Yadda ake ganowa
Girman girma ya fi girma a tsakanin ƙasashen Madagascar. Tsayin Jikin 568-698 mm (matsakaita 607, n = 10). Tsawon wutsiya shine 51-65 mm (a matsakaita 56, / 7 = 10). Yawan taro shine 6 kg. Vsegobesenopodobny na waje. Ana rufe kai tare da ɗanɗano siriri mai sauƙi, an hana shi gashi.
Idanun suna da girma. Kunnuwa suna da girma, an rufe su da gashi. Wata gabar jiki tayi girma sosai, tare da kafaffun kafaffun kafafunsu kamar tsawonsu. Yatsar farko ta manyan hanun ya gajere kuma ya bambanta da sauran.
A wata gabar kafafu, yatsun farko suna da girma sosai kuma yana hamayya da sauran yatsun guda hudu, suna hade a gindin fata na kowa. Yatsun suna sanye da kusoshi.
Gashi a bayanta ya yi girma, lokacin farin ciki, siliki, a ciki ya fi guntu. Launin jiki a cikin tabarau daban-daban na launin toka, launin ruwan kasa da baki tare da manyan bambance-bambancen cikin mutane daban-daban. Wasu suna da baki gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma kusan fararen fata ne.
Shugaban, kunnuwa, baya da goshin hannu yawanci baƙi ne. Akwai kumatun gashi a kunnuwa. Babban farin tabo, yawanci yana rufe dayan bangarorin hagu ne, galibi ana samunsu ne a jiki. Akwai jakar laryngeal wacce take aiki a matsayin resonator
Inda yake zama
Rarraba a cikin gandunan daji na kudu maso gabas na Madagascar, tsakanin Antonjil Bay a arewa da Kogin Masora a kudu da kan iyakar daji a kan tsaunin dutse a yamma. Range yana hanzari yana raguwa.
Gandun daji mai sanyin rai yana zaune daga matakin teku zuwa kimanin 1800 m sama da matakin sa. Yawancin lokaci ƙungiyoyin iyali na mutane 3-5. Jagoranci kusan yanayin rayuwa na keɓewa kawai
Rayuwa da Ilimin halitta
Aiki yayin rana. Yawancin lokaci sukanyi kuka da karfi. Suna ciyar da ganye, 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni. A cikin gungun dangi, ana haihuwar akuya ɗaya kowace shekara uku.
Ensarancin ƙasa ƙasa ko'ina - a wurare mafi kyau ga rayuwar rashin rayuwa, kusan mutum uku a cikin 100 ha. Matar na kawo ɗa guda ɗaya a shekara. Cutar ciki 5 ko 6.
Jinsuna: Gajerar hanyar Indri - Indri indri Gmelin, 1788
Indri mai launin baƙar fata yana zaune a saman bishiyoyi masu tsayi a gabashin gabashin Madagascar a cikin gandun dajin ruwan sama mai nisan mil 1,500 sama da matakin teku. Saboda kashin kare-kare da babbar murya kamar kare kare, ana kiran yan asalin Madagascar (Malgash) karnukan daji indri.
Shortan gajere mai launin baƙar fata shine babban dabbar biri-biri, launi mai laushi, mai kauri da silky Ja, yana da kyau sosai kuma yana faruwa: launin ruwan kasa, baƙi, ja, shuɗi ko fari, amma launuka masu launin fari da fari sun fi rinjaye. Tsawon jikin mutum ya kai 70 cm, kuma Indri yana ɗaukar nauyi har zuwa 6-7, da wuya kusan kilo 10. Matsakaicin nauyin jikin mace mai girma shine kilo 6,8 kuma saurayi shine kilo 5.8
Shugaban yana da zagaye, duhu a launi, da mucks yana da elongated, gashi mara gashi. Kunnuwa suna da girma, tare da baƙon gashi na baki, idanun su ma manya ne, masu launin ruwan hoda.
Yatsun kafafu suna da tsawo, wutsiya tayi gajere, tsayinsa ba ya wuce cm cm 3. yatsa na farko akan kafafun gaba yayi gajere kuma ya bambanta da sauran hudun. Daga hannayen hannu na hanun cinya zuwa bangarorin tare da gefen jikin mutum, sai indri ya shimfiɗa fata.
Shortan gajeren fata mai gajeren zango suna jagorantar wani yanayi na musamman da rana, kuma cikin halayen su suna kama da gibbons.
Suna riƙe kambi na gandun daji, yawanci a kan tsayi sama da 10-15 m Indri hawa bishiyoyi, a hankali yana katse rassa, a hankali tare da duka paws: gaba da baya. Kafafunsu masu ƙarfi suna kusan ɗaya bisa uku fiye da hannayensu, sabili da haka Indri na iya motsawa ta cikin igiyar daji tare da tallafi a kwance a cikin tsayayyen wuri kuma suna da ikon yin rawar gani kusan tsalle-tsalle daga wannan bishiya zuwa waccan tsayin mita 10. Indri tayi saurin gangaren bishiyar bishiyoyin, amma sauko wutsiya kawai.
Black Short-tailed Indri - dabbobin zamantakewa da ke rayuwa cikin dangi. A cikin iyali na mutane 2-4, ƙasa da sau da yawa har zuwa 6. Mace mafi rinjaye ita ce jagora koyaushe a cikin rukuni, kuma nau'i biyu ne na manyan dabbobi.
Wannan nau'in yana da yankin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, amma akwai ƙaramin yanki mai cike da takaddama tare da yankuna kungiyoyin maƙwabta. Yawancin lokaci a cikin rana rukuni rukuni ya ratsa yankin na shafinsa daga kimanin 300 zuwa 700 m, kuma wurin da yakai yakai kimanin kadada 18. Kariyar ƙasa aiki ne na maza manya. Suna alamar yankin tare da taimakon fitsari, kazalika da ɓoye ɓoyayyen gland na musamman da ke kan tarko. Kungiyoyi suna sanya alamun kamfani a cikin yankuna kan iyakar su.
Duk kungiyar ta kare yankinta ta amfani da “fadace-fadace”. Ana yin waƙar babban yanki a ko'ina a kan rukunin rukunin rukunin, amma mafi kyawun gani kuma galibi yana sauti - daga saman bishiyoyi.
Wannan waƙa ana yin duk membobin ƙungiyar, amma mace mai girma yawanci tana fara waƙoƙi a baya fiye da sauran membobin kungiyar, "tana jan" ta fi tsayi kuma tana yin ta tun daga farko har ƙarshe. A lokaci guda, matasa suna shiga kawai a cikin sakan farko na waƙar, suna ba da rawar murya, manyan-manya (shekaru 3-6) suna cikin wakar har zuwa ƙarshen rabin farko. Lokacin da aka rera waƙoƙi duka ,ungiya, ana yin saitinsa wasu lokuta cikin sautin. Waƙar da kanta tana ɗaukar daga 60 zuwa 150 seconds kuma tana kunshe da sautin rakodi ko raɗaɗi waɗanda suka bambanta da mita daga 500 zuwa 6000 hertz. Sautin muryar waɗannan dabbobin yana faruwa ne saboda kasancewar jakar makogwaron makogwaron da take kwance a baya daga trachea. Godiya gareshi, ana iya jin wakar indiya mai kyau amma tana da kyau fiye da 2 km.
Ana rarrabe wannan kiran ta halayyar sauti tsakanin iyalai daban-daban, ta yadda kowane rukuni ana samun saukin gane shi ta wakar halayyar sa. Mitar da wata kungiya tayi wannan kira ya dogara da kakar, yanayi, da kusancin kungiyoyin da ke kusa da su. Lokacin da ake ruwan sama, Indri ba ta yin ƙasa da sau da yawa, amma ana yin wannan waƙa ta hanyar waƙoƙin maimaitawa a cikin kwanakin lokacin da yanayi ya fito fili.
Lokacin da aka yi waka da safe, waƙar yakan yi aiki don sanar da wasu gungun halin da suke a yanzu. Irin wannan waƙar, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana ƙarfafa ƙungiya maƙwabta don yin waka da baya sannan kuma za a ji kukan ƙungiya biyu ko fiye. Matsayin waƙoƙi a matsayin hanyar sadarwa shine don kare yankin, sabis don sake haɗuwa da membobin ƙungiyar na ɗan lokaci, kuma martani ne ga masu farautar jirgin sama, jirgin sama da kuma tsawa. Yana iya yiwuwa wannan ƙalubalen ya ba da labarin halin membobin ƙungiyar.
Wasu mazan da ba su yi aure ba wasu lokuta sukan yi watsi da iyakokin ƙasa kuma suyi tafiya kyauta cikin yankuna daban-daban. Wataƙila wannan halin yana da alaƙa da neman abokin tarawa don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar danginku.
Indri yana bacci a kan bishiyoyi, yana ɗaukar tsayi daga 30 zuwa 100 ƙafa, yayin da ƙungiyar zata iya shimfiɗa ko'ina cikin yankin zuwa nesa nesa da 100 mita. Yawancin lokaci suna barci akan tallafi na kwance. A lokacin bacci, wani lokacin sukan riƙe reshensu da rassan, kuma shugabanninsu suna yin ruku'u koyaushe a tsakanin gwiwoyi. Wani lokacin suna iya bacci mutane biyu tare, amma ba fiye da biyu ba. 'Ya'yan Indri, har sai sun kasance shekararsu ta biyu ta rayuwa, suna bacci tare da uwayensu, daga baya ƙaramin dabbar da ke cikin rukunin yawanci suna barci tare da mazan manya (uba) na rukunin. Mata yayin bacci basa yarda da kusancin maza da kai masa hari idan ya kusance ta a wani nesa kusa.
Membobin kungiyar nan da nan bayan sun farka, su shimfiɗa, sannan kuma su fara cinye tushen abinci mafi kusanci, galibi akan bishiyar inda suka kwana. Sannan membobin kungiyar suna yin kuzari kuma suna tsabtace hanjinsu a wani lokaci, yawanci suna tsaye a kan tallafi na kwance. Sannan sun sake fara ciyarwa, wanda shine abin da suke yi a mafi yawan lokuta a rana: 30 zuwa 60% na ayyukan indri yana da alaƙa da ciyarwa. Amma yayin da a wuri guda babu tushen abinci mai gina jiki, an watsar da rukuni a cikin yankin da ke kewaye.
Indri yafi ciyar da ganye, kazalika da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwayoyi, harbe-tsire na tsirrai da furanni. Wannan nau'in yana da maganin haƙori na 2: 1: 3: 3.
An lura cewa a cikin Mantady National Park, yawancin abincin indri sun ƙunshi harbe-tsire marasa girma. An gina abinci mai gina jiki don nau'ikan tsire-tsire 63 daga nau'ikan 39 da iyalai 19: (Bronchoneura sp.) Rara, Menahihy (Campylospermum sp.), Voapaka (Uapaca sp.), Hazinina (Symphonia sp.), Molopangady (Alberta sp.), Zanamalotra (Dialium sp.), Tarantana (Rhus tarantana), Mampay (Cynometra sp.), Sadodok'ala (Gaertnera sp.), da Ramy (Canarium madagascariensis) suna cikin Tsarin Halittar Betampona. A cikin Anjanaharibe-Sud Indri, a mafi yawan lokuta, suna cinye 'ya'yan itaciyar Vongomena (Symphonia sp.), Vahamivohotra, Vongo (clusoides Symphonides), harbe na Tavolo (Ravensara madagascariensis), da kuma tumbi na Tafonana (Mespilodaphne faucheri), amma tsirrai daga dangin Gera babban abinci mai gina jiki.
An gano cewa maza suna cinye ƙarin 'ya'yan itatuwa, yayin da mata ke cin shootsarin samari. Maza kuma kan ciyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma suna cin abinci sannu a hankali fiye da matan da suka manyanta da yaransu.
An lura cewa dabbobi suna tsintsa ganye da ganyayyaki daga bishiya da hannayensu, amma galibi suna cin thean itacen a cikin bakin sannan kuma su miqa hannun.
Halin zamantakewa a cikin hanyar kulawa da gashin gashi, wasanni, tashin hankali da halayyar jima'i sun kusan kusan 2% (minti 6-13) a cikin ayyukan su na yau da kullun. Wasan wasan zamantakewa a mafi yawan lokuta an lura da shi a tsakanin matasa kuma ya kunshi: gwagwarmaya, bugun jini da rikice-rikice masu ban tsoro. Gwagwarmaya masu gwagwarmaya a tsakanin matasa na iya wucewa daga 'yan dakiku zuwa mintina 15 kuma ana lura da su a lokacin rani (daga Disamba zuwa Maris).
Sadarwar murya ta indri tana wakiltar siginar siginar murya. Misali, Indri zata fashe lokacinda take fuskantar hatsari ko kuma tayi “sumbata” ta musamman yayin bayyanar da tausayawa. Bugun haushi sau da yawa ya wuce waƙar kuma duk membobin ƙungiyar sun buga shi. Hakanan siginar gargaɗi ce yayin gano magabatan iska. Ana iya jin sautin motsa ruwa lokacin da mutum ya firgita ko ya damu. Indri yana da ɗan gulma mai sauƙi, wanda yake fitarwa lokacin da mutum ya firgita ko ya damu da wani abu, wasu sautuna suna kama da kukan mutane na firgici.
Ta tsaftace ulu da gashin junan su, Indri ta gama ciyarwa, kafin ta kwanta bacci har safe. Da yamma, wani lokacin suna hutawa a kujerar zama, a cikin matsayi guda kuma suna barci. Indri, kamar sifaks, basuda a cikin rana mai dumi, galibi suna aje gaban gaban su, kamar an fadada su ga rana. Don haka, ativesan ƙasar Madagascar suna la'akari da dabbobin dabbobin da ke tsarkakun suna indiya da sifaki.
Hakanan Indri zai iya tafiya a ƙasa: sun yi tsalle a kan kafafunsu na baya, suna ɗaga kafafun gaba a saman kawunansu don daidaitawa.
Ba a san kaɗan game da yaduwar indri ba. Indri yana da alaƙar aure. Mating yawanci yakan faru ne tsakanin Disamba zuwa Maris. Namiji, yayin da yake neman wata mace da ta shirya aure, to sai ya kwace ta kuma yayi lasisin gabobin mace kafin ta yi aure.Mating indri yakan faru ne a kan reshe a rataye wuri. A wannan yanayin, mace ta rataye a karkashin reshe tare da kafafu fadi da juna, kuma mating yana faruwa a cikin ventro-ciki na ciki
Haihuwar tana faruwa ne a cikin Mayu ko Yuni, amma wani lokacin, kuma daga baya, har zuwa Agusta. Lokacin haihuwar shine kwanaki 120 zuwa 150. A lokacin haihuwa, 'Ya'yan tuni suna da hakora da yawa, idanunsu kuma a bude suke. Babiesa babiesan jarirai suna da launin fatar baki ɗaya baki ɗaya tare da fararen wurare (ƙananan ɓangaren ɓangaren dorsal, bangarorin hannaye, gira, makogwaro da goshi).
Da farko dai, yarinyar Indri tana sanye daga gindinta, amma idan jaririn ya kai wata 4, sai ya koma wurinta. Matan suna da ire-iren nono guda biyu. Rashin haihuwa nono yana da shekara daya.
Matashi indri ya zama mai iya motsi mai 'yanci yana da watanni 8, amma yana ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da mahaifiyarsa kusan shekara guda kuma har yanzu suna da kusanci. Lokacin da yake da shekara daya, wani matashi Indri ya nuna halayen motar da ya dace kuma ya sami damar yin lissafin hanyoyi masu kyau.
A cikin shekara guda, mace tana haihuwar guda ɗaya, wanda yakan kasance tare da mahaifiya tsawon lokaci, har zuwa lokacin bayyanar zuriyar dabbobi na gaba, kuma ba su haihuwar kowace shekara, amma kowace shekara 2 zuwa 3.
Matasa da suka manyanta maza sukan yi rayuwa mai ƙarfi kafin su ƙirƙiri danginsu.
Matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwar indri a yanayi shine kusan shekaru 20-25. Bayani game da magabatan Indri kusan ba su nan, amma da alama manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta, da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, na iya kama su.
Babban abokin gaba na Indri shine mutum saboda rushewar mazauna (shiga cikin man fetur da mamaye wuraren da babu kowa a ciki don aikin gona) da damuwa koyaushe. An ce wasu kabilun Madagascar sun kama gajeren zango kuma suna horarwa kamar karnuka don farauta.
Yawancin lokaci indri ba sa tsananta wa mutanen gari saboda taboo ("fady"). Koyaya, akwai rahotannin baƙi daga wasu kabilu waɗanda ke farautar waɗannan dabbobin. Wani karamin abin kunya ya ɓarke a cikin 1984, lokacin da ya zo ga haske, da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan Sinawa da ke gina hanya daga Antananarivo zuwa Tamatawa sun sayi nama, azaman abin ci.
A farkon 1900s, indiri ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ne cewa matafiyi ɗaya ne ya ba da rahoton cewa babu wanda zai iya zuwa daga Tamatawa zuwa Antanarivo don kar yawan jin sautin kukansu. Zuwa shekarar 1960, yawan amfanin Indri yana taɓarɓarewa saboda raguwar guguwar. Indri yana da ƙarancin damar haifuwa ta asali kuma a halin yanzu yawan su yana ƙanƙanta, yankin ya ragargaje, kuma galibin mazaunan halitta an lalace kuma sun ɓace, saboda haka aka jera jinsunan a cikin Littafin Red. Duk da yunƙurin kare su, Indri ɗin nau'in halitta ce mai haɗarin gaske kuma masana sun kiyasta cewa tabbas zai ɓace daga fuskar duniya cikin shekaru 100 masu zuwa idan ƙoƙarin da aka yi na kiyaye jinsi bai ci nasara ba.
Black Short-tailed Indri yana da ra'ayoyi biyu waɗanda suka bambanta da launi na fata:
Indri indri indri: daidaikun mutanen wannan tallafin galibin baƙi ne da fari da faffadar fuska.
Indri indri variegatus: wannan rukunin yana da fila na occipital da farin abin wuya. Gefen kafafu na waje na kafafu da ƙananan hannaye sun yi launin toka ko launin fari.
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