi sama da santimita 10, yayin da ake ɗaukar tsintsiyar goliath ta Afirka mafi girma a matsayin wakilin dangi, wanda ya girma zuwa rabin mita a tsawon sa kuma yana samun kilo da yawa.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, girman frogs din ya dogara da nau'in su, kodayake mahimmancin su yana cikin kewayon daga 0.8 zuwa 32 santimita. Don haka launi iri iri ne na frolog, wanda galibi yakan bambanta da launi daban-daban na jikinsu. Sau da yawa, launin jikin waɗannan dabbobi yana da alaƙa da yanayin rayuwa, wanda ke ba su damar ɗaukar hoto a tsakanin ciyayi iri-iri, tsakanin ganye, da sauransu.

Sau da yawa, launi mai haske na dabba alama ce ta haɗarin haɗarin su, yayin da abubuwa masu guba ke samarwa ta glandon musamman waɗanda suke kan fata na dabba. Wadannan abubuwa na iya zama mai hadarin gaske ba wai ga dabbobi kadai ba, har ma ga mutane. Wasu nau'ikan sun sami damar yin kwaikwayon “mayaƙa” canza launin da kwaroron guba don su tsare kansu daga maƙiyan halitta.

Halayya da salon rayuwa

Za a iya ɗaukar frogs lafiya a matsayin iyali na musamman, saboda suna sauƙaƙewa kan ƙasa, suna yin manyan tsalle-tsalle, sauƙi hawa dutsen itatuwa, tono ramuka a ƙasa, kuma suna iyo, gudu, tafiya, gami da shirin daga tsayi, dangane da nau'in halittu.

Kusancin frogs din ya ta'allaka ne da cewa sun sami damar shan iskar oxygen ta fata. Wannan yana ba dabba damar jin girma, a ruwa da kuma a cikin ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, akwai nau'ikan da aka aika zuwa wuraren rami musamman a lokutan kiwo.

Mai ban sha'awa don sani! Dabbobi suna nuna aikinsu dangane da iri-iri. Wasu nau'in sun fi son farauta kawai a cikin duhu, yayin da wasu ke nuna ayyukansu na tsawon awanni 24.

Ana iya ɗauka mai ban sha'awa cewa huhun kwaroron jiki suna yin hidimar sa ne don yin sautuna masu kama da croaking. Kasancewar kumfa mai sauti da kuma resonators yana bawa dabba damar kirkirar sauti mai yawa. Gaskiya ne gaskiya a lokacin kiwo, tunda dabbobi dole ne su jawo wa ɗayan mata.

Kwayoyin tsofaffi, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, suna zubar da fatarsu kuma suna ci a can, bayan wannan suna cikin shirin jira har sai sabon fatar yana da duk ayyukan da suka wajaba. Kusan dukkanin wakilan wannan dangi sun gwammace su jagoranci salon rayuwa, yayin da suke samun damar yin ƙaura zuwa ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin lokacin kiwo. Frogss wadanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin matsatsin yanayi suna zama adadi a cikin hunturu.