Wasu dabbobin da ke halakar sunada fasalin dabbobi daban-daban lokaci daya. Juyin burbushin halittar sun yi daidai da marten, Wolverine da bear a lokaci guda. Wani lokaci ana kiran shi Medvedosomakha. Perunium ya kasance daga ƙaramin beyar, yayin da zuriyarsa na zamani sun isa mafi girma girma.
Ta hanyar tsarin kwakwalwar Marten, har ma an sake wasu halaye na dabbar!
Masanin ilimin ya tuna da kashin kashin da ke cikin kwayar halitta kwayar halitta ta kwayar halittar kwakwalwar ta a cikin sigar dabbar - wannan babban mawuyacin abu ne. Yayi karatu ne daga masanin ilimin binciken burbushin Soviet Yu.A. Orlov, wanda sunansa Masanin Paleontological Museum a Moscow
Bidiyo: Leo. Manyan magabata. Littattafan tarihi. National Geographic Channel TV
Ta yaya kuka sami simintin? Wataƙila, lokacin da marten ya mutu, kwanyar ta fara cika da sandar dutse, a tsawon lokaci, dutsen da ke ƙasa daga dukkan bangarorin sun kewaye kwakwalwar Marten. Don haka yanayi ya ba masana kimiyya wata kyauta mai mahimmanci - sun sami damar yin karatu bayan shekaru da yawa na kwakwalwar tsohuwar dabba.
Wanda ya fara binciken ragowar kashin shine masanin kimiyyar Rasha Yu. Orlov. Yayi karatu ga mafi karancin bayanai dalla-dalla a kwakwalwar Marten, godiya ga wanda ya iya gano halayensa da salon rayuwarsa.
Bidiyo: Dabbobin da ke da haɗari a cikin Rasha
Bayyanar wannan tsohuwar maharbi tayi daidai da marten, Wolverine da beyar. Saboda bayyanar, wani suna na biyu ya bayyana - “Medvedosomakha”.
Yankuna sun kasance manyan karnuka ne, girmansu ya kai girman bears na zamani.
Paafafunsu suna da ƙarfi, ƙafafunsu kuma da yawa, don haka suna gudana da kyau a kan dusar ƙanƙara.
Ya kamata a sani cewa magabatan karnukan zamani sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin magabatan, waɗanda suke dangi ne na mustelids da bear. Amma magabatan kuliyoyi da dodanni sun kasance masu bambanci gaba ɗaya.
An fara gano ragowar kuliyoyin ruwa na Turai a Rasha
Kwararru daga Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya. A. A. Borisyak na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ya bayyana sirrin kayan adana kayan da aka adana a cikin kuɗin gidan kayan tarihi na Kolomensk na Lore na gida. Yayinda ya juya, to nasa ne ga dutsen ruwan Turai.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sun gano wata bara, suna bincika abubuwan nunin. Dabba, wadda ba a taɓa samun ɓoyayyinta a Russia ba, ya rayu bai da nisa da Kolomna ta zamani.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sun gano wata bara, suna bincika abubuwan nunin. Dabba, wadda ba a taɓa samun ɓoyayyinta a Russia ba, ya rayu bai da nisa da Kolomna ta zamani.
A shekara ta 2019, masu binciken kimiyyar Moscow sun gano wata tarko mai duwawun burbushin halittu tsakanin kayan adana kayan tarihi na Kolomna Museum of Lore Local. An samo kwanyar da kanta a cikin 1939 kusa da ƙauyen Lukerino, nisan kilomita 4.5 yamma da birnin Kolomna, kan Kolomenka Kogin, hannun dama na Kogin Moscow.
Masu binciken sun gano shi a matsayin wata nau'in halittar kwari da ke tattare da ruwa ta Turai (Bubalus murrensis). Yin hukunci game da digon tsufa na natsuwa da lalacewar hakori, kwanyar ta kasance ga wani tsoho mai shekaru biyar zuwa shida.
An san cewa a ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Late Pleistocene, kifin ruwa ya zauna a tsakiyar Turai. A cikin lokacin dumama dangi, yawancin wakilai na mammoth fauna sun juya zuwa arewa da arewa maso gabas, kuma a tsakiyar Turai, bi da bi, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu tsayi na waɗannan wurare kamar su hips da tsuntsaye.
Yawancin burbushinsu ana samun su ne a Kwarin Rhine a nan Jamus, an kuma san su a Faransa, Italiya da Netherlands. An bambanta manyan raƙuman ruwa biyu na ƙaura daga nau'in zafi-ƙaunar kusa-ruwa - a cikin tsaka-tsakin shekaru 425-337 da suka wuce da shekaru dubu 130-1115 da suka gabata.
Neman tatsuniyar tsohuwar tsohuwar rijiyar ruwa ba tsammani ba: an gano ta kilomita dubu biyu arewa maso gabas na manyan kasashen Turai na wadannan dabbobi - a yankin Moscow, kusa da Kolomna. Bugu da kari, kyautar radiocarbon ta wani samfurin da aka samo a yankin na Moscow ya nuna cewa wannan dabba ta rayu anan shekara dubu da ɗari bayan iyayen ta na Turai ta Yamma - kusan a ƙarshen Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru 12,800 da suka gabata.
Sarmiento Kashi na 2 - Lambun dajin
Lokacin da na shirya hanyar ringi a Patagonia, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don yadda zan ƙetare shi. An yanke shawarar bi ta cikin garin Sarmiento saboda kasancewar kusan daya daga cikin abubuwanda ya jawo hankalin su - dajin da aka tabbatar dashi.
Ga wani akwati wanda yake kama da busasshen itace. Amma a zahiri, duk kayansa gaba daya an maye gurbinsu da dutse.
An kiyaye dukkan tsarin tsoffin bishiyoyi, tare da yadudduka, fasa da tsutsotsi. Koda haushi bayyane yake.
Akwai nau'ikan bishiyoyi ko'ina - daga ƙananan kututture zuwa manyan kututture:
Shekaru dubun shekaru, waɗannan ɓoyayyun tsohuwar gandun daji suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin wani lokacin farin ciki na duwatsun da yumɓu, amma a halin yanzu akwai wani aikin ci gaba:
A wurare zaka iya ganin itace bawai kawai ba, har ma da harsashi na kankara wanda ya sauka, a hankali ya zama dutse. Kula da abin da dutse kwakwalwan kwamfuta da akwati karya. Hanyoyi a cikin wannan filin shakatawa na ƙasa ana cike da su tare da waɗannan madogarar ɗin, ya bambanta da na gaba, ɗakunan lu'ulu'u masu zagaye.
Baya ga tsohuwar gandun daji, wannan wurin da kansa yana da kyan gani. Muguwar kyakkyawa ta hamada, hakika, amma har yanzu. "Kwarin Watan":
A bayan tsaunuka masu launin launi bakwai sukan saba zuwa arewacin Argentina, amma a Sarmiento akwai abin da ya kamata a gani:
Babu tabbas cewa Sarmiento zai iya kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar yawon shakatawa - yana da yawa sosai a tsakiyar babu inda yake, wanda ke nufin cewa kyakkyawa da yanayin wannan kusurwa mai ban sha'awa za su dawwama na dogon lokaci. Muna da mafi kyawun abubuwan tunawa daga garin.
Gashin gwiwar plesiosaur na kwance, kamar kifi Whale
Wutsiyar plesiosaurus sanye take da farar fata kuma an shimfida ta sararin sama, kamar yadda yake a cikin ɗakunan cetace da na sirens na zamani. Masu binciken na Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu sun cimma wannan matsayar. A. A. Borisyak ya danganta da sake yin nazari game da babban kayan tarihi da ƙididdigar wallafe-wallafen.
Fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce akan samfurin Jurassic Siliosaurus (samfurin Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris) tare da fasalin kayan kwanon jikin. Abin mamaki, ana iya watsi da tudun munadari na plesiosaurus a cikin maimaitawa ko kuma a cikin binciken kimiyya. Tunda matsayin babban abin da aka samu game da samfurin kawai aka samo shi bai fito fili ba, har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin zato. Shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na paleoherpetology A.G. Sennikov yayi nazari game da kwarangwal 14 na Jurassic dabbobi masu rarrafe daga kudaden Paleontological Institute, da kuma kayan kan dabbobi masu shayarwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe daga wasu kungiyoyin bincike. Yawancin lura sun nuna matsayin kwance na fashin caudal, mafi yawan abubuwan tunawa da sirenan zamani da kuma cetaceans.
Plesiosaurus, a cikin kwatancin kwatancin masanin ilimin binciken burbushin Ingila William Buckland, maciji ne da aka zare a jikin kunkuru. Plesiosaurus yana da guda gajere guda biyu mai ƙyalƙyallen jiki, wadda aka damka ta cikin babban reshe na ciki. Tsakanin sel na karshe da na farko na vertebrae, ana gano yanki na haɓaka motsi, wanda ke bawa wutsiyar damar motsawa cikin yardar rai. Hanyoyin kwance a cikin jijiya na vertebrae mai zurfi sosai sun wuce tsawon matakan tsinkaye a tsaye da ƙoshin lafiya, wanda ke iyakance motsi a cikin jirgin sama. Kari akan haka, sashin karshe na wutsiya na plesiosaurus baya karkatarwa zuwa ƙasa, kamar yadda ya saba ga yawancin jinsin da ke tsaye da layin jan hankali na tsaye.
A tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe na ruwa, babu kwatancen irin wannan tsarin na wutsiya kuma, gwargwadon hanyar motsi a cikin yanayin halittar cikin ruwa ta plesiosaurus. Sabili da haka, dole ne a sami samfurin daidaitawa don plesiosaurs a cikin wasu rukunin ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa na sakandare. Mafi kusa shine tsarin wutsiyar siren da cetaceans tare da kare wutsiyar kwance. A cikin abubuwan plesiosaurs, wutsiya madaidaiciya ce, fadi kuma ta daidaita, mafi yawan abubuwan tunawa ta fincik ɗin kayan ado na zamani. A ƙarshen wutsiya, an rarrabe yanki daban-daban daga frte vertebrae, wanda kawai zai iya tallafawa ta hanyar fincally daidaitaccen caudal fin, wanda ya motsa sama da ƙasa kuma mai yiwuwa yayi aiki azaman zurfin rodi.
Skeleton na plesiosaur Wellesisaurus sudzuki (simintin). Labarin Paleontological. Yu.A. Orlova
Babban bambanci tsakanin plesiosaurs da cetaceans da sirens shine cewa manyan gabobin da ke juye da juzu'in juzu'i a cikin su sune fuskoki, ba wutsiya ba. A wannan yanayin, ana kiyaye nau'i biyu na wata gabar a cikin ɗabi'o'i, yayin da a cikin cetaceans da sirens, an rage ƙananan ƙwayoyin hannu.
Burbushin halittun teku masu ruwa da tsaki sun kasance suna amfani da nau'ikan ninkaya daban-daban wadanda suka danganci fasalin fasalin kwarangwal dinsu. Ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs da marine crocodiles sun lanƙwasa jikin a cikin jirgin sama a kwance lokacin da ake iyo, suna da babban wari, a gefe wanda aka haɗa tare da madaidaicin caudal fin, ɓangaren ƙarshen kashin baya yana gogewa yana tallafawa ƙananan fin lobe. Tkunkun teku suna amfani da ƙwallan musamman da aka juye zuwa juzu'ai lokacin iyo.
Jama'a: Sennikov A.G. Peculiarities na tsarin da kuma aiki na saiti na wutsiya a Sauropterygia // Bulletin Biology. 2019. Vol. 46. A’a. 7. P. 751-762. DOI: 10.1134 / S1062359019070100
Glyptodonts dan kasar Argentina
A Argentina, masana ilimin burbushin halittu da kuma masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi suna aiki tare a lardin Buenos Aires kusa da karamar hukumar Bolivar, sun gano burbushin halittu guda hudu na glyptodonts, dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suka rayu a duniyar shekaru miliyoyin shekaru, a saman rafin Vallimanka.
Majalisar binciken kimiyya da fasaha ta kasa (Incuapa-Conicet) ce ta gano wannan binciken. An gano burbushin glyptodonts kusa da San Luis Lagoon. An tabbatar da cewa suna cikin jinsin Glyptodon reticulatus.
An bambanta nau'ikan guda biyar:
Glyptodon clavipes Owen, 1839 na hali
Glyptodon elongatus Burmeister, 1866
Glyptodon euphractus Lund, 1839
Glyptodon reticulatus Owen, 1845
Glyptodon munizi Ameghino, 1881
Manyan burbushin halittu masu kwari suna kusa da juna. Wataƙila waɗannan dabbobin sun mutu a lokaci guda. Af, masu bincike na cikin gida basu taɓa samun irin wannan binciken mai yawa ba.
Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su tabbatar da jima'i na dabbobi da shekarun da suka mutu ba, har ma, in ya yiwu, sanadin mutuwa. Glyptodonts yana wakiltar wani rukuni na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bayanai ne, wanda harsasai mai karfi ya kare jikinsa da kawunansu daga maharba.
Wadannan halittun sun girma zuwa tsayi mita uku, kuma adadinsu ya kai tan biyu. Wannan shine, a cikin sigoginsu, manyan mutane sun yi kama da karamar motar fasinja.
Burbushin halittun wadannan dabbobi an samo shi ne musamman a Kudancin Amurka. An yi imanin cewa za su iya bayyana a matsayin rukuni sama da shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata. Ba a kafa tabbataccen lokacin bacewar su ba. Ana kyautata zaton hakan na iya faruwa daga shekaru 30 zuwa 10 da suka wuce. Wataƙila glyptodonts sun ɓace yayin ɗayan ɗayan juzu'an.
Wani masanin binciken dabbobi Ricardo Bonini yace "za a iya kiran wannan shari'ar da ban mamaki, saboda mun sami mutane dayawa da suka mutu lokaci guda a cikin wannan yanayi," Babu shakka binciken su zai bamu sabbin bayanai game da wadannan dabbobin. hypotheses gabatar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. "
Masu binciken sun lura cewa kimanin shekaru dubu 30 da suka gabata, jinsin Glyptodon reticulatus ya zama ya fi karfi a rukunin sa. A karon farko, an samo asalin halittun wadannan halittu a Argentina a cikin karni na 19. Bayan haka an yi imani da cewa a cikin tsufa akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan glyptodonts da yawa.
Bayan haka, binciken da aka biyo baya ya nuna cewa yawan jinsunan sunada yawa fiye da yadda aka zata a baya. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa a cikin shekaru miliyan daya da suka gabata kawai jinsin wadannan dabbobi biyu sun dogara da su.
Sakamakon Mutuwa. An samo dangin T-Rex a Kanada
Wannan tyrannosaurid ya rayu ne a duniya shekaru miliyan 80 da suka gabata.
Masana kimiyya sun ba da labarin gano sabon nau'in dinosaurs wanda ya mamaye sararin Arewacin Amurka kimanin shekaru miliyan 80 da suka gabata.
Thanatotheristes degrootorum, wanda ke nufin "Mafi araha na Mutuwa" a cikin Hellenanci, yana da alaƙa da babban gizon ty-rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi tsufa a cikin iyalin tyrannosaurus wanda aka samo a arewacin Arewacin Amurka. Wannan magabacin ya kai mita takwas a tsayinsa kuma mallakar gidan guda ne, wanda ya hada da asalin yanayin zalunci - tyrannosaurids (Tyrannosauridae).
"Mun zabi sunan da ya kunshi wannan azzalumi. Shi kadai ne sanannen mai ƙaddara game da lokacinsa a cikin Kanada, mafi ƙoshin mutuwa, ”- Darla Zelenitsky, mataimakiyar farfesa a ilimin tsinkayen halittu a Jami'ar Calgary, Kanada.
Mazauna Kanada, ma'aurata John da Sandra De Groot ne suka gano tarin ɓaryar na T. degrootorum, a cikin 2010 a bankunan Kogin Luk a kudancin Alberta. An aika ƙasusuwa zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Royal Tyrrell, inda suka yi kuskure don ragowar Tyrannosaurus rex, har zuwa 2018, Jared Voris, dalibi mai digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Calgary, ya fara karatun su.
Kusan shekaru goma bayan an share burbushin halittu kuma an tsara su, Voris da abokan aikin sa sun fara shirya wasan zana zane. Focusedungiyar ta mayar da hankali ga ƙasusuwa muƙamuƙi, wanda ke da tsatsotsin juzu'ai masu ban tsoro, wanda ke hana kasancewar fuskokin fuskoki na musamman. Dabbaren cheekbone suma sunyi kyau a sashin giciye, sabanin sauran matsafan da ke da alaƙa.
Koyaya, a wasu fannoni T. degrootorum ya kasance daidai da danginsa, waɗanda, ta kowane alamu, ba a fili masu iya rarrabewa ba ne. Burbushin Tyrannosaurus yawanci yana dauke da asalin tsoffin biranen tare da dangi da sauran dinosaur. Malami bai fice ba: yaudarar da aka shimfida tare da saman kafada ta dama ba komai bane illa tabo, masu binciken sun ce.
Burbushin yana ba da haske mai zurfi game da bambancin azzalumai a Arewacin Amurka, wanda yawancinsu suka rayu kuma suka mutu a gabar yamma da gabar teku mai ƙarfi, wadda ta haɗu daga Tekun Arctic zuwa Gaban Mexico.
Thanatotheristes hails daga wani yanki mai zurfin bincike. An kiyasta shekarunsa miliyan 79.5. Bincike ya nuna cewa yana da ƙisa mai tsauri, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabe hanyoyi biyu na azzalumai a yankuna daban-daban na Arewacin Amurka - tare da doguwar muzzles (a arewa) da gajerar, bulldog-like (a yankuna na kudanci).
Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa bambancin yanayin kwanyar fitina a cikin yankuna daban-daban na iya zama saboda bambance-bambancen abinci da dogaro da ganima da ake samu a wancan lokacin - alal misali, mafi girman azzaluman mutanen Asiya, waɗanda aka tilasta wa su farauta a kan ganima mafi girma kamar kattawar zavropod herbivorous, na iya Sakamakon haka, ƙara a girman don wannan dalili.
Burbushin yana ba da haske mai zurfi game da bambancin azzalumai a Arewacin Amurka, wanda yawancinsu suka rayu kuma suka mutu a gabar yamma da gabar teku mai ƙarfi, wadda ta haɗu daga Tekun Arctic zuwa Gaban Mexico.
Thanatotheristes hails daga wani yanki mai zurfin bincike. An kiyasta shekarunsa miliyan 79.5. Bincike ya nuna cewa yana da ƙisa mai tsauri, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabe hanyoyi biyu na azzalumai a yankuna daban-daban na Arewacin Amurka - tare da doguwar muzzles (a arewa) da gajerar, bulldog-like (a yankuna na kudanci).
Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa bambancin yanayin kwanyar fitina a cikin yankuna daban-daban na iya zama saboda bambance-bambancen abinci da dogaro da ganima da ake samu a wancan lokacin - alal misali, mafi girman azzaluman mutanen Asiya, waɗanda aka tilasta wa su farauta a kan ganima mafi girma kamar kattawar zavropod herbivorous, na iya Sakamakon haka, ƙara a girman don wannan dalili.
Lokacin da azzalumai suka fara bayyana (kimanin shekaru miliyan 165 da suka shude), ba su ne manya-manyan shugabanni masu hatsari wadanda Stephen Spielberg suka daukaka a fim dinsa Jurassic Park ba. Haɓakar wasu daga cikinsu ba su kai mita ɗaya da rabi ba.
Tyrannosaurs suna farauta a cikin inuwar yawancin adadin karnuka da suka mamaye wancan lokacin - allosaurus da megalosaurids.Kimanin shekaru miliyan 80 da suka shude, waɗannan ɓarnatattun abubuwa sun ɓace, wanda ya ba wa azzalumai damar da za su hau saman teburin abinci kuma suka zama ƙungiyar da ta yi sarauta a lokacin Cretaceous. Kafin ɓacewa daga fuskar duniya, tyrannosaurs na iya kaiwa mita 12 a tsayi kuma nauyinsa yakai tan tara.
Giant pliosaurs ya rayu har zuwa farkon Late Cretaceous
Muryar vertebra da aka samu a yankin Saratov ta kasance ta cikin manyan faransawa a Rasha. A cikin adadi na shekarun Cenomania (100.5-93.9 Ma), ba a sami irin wannan ba a da. An buga bayanin binciken da aka samo a cikin jaridar Cretaceous Research.
An samo katuwar vertebra shekaru da yawa da suka gabata a cikin yankin ƙauyen Nizhnyaya Bannovka a yankin Saratov Volga. An san wannan wurin don binciken ɗayan farkon icthyosaurs (Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis) da kuma farkon icthyornis na Rasha. Sabuwar binciken mallakar babban kwastomomi ne na Brachaucheninae na gaba.
Samfurin gwajin shine ƙwayar cuta na mahaifa tare da diamita na 19 cm .. An san vertebrae na mahaifa na wannan girman ne kawai ga manyan tsarukan Cretaceous na farkon guda uku - Kronosaurus queenslandicus daga Australia da Kronosaurus boyacensis da Sachicasaurus vitae daga Columbia. Wadannan manyan kwastomomi sun kai tsawan mita 10-11 a tsayin daka, kasancewar sune mafi girman karnukan tekun Cretaceous.
Sabili da haka, vertebra na girmansa daga yankin Saratov ya kasance na mafi ƙasƙancin diski a Rasha. Koyaya, zamanin ganowa, ɗan asalin kasar Senaniyanci (100.5-93.9 Ma), yana da babbar sha'awa. Kafin wannan binciken, an yi imanin cewa a wannan lokacin, an gurgunta Pliosaurs kafin a lalata Late Cretaceous a shekara ta gaba, karni na Turonian. Wani sabon binciken yana nuna cewa manyan gilashin da ke mamaye firam na abinci suma sun kasance a farkon Late Cretaceous. Wataƙila ɓacewar su ta wata alaƙa da mahaɗa ichthyosaurs a ƙarshen karni na Cenomania, amma don ƙirƙirar ƙaddarar ƙarshe, ana buƙatar ƙarin abubuwan nema daga wannan lokacin tazara.
An sake gina shi bisa tushen mafi girman kwarangwal ɗin nan na babban ɗan ƙasa Sachicasaurus vitae daga Casan Cretaceous na Kolombiya.
Adanar Jama'a: Nikolay G. Zverkov, Evgeny M.Pervushov. Wani babban abin birgewa wanda ya fito daga kasar Cenomaniyan (Babban Cretaceous) na Yankin Volga, Russia // Binciken Cretaceous, Ya kasance akan layi a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104419
Kwayoyin halittar da aka tabbatar dasu ko dutse kawai ne?
A yau na sami irin wannan ƙaramar dutse a ƙarshen tsibirin Russky Island. Tambaya ga masu connoisseurs cewa wannan kasha ce / whale / kashin hatimi, haƙori, murjani, ko cobblestone na yau da kullun?
Fotkal a kan Daraja 10, tare da harbin macro yana da matsala
Da ke ƙasa akwai abubuwan bincike na da andan iri
Tabbatacciyar masonry?
A bara na sami, ga alama a gare ni, an tabbatar da masonry. Qwai (idan kwai ne), ainihin girman su ɗaya, tsawon cm 20. Yau ya tafi tafiya jirgin ruwa, aka ɗauki hoto.
Shin binciken namu yana wakiltar wani darajar ne? Tuni ɗan kurmi tare da guduma a shirye, sun taru a nawa kuma ku sami wadata))) Yatasa kawai, kawai, amma a cikin kowane wargi, kamar yadda suke faɗi.
Wuri: Dutse a yammacin gabar tekun Crimea.
Entelodontidae
Entelodonts (dan Entelodontidae) sun kasance manyan artiodactyls daga Eocene-Miocene na Arewacin Amurka da Eocene-Oligocene na Eurasia (Brunet, 1979). Waɗannan “katuwar aladu” sune wuraren tarihi huɗu na ƙwararrun ƙasa tare da manyan jaws da haƙora wanda ya basu damar murƙushe kuma cin manyan kayan abinci masu tsayayya, har da ƙasusuwa (Joeckel, 1990).
Enan fari a cikin magabatan sun kasance Eoentelodon daga tsakiyar marigayi Eocene na China da Mongolia (Chow, 1958, Dashzeveg, 1976, 1993). Girman da ya fi girma kuma ya sami ci gaba sosai, Entelodon, wanda aka sani daga Yammacin Turai, China, Mongolia da Kazakhstan, ya zama ruwan dare a Eurasia a Tsakiyar Eocene-Early Oligocene kuma yana da shimfidar ƙasa baki ɗaya (misali, Matthew Granger, 1923, Trofimov, 1952, Matasa da Chow, 1956 , Biryukov, 1961, Hu, 1964, Dashzeveg, 1965, Brunet, 1979, Tomida. 1986, Emry et al., 1995, Lucas and Emry, 1996). Abubuwan tarihi na farko na Eurasi suna cikin manyan sanannun entelodonts kuma sun kasu kashi biyu, Paraentelodon da Neoentelodon, waɗanda aka sani don Late Oligocene-Early Miocene na Georgia, Kazakhstan da China (Gabuniya, 1964, Aubekerova, 1969, Brunet, 1979, Qiu et al, 1990) )
Entelodonts ya fara bayyana a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin marigayi Eocene kamar yadda baƙi daga Asiya (Bruner, 1979, Emry, 1981, Lucas, 1992). Burbushinsu ya zama sananne ne a ƙarshen Eocene-Early Oligocene na yammacin Amurka da Kanada. Entelodonts sun ci gaba a cikin Oligocene da farkon Miocene, godiya ga wani babban entelodont na halittar Daeodon, wanda asalin kalmar shine Dinohyus, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarshen juyin halittar Asiya na ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarshen zamanin Oligocene (Brunet, 1979, Lucas et. , 1997a, Effinger, 1998).
Manyan wakilan dangin entelodont (Entelodontidae) sune deodon (Daeodon) kuma tsofaffi, mai yiwuwa magabatan su ne, paraentelodon (Paraentelodon). Wanene daga cikinsu ya kasance mafi girma a wannan lokacin ba za a iya faɗi tabbatacce ba, tunda ragowar paraantelodon, sabanin ɗan uwansa ƙarami, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna.
Masu biye da su shine Archeotherium (Archaeotherium), mafi girman wakilai waɗanda a ƙananansu sun kusan yi daidai da deodon, amma archeotherium ya ƙasa da deodon da yawa. Bayan haka, fadin girman kwanyar tare da kasusuwan tsarin halitta a cikin archeotherium shine mafi girma a cikin dukkanin rikice-rikice.
Entelodonts wataƙila an daidaita shi don saurin gudana da adalci. Samun doguwar kafafu da ƙafafun kafaɗa. Wanda ke yin shaidar rayuwa a sarari. Steppes da savannah. Tare da girman su da kuma jaws ɗin ƙarfinsu, suna iya kamawa da ƙananan waɗanda ke fama da su (ƙananan artiodactyls sannan su zama shinge), kashe su kuma ci su kawai ta hanyar murƙushe nama da ƙasusuwa da haƙoransu, ba tare da buƙatar yankan ba.
Saboda girman su, hakoran tsoro, da kamarsu aladu (Suidae), ana kiransu "aladu na kare" (aladu na kare).
Duk da alaƙa da alaƙa da aladu, akwai mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin iyalai biyu. Daga cikin abubuwanda suka fi birge su sune:
1. Ba kamar aladu ba, babban canyen entelodonts bai lanƙwasa ba, amma ya girma.
2. Fuka (na sama da na ƙasa) suna da zagaye kuma ba sassauyawar gefen fuska ba, kuma basu da gefan gewaye kuma basu da kololuwa mai kaifi kamar danginsu.
3. Ba kamar aladu ba, waɗanda suke da yatsu huɗu waɗanda ke ƙare da sheƙa, entelodonts akan kowane reshe yana da yatsun yatsun biyu da suke da sheƙa.
4. Entelodonts, sabanin wakilan dangin alade, suna da ƙarin hangen nesa na binocular, kamar yadda aka shimfida kwandon idanunsu zuwa gaba fiye da danginsu.
5. Fitowar farkon farkon ukun (duka akan babba da ƙananan jijiyoyi) suna da nau'in hakora na nau'in murƙushewa (Anan zaka iya zana misalin da hakoran kwayen (Hyaenidae)).
Hakanan za'a iya ɗauka (kodayake babu wani tabbataccen shaida game da wannan) cewa, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin gabobin ciki da kuma tsarin endocrine.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, layin farko na entelodons sun kasance nau'in murƙushewa. A cikin aladu, duk hakora na baya (duk premolar da molars) suna nau'in nika. Wannan shine, zasu iya yanke kasusuwa cikin sauki kuma mafi kyau. Fannonin Entelodont suna da "sifar gargajiya." Wato, an yi niyya su zama cizo ne, ba bugun kisan kai daga gare su ba. Entelodonts yana da mafi kyawun hangen nesa na binocular (i.e. more voluminous). Saboda haka, suna iya yin lissafin nesa ga wanda abin ya shafa. Daga cikin abubuwan, magabatansu suna da yawan yatsun kafa, wanda (kodayake a kaikaice) yana ba da shawara cewa sun kasance mafi kyawun masu gudu kuma suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa ba tare da ƙarin kuzari don neman ɗanɗuwa ko ganima ba.
Yanzu mun juya zuwa aladu, wanda a cikin dukkan fannoni "asara" zuwa entelodonts a cikin tsinkaya. Hatta su, kamar boar daji (Sus scrofa), ko aladu na gida, ban da abinci na shuka, suna cin nama. Boan daji da aka ambata a sama wani lokacin ma yakan farautar da kansa (musamman ma a lokacin tsananin sanyi), yana kashe ko da ƙaramin ungulates, musamman deer (ɗan halittar Capreolus). Kuma tare da duk wannan, boar daji ba shi da tsako da premolars na masu farauta.
Yawancin hangen nesa na kwayoyin halitta sun ba su damar yin nasarar cin nasara ga wanda aka azabtar, kuma manyan tutocinsu (waɗanda ba su lanƙwasa sama ba) ya basu damar dogaro babba.
An san alade dabba ne mai yawan iko, amma abincin da ake shuka a duniya shine yaci nasara akan abincin da yake ci. Daga dukkan abubuwan da muka ambata, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa riƙon dabbobin dabbobi ne masu yawan iko (ɗayan hujjoji na wannan shine masu gabatar da ƙira da haɓaka gwaiba), duk da haka, abincin dabbobi ya taka rawar gani a cikin abubuwan gina jiki.
Ta tattarawa, zamu iya cewa entelodonts omnivores ne, suna cinye ciyayi iri daban daban, yayin da suke amfani da girmansu da ikonsu suna aiki azaman 'yan ta'adda, suna kama ganima daga masu nasara amma masu rauni, kuma a lokaci guda suna samun dabbobin su ta hanyar (i.e. farauta).
Jawaramin muƙamuƙi (simintin) na sabon entelododont (Paraentelodon intermedium). Miocene na Kazakhstan Gidan tarihin Paleontological na Yu.A. Orlov Hoto na.
Kwanyar Entelodont daga Kazakhstan. Hoto na.
Kwanyar archeotherium na kare. (Caninus na Archaeotherium).
Sake sake gina Deodon daga gidan kayan gargajiya a Denver.
Kasusuwa na entelodon (Entelodon babba) daga farkon Oligocene na Myneskesuyek (yankin Karaganda) da ƙananan kashin na paraentelodon (tsaka-tsakin Paraentelodon) daga Late Oligocene na yankin Sary-Ozek (Almaty yankin). Gidan kayan gargajiya a Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Halitta
Ba a sani ba |
Ba a sani ba |
Ba a sani ba |
Ba a sani ba |
Karfi: tayar da wuta |
«Na taba ganin Masters da yawa. Su ne wani abu na yau da kullun. Wasayansu ya warke, ɗayan kuwa ya kasance ƙasa, na ukun ya cinye babban marten!»
- Gnarl.
Babban Marten (eng. Giant weasel) - halittar da aka ambata daga Karfi: tayar da wuta.