Babban sanannen sanannen sananniyar tsuntsu tsakanin mafarauta shine kaya. Da yawa sun san ta tun suna yara. Ta fasalinsa, yayi kama da kaji na gida, kuma mallakin dangin amarya ne.

Dukkanin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in galibi suna da rauni. Haka kuma, don tsira, suna buƙatar wucewa da yawa gwaje-gwaje a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Akwai nau'ikan gadoji da yawa, waɗanda har zuwa ɗan lokaci sun bambanta da juna a cikin bayanan bayanansu da halayensu na waje.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Hoto: Grey Partridge

Partridge launin toka ya mamaye dukkan Eurasia kuma har ma an kawo shi Amurka, inda ya sami nasarar ɗauka tushe. Akwai nau'o'in 8 na wannan tsuntsu, kowane ɗayan an rarrabe shi ta fasalin launi, girman sa, da ikon haihuwa. A cewar masana kimiyya, launin toka ya fito daga wasu nau'in tsuntsayen prehistoric. Ko da Neanderthals ya farauto su, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sakamakon ramuka da yawa, bincike mai zurfi. A matsayin kiwo mai zaman kanta, an raba baƙin launin toka da yawa a cikin dubun-dubatan shekaru da suka gabata akan yankin Arewacin Mongolia, Transbaikalia, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin bai canza sosai ba.

Bidiyo: Kasuwancin Gas

Abincin launin toka ya kasance na dangin mai daɗi, tsari ne na kaza. Da kyar yake zaune akan bishiyoyi saboda haka yana ɗaukar tsuntsayen ƙasa. Duk da dimbin mutanen da suke so su ci mata, babban tasirin yanayin yanayi kan rayuwar offspringa ,an, mummunan yanayi ba tare da tashi zuwa lokacin zafi ba, yawancinta yana da yawa kuma yana murmurewa da sauri bayan mummunan yanayi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Koda al'adun duniya ba su tsallake wannan tsuntsu mai launin toka, mai kama da hankali ba. Rubuce-rubucen Tarihi na Girka suna ba da labarin rashin kirkirar mashahurin masaniyar Daedalus lokacin da ya kori almajirinsa daga dutse. Amma Athena ya juya saurayin ya zama mai launin toka-toka kuma bai fado ba. A cewar tatsuniyoyi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa rabuwa ba ta son tashi sama, ta fi son su ciyar da rayuwa gabaɗaya a duniya.

A kan makiyanta kawai tana da makamai guda biyu: launin launi mai banƙyama wanda zai ba ta damar lalacewa cikin foliage da ikon yin sauri, kawai a lokuta na gaggawa gaggawa launin toka ya kashe don ƙoƙarin tserewa daga maƙiyin. Bai wa babban dandano da ingancin abinci mai gina jiki na nama, unpretentiousness, tsuntsu ne da aka samu nasarar girma cikin bauta, amma tare da abinci na musamman.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

HOTO: Tsuntsu ɗan iska

Partarfin launin toka yana da kayan aikin da ba za a iya tunawa da shi wanda yake sauƙin ganewa:

• karamin girman jiki daga 28 zuwa 31 cm, fuka-fuki 45-48 cm, nauyi daga 300 zuwa 450 grams,
• An kwatanta shi da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da haske mai haske a cikin siffar kofaton ƙarfe, ƙaramin kai tare da baki mai duhu, kyakkyawar haɓaka da launin launin toka mai halayyar launuka masu launin shuɗi,
• paws na wannan nau'in suna launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wuyansa da kai suna da haske, kusan orange. Ribar mace ba ta da kyau kamar ta maza kuma galibi suna kanana,
• matasa suna da madaukai masu duhu da dogon zango a sassan jikin mutum, wanda suke bacewa yayin da tsuntsaye ke girma.

Babban aikin launi na motley shine sake kamanni. Tsuntsaye a shekara a shekara, wanda ke farawa a farkon tare da gashin fuka-fukai, sannan ya sauya zuwa wasu kuma yana ƙarewa gaba ɗaya zuwa ƙarshen kaka. Sakamakon yawaitar girki da molting na yau da kullun, barbashi sun sami damar rayuwa har cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin tsananin sanyi. Babban ɓangare na duk mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayi ba sa yin zirga-zirga na shekara-shekara zuwa yankuna masu zafi, amma ya rage zuwa hunturu a cikin mazauninsu na dindindin. A cikin neman abinci, suna tono burrows a cikin dusar ƙanƙan girma har zuwa mita 50 a tsayi, a cikin lokutan sanyi da suke tarawa gaba ɗaya, suna ɗorewa juna.

Ina amshin ɗin launin toka yake zaune?

HOTO: Grey na kayan abinci a Rasha

Grey-blue partridge ana samunsa kusan ko'ina cikin sassan kudu da tsakiyar Rasha, Altai, Siberiya, da ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ciki har da Jamus, Great Britain, Kanada da Arewacin Amurka, da yammacin Asiya. Ana amfani da yanayin rayuwa na yankuna na Kudancin Yammacin Siberiya, Kazakhstan.

Wuraren da ta fi so:

• m daji, garuruwa, gefuna daji,
• makiyaya tare da m, ciyawa mai tsayi, filin bude da tsibiri na shrubs, kwari,
• A wasu halayen, launin toka da yardar rai zai zauna a cikin lalatattun wurare, amma yakan zaɓi tsibirin bushewa tare da ciyayi mai yawa.

Don yanayin da ya fi dacewa, tana buƙatar sararin samaniya da kasancewar ɗakuna masu yawa, ciyawa mai tsayi, inda zaka iya ɓoyewa, gina gida, kamar yadda zaka sami abinci. Partridge sau da yawa yakan zauna kusa da filayen tare da amfanin gona na hatsi, buckwheat, gero. Tana taimakawa harkar noma ta hanyar cire kwari da cuttutuka da ire-iren abubuwan dake haifar da barazana ga amfanin gona.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Zaɓi wurin zama, launin toka-ɓarnar taɓa barin ta. A nan, tsawon rayuwarsu, suna yin filaye, suyi zuriya, su ci, kuma bi da bi, thean kajin ma zasu ci gaba da zama a cikin yankin.

Yanzu kun san inda launin toka ke zaune. Bari mu ga abin da ta ci.

Bayanin Kaya

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar suna cikin iyali mai kyau, ƙananan ƙananan kayan abinci na giya da amarya, gami da abubuwan 22, kowane ɗayan yana da ɗayan kuɗi guda ɗaya zuwa 46. Koyaya, duk da bambancin jinsunan dukkan tsuntsaye, yanayin zaman kashe wando, launi mara daidaitacce, ƙaramin girman da jimrewa mai ban mamaki a cikin matsanancin yanayi ya haɗa kai.

Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna haifar da rayuwa ta hanyar ƙasa, ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire. Sun fi son yin gida a ƙasa, kamar yawancin pheasants. A hankali ɓoye gidajensu a cikin busassun mai yawa ganye da shrubs.

Babban shahararren abincin nama a tsakanin magabatan yasa wannan tsuntsun yayi taka tsantsan. Dawakai suna jujjuyawa, suna kallo, suna sauraro da ɗauka mai zurfi: shin akwai wata haɗari a kusa. Kamar yadda yake da yawancin pheasants, tashi ba shine mafi tsananin ƙarfi ba. Amma gudu gaban yana da kyau sosai.

Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da yawan aure a zabar abokin tarayya. Kowane lokaci a cikin lokacin mating sai su ga yayansu da gida. Banda shi ne tallafin Madagascar

Saboda mafi yawan rayuwa, alaƙar gado suna ƙoƙarin kada su jawo hankalin mutane. Suna tafiya sosai a hankali, cikin nutsuwa. A lokacin hunturu, sukan tara isasshen mai mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke ba su damar barin matsugunansu kawai a lokuta na gaggawa. Jagoranci rayuwar yau da kullun. Neman abinci yana ɗaukar wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba fiye da sa'o'i uku a rana ba.

Rarraba da wuraren zama

Wannan nau'in yana zaune kusan dukkanin Eurasia a cikin yanayin yanki. Wannan tsuntsu yana da yawa sosai a bangarorin da kuma gandun daji-steppe; saboda gandun daji, ya ratsa har zuwa cikin yankin taiga, galibi yana da mazauni a Kudancin Karelia, wani lokacin kuma yakan isa bakin Tekun Bahar. Ana samun mafi yawan lokuta a cikin steppes da a cikin filayen hatsi, cike tare da bishiyoyi da gawawwakin, a cikin ambaliyar ruwa koguna, a cikin share da farin ciki daji, a cikin foothills. Ya fi son sarari sarari, ko ma tudu, tare da kwari kogi da bishiyoyi. Yana samun daidaituwa tare da mutum.

Rayuwa & Halayyar zamantakewa

Abincin shine abincin tsuntsu na musamman da ke da wuya yakan zauna akan bishiyoyi. Ta shesshe da agile gudanar a cikin m ciyawa da tsakanin bushes. Yakan kashe tare da babbar amo da ƙara fashewar fikafikan kawai idan akwai haɗari, tashiwa da sauri, ba tsayi sama da ƙasa ba, alternating flaps flaps with short planning. Kajin daji suna tashi sama da karamin nisa da safe da yamma suna neman filayen ciyarwa. Abincin yana gudana sosai, a lokaci guda yana tsaye tsaye, yana ɗaga wuyanta sama da ɗaga kai sama, kuma yayin tafiya mai natsuwa, yana tafiya tare da baya da farauta yana kulawa da kewaye.

A yawancin wurare, launin toka yana zaune a shekara, a wasu lokutan yana yin jigilar tashi don neman abinci.

Daga yankunan da ke da dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara, lokacin da abincin ƙasa bai wadatar ba, ƙawancen launin toka suna ƙaura zuwa kudu. Tafiya daga garken tumatiri launin toka tana farawa ne a cikin faduwa kuma yana faruwa da rana. Manomin daji suna isa kudu da Ukraine da Ciscaucasia, bakin tekun Caspian da Asia ta Tsakiya. Wasu daga cikin yawan jama'ar ya rage zuwa hunturu.

A cikin hunturu, ana ajiye tutocin launin toka a wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara, tare da bushes da bushe mai tushe na tsirrai, a cikin koguna, a cikin tsaunukan dusar ƙanƙara da filayen hatsi. A wannan mawuyacin lokaci, tsuntsaye sun yi tururuwar zuwa kananan kungiyoyi masu yawa. Don samun abinci, suna tono dusar ƙanƙara tare da taimakon kawunansu da kuliyoyin, suna faɗo shi da ƙafafunsu kuma wani lokacin suna toshe kofofin har zuwa 50 cm. Idan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da muni sosai, to, ɓarnatattun gado suna kwana cikin dusar ƙanƙara "dens" suna manne da juna. Wani lokacin sukanyi amfani da "aiyukan" hares waɗanda suke tono dusar ƙanƙara don isa ciyawa. Bayan fitowar hares, rabuwa da garken zuwa wannan wurin.

A cikin tsananin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, ɓarkewar ɓarnatattun abubuwa sun rasa tsoron mutane kuma suna matsawa kusa da gidaje. Anan zasu iya samun abinci da mafaka daga iska mai sanyi.

Abubuwan da ke cikin gado suna ajiye a fakitoci daga kaka zuwa bazara, kuma kawai a cikin Maris - Afrilu yayin lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin sun kasu kashi biyu.

Kusan duk tsuntsayen abincin rana, dabbobi masu shayarwa masu yawa, har ma da mikiya sunci abincin dabbobi masu launin toka. Babban lalacewar lambobin waɗannan tsuntsayen ya faru ne ta hanyar karnuka da karnuka. Dusar kankara, mai tsananin sanyi, biyo bayan fari tsawon lokacin bazara, suna haifar da thearfafawar huduba a wasu sassan kewayon. Sanyi mai sanyi da ruwa a lokacin tsintsiyar kajin na iya haifarda mutuwa ta kusan su. Aiki mai amfani da sabbin hanyoyin noma, musamman yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da magungunan kashe qwari, wanda nau'ikan alkama suka juya da hankali, mafi yawan wuraren hatsi wanda ba shi da mafaka ta zahiri, duk wannan yana cutar da yawan abubuwan gado. Amma saboda tsananin girmansa, wannan nau'in zai iya dawo da lambobi cikin sauri a cikin yanayi mai kyau.

Abincin raba abinci

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sun fi son tsaba, hatsi, berries, buds, ganye da asalinsu azaman abinci.. Duk abincin da zai ci wanda zai kasance a yankin da suke zaune. Suna son cin abinci akan kwari a wani lokaci. A cikin hunturu, waɗannan tsuntsaye suna ciyar da berries mai sanyi, amfanin gona na hunturu, da ragowar buds tare da tsaba.

Abinci da tsarin abinci

Wannan karen daji ya samo duk abinci a saman duniya ya tono ƙasa, kamar ciyawar gida. Partridge launin toka ya ci abinci iri - iri na daji da hatsi, ciyawa, berries, mai tushe, ganye, nodules da Tushen, da dabbobi marasa lalacewa, musamman lokacin rani. Chanan kajin suna ciyar da kwari a farkon makonni biyu na rayuwa. Tunda barbashi na cin abinci mai narkewa a lokacin bazara, zasu iya yin ba tare da yin ruwa ba na dogon lokaci tare da ciyar da nesa da gawarwakin ruwa, wani lokacin a nesa nesa daga 10-12 km daga jikin ruwa mafi kusa. A cikin hunturu, jumla ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki kuma tana ciyar da wuraren da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara.

Kiwo da zuriya

Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da yawan gaske. A lokacin bazara, suna nemansu dayansu ko suka kirkireshi. Ba kamar mahaifin pheasants ba, mazan da ke ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi suna kiyaye zuriyar kuma suna kula da mace. A cikin gida akwai ƙwai daga 9 zuwa 25, waɗanda suke kwanciyar ciki na kimanin kwanaki 20-24. Sannan a lokaci guda, yayin rana, ana haihuwar kajin.

Vocalization

Rarraba garken suna neman wurare da abinci mai kyau a cikin garken, kuma idan sun nemo, sukan yi sautin “guk.kuk.kuk”, kamar yadda mutane suke tuna kaji. A tsare barbashi emit muffled. A kan tashi, tsoro daji hens kururuwa da sauri, chip.chip.kipipip. ” Ga maza, har da na mata, mafi kyawun halaye shi ne roƙon roƙo, wanda yake kama da mai “mashahuri” ko “chirric”. Mafi yawan lokuta, maza suna haifar da wannan sha'awar, kasancewa a kan tudu - wannan duka alama ce ta wuri da kuma barazana ga abokin hamayya. Maza a cikin lokutan kiwo, suna riƙewa zuwa ga dandalin su, yawanci suna yin sautin kukan da ba a taɓa gani ba, "yayin da mata a wancan lokacin ke fitar da" rami "na maimaitawa. Dukansu mata da kajin an kira su tare da girgizawa ta musamman, suna tuna kaji, amma tare da karuwa mai yawa a ƙarshen kowane sauti. Mace, cikin firgita a gida, zata yi birgima cikin tsoro.

Kiwo da zuriya

Baya ga cikakken molting, wanda aka maye gurbin duk gashin tsuntsaye tare da sababbi, jigon launin toka shima yana da m "pre-kiwo" molt. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna shirya don bikin aure, canza tsoffin gashin fuka-fukai zuwa sababbi masu kyau a wuya da kuma kai. Rayaurawar launin toka suna da yawa da yawa. A ƙarshen Fabrairu, sun fara haɗuwa. A farko, mata suna nuna himma. Idan garken ya zama tsintsiya ce wacce bata karye ba tun daga faduwar, wanda akwai “ma'aurata” na shekarar da ta gabata, sannan kuma zasu sake zama wata mace kuma suyi ritaya. Sannan sauran mata suka fara nuna aikin kuma, suna zaɓar namiji, sai su bar garken. A ƙarshe, mazan, sun barsu kaɗai, sun shiga cikin sauran garken, suna fatan neman budurwa. Don yin wannan, maza na ɗanɗano launin toka, kamar yadda al'ada ce a cikin kaji, tun kafin fitowar rana zuwa ƙaramin haɓakawa da fara fitar da kukan mai ban sha'awa wanda ke jan hankalin mata. Abokan hamayya kuma sun iso wurin kiran, sannan fada na faruwa tsakanin sojan mai zafi. Matan tsuntsaye ana zaɓar su da kyau kuma wasu lokuta sukan canza abokan tarayya sau da yawa kafin su yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Mace tana farawa ta al'ada, sai ta koma ga namiji, yana miqa wuya a wuyansa kuma yana yin motsi kamar kansa da wuya. Namiji yana tsaye, yana miƙe tsaye zuwa sama. Abubuwan da ke cikin launin toka ma ana san su da ƙungiyoyi yayin da tsuntsaye, ke tsaye kusa da juna, suna shafa wuyansu.

Bayan balaga, mace ta samu ko yin ramuka a cikin ƙasa tsakanin ciyayi masu tsayi da tsayi ko ciyawa, sannan suka jera rami tare da ciyawa. Tsuntsu ya fara kwanciya ƙwai kawai wata ɗaya bayan haɗa su. Namijin ɗan yana kula da yankin lokacin ɗaukar ciki, kuma bayan bayyanar kajin, yana da amfani a cikin tarbiyyar su.

Tsakanin dukkan tsuntsayen Rasha, jigon launin toka shine mafi mahimmancin gaske. An fara daga farkon kwanakin Afrilu, a lokacin kiwo ya sarrafa don haihuwar 12-18 ƙwai na fili (wani lokacin akwai ƙwai 28 a cikin kama!). Na farko, qwai suna kwanciya wata rana bayan daya, daya bayan wani. Sa’annan tazarar ta karu zuwa yini guda. Kuma bayan sanya ƙwai na ƙarshe ne mahaifiyar zata fara saka ɗanɗano har tsawon kwanaki 25, kuma baya cire ko da mutum ya bayyana. Da wuya ta tafi ciyar da ɗan wani lokaci. Namiji baya barin budurwarsa, yana kusa da gida kuma wani lokacin yakan maye gurbin mace.

Ightan mashaya masu hangen nesa nesa ba kusa, cikin rana ɗaya. Da zaran kajin sun bushe, mace tana yi musu jagora daga gida, kuma tsintsiyar ba ta koma gida ba. Daga farkon lokacin rayuwar su, kaji na iya guduwa, bayan sati daya suka fara tashi kadan, kuma bayan sati biyu za su iya riga mai nisa sosai. Da zaran kaji sun bar gida, nan da nan namiji ya shiga tsintsiya, zai taimaka ya jagoranci dodon har sai kajin sun girma. Tsintsin na iya bazuwa har sai lokacin bazara mai zuwa. A ƙarshen bazara, broods da yawa suna haɗaka cikin garken tumaki, kuma a cikin waɗannan garken garken matasa suna ciyar da hunturu. Zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa, kaji sun zama masu balaga.

Abubuwa na Gaskiya

• Plwararrun tsuntsayen farko suna da launi mai ashen mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, wani abu mai laushi da launi na duck na daji.
• Ridauracewar ba su da alamun nuna jima'i. Wato, namiji da mace suna da launi iri ɗaya. Bambancin kawai shine mafi duhu wuri akan kirjin namiji.
• Babu kasa abubuwan ban sha’awa na ban sha’awa dangantaka da alamar jihohi.Tun 1995, ita ce alama ta jihar Alaska ta Amurka.
• Shin kun san cewa yanayin zafin jikin yau da kullun shine digiri arba'in da biyar, koda kuwa akwai sanyi arba'in a kan titi.
• Kwanan nan, partridge ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ta hanyar nazarin waɗannan tsuntsayen, masanan kimiyya sun gano cewa ta lura da nauyin tsuntsayen a cikin wuraren musayar wuta, ana iya hango alamun zafi a duniya. Bugu da kari, tare da taimakonsu yana yiwuwa a hango ko yaya hakan zai iya shafar dukkanin halittu masu rai, ciki har da mutane.

Dabbobin a Zoo na Moscow

An daɗe ana kiyaye ɓarnatar launin toka a Zoo na Moscow. Wadannan tsuntsaye suna jure da zaman talala da kyau kuma ba sa haifar da matsaloli a cikin ta tsarewa. Da sauri sun saba wa mutumin kuma suna iya karɓar abinci daga hannunsu.
Hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna karɓar hatsi, abincin fili, cuku gida, wani lokacin kwari kamar abinci. A lokacin rani, an sanya ciyayi mai sabo ko kuma ciyawar a cikin shinge.

Kuna iya ganin gurnet mai launin toka a Zoo na Moscow a wurin gabatarwar “Fauna of Russia”, inda suke zama a cikin jirgin sama tare da pheasants na yau da kullun. Duk da rashin fassararsu, jigon launin toka ba shi da shedar, tunda hares, yana motsawa cikin aviary, yana haifar da damuwa, kuma tsuntsayen basuyi kokarin fara kajin ba.

Habitat

A bisa ga al'ada, jigon furanni tare da farin rigar tsuntsu shine yanayin latitude mai sanyi, wanda yawancin ruwan sama ke mamayewa da kuma tsananin sanyi. A gare ta, ana la'akari da gidan taiga, tundra da gandun daji-tundra. Ta fi son ta zauna a fadama, inda ake da peat da gansakuka da yawa.

Ptarmigan suna zaune ne a Arewacin Amurka, Eurasia da Greenland. Hakanan ana iya samunsa a cikin wurare na Scotland da Ingila. Amma batun ƙasar Rasha, a nan tana zaune a Sakhalin da Kamchatka.

Rarrabawa

Ptarmigan yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan tsuntsayen arewa a dangin sa. Tana zaune a inda sauran brothersan uwanta ke daɗewar yin sanyi. Amma ba ita kaɗai ba ce. Da farko, akwai nau'ikan farin fararen girki, wanda yake na dangin tsintsiya ne da tsari na kaza. Da zarar an haɗa shi da nau'ikan guda shida, amma a yau akwai guda uku kawai: a zahiri fari, tundra da fararen fata.

Dukkansu suna rayuwa ne na musamman a arewacin hemisphere na duniya kuma zasu iya jure yanayin zafi. Hakanan sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan da ke da dogon fayel, har da gashin fuka-fukan farin ciki da ta lullube kafafu.

Ptarmigan a cikin girman kasa da fari. Tana zaune a yankin tundra da kuma tsararren bel na Cordillera, Pyrenees, Alps, tsaunin Scandinavia, Japan da Altai. Kayan kayanta na hunturu kusan fari fari ne, sai dai yankin baƙuwar da ke saman baki da kuma wutsiya. Umarfin rani ya dace da inuwar kankara a wurin mazaunin tsuntsaye.

Partarfin farin-taɓo shine ɗan ƙaramin ɗan halittar. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Arewacin Amurka kuma ana samunsa a Central Alaska, tsaunukan British Columbia, Washington, Wyoming da Montana. A cikin yanayin hunturu na tsuntsu, babu aibi mai duhu akan wutsiya; a lokacin rani, maza da mata suna da jan launi mai kauri a kawunansu.

Jikin gishirin

Wannan iyali ya hada da nau'ikan 5 ne kawai:

1. Partridge Daurian (gemu). Wannan nau'in yana zaune a yankin Asiya, musamman - a kudancin Siberiya, a cikin Altai, a cikin Mongolia, a arewacin yankin Tibet da kuma China. Girman waɗannan tsuntsayen karami ne, kuma nauyin manya yakai kimanin 350-400 g. Launi na gashin fuka-fuki yana launin toka mai launin shuɗi. A baya akwai tsarin shimfidawa, abin lura sosai. An bai wa sunan wannan tsuntsu gashin fuka-fukan (mai wuya ga taɓawa) waɗanda ke girma akan cinyarta. Ya fi son zama a cikin sarari a cikin kwari na Wuraren rami, a kan filaye, da kan tsaunukan tsaunuka. Yana tashi kadan (don ɗan gajeren nesa), nests a ƙasa, kuma baya gangara a kan bishiyoyi ko ciyawa.
2. Partridge din ja ne. Wannan nau'in yana zaune ne kawai a Spain da Portugal.
3. Partridge ne Tibet. Yana zaune a cikin tsaunukan Tibet, da kuma a Pakistan da Nepal. Launin jikin karamar jaka mai duhu ne, akan kirji fari ne, kuma a jikin fuka-fukan an yanke shi. Yana zaune a tuddai, Yana zaune kamar kwari a cikin kwari.
4. Partridge ne fari. Babban bambancinsa daga wasu nau'in shine cikakken canji a cikin launi na rudewa bayan tsawon lokacin molting. Habitats: Arewacin Amurka, Burtaniya mai girma, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, yanki na bakin Tekun Baltic. Wannan tsuntsu yana zaune a cikin tundra, gandun daji-tundra ko gandun daji gauraye. Bayan molting bazara, launin tonon wadannan tsuntsayen ya zama launin ruwan kasa. Kuma a cikin hunturu, launin fuka-fukan gashin bayan molting, ya yi fari.
5. Jumbular launin toka (ko kuma wacce take) ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jituwa ta ɓangaren shaƙar ɗan kwando. A waje yayi kama da kaji na gida, karami ne kacal. Habitat - kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Turai da Asiya.

Bayani da kuma manyan sifofin barbashi

Girman jikin kwandon shara yayi kadan fiye da tattabara. Yawancin lokaci wannan tsuntsu yana zaune a cikin ciyawa masu tsayi ko ciyawa. Daga nesa, launin fatarta kamar alama launin toka ne, ba tare da inuwa ba. Godiya ga wannan, ya haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai kewaye kuma ya zama kusan ganuwa. Amma a wani nesa kusa a bayyane yake cewa launi daga plumage tsuntsu ya bambanta.

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa ba su da kyau sosai, kuma suna ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya a ƙasa - ko'ina suna motsawa da wayo a kan ƙananan ƙarfi, ƙananan paws. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa kuma suna kwana a ƙasa, suna yin farauta a wuraren da ba kowa - a cikin ciyawa ko a cikin daji.

Wadannan kananan tsuntsayen da kyar za su iya tafiya, gajeriyar hanya ce kawai zata iya tashi. Yawancin lokaci yana yin wannan ne kawai idan akwai haɗari ko neman abinci. Kashewa, yana sa ihu mai ban tsoro, yana tashi a takaice kuma ba mai tsayi sama da ƙasa, jefa fuka-fukansa yana da wuya, galibi yana shirin saman saman ƙasa. A yayin tashin sa, sautin da aka saukar da gashin fuka-fukan ji a bayyane yake a fili.

Partridge na iya yin sautuna mai kama da smating da tweeting (tare da haɓaka da "murya" a ƙarshen). Tare da annashuwa, maza da mata sun fara hisabi, musamman ma mata suna ƙyallan kajin.

Tare dadangi

Mafi yawan abubuwan tallafi shine abubuwan ɗanɗano launin toka. Yana da ƙananan girma da nauyin jiki. Tsawon jikin mutum bai wuce 35 cm ba, kuma nauyin namiji mai girma yana iya kaiwa 380-540 g .. nauyin karamar yarinya ya kai 320-510 g.Hakarin da tsuntsayen suka samu kai tsaye sun dogara da wurin zama da lokacin shekara. Abubuwan da ke zaune a gabas suna da girman girma fiye da dangi da ke zaune a wasu wurare. Babban nauyin wadannan tsuntsaye ya kai lokacin kaka, yayin wannan lokacin ana adana ajiyar a jikinsu kafin hunturu mai zuwa.

Wings a cikin iyakokin na iya zama har zuwa cm 50. Fuka-fukan da kansu ƙanana ne kaɗan (kimanin 16 cm), siffarsu tana zagaye. Umarfin yana da ƙanana, ba fiye da cm 8. limafan ƙafafun su na tsayin matsakaici ne, mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, ba tare da zaren su ba. Ba shi da ƙamshi da kumbura. Girman waƙa - 3.8 cm.

Danshi

Launin gashin fuka-fukan wannan jakar yana da kyau tare da launin toka. Kusan babu launuka masu haske a jikin tarin wannan tsuntsuwar: a bayan kawai zaku iya tinkarar gashin fuka-fukai mai duhu, suna birgima ko'ina. Shugaban yana ƙarami ne mai girman gaske, wanda saman fuka-fukan ana zanen shi cikin sautunan launin ruwan kasa, tare da launin ruwan kasa da ƙananan raunanan inuwa mai haske. Launin launi na goshi, cheeks da na sama na gajerun wuyan launin ruwan kasa. Gashi da kirji suna launin toka a launi, tare da ƙananan dige da ratsin launin ruwan kasa. Abun ciki haske ne, mai launin launin toka, wanda a sa'insa yake a jikin kamannin dawakai, wanda aka canza launin launin ruwan kasa, a bayyane yake bayyana. A bangarorin akwai manyan launuka na sautunan launin ruwan kasa. Fuka-fukan wutsiyar cikin wutsiya suna da launin shuɗi, ana zanen a gefen gefen fararen. Akan karamin baki wanda aka lanƙwasa a ƙarshen yana da zanen launin rawaya, ƙafafun ya yi launin toka da launin ruwan shuɗi.

A cikin mace, launin bai yi haske sosai fiye da na maza ba. A kan kai, launin launi mai ƙyalli ba shi da haske, launin ja. Kuma tabo a cikin nau'in kofaton ƙarfe a ciki ba a bayyane yake ba.

Akwai wasu molting lokaci guda a cikin wadannan tsuntsayen.

A cikin farkon molt a cikin mazaje partridge, gashin tsuntsaye an maye gurbinsu - akan kai da wuya. Wannan molt yana gudana daga farkon Mayu zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni. Matan sun yi molt tun farko - daga shekarun farko na Maris zuwa shekaru goma na Afrilun da ya gabata, canjin fuka-fukan jikinsu ana kiranta da aure. Canjin gashin fuka-fukan yana gudana ko'ina cikin kai, kafadu da kirji na sama.

Cikakken molt a cikin gadoji yana haifar da cikakken canji na gashin tsuntsu. Irin wannan molting yana faruwa ne bayan bayyanar kajin - wanda ya tashi daga tsakiyar watan Yuli. Cikakken molting yana ɗaukar dogon lokaci - ɓarkewar ɓarna gabaɗaya ya maye gurbin kawai zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba.

Kuna iya haɗuwa da waɗannan tsuntsayen a ƙasashe da yawa na Turai da Asiya. Suna zaune a cikin lalacewa, a cikin daji, koguna, a ƙasa ko kuma daɓar daji. Saboda haka, galibi ana kiransa da steppe.

Wadannan tsuntsayen ba su rayuwa akan kowane nau'in ƙasa. Clayasa mai yumɓu masu nauyi ba su dace da su ba. Don rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, yashi mai yashi da yashi wadanda ke wuce danshi da kyau sune suka fi dacewa da lamuran launin toka. Za'a iya samun ɓarna na launin toka a cikin tsaunuka - a tsaunin da ya kai har zuwa 1900 m a cikin wuraren matakan.

Halin rayuwa

Waɗannan tsuntsayen ana alakanta su da nau'ikan ƙasa. A lokacin rani, sun gwammace su yi barci a kan rassan ƙananan ciyayi ko cikin ciyawa masu tsayi. A cikin hunturu, dole ne su yi barci a ƙasa. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sau da yawa suna yawo a arewa.

Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan:

• Bayan garken, garken yakan karu,
• hunturu yayi sanyi sosai
• bai isa ba abinci
• a cikin mazauninsu, mutum yana haɓaka waɗancan wuraren da hanyoyin gadoji suke zama.

Yawan tsuntsaye a cikin garken bai wuce mutum 20 ba. A lokacin kiwo, ma'aurata suna zama ba tare. A garken dogara ne a kan nestlings na daya bazara brood. Wakilan fakitin basu da ha'inci ga juna. Da safe da maraice, garken ya motsa don ciyarwa, a cikin lokacin zafi, tsuntsaye suna neman tsari daga rana a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi ko a cikin daji. Don dare, ɓangaren ɓoye yana motsawa da dare. Yayinda mafi yawan garken ke ciyar da su, tsuntsaye da yawa sun rage.

Idan ya ɓoye ɓarawon ƙasa a cikin ƙasarsu, to, sukan haɗu a cikin babban garken babban garken, a cikinsu akwai mutum 90-98. Yawancin lokaci zaka sami alaƙar gado a cikin hunturu kusa da granaries; a cikin neman abinci, suna iya tashi zuwa wuraren da ake ajiye dabbobin gida.

Abincin abinci

Abincin da yake ci shine yake mamaye hatsi da iri da aka sako. Mafi yawancin, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ƙaunar ciyar da kan gero ko buckwheat. Daga lokacin haihuwar har zuwa tsawan wata guda, kajin kaji suna cin abincin dabbobi - kwari, kumburi, da tsutsotsi. Bayan wata daya, da girma girma riga switches shuka abinci, a cikin abin da matasa foliage, buds, cikakke daji berries, alkama, hatsin rai sprouts fi. Don narke abinci, waɗannan mutanen suna buƙatar ɗaukar ƙananan pebbles ko m yashi.

A cikin hunturu, abincinsu ya zama da wuya. Sukan tashi dusar ƙanƙara don neman ciyawar busasshiyar ciyawa, sannan kuma suna matsawa kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, inda suke samun ƙarin abinci.

Haɗaɗɗen kiwo

Partridge dabbar ta hanyar canjin yanayi ta fara a tsakiyar watan Afrilu. A wannan lokacin, garken ya kasu kashi biyu, wanda tare suke gina gida a ƙasa, inda aka sanya ƙwai.

Gidaje na Partridge suna amfani da abubuwan buɗe ido a cikin ƙasa, wanda aka rufe ciyawa mai tsage, ganyayyaki da gashinsa.

Tsarin dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana gudana daga farkon shekaru goma na Afrilu zuwa farkon watan Yuni. Yawancin lokaci a cikin Mayu, 7-24 m testicles, da kwasfa wanda ke da launi mai launi tare da ƙwan zaitun, ya rigaya ya zauna a cikin hurumi. Maza suna cikin aiki a cikin harkan kajin. Lokaci don yin kyankyashe a cikin ɓarnatarwa shine kwanakin 21-25. Kajin da aka zaba nan da nan yakan jagoranci rayuwa mai amfani. Bayan matashin girma ya bushe, ya riga ya fara aiki. Bayan 'yan awanni bayan bayyanar dukkan kajin, iyayen sun bar gida. Mako guda baya, kajin sun riga sun fara ɗauka daga ƙasa, kuma a ranar 14 duk ƙaramin titi sun riga sun tashi lafiya.

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da mazauninsu

Daya daga cikin wakilan wannan nau'in shine kaya. Wannan sananne ne ga mazaunan Arewacin Hemisphere. Wannan tsuntsu ya samu bunkasa sosai a hankali.

Wannan ita ce yanayin halittar rayuwa wacce take canza yanayin ta, ya danganta da yanayin da yanayin yanayi. Farar farin farashi koyaushe yana canza zubewarsa har ya zama gaba daya ganuwa ga ido tsirara.

Haɗaɗɗiyar mace da namiji

Ita ƙarami ce babba. Tsawon tsayin jikin ɗan tsakiyar shine kimanin cm 38. Girman sa ya kai gram 700. A lokacin hunturu, launin wannan tsuntsu ya kusan fari gabaɗaya, wanda yake bashi damar kasancewa gabaɗaya.

Lokaci-lokaci zaka iya hango farar fata a saman gashinta. Fitar jakar an canza sosai. Fuka-fukan ta ta fara samun farin-bulo har ma da fararen launin shuɗi tare da gashin ido.

Kari akan haka, akwai wasu maganganu wadanda wadannan tsuntsayen suke da launi mai nauyi a cikin tarin sura ko kuma aibobi ne masu rawaya. Amma babban yana fari fari. Hoto na ban sha'awa tabbaci ne na wannan.

Abincin mace ya bambanta da na namiji. Yawancin lokaci girmansa yana karami, kuma yana canza launinsa kaɗan kaɗan. Jikin sanyi na mata yana da launi mai haske fiye da na maza, saboda haka ba zai zama da wahala ga mafarauta su bambance wanda ke gabansu.

A cikin hunturu, fararen farin yana da kyau musamman. Fikinsa yana ƙaruwa, gashinsa kuma ya fi tsayi bayyana akan wutsiya da fikafikan. Wannan ba kawai adon tsuntsu ba ne kawai, amma kuma yana ceton shi daga tsananin sanyi. Ba abu ne mai sauki ba ga mafarauta da manyan dabbobin da suka fi son farauta su same shi a dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan yana ba da babbar dama ga tsuntsu ya tsira.

Gashin fuka-fukan da suka yi girma a gefen wannan tsuntsu, shine yake kubutar dashi daga tsananin sanyi. A cikin hunturu, yatsun hancinta na girma a kan yatsun hannunta huɗu, waɗanda ke taimaka wa tsuntsu ya tsaya da dusar ƙanƙara, kuma yana tono mafaka a ciki.

A cikin hoto wani farin abin sha

Abinci yawanci kadan kadan fari. Tsawan matsakaicinsa shine 25-35 cm, kuma nauyi yana daga gram 300 zuwa 500. Bayyanar wannan tsuntsu ita ce madaidaiciya saboda launin launinta.

Amma ba duka tsuntsu ba launin toka ne, ciki yana da fararen launi. Wani farin dawakai mai launin ruwan kasa wanda a bayyane yake a hanun wannan tsuntsu yana da ban sha'awa. Irin wannan kifin na fili a bayyane yake a cikin maza da mata.

Abincin mace yana da ƙarancin girma fiye da namiji. Hakanan wani bangare na kayan dawakai na mahaifar mahaifarta babu babbaka tun tana karami. Ya bayyana riga lokacin da jakar ta shiga lokacin haihuwa.

Wanda zai bambanta mace daga launin toka mai launin toka ta fuskar gashin fuka-fuka a cikin wutsiya. Wakilan da suka fi ƙarfin jima'i na barna basu da irin gashin fuka-fukai. Shugaban dukkan ma'aurata suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Dukkanin jikin wadannan tsuntsayen kamar an rufe su ne da duhu.

A cikin hoto launin toka mai launin toka

Fuka-fukan dukkan nau'ikan kerekere ba su da tsawo; wutsiya kuma gajere. An sanya dabbobin a cikin fure kawai a cikin wadancan wakilan wannan nau'in tsuntsayen da ke zaune a sassan arewacin. 'Yan Kudu ba su bukatar irin wannan kariyar.

Dukkanin bangarorin da ke birgesu sun fi jan hankalin su a bude. Suna son gandun daji-steppe, tundra, hamada da Semi-hamada, tsaunukan tsakiya da ciyamomin makiyaya. A cikin latitude na arewa tsuntsu ba ji tsoron ƙauyuka masu kusa.

Ainihin, duk abubuwan da ke cikin gado suna haifar da yanayin rayuwa. Abinci ɗayan waɗannan tsuntsayen. Farar fata da tundra kawai a cikin hunturu ana sake komawa zuwa kudu, kuma masu launin toka sun tashi daga Siberiya zuwa Kazakhstan.

Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Greenland, New Lands, Mongolia, Tibet, Caucasus sune wuraren da aka fi so a cikin ire-iren ire-ire. Hakanan ana iya samun su a cikin Amurka da Kanada.

A cikin hoto wani ɗan jigon dutse

Ciyarwar abinci

Abubuwan da aka rage cikin abinci sun hada da kayan shuka. Sun fi son tsaba na ciyayi iri iri, hatsi na tsire-tsire na hatsi, kamar berries, buds bishiyoyi da bushes, har da ganye da asalinsu.

Yana faruwa cewa waɗannan tsuntsaye na iya cin abinci a kan kwari. Ana samun irin wannan abincin daga yanayin barbashi a cikin bazara.A cikin hunturu, suna da ɗan wahalar samun abinci. Amfanin gona na hunturu, berries mai sanyi da ragowar buds tare da tsaba cece su. Yana faruwa, amma da wuya, waɗannan tsuntsayen su mutu saboda matsananciyar yunwar a cikin hunturu.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rayuwar jumla

Rarraba suna da matukar tasiri. Suna iya sa ƙwai 25. Qwai na kyankyashe kwanaki 25. A cikin wannan aikin, namiji ya ɗauki sashi na aiki. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa iyaye ne masu kulawa sosai. An haife adultan girma da kaji masu zaman kansu.

Ganin cewa hakan ɗan farauta ba kawai daga mafarauta ba, har ma da dabbobi masu ƙaddara, tsammanin rayuwar su ba ta yi yawa ba. Suna zaune a matsakaici kimanin shekaru 4.

Mutane da yawa suna yin gwaji kuma suna ƙoƙarin yin partridge gida. Ba laifi a gare su. Don kayan kiwo Ba ya buƙatar manyan kuɗi, na kuɗi da na zahiri.

A cikin hoto, gida da ɗan kajin

Ya isa sayan kayan masarufi kuma Ya halitta mata dukkan yanayinda zatayi zuriyarta na gari. Game da yadda za a kama abin sha 'yan san kadan ba tare da bindiga ba, kodayake irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna yiwuwa. Ana iya jefa shi da taimakon ta raga, kwalban filastik, tarko da madaukai. Duk waɗannan hanyoyin suna da kyau idan an kusance su daidai kuma akayi daban-daban.

Menene abin da launin toka ya ci?

Hoto: Grey mai ɗanɗano a cikin yanayi

Yawancin mutane na wannan nau'in suna ciyar da abinci na shuka: ciyawa, shuka iri, berries, wani lokacin suna ninka abincin tare da ƙaramin abincin abincin dabbobi. 'Ya'yan da ke girma suna ciyar da kwari ta hanyar kwari, tsutsotsi, larvae da gizo-gizo, yayin da suke girma, sannu-sannu suna canzawa zuwa abincin da aka saba don manya.

Duk abincin kaji ana samun shi ne na musamman a cikin ƙasa. A cikin hunturu, abincin yana da talauci sosai, ɓangarorin gado dole su fasa dusar ƙanƙara tare da paws mai ƙarfi don zuwa ciyawar daji da tsaba. A cikin wannan, ramuka na kurege sau da yawa yana taimaka musu. Wani lokaci za su iya ciyar da alkama na hunturu a filayen noma, muddin dai dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da yawa sosai.

A cikin lokutan mawuyacin yanayi, waɗanda galibi ke zuwa bayan damina da damuna ta faɗo tare da karancin girbi, suna da kusanci ga wuraren zama na mutane, tashi zuwa wurin masu kiwo da dabbobin dabbobi suna neman tarin rarar ciyawa, inda zaka iya samun hatsi na tsire-tsire. A cikin bazara, galibi m sassan tsirrai masu hade da kwari ana cinye su. Waɗannan mutane da sauri suna murmurewa bayan hunturu mai fama da yunwa kuma suna shirye don ƙyanƙyashe a farkon bazara.

Don ƙyallen launin toka a cikin gida, ba a shawarar abincin kaji na yau da kullun. Wajibi ne a kawo shi kusancin abinci na zahiri, in ba haka ba, mutuwarsu, gazawar ƙwai da ƙyallen ƙyallen zai yiwu.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Grey Partridge

Partaƙƙarfan launin toka yana ɗauke da tsuntsayen ƙasa Ta sami damar gudu da sauri cikin sauri cikin ciyawa mai tsayi, tsakanin bishiyoyi da shishiyoyi. Yana kashe da yawa a gaban haɗari mai mahimmanci kuma yana buɗe fuka-fukansa da ƙarfi, yana tashi da ɗan nesa kaɗan ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma sake sake ƙasa, yana ɓatar da maƙiyin. Wani lokaci yana iya tashi sama da ɗan gajeren nesa don neman abinci kuma a lokaci guda ba ya ƙetare iyakokin yankin da yake al'ada ba, amma wannan baya nuna cewa ba shi da ikon manyan jirage - su ma suna iya yi.

Yayin tseren, kajin daji ya zama tsayayye, ya ɗaga kai sama, kuma yayin tafiya ta al'ada yakan motsa ɗan ɗanɗano, yana nazarin yanayin da tsananin kallo. Wannan tsuntsu ne mai kunya da nutsuwa, kusan da wuya zaku iya jin muryarta. Idan kawai a lokacin wasannin tsalle-tsalle ko yayin wani harin da ba a tsammani ba, lokacin da suke yin sauti mai ƙarfi, mai kama da warkarwa.

A lokacin rana, ciyarwa yana ɗaukar matakai a cikin shinge 2-3 kawai, sauran lokacin da suke ɓoye a cikin ciyawar ciyawa, gashin fuka-fuki kuma suna halarta duk rustling. Yankunan da suka fi ƙarfin aiki suna faɗuwa da sanyin safiya da maraice, da dare - lokaci don shakatawa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga yankuna da musamman lokacin hunturu masu dusar ƙanƙara tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, launin toka yana jujjuya kudu, tunda ba shi yiwuwa a sami abinci a ƙarƙashin lokacin farin dusar kankara. A sauran wuraren zama, gandun daji na daji ya kasance hunturu kuma a duk rayuwarsu suna yin saurin tashi sama da shortan tazara don neman abinci.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

HOTO: Tsuntsu ɗan iska

Wannan nau'in kayan marmari ne na aure. Nau'i-nau'i tsakanin hens daji sau da yawa nace na rayuwa. Duk iyayen sun kasance daidai wajan ciyar da kare yara. Ina sa daji hens sau ɗaya a shekara a farkon May daga 15 zuwa 25 a lokaci guda. Gidajen Partridge an gina su ne a ƙasa, ta ɓoye su a cikin ciyawa, a ƙarƙashin bushes da itatuwa. A lokacin shiryawa, wanda zai dauki tsawon kwanaki 23, mace kawai wani lokacin takan bar mason don ciyarwa, yayin rashi namiji namiji yana kusa da mazaunin kuma yana sanya ido a hankali halin da ake ciki.

Lokacin da maƙiyi ko wata haɗari ya bayyana, su biyun suna ƙoƙari su karkatar da hankalin kansu ga kansu, a hankali suna ƙaura daga masarar, sa’annan kuma, in babu barazanar, sai su dawo. Maza yawanci sukan mutu a wannan lokacin, suna sadaukar da kansu don amincin kajinsu. Duk da babban ingancin zuriyar, a cikin damana musamman lokacin damina, duk brood na iya mutuwa lokaci guda, tunda kuranan ke ƙasa. Zuriya suna kusan kusan lokaci guda kuma a zahiri nan da nan suna shirye don matsawa ga iyayensu a ƙetaren yankin da suke nesa da nisan mil da yawa. Kayan kyankyasai sun riga sun zube, gani da ji sosai, kuma koya da sauri.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sati daya bayan haihuwar kajin an riga an sami damar kwashewa, kuma bayan wasu 'yan makonni suna shirye don tashi-tsaye tare da iyayensu.

Rayaurawar launin toka sune tsuntsayen zamantakewa waɗanda ke hulɗa da juna koyaushe. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, suna zaune a fakitoci na mutane 25-30; a cikin yankuna na arewacin, garken suna da rabin adadin tsuntsayen. Idan daya daga cikin iyayen ya mutu, na biyu yakan kula da 'yayan, yayin da ya mutu sanadiyar biyu, kajin ya kasance yana kula da wasu iyayen dangin ambulan da ke zaune kusa da su. A cikin lokacin tsananin sanyi, tsuntsaye sukan taru a kungiyoyi kusa da juna kuma su ci gaba da kasancewa tare a cikin karamin tafkin dusar ƙanƙara, saboda yana da sauƙin ɗaɗɗaya tare, tare da farawa narkewa kuma sun sake watsewa zuwa wuraren da ba ruwansu.

Abokan gaba na abubuwan gado

Hoto: Wasu abubuwa biyu na launin toka

Ridasassun launin toka suna da yawancin abokan halitta:

• kwaro, kuli-kulila, mujiyoyi da sauran tsuntsayen ganima, har ma da karnuka za su iya ganima su girma,
• bishiyoyi, dawakai, dawakai da arctic da sauran yan birni da ke zaune a dazuzzuka da filaye.

Sakamakon yawan abokan gaba, mai ɗanɗano abincin da ke rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 4, kodayake a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau, mutane da yawa suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10. Ba ta da komai don kare ta daga masu hasara, sai dai launinta na launuka. Partridge launin toka yana dauke da sauƙi ganima. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mace da namiji suna kiyayewa kuma suke kiyaye zuriyarsu. Godiya kawai ga babban dacewa da saurin saurin kajin, ba a yiwa yawancin kajin daji barazana.

Baya ga makiya na yau da kullun, asarar yawan alkaryawar ma tana zuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe guba a cikin gona. Idan garken yana zaune kusa da ƙauyen, to, kuliyoyi da karnuka na iya ziyartarsu don cin gajiyar samari. Hedgehogs, macizai a sauƙaƙe karya keyarsu kuma suma kansu da ƙwai. Musamman ma lokacin sanyi da dusar kankara kuma sune sanadiyar mutuwar yawan adadin abubuwan gado. A wannan lokacin, basu da ƙarfi saboda karancin abinci kuma sun zama masu sauƙin ganima ga masu farauta.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Hoto: Grey na kayan abinci a lokacin sanyi

A halin yanzu launin toka mai launin toka ba a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha ba, ya bambanta da na sauran fararen hular kwano, wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rushewa. Matsayin wannan nau'in kuma ya tabbata ne saboda girman canjin yanayin rayuwa da rayuwa ta zuriya.

Uriesarnuka sun shude tun ƙarshen karni na 70, yawanta a ko'ina ya fara raguwa, mutane da yawa sun danganta wannan ga ƙwayoyin kemikal da magungunan kashe ƙwari da ake amfani da su don kula da filayen noma. Bugu da ƙari, biranen haɓaka masu hanzari sun mamaye wuraren zama na launin toka, koda karnukan yadin talakawa na zama barazana ga zuriyarsu. Misali, a Yankin Leningrad a yau babu mutane sama da dubu ɗaya, a cikin Yankin Moscow kaɗan. A saboda wannan dalili, jigon launin toka yana cikin littafin farko na wadannan yankuna da kuma wasu da dama a cikin tsakiyar kasar.

Masu koyar da ilimin halittar jiki suna tallafawa yawan barkewar abubuwa ta hanyar sakin mutane akai-akai waɗanda suka girma a cikin aviaries a cikin mazaunin asali. A cikin yanayin wucin gadi, suna jin dadi sosai sannan kuma, a cikin yanayi, da sauri suna da tushe, ba zuriya. Hasashen sun fi inganci kyau, a cewar masana, ana iya dawo da yawan jama'a a koina kuma launin toka ba zai mutu gaba daya ba - yanayin da kansa ya kula da wannan nau'in, yana ba shi damar haihuwa.

Abinci, duk da cewa tsuntsu ne na daji, ya kasance yana kusa da mutane tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Abin farin ciki ne ga mafarautan d ancient a, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin babu abin da ya canza - su ma suna farautarsa, ana ganin abincinsa mai daɗi ne da wadataccen abinci. Hakanan ana iya tame shi mai sauƙi, girma a cikin aviaries.

Cakuda cikin hunturu da bazara

Wannan tsuntsu yana canza launin launinta sau da yawa a shekara, amma a kowane hali yana kama da ban mamaki. A lokacin hunturu, daskararren dusar ƙanƙara yana da farin dusar ƙanƙara, amma galibi gashin fuka-fukan wutsiya na zama baƙi. Kafafunta ma sun ja hankalin. Su ne furry da densely cike da faifan tare da gajeren farin gashin tsuntsu. Wannan launi yana taimakawa haɗe tare da yanayin, wanda ke taimakawa tsuntsun ba wai kawai ya ɓoye kansa ba, har ma ya tsira a cikin irin wannan yanayin yanayi mai wahala.

Da farkon lokacin bazara, rawaya mai launin shuɗi da launin ruwan kasa fara bayyana akan rigar ɗanɗano, gashin idanunsu ya zama ja. Don haka, a farkon lokacin bazara, tsuntsu ya zama mai launi, kodayake sashin ƙananan jikin yana kasancewa dusar ƙanƙara mai fari-fari. Tare da farkon zafi, zai zama gaba ɗaya launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa. Fuka fuka-fuka, kafafu, da ciki ne zasu zama haske. Mace zata fara canza kayan adon hunturu a gaban namiji. Tumbin ta yafi wuta, saboda haka ya yiwu tuni a tantance jinsi na tsuntsu daga nesa.

Yanayin rayuwa na tsuntsaye

A wuraren da ɗanyun aladun ke zaune, yawancin shukakkun amfanin gona na daji yakan yi girma. Suna son su zauna a cikin dasa bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi masu ciyayi da kuma a tsakanin bishiyoyi. A nan ne wadannan tsuntsayen za su iya samun nasu abincin a kowane lokaci. Sanannen abu ne cewa sun fi yawancin lokaci a duniya.

Za ka iya ganin bargo a cikin jirgin da wuya, kuma wannan kawai saboda sun ji haɗari daga gefe. Hakanan, banda dokar za a iya la'akari da lokacin lokacin da suke yin jiragen sama na lokaci. Sai dai itace cewa bayyanar tsuntsaye gaba daya tana aiki dasu. Mai aikin rude yana ba ka damar ɓoye yadda ya kamata kuma ba za a iya ganuwa ba, da kuma gabobi masu ƙarfi suna sa ya yiwu ya hanzarta tserewa daga abokan gaba.

Inda nau'in tsuntsayen da aka ambata suna zaune, dusar ƙanƙara zata iya yin dogon lokaci. Amma tsuntsaye ba su tsoron irin wannan yanayin mawuyacin hali, saboda sun dace sosai ga irin wannan yanayin. A sauƙaƙe suna motsawa a ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Anan ragargaza gano abinci ko ɓoyewa daga mafarauta da dabbobi masu farauta. Wani lokacin sukanyi tafiyar kusan tsawon kwana ɗaya a ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara.

Mutane daban-daban da ke zaune a yankuna na kudu suna yin rayuwa mai tazara. Wadancan guraben da suke zaune a yankin Timan da Kanin tundra suma suna ci gaba da yin yankali a yanzu. Wadannan yankuna suna da wadataccen tsintsaye.

Partridge an dauki garken tsuntsaye. Yawan mutane a cikin ƙungiyar sun yi ƙanana a cikin hunturu kuma lambobi daga tsuntsaye 5 zuwa 15. Lokacin da lokacin jirgi ya fara, wannan adadin yana ƙaruwa zuwa ɗaruruwan. Ana haɗa tsuntsayen idan lokaci ya yi don dabbar ta hanyar dabbar canji. Mutane daya-daya da ke zaune a yankunan arewacin sun tashi kusa da yankuna na kudanci a lokacin hunturu

Lokacin yanka

Lokacin da bazara ta zo, namiji yakan canza: kai da wuyansa sun canza launi kuma suna jujjuya launin shuɗi. A lokacin kiwo, za a iya gane tsuntsu da saututtukansa masu kaifi, masu kaifi. Suna tare da "raye-raye" na musamman, wanda aka cika ta ta fuskoki da kuma karin fuka-fukan fuka-fukai. Namijin ɗan ƙwanƙwasa ya zama mai zafin rai kuma galibi yakan kutsa kai cikin faɗa cikin dangin sa, wanda yai yunƙurin keta yankinsa.

Halin mace shima yana canzawa. Idan wakilan wakilan waɗanda suka kasance mata da maza ba su da wata damuwa a gare ta, yanzu ita kanta tana ƙoƙarin neman mata. Dabbar tayi, mace ita kadai zata fara gina gida. Mafi yawanci ana zaɓi wani wuri a ƙarƙashin ɓoye ciyawar da ke ɓoye cikin ciyayi ko tsakanin wasu tsirrai masu tsayi. A nan ne ta tono rami, sannan ta jera shi da gashinta, rassanta, ganyayenta da tsirrai na kusa da nan.

A cikin fara fara sa qwai ba a baya fiye da a ƙarshen Mayu. Yawancin lokaci ana zane su a launi mai rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗigon furanni ana samansu. Femaleaya mace tana iya sa kimanin ƙwai 8-10. Yin kyan tsari yana da tsayi kuma zai daɗe aƙalla kwanaki 20. Mace kawai suke aiki a cikin wannan, ba tare da ta fita daga gida har ma da minti daya ba. Namiji ya kuma kare budurwarsa da kajin na gaba.

Rayuwa

Tsuntsu wanda yake da fuka-fukai shine mafi yawa ga tsuntsu wanda yake hawa, wanda yafi birbishin ƙasa. A wasu yanayi ne kawai yake tashi a takaice. Af, tserewar tsuntsu kyakkyawa ce mai kyau.

Farar farin fararen ya fi son ciyar da duk ayyukan sa da rana, yayin da dare kuma yakan ɓoye cikin ciyayi. Idan muna magana ne game da lokacin hunturu, to, ta yi bacci, an binne ta cikin zurfin dusar kankara.

Za'a iya danganta Partridge ɗin ga nau'in tsuntsayen waɗanda suke da hankali. A yayin neman abinci, tana motsawa sosai a hankali da shiru. Idan kuma hadari na gabatowa, to dabba na farko zai ba abokan gaba damar kusancinsu da kansu, kuma a karshe lokacin da hadari ya tashi, zai tashi sama da sauri, yana harbawa fikafikan sa.

Mafi hadari a cikin rayuwar tsuntsu yana farawa lokacin da yawan adadin lemamci ya kai iyakantacce, sabili da haka yawancin abincin abincin dabbar za su shuɗe. Neman farautar tsuntsayen kuliyoyi da dawakai na arctic.

Kulawar Brood

Kodayake ana ɗaukar kananan ƙwayoyin rarrafe a cikin tsuntsaye, a farkon zamanin zuriyarsu ana ciyar da su ta hanyar kwari, tsutsotsi, gizo-gizo da kwari, tun da kajin jarirai na buƙatar furotin na dabbobi. Don kare lafiyar ɗan adam daga haɗarin da ke faruwa, an kai shi wani wuri mai aminci. Lokacin da 'yar ƙaramar barazanar ta faru, yaran sun ɓoye cikin ɗumbin ciyawa da daskarewa.

Duk iyayen sun kula da kajin har sai sun kai wata biyu. Haɗaɗɗiyar budurwa na faruwa shekara guda bayan haihuwa.

Tsawon rayuwar tsuntsu wanda ke da farin fure shi karami ne kuma daga shekaru hudu zuwa bakwai.

Siffofin rayuwar Bird

Abincin ya cika dacewa da yanayin sanyi. A cikin tsananin sanyi, suna ɓoyewa a cikin ɗakunan dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke riƙe zafi da kariya daga iska. Rayuwar jigon rayuwar ƙasa ce da rana. Kekliks suna ciyar da rana, kuma da daddare a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ko ɓoye a cikin ɓoye na bishiyoyi. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin rayuwa suna gudana da sauri, ciyar da mafi yawan rana galibi a ƙasa, cire kawai cikin haɗari ko hunturu don neman abinci.

Harkokin shimfidar tsuntsaye sune tsuntsaye masu sassaucin ra'ayi, amma yawan jama'a dake zaune a arewacin tundra kuma tsibiran Arctic suna ƙaura zuwa yankuna na kudu don watanni na sanyi. A lokacin bazara, muffins suna yin nau'i biyu, sau da yawa suna komawa zuwa ga abokin tarayya, kuma a cikin hunturu yawanci suna kiyaye garken tumaki 20.

Darajar kasuwanci da yalwar jinsuna

Ptarmigan yana da matukar saurin wargazawa, saboda yawan farauta da ake yi.
Yawan adadin talakawa yana ƙarƙashin canje-canje na cyclical. Masana kimiyya sun kafa wani tsarin 4-5 na oscillations. Wadannan rikice-rikice kai tsaye sun dogara da girman adadin mutanen lemings. Gaskiyar ita ce, masu farautar fata kamar farin mujiya da foctic arctic galibi suna ciyar da lemmings. Lokacin da yawan lemmings ke raguwa, waɗannan dabbobin sun fara cinye abubuwa a kan fararen bargo.

A cikin yankin arewacin mazaunun, wannan tsuntsu ya kasance abin farauta ne na kasuwanci. An dauki naman wannan tsuntsu a matsayin mai cin abinci kuma yana da kyakkyawan dandano. Kiwo ɗan kwaba a cikin bauta ba shi da amfani mai amfani. A karkashin yanayin aviary, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna nuna rayuwa ta mediocre.

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