Kudin giwa | |||||
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Tsarin kimiyya | |||||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Platin |
Duba: | Kudin giwa |
Kogi Ta Kudu (Latin Mirounga leonina) alama ce ta subantarctic da Antarctic, ɗayan wakilai biyu na asalin halittar giwayen teku (Mirounga) iyalan ainihin hatimin (Phocidae).
Babban wakilin pinnipeds a duniya. Girmanta (a cikin maza) na iya kaiwa tsawon mil 5.8, kuma yawanta zai iya kaiwa zuwa kilo 3700. Wannan hatimin ya sami suna "giwa" saboda girman girmanta mai kiba da jaka ta fata akan hancin maza, shiga cikin babban ball yayin damuwa ko yayin yaƙin. Wannan hatimi ana kiranta “kudu” saboda kusancinsa, hatimin giwa na arewa, yana zaune ne a arewacin Hemisphere a gefen iyakar California na Arewacin Amurka (Mirounga angustirostris), mafi ƙanƙanuwa a gare shi a girman, amma tare da rami mai tsayi.
Bayyanar
Jiki yana da girma da kiba, tsarin jiki yayi laushi, tsantsar wuyan wuyan kusan ba a furta shi kuma manyan fayiloli masu nauyi ne, kirji ya yi yawa. Idanun suna da girma, saita sa a gaba. A nuna bambancin Jima'i a gaban maza gajeru, kumburi "gangar jikin" da kuma manya-manyan manya a cikin mutane da suka girmi shekaru 3. Goyon bayan hannu yanada kadan ne, gajeru, kasa da kwata na tsayin jiki, tare da manyan fagage har zuwa 5 cm tsayi kuma kusan kauri 1 cm.
Babban launuka yawanci launin toka ne mai duhu ko kuma ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa, wani lokacin tare da launin duhu tare da kashin baya; a wasu mutane, canza launin yana da launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Sautunan launin shuɗi-masu launin shuɗi na iya haɗuwa da algae wanda ba a kwance ba wanda ke haɓakawa a saman gashin gashi. A cikin 'yan kuya-kuli, jaririn kusan baki ne.
Rarraba
An rarraba shi a Kudancin misasar Hemisphere kusan keɓaɓɓu a cikin yankin Subantarctic da Antarctic yanayin zafi, galibi arewacin iyakar rarraba kankarar kankara. Yawancin fannoni sun fadi ne a yankin Subantarctic, gami da tsibiran Kudancin Georgia, Heard da MacDonald, Crozet, Prince Edward da Kerguelen tarin tsibiri, inda manyan mulkokin wannan nau'in suke. Kawai 5% na adadin giwayen giwa don ci gaba da asalin ɗan adam zaɓi manyan yankuna latitudinal Western Antarctica - arewacin Antarctic Peninsula, Kudancin Orkney, tsibirin Kudancin Shetland da Kudancin Sandwich. Da dama daga cikin mulkoki suna rayuwa a cikin latitude lature. Mafi girma daga cikinsu suna a tsibirin Valdez a Argentina da kuma tsibirin Falkland (Malvinas).
A zamanin da, yankuna mallakar murfin giwayen kudu sun wanzu a Tasmania, da King Island, da tsibiran Juan Fernandez da kuma tsibirin St. Helena, amma a sakamakon farauta mai zurfi, waɗannan dabbobin an lalata su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
Rayuwa
Yana ciyar da akasari akan squids, wanda yakai kusan kashi 75% na abincin, har da kifi da krill. Ana yin zurfin ruwa zuwa 400-700 m a cikin rana. Matsakaicin lokacin zaman ruwa a cikin kayan kida da aka yi rikodin shi shine minti 120, kuma mafi girman zurfafa nutsewa a cikin lamura biyu shine 1250 da 2000 m Lokacin hijirar abincin bazara zuwa Antarctica, waɗannan dabbobin zasu iya rufe manyan nisan teku na har zuwa 4800 km.
Mace sun zama balaga a lokacin da suke shekaru 2-4, maza - shekaru 3-7. A farkon fara kiwo a kan tudu, yawanci ba shi da kankara, maza suna da manyan zomaye waɗanda ke ɗauke da 50, kuma a wasu lokatai har zuwa 100-300. Don rookeries, yashi ko rairayin bakin teku masu ruwa sun gwammace. A watan Satumba - Nuwamba, an haifi 'yar kwikwiyo mace, ba kasafai ake samun biyu ba.Ciyar da madara, lokacin da mata ba sa barin sanyen kuma ba sa ci, yakan ɗauki tsawon makonni 3-4. Bayan kimanin makonni 3, puppy suka fara molt, suna canza baƙar fata zuwa fata mai launin shuɗi. Cin amana da mace tare da billan kuɗi - mai mallakin mata, ko kuma ɗayan freean kyauta akan aikin a ƙarar haihuwar yana faruwa kwanaki 3-5 kafin ƙarshen motsin kukan.
An rufe hatimin giwa ta kudu zuwa bangon watanni 2-3 kawai a cikin shekara, a lokacin kiwo da molting. Wanarshen teku na wannan hatimi na ƙarshe kimanin kwanaki 250-300 a shekara. A cikin hunturu, ana iya samun wasu mutanen da suke ƙaura lokaci zuwa ƙasashen Afirka ta kudu a sashin bakin ruwan sanyi na bakin teku har zuwa Angola, Australia, New Zealand da South America - Patagonia. A cikin Tekun Indiya, an samo hatimin giwayen kudu a yankin tsibirin na Mauritius.
Tsawon rayuwar maza yana zuwa shekaru 20, na mace ya kai shekaru 14.
Lambar
Adadin yawan giwayen kudu a halin yanzu ya kai mutum dubu 670-800, wanda sama da rabin ke zaune a Kudancin Georgia da kusan 40% a tsibiran submarctic a cikin Tekun Indiya na Antarctica. A tsibiran Crozet da Kerguelen, ana lura da raguwar lambobi.
Bayanin da fasalin giwa
Elephant babu abin da zai yi da giwa ƙasar. Onlyayansu ɗaya ne kawai a cikin teku, a ƙarshen ƙarshen mucks, wani lokacin farin ciki mai sari-santimita wanda aka rataye ƙasa, da alama kama da ginin giwa.
Dabbobin dabbobi masu shayarwa na bushewar tambarin. Kodayake wasu connoisseurs na kimiyya, masana ilimin dabbobi, sun daɗe da gurbata wannan ka'ida. Kuma suka ce cewa kakanninsu na nesa, da mamaki, ya zama maras kyau da marten. Giwayen giwayen suna da girma babba, duk da cewa su dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, sun kasance ga masu hasashen.
Suna zaune a arewacin nahiyar ta Amurka da kuma yankin Antarctic Territory. A Antarctica giwa hatimin ya ɓuya daga masu zina. Mazauna tekuna da subarctic.
Wadannan wakilai, Arewa da Shafaffen giwayen Kudancin, mutane da yawa kama da juna. Elean giwa na arewa dan kadan girma da girman danginsu na kudu. Fuskokinsu, ya bambanta da giwayen kudu, suna da bakin ciki da tsayi.
A cikin iyalin hatimi, hatimin giwa shine wakilinsu mafi girma. Bayan duk, girmanta yana da ban sha'awa. Maza giwayen giwaauna har zuwa tan huɗu zuwa arewa, da kuma kudu maso-tan uku. Suna da tsayi, tsayin mita shida.
Matayensu suna kama da ƙananan inzali ƙanƙane, sabanin asalin mazan su. A cikin nauyi ba su kai tan guda ba. Tsakanin kilo ɗari takwas da ɗari tara. Da kyau, kuma daidai da rabin tsayi, kawai biyu da rabi, mita uku.
Ko da maza da mata sun bambanta da launi na Jawo. A cikin maza, yana da launi na linzamin kwamfuta. Kuma mace suna sanye da launuka masu duhu, kamar na maraƙi. Mayafinsu na fari da yawa, ya ƙunshi gajeru ne, mai kauri da ƙarfi.
Amma daga nesa, yana da kyau kyakkyawa. Kamar Karin giantsattafan da ke yawo a cikin teku. Abin da ba za a iya faɗi ba game da lokacin molting. Rabin hunturu, dabba tana kan bakin.
Fatar jikinta an rufe ta da ruwa mai kauri, dukkan shimfidu ke sauka daga gare ta. A lokacin duka marinegiwaye Kada ku ci wani abu, kuna hutawa cikin wahala a kan wawayen duwatsu. Tunda tsari yayi matukar wahala da jin daɗi.
Dabba tayi nauyi da rauni. Amma canza kaya, menene giwayen teku? kallo daya don idanu masu raunin gani. Tare da dukan ƙarfina, riga ya ɓace giwa mai launin toka-toka Gudu zuwa teku don dawo da ƙarfi da mamaye ciki.
Dabbobin dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bambanta sosai da matayensu a gaban abin da ake kira akwati. Hotunan tambarin giwa nuna cewa ya rataye a gefen maƙarƙashiya, yana rufe bakinsa.
Duk sun ƙunshi manyan motsi, kamar dai suna taƙama duwatsu masu duwatsu a can. 'Yan mata ba su da komai kwata-kwata. Suna da fuska mai kyau, kamar manyan kayan wasa. A hanci akwai ƙananan ƙananan madaidaicin, eriya mai ɗaukar nauyi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da hatimin giwa shi ne cewa a lokacin tarawar, gangar jikin namiji ta kumbura. Jinin yana gudana zuwa gare shi, tsokoki suna farawa, kuma daga tsari na santimita talatin, rabin-rabi da ƙari, wani abu ya bayyana.
Shugaban wadannan dabbobin yayi karami kadan, yana tafiya a hankali cikin jiki. A kanta ƙananan idanu, duhu zaitun idanu. Fatar da ke wuyan hatimin giwayen tayi matukar tauri da tauri. Yana kare dabba daga kwari yayin duels dabbar.
Babban jikinsu yana ƙare da babban wutsiya, kamar wutsiya. Kuma a gaban, maimakon wata gabar jiki, fin biyu tare da manyan maƙallan.
Kifi da matakan kiyayewa
A cikin karni na 19, hatimin giwayen kudu shine batun farauta mai zurfi. St John's wort, yana isa tsibirin submarctic akan ɗaliban makarantar wofi na John John, suna ta farautar wannan dabbar don su girka kitsen mai ƙamshi mai mahimmanci. Musamman ma an kashe yawancin mazaje da yawa.
An fara daga shekarar 1964, an dakatar da kamun kifi na Kudancin giwa a Kudancin Georgia, sannan a ko'ina. A halin yanzu, Babban gizon kudu shine ke kiyaye shi ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kula da alsariyar Antarctic Seals.
Ciyarwar giwa
Tunda hatimin giwa dabba ce mai shayarwa. Wancan da babban abincinsa ya ƙunshi kifi. Hakanan squids, crayfish da crabs. Yaro, kowace rana, na iya cin rabin kifin. Don ɗanɗano, suna iya zama suna da nama da ƙyar na sharri.
Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun pebble a cikin ciki na giwayen teku. Wasu sun yarda cewa ana buƙatar ballast, lokacin da giwar ke nutsuwa cikin ruwa. Wasu kuma, akasin haka, suna ba da shawarar cewa duwatsun suna ba da gudummawa ga nika, abubuwan ɓoye-goge sun lalace gaba ɗaya.
Amma lokacin da dabbobin suka fara lokacin kawarsu, sai suyi kiwo, giwayen ba su ci tsawon watanni, suna nan a taskokin kitse wanda suka gina a lokacin kiwan.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Nan da nan bayan mol, lokacin soyayya yazo cikin rayuwar giwaye. Daga tsakiyar hunturu zuwa tsakiyar bazara, giwaye suna shirya gwagwarmaya, sannan su yi kiwo, su sanya zuriya ta gaba a ƙafafunsu.
Dukkanin yana farawa ne daga rafin giwayen zuwa bakin gaci. Mace, tana da ciki, tun bara. Tabbas, a cikin wannan lokacin suna lissafin watanni goma sha ɗaya. Giwaye maza ba su da alaƙa da haɓaka zuriya.
Bayan ta sami wuri mai nutsuwa, ba makawa, uwa ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya. An haife shi mai tsayin mita, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo arba'in. Har tsawon wata daya, giwayen mama suna ciyar da jariri kawai da madara.
Yana cikin wakilan waɗannan mutane, mafi yawan adadin kuzari. Abubuwan da ke cikin kitse sune kashi hamsin cikin dari. Yaron a lokacin ciyarwa, yana samun nauyi sosai. Bayan haka, mahaifiyar ta bar ɗanta har abada.
An samarda isasshen kitse na kitse mai zurfi a cikin zuriyar saboda a cikin rayuwa mai zuwa, na gaba mai ƙoshin rayuwarsu, zasu rayu. A wata uku da haihuwa, yara sun bar roka suka shiga cikin ruwa na bude.
Da zaran mace ta rabu da danta, lokacin aure zai yi ta gwagwarmaya ba tare da dokoki ba. Manyan giwaye mafi girma da tsufa suna shirya gwagwarmaya ba don rayuwa ba, amma don mutuwa, don 'yancin zama sultan na harem.
Hawayen giwaye suna ta rige-rige da juna, suna taɓar kawuna da toshe su, da fatan hakan zai tsoratar da abokin hamayya. Sa'annan hakora masu ƙarfi, masu kaifi zasu shiga cikin wasa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya tara matan kusa da shi. Wadansu suna da naman kaji da wasu dari uku na mata.
Kuma wanda aka azabtar, da duk wanda ya ji rauni, ya tafi gefen rookery. Har ilayau ya sami abokin aure, bashi da ikon miji-namiji. Abin baƙin ciki ne, amma a yayin irin waɗannan gwagwarmaya, galibi yara ƙanana suna wahala kuma suna mutuwa, ba a lura da su a cikin yaƙin, manya sun tattake su.
Bayan ya tattaro matan sa, shugaba ya zavi abin da yake so, ta hanyar sanya masa kayan sa na goge a gaban ta. Don haka ya nuna ya fi ta. Kuma idan uwargidan ba ta da niyyar saduwa, namiji bai damu da wannan yanayin ba. Yana hawa duk kugunsa a bayan ta. Yanke baya da amfani anan.
Lokacin balaga na jima'i yana farawa, a cikin samari mafi ƙaranci, da shekarun shekaru huɗu a cikin maza. Mata, daga shekara biyu, suna shirye don matta. Shekaru goma, giwayen giwayen mata ke iya haifan 'ya'ya. Sannan suka tsufa. Giwayen giwayen sun mutu yana da shekara goma sha biyar, ashirin.
Duk da girman sa mai girman gaske, hatimin giwa kuma sun zama ganima ga kifayen kisa. Cutar damisa ta ci gaba da kasancewa yara. Amma mafi munin abokan gaba, don ƙarni da yawa, komai girman abin tsoro, mu mutane ne.
Aikin rashin tunani na mutum kusan ya lalata ɗayan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa - hatimin giwa. Sun sami suna ne ba kawai don girman girman su ba (waɗannan dabbobi har ma don ci gaban hanci na musamman. Ickauke da sihiri, yana kama da gangar jikin da aka ci gaba. sau da yawa yana kara sautin sautin tsawa, har ila yau yana nuna wa dangi da ke kusa da yadda halin ɓarna da ƙarfin maigidansa yake.
Arewa
Wani dan uwan arewa bai da bambanci sosai a rayuwar sa. Mating faruwa a watan Fabrairu. Yana da rooker na dindindin, inda giwayen giwa ke iyo don kiwo da kuma yin molting. Manyan ƙasashe (yammacin gabar tekun Arewacin Amurka) daga Mexico zuwa Kanada tare da rairayin bakin teku masu ƙoshin ruwa ko kuma tsaunukan dutse masu laushi sun zaɓi beenan ruwa. Ya yi ƙasa da girmanta zuwa ɗan’uwanta na kudanci, maza sun yi girma zuwa mita 5, nauyinsu ya kama daga tan 2.5. Suna da babban akwati har zuwa 30 cm, a cikin yanayi mai ban sha'awa yana ƙaruwa zuwa 70 cm. Matan sun yi nauyi zuwa 900 kilogram, tsayin jiki har zuwa mita 3.5.
Kewayen giwayen arewa ne suka mamaye wannan nasarar. Bayan tsauraran matakan hana kamun kifi, yawan su a yau ya kai mutum dubu 15. Ba dadi ba kwata-kwata, ganin cewa an sami kusan dari.
Iyali: Hakikanin hatimi
Jinsi: Phaan giwa
Abinci da Halaye
Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne masu shayarwa. Abincinsu ya hada da squid, dorinar ruwa, mayuka, kifi, krill, wani lokacin kuma. Maza sun fara gangaro a ƙasa, kuma mace a cikin buɗewar teku. Giwayen giwayen suna amfani da hangen nesa da rawar jiki na ratsunsu (vibrissae) don nemo abinci. Zasu iya kai hari kan kifayen kifi, kifayen kifi da mutane.
Wadannan dabbobin suna kashe kusan 20% na rayuwarsu akan ƙasa kuma kusan 80% a cikin teku. Kodayake suna, hatimin giwa suna iya samun gaban mutane akan ƙasa. A tekun, suna haɓaka saurin 5-10 km / h.
Giwayen giwayen na iya nutse zuwa zurfin zurfafa. Maza suna cin lokaci mai yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa fiye da mace. Wani dattijo ya sami damar zama a cikin ruwa na kimanin sa'o'i biyu kuma ya nitse zuwa zurfin kusan 2 kilomita.
Matsayin tsaro
An nemi giwayen giwayen teku saboda ƙoshinsu, danshi da mai. Koyarwa ya jagoranci jinsin har zuwa ƙarshen nau'i. A shekara ta 1892, yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa hatimin giwayen arewa sun mutu. Amma a cikin 1910, an gano yankin da ke da 'yan kiwo kusa da gabar tekun jihar Baja California ta kusa da tsibirin Guadalupe. A karshen karni na 19, an bullo da sabuwar doka ta fuskar kiyaye yanayin ruwan teku domin kare wadannan dabbobi. A yau, giwayen giwa ba su cikin haɗari, ko da yake suna cikin haɗarin afkawa cikin tarkacen jirgin ruwa da na kamun kifi, kuma na iya samun rauni yayin karo da ruwa. IUCN ya lissafta su azaman dabbobin da basu da damuwa.
- Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, ana haihuwar maza sama da mata.
- Screeching na orcs a cikin ma'adinai na Moria a cikin Ubangiji na Zoben: ellowungiyar Zoben shine sautin samin giwa matasa.
- A shekara ta 2000, wani hatimin giwa namiji mai suna Homer ya tsoratar da garin Gisborne na New Zealand. Homer sun kai hari kan motoci, motocin tirela, kwandunan shara, bishiyoyi, har ma da masu sauya hanya.
Duk wani ɗan makaranta ya san cewa amincewa da sunayen '' teku '' dabbobi ba shi da ƙima: zakuna teku ba shi da alaƙa da zakuna, dawakai a teku - ga dawakai, da ambaliyar teku - ga gwarzon shahararren ɗan wasan kyan, wanda ya ɓace a cikin hazo. Giwayen giwayen ba su bane. Abinda suke da alaƙa da giwaye shine watakila girmansu mai ban mamaki ne (waɗannan sune mafi girma daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, baya kirga kifi Whales) da hanci mai tsayi wanda yayi kama da akwati.
A zahiri, hatimin giwa da ke zaune a cikin ruwa na Arctic da Antarctic suna cikin gidan ainihin hatim ɗin, wanda ya kasance cikin tsarin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa.Abin sha'awa ne cewa shekaru 20 da suka gabata an rubuta shi a cikin littattafan nazarin halittu cewa giwayen giwaye, tare da duk sauran hatimin da walruses, ya keɓance keɓaɓɓen halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa - pinnipeds (dukda cewa masana kimiyya da yawa sun dade suna bayyana shakkunsu game da wannan).
Tunda taxonomy na halittu masu rai sun samo asali ne daga tushen juyin halitta, an fahimci cewa dukanin tsinkayen suna da magabata daya. Amma nasarorin binciken burbushin halitta da ilimin halittar jini sun tabbatar da cewa babu wuya a rarrabe abubuwa zuwa wani keɓance na daban. Ya juya daga cikin iyalai ukun bisa al'ada da aka haɗa su a cikin wannan tsari, ɗayan biyu - tagwaye da kuma walruses - sun fito daga tsoffin bears, kuma na uku - ainihin hatimin - daga martens. Haka kuma, koda sauyawa zuwa yanayin rayuwa mai ruwa ya faru a cikin su a sassa daban-daban na duniya: na farko “ya shiga cikin ruwa” a tekun Pacific, na biyu - a Tekun Bahar Rum. Kuma suka zama kama da juna godiya ga yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya. Don haka dangi mafi kusanci na hatimin giwa sune badgers, Wolverines, Martens da ferrets.
Manatees da digongs suna da ƙarin rightsancin haƙoƙin da za a kira su da hauren giwa. Su 'yan uwan juna ne na giwaye. Amma, abin mamaki shine, babban wakilin su (alas, wanda ya dade yana karewa) ana kiransa teku, ko Steller, saniya.
Amma a dawo da hatimin giwayen mu. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da ban mamaki ba kawai don gwargwadon girmanta ba, har ma don abin da ake kira dimorphism na jima'i, wato bambancin da ke tsakanin maza da mata. Ta hanyar wannan alama, suna ganin kamar suna amincewa da farko a tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Don haka, maniyyin giwa namiji yakan kai tsawon 6.5 m da nauyin tan 3.5, yayin da mace suke yin girma zuwa m 3,5 da 900 kg, bi da bi. Idan mutane suna da bambancin jima'i iri ɗaya, to, yara maza masu tsayi mita tamanin da takwas za su yi tafiya tare da titi tare da budurcin su mai kilogram 20 ƙasa da mitsi. Babu alamun hanci da zai taimaka anan.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa tare da irin wannan bambance-bambancen, garken naman giwa al'umma ce mai ƙarfi ta ikon maza. Adultwararru maza da yawa sun kama daga (goma a arewacin) zuwa ɗaruruwan (a kudanci) mace a cikin zuriyarsu kuma suna kishin su daga ɓoyewar abokan hamayyarsu marasa nasara. Miji yana bawa mace hannu da zuciya, namiji ya sanya flipper a bayanta sannan a hankali ya murza mata a baya. Koyaya, idan matar ba a cikin yanayi ba, namiji bai tsaya gaban kuliya ta banal ba. Ya ɗauke shi da gawarsa a ƙasa, yana yi da ƙaunataccensa duk abin da yake buƙata, ba ya da sha'awar yarda da ita. Giwayen giwayen suna ɗaya daga cikin fewan wakilan masarautar dabbar da ke cin zarafin gida.
Amma "gangar jikin" giwar teku, ita, sabanin kama daga waje zuwa ga ainihin akwati giwa, ba a amfani da ita azaman kayan aiki. Maza kawai suna da dogon hanci kuma ana amfani da su don jan hankalin mata da tsoratar da wasu maza. Da fari dai, ana amfani da shi a matsayin muryar sauti: ana jin rurin wata giwa a teku, kamar tasirin filayenta, tsawon kilomita da dama. Abu na biyu, yayin tsintsiya, saboda yawan hauhawar jini, hanci yana zubarwa da ja da baya kadan, wanda babu shakka, yakamata ya ja hankalin mata, kuma a lokaci guda ya nuna wasu mazan da ke shugabansu a cikin gidan. Saboda haka, a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun tsakanin maza, maza suna ƙoƙari da farko don lalata ɓoyayyen maƙiyan, galibi suna lalata shi a zahiri zuwa shreds.
Hauren giwayen ba su kai ga taken zakara ba a cikin irin wannan wasanni kamar ruwa. A cewar rahotanni, sun nutse don farawa zuwa zurfin kusan kilomita daya da rabi! Daga dabbobi masu shayarwa mai zurfi - har zuwa kilomita biyu - kawai wasu kifayen kifaye suke zubowa. Sirrin ya ta'allaka ne akan damar giwayen giwa don sarrafa zagawan jininsu. Lokacin da aka nutse cikin ruwa, jinin yakan samar da tsokoki da tsokoki na ciki kusan su daina, kuma oxygen daga jini yana shiga kwakwalwa da zuciya kawai. Sabili da haka, hatimin giwa na iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa na dogon lokaci.
Hanci mai ban dariya, mai tunawa da rafin giwa, yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana - hakan alama ce ta balaga da ƙarfin namiji, sannan kuma yayi gargaɗin "samari" cewa su ƙwararrun mayaƙa ne a gabansu.
ZAUREN FIQHU. Length: maza - 4.9 m, mata - 3 m. Mass na namiji - 2,400 kilogiram, mace - 680 kg.
KARANTA. Balagagge: mace tun yana shekara 3-5, maza a shekara 9-10. Yawan digo: a watan Satumba da Oktoba. Haihuwa: watanni 11. Yawan ofan sandansu: 1.
LIFESTYLE. Abubuwan halaye: tarawa a cikin gida Abinci: kifi da kifayen ciminti.Rashin rayuwa: har zuwa shekaru 14
KYAUTATA mai alaƙa. Akwai nau'ikan halittun giram 2 kawai: arewaci da kuma kudanci. An san nau'ikan giwayen giwa biyu, ɗayan ɗayansu yana zaune a Kudancin Hemisphere, ɗayan kuma a cikin Hemisphere na Arewa. A wajen kudu, a cikin ruwan Antarctic, hatimin giwayen kudu suna zaune, kuma a arewa, kusa da bakin tekun California da Meksiko, ire-irensa na arewa sun zauna.KARANTA.Namijin giwa namiji je zuwa ƙasa fiye da mace don kiyaye wurin. Yaƙe-yaƙe masu rikici suna faruwa a tsakaninsu. Maza 'yan adawa ne masu tsananin zafin hali, sukan raunata juna da yawa. Mace, bayan ta yi ƙasa, za ta haifi ɗan da aka haifa shekara ɗaya kafin.
Uwa tana ciyar da shi har tsawon makonni hudu, kuma nan da nan bayan haka ma'auratan kuma. Maza basa jira lokacin lactation ya ƙare, sabili da haka ana fuskantar mata da yawa da tashin hankali a sashinsu, yayin da suke samun mummunan raunuka. A sakamakon wannan hali na maza, kusan kashi 10 na ƙwayoyin suna mutuwa. Mata ma suna fuskantar wata haɗari - maza masu jiran su a bakin ruwa, waɗanda aka kora su daga yankunansu akan ƙasa ta hanyar abokan hamayya.CIGABA. Ana tattara giwayen giwa a cikin ƙasa sau biyu a shekara - lokacin daskarewa da kuma lokacin kaka, lokacin molting. Daruruwan giwaye suna tafiya a cikin kaka a bakin rairayin bakin teku, suna iyo a cikin manyan biranen ruwa. Ana ɗaukar wari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi daga gare su .. A wannan lokacin basa aiki, galibi lokacinsu kwance. Yayin yawo, ba zasu iya shiga ruwa ba sabili da haka yana fama da matsananciyar yunwa. A saman yadudduka na fata suka tafi tare da gashi.
KYAUTA. Giwayen giwayen suna cin abinci a kan kifayen da ke bakin ruwa. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a gefen tekun California, lokacin da aka auna zurfin dabbobi, ya nuna cewa giwayen giwayen suna iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin 1,000,000. Suna ciyar da dabbobin ruwa, dorinar ruwa da ma ƙananan kifayen kifaye. Giwayen giwayen suna da tsatsotsi masu tsayi, suna fitowa daga gumis na kimanin santimita huɗu, molas ba shi da haɓaka, saboda haka sun fi son ganima tare da taushi, kuma basa buƙatar ɗanɗano.
MAGANGANAN NA'ARAR. Pinnipeds sun samo asali daga dabbobin ƙasa kuma sun dace da rayuwa cikin ruwa. Suna iyo sosai. Suna da kauri mai kauri, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaba da tsawan yanayin jiki a cikin ruwan sanyi. A yayin yawo da mating, yadudduka mai zama tushen tushen kuzari. Pinnipeds da wuya su motsa ƙasa, amma suna da ƙarfi a ruwa. Lokacin yin iyo, ana amfani da ƙafar hayin azaman rudder, kuma na gaba suna yin motsi. A kan ƙasa don sanyi giwayen giwa manyan fuskoki na zuba yashi a bayansu.
Kun san ... Elean giwayen giwayen na manya-manya ne. Yana da wuya a tantance nauyin jikinsu. A lokacin binciken giwayen da ya mutu, an gano cewa fata kadai ta dauki nauyin kilogram 115, kitsen mai - 660 kilogiram, zuciya - 42 kilogiram, da kuma kai - kilogiram 52. Bambanci a cikin girman girman giwayen giwayen an yi rikodin shi. Wannan shine sanannen bambancin jinsi. Giwayen giwayen suna ƙaura daga nesa. Doguwar hanya giwa na ƙaura gudu zuwa ga Kudancin Alaska kuma ya wuce kilomita 5,000.
Elephant Ba ta tsoron mutum ko kaɗan kuma ba ta ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa idan ta gan ta. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa, alal misali, na iya dube shi ba tare da fargabar cewa giwayen zai cutar da su ba.
Mai riƙe rikodin girma a tsakanin giwayen giwayen wani namiji ne mai suna Spot, wanda aka ajiye shi a cikin Edinburgh Zoo. Ya auna tan 3, tsawonsa ya kai 4,47 m.Sun daɗe suna farautar naman giwa don mai. Manyan maza 3 na iya samun kimanin lita 350 na mai.SIFFOFIN CIKIN MARINE ELEPHANES. Wani fasalin fasalin namiji mai girma jaka ce mai fata wacce take a saman takaddar, wacce ke taka rawa babba wajen jan hankalin mata yayin aikin. Idan namiji yayi farin ciki, jakar sa yakai cm 28 Yayin tsawa da yawan dabbobi, yana da resonator na sauti .. Matar tayi nauyi sau uku kasa da ta namiji, saboda haka a lokacin lokacin namiji yana yin babbar mace mai fada da hadari kuma yana matukar hadari da ita.
Wuraren zama. Kudancin giwayen kudu suna zaune a Antarctica, kuma sun sami wurin a can. Elean giwayen giwa na arewa suna zaune a gabar ruwan tekun na yammacin Kudancin Amurka kuma sun sami asali a California.
Adanawa. A karshen karni na 19, mafarautan sun kusan lalata maƙallan giwayen
Giwayen giwayen sune ƙungiyar manyan mutane. Suna da kama da sifofin Khokhlach, amma sunfi girman su. A yanayin, akwai nau'ikan halittar giwaye biyu kawai: arewa da kudanci.
Sun tabbatar da sunan su 100%. Suna da girma sosai banda giwaye kuma ba za a iya kwatanta su da kowa ba.
Suna girma zuwa tsawon mita 5 kuma suna nauyin tan 2.5!
Mata suna dan kadan fiye da “maza”. Da kyar suke girma sama da mita 3. An bambanta yawan kitse na subcutaneous daga sauran wakilan waɗannan tambarin giwayen. Zasu iya tara ta cikin manyan ilmin taurari. Kayan zai iya samun kashi 35% na adadin.
Suna kuma kama da giwaye saboda tsananin fashewar hanci a hancin su. Tabbas, wannan ba gangar jikin giwa bane, amma idan aka kwatanta wannan cikakken bayanin yana da mahimmanci.
Ana amfani da wannan 'kayan' azaman resonator tare da kararrawar roars, kuma azaman abu mai ban tsoro yayin lokacin daskarewa.
Mata basa da irin wannan sifa ce ta maslaha.
Fatar giwayen teku, kamar yadda ya cancanci giwa, mai kauri ne da kauri. An rufe ta da gajeren furfura. Tsofaffi duka launin ruwan kasa ne. Matasa girma - azurfa-m.
Elean fari giwayen kudu suna zaune a gabar Patagonia da kuma tsibiran tsibirin. Arewa ta zaɓi bakin tekun Arewacin Amurka, ta bazu daga Mexico da California zuwa Kanada. Da wuya giwayen giwa ke samun su. Suna kirkiro manyan rookeries a rairayin bakin tekun.
Giwayen giwayen suna da nau'i biyu na rookery. A ɗayansu suna "gina" idanu ga juna. Wadannan rookeries ana kiransu filayen ciyarwa.
Kuma akwai rookeries don kiwo. A can, mata kan haihuwar anda andan kuma suka haife sa cuban Wannan halin yana da hikima sosai. Giwayen giwayen suna saurin sauka a ƙasa. Ta hanyar nauyin su, za su iya kawai lalata dukkan ci gaban matasa. Sabili da haka, asibitocin haihuwa da kuma kindergarten suna da dama kilomita ɗari daga rairayin bakin teku don ciyarwa.
Giwayen giwayen suna kiwo a kan mollusks. Wani lokacin zasu iya ciji karamin kifi.
Wadannan dabbobin suna da nutsuwa kuma masu kyawu ne. Amma! Idan kana da damar da za ka iya ganin su da idonka - kar ka gwada haƙurirsu na dogon tsayi!
Ana haihuwar Cubs sau ɗaya a shekara. Lokacin mating yana farawa a watan Agusta-Satumba, lokacin da bazara ya fara a kudancin hemisphere.
Na farko, manya da mata sun isa bakin rairayin bakin teku. Saurin girma ya zo daga baya. Maza sun fara raba rairayin bakin teku, suna mamaye yankunansu. Suna k their are “tsurwowin” bakin teku daga wasu maza. Idan ya cancanta, sukan shiga fada da juna. Maza suna lalata proboscis, suna ta kuka cikin tsoro kuma suna ciji juna har ya kai ga zubar jini da rauni. Me zan ce ... Soyayya mugunta ce.
Matar kuwa, ta zama wani mutum ta hanyar shiga ƙasar wannan namiji. Da zarar ya zo, to, kuna buƙatar ma'aurata. Sai dai in har, abokin hamayyarta ba zai yi mata jagora ba.
Wasu maza sun sami damar kirkirar babbar mace. Akwai mata kusan 30. Cutar ciki har zuwa watanni 11. Abinda ya fi ban sha'awa shine lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin ta faɗi kawai a lokacin haihuwa.
Bayan da mahaifiyarta ta ciyar da 'ya'yanta tare da madara tsawon wata ɗaya, sai tayi sauri ta sake yin ciki.Jariri, a hanya, a lokacin haihuwa su suka kai kilo 30, su bar rookery, su jira wata biyu har izuwa motar. A wannan lokacin, a zahiri basa cin komai, amma suna raye ne kawai saboda madarar mahaifiya cakuɗe ce mai kunshe da sunadarai da carbohydrates, abun da ke cikin kalori. Ciki da mai a cikin subcutaneous mai a wata ya isa ya kula da ƙarfi har tsawon watanni 2.
Ana ganin giwayen giwayen a matsayin abokan gaba a yanayi
Ciki har da manyan wakilai na umarnin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Suna da sunan su ga hanci na proboscis na maza da girma. Duk da gaskiyar cewa giwayen giwayen suna cikin hatimin gaske, a halayyar su da wasu alamomi sun fi zama abin tunawa da hatimin sifofin. Akwai jinsuna biyu da ke da kama da juna - hatimin giwa na arewa wanda ke zaune a gabar gabar yamma ta Arewacin Amurka da hatimin giwayen kudu wanda ke zaune a Antarctica.
Fasalin halayen
Hauren giwaye suna cin mafi yawan rayuwarsu a karkashin ruwa, suna cin kifaye da kifayen bakin teku. Sun iya nutse har zuwa zurfin kusan mita 140, suna riƙe numfashinsu sama da awanni biyu. A lokaci guda, ayyukan gabobin jikinsu yana sauka a hankali, wanda ke adana adadin oxygen. Abokan gabansu na yau da kullun farar fata ne, suna jiran isasshen zuka a cikin manyan ruwa.
Ana ɗaukar giwayen teku a bakin ruwa kawai a lokacin dumi domin a haife su kuma a ɗauki sababbi. Watanni uku, manyan yankuna sun mamaye yankunan tsibirin.
Matasa masu shekaru uku da hudu na hatimin giwa an tilasta musu su jagoranci rayuwar rayuwar tsibiri - brothersan uwan da suka manyan shekaru takwas suna korarsu daga mulkin mallaka. Lura da wannan halin ba gaskiya bane, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci sukanyi kokarin rabuwa da matan da suka yi “aure,” wanda ke haifar da sabon fada.
Jinsuna da mazauninsu
Abubuwa biyu na waɗannan sanannu ne - waɗannan sune hatimin giwaye na arewa da kuma kudu. Ana samun tsoffin tsibirai a tsibiran da ke gabar yamma na arewacin Amurka. Suna dan kadan fiye da dangin dan uwansu na kudu. Maza suna nauyin tan 2.7 tare da tsawon jikin mutum kusan m 5. Kawunansu ya kai 30 cm, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na “kudu maso gabas”.
Elean giwayen Kudancin giwayen suna haɗuwa a cikin yankuna kan tarin tsibiri da tsibiran kamar Kerguelen, Macquarie, Hurd, da South Georgia. Ana samun daidaikun mutane a kan iyakar Australia, New Zealand da Antarctica. Yawan nauyin maza mafi girma na iya kaiwa zuwa tan 3.5, kuma tsawon jikin mutum yakai 6.5 Matan na waɗannan nau'ikan sun ninka sau biyu.
Bayanin Hauren giwa
Farkon binciken burbushin giwa tun daga shekaru ɗari da suka gabata . Dabbobin sun sami suna ne saboda karamin tsari a cikin yanki mai mucks, wanda yayi kama da gangar jikin giwa. Kodayake irin wannan sifa ce ta maza kawai take “sawa”. Mucks na mata yana da santsi tare da hanci na yau da kullun. A hancin dukansu biyun suna faifai ne - akwai magungunan motsa jiki.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Kowace shekara, like giwayen suna kashe rabin lokacin hunturu. A wannan lokacin, suna yawo a bakin teku, fatar jikinsu tana kumbura tare da kumfa da yawa kuma, a zahiri, tana fitowa a yadudduka. Ga alama mara dadi, kuma motsin rai ba ya da daɗi.
Tsarin yana da ciwo, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗin dabba. Kafin ya gama duka kuma jikinsa ya rufe da sabon mayafi, lokaci mai yawa zai wuce, dabbar za ta yi nauyi, za ta gaji da gajiya. Bayan an gama hada izinin, giwayen giwayen sun sake komawa ruwa don ɗaukar mai da mai da ƙarfi don haɗuwa da mai zuwa.
Rayuwa, halayya
A doron kasa, wannan babban dabbar dabbar ta mai da hankali tayi da gaske. Koyaya, da zaran giwar teku ta taɓa ruwan, sai ta zama mai iya wasan ninkaya, tana haɓaka saurin kilomita 10 a awa daya. Waɗannan dabbobi ne masu girman gaske, waɗanda ke haifar da ruwa galibi salon rayuwa ne kawai. Sau ɗaya kawai a shekara sukan taru a cikin mazauna don kiwo da molting.
Dimorphism na jima'i
Bambance-bambance da aka bayyana tsakanin jinsin suna daya daga cikin mafi kyawun fasalin fasahar giwayen arewa. Maza ba su da girma da yawa da yawa masu nauyi fiye da na mace, har ma suna da babban akwati, wato giwa, wadanda suke bukatar yin gwagwarmaya da kuma nuna fifikonsu akan abokan gaba. Hakanan, sifofin da aka samo asali mai kyau na hatimin giwa namiji shine raunuka a wuya, kirji da kafadu, wanda aka samo yayin aiwatar da gwagwarmaya mara iyaka don jagoranci a lokutan kiwo.
Namiji ne kawai yana da babban akwati mai kama da akwalin giwa. Hakanan ya dace wajan buga matsi na gargajiya. Fadada irin wannan proboscis ya ba da izinin hatimin giwar don ƙara sauti na tashin hankali, gurnani da ƙararrakin murhun da za'a iya jinsu na tsawon kilomita. Hakanan yana aiwatar da aikin tsabtace-ɗumi-danshi. A lokacin kiwo, giwayen ba su bar ƙasa ba, don haka aikin adana ruwa yana da amfani matuƙa.
Mace tsari ne na tsananin duhu fiye da maza. Yawancin lokaci suna da launi mai launin ruwan kasa tare da sassa masu haske a kusa da wuya. Irin wannan tabo ya kasance daga saurin cizon maza yayin lokacin balaga. Girman namiji yana daga mita 4-5, mace 2-3 mita. Yawan nauyin da ya manyanta daga tan-2 zuwa 3, mata ba su isa ton, wanda ke nauyin kilogram 600-900.
Girman giwa
Akwai nau'ikan halittar giwaye biyu daban - arewa da kuma kudanci. Kudancin giwayen kudu sunada yawa. Ba kamar yawancin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa na teku (kamar kifayen Whales da dugongs), waɗannan dabbobin basu da cikakkiyar mazaunan ruwa. Suna kashe kusan 20% na rayuwarsu akan ƙasa, kuma 80% a cikin teku. Sau ɗaya kawai a shekara sukanyi tsalle zuwa bakin teku don motsawa don yin aikin kiwo.
Habitat, mazauni
Ana samun hatimin giwayen arewa a cikin ruwayen Kanada da Mekziko, yayin da giwayen kudu suna bakin tekun New Zealand, Afirka ta kudu da Argentina. Halittun wadannan dabbobin sun yi birgima a bakin rairayin bakin teku cike da gawar motsi ko kuma yin faɗa don ma'aurata. Wannan na iya faruwa, alal misali, a kowane bakin teku daga Alaska zuwa Mexico.
Halayyar
Hauren kudu suna kashe mafi yawan rayuwarsu a cikin ruwan tekun mai sanyi A gefen gabar Antarctica da tsibiran da ke kusa, suna fitowa ne kawai a lokacin lokacin motsi da kuma lokacin kiwo.
A cikin teku, waɗannan Kattai ba wai kawai farauta da nutsewa zuwa zurfin zurfafa ba, har ma suna shakata har da barci. Suna barci a karkashin ruwa, suna riƙe numfashinsu har zuwa minti 20. Daga nan sai suka farka, suka yi zurfin numfashi kuma suka sake shiga cikin nutsuwa mai dadi. A kan ƙasa, yanayin barci yana gajarta kuma ba ya wuce minti 10.
Giwayen giwayen suna ciyar da jijiyoyi, kifayen kifi, kifi mai ƙoshin kasusuwa, amma hakoransu ba su da ƙarfi. Kodayake tsatsotsin sun kai tsawon 4 cm, suna yin ƙarin sabis don gwagwarmaya na al'ada fiye da keta kayan farauta. Saboda hauhawar dajin bunƙasa, yana da matukar wahala ga giwayen teku su iya cin abinci mai ƙarfi, saboda haka ceflopods sune ainihin abincin da suke so.
Yayin farauta, dabba zata iya nutse har zuwa zurfin 1000 m.
Tana yin iyo sosai a gabansu. Faƙƙarfan sandunan baya suna aiki azaman rudders kuma suna taimakawa wajen motsawa cikin ɓangaren ruwa. Musclesarfin tsokoki yana ba ka damar zuwa zurfin zurfafa, yana ɗaure hancin hancin. Wannan jujin zai iya karfi sosai har dabbar zata iya shayarwa a karkashin ruwa, amma ba zai taba shakewa ba.
Shedding yana gudana daga watan Fabrairu zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu. A wannan lokacin, dabbobin suna shiga cikin manyan garken zuwa banki. Suna nan a cikin ciyayi mai laushi ko ciyawar peat kuma suna kwance a cikin laka na tsawon makonni har sai sun zubar da tsohuwar rigar da take. Sama da rookeryrsu a wannan lokacin mummunan tashin hankali ne. Bayan fashewa, giwayen su sake komawa tekun har tsawon watanni 4 masu zuwa.
Ganye na abincin giwa
Tasirin menu nata ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mazaunan babban teku. Waɗannan su ne squids, octopuse, eel, haskoki, skates, crustaceans. Hakanan wasu nau'ikan kifayen, krill, wani lokacin ma penguins.
Maza suna farauta a ƙasan, yayin da mata suke neman abinci a cikin teku.Don sanin wurin da girman yuwuwar abinci, giwayen suna amfani da tsawa, suna tantance ganima ta hanyar canjin ruwa kaɗan.
Giwayen giwayen suna nutse har zurfin zurfafa. Babban giwayen giwa na iya yin awoyi biyu a ƙarƙashin ruwa, ya nitse zuwa zurfin kilomita biyu . Abin da daidai ke giwayen teku suna yi yayin waɗannan raye-rayen almara, amsar tana da sauƙi - suna ciyarwa. Lokacin yankan bakin giwayen giwayen teku, sai aka gano dabbobin da yawa. Lessarancin yau da kullun, kifi ko wasu nau'in crustacean suna kan menu.
Bayan kiwo, yawancin giwayen giwa na arewa suna tafiya arewa zuwa Alaska don sake sarrafa kitsen da suke amfani dasu yayin da suke cikin ƙasa. Abincin waɗannan dabbobi yana buƙatar ƙwarewar ruwa mai zurfi. Zasu iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin sama da mita 1,500, ya saura a ruwa har sai wani mataccen abu na kusan minti 120. Kodayake mafi yawan ruwaye a cikin zurfin zurfin suna kawai kimanin minti 20. Fiye da kashi 80% na kayan aikin ɗanɗana a shekara ana kashewa a kan ciyar da ruwa a teku, don samar da kansu da makamashi don lokutan kiwo da magudanar ruwa, wanda ba a ba da gudummawar komawa ga ciyarwa ba.
Babban mai kitse ba shine kawai hanyar daidaitawa da ke ba dabba damar jin girman sa a irin wannan zurfin zurfin. Giwayen giwayen suna da sinadarai na musamman waɗanda suke a cikin rami na ciki, inda za su iya adana ƙarin jinin mai wadatar oxygen. Wannan zai baka damar nutsewa da riƙe iska na kimanin awanni biyu. Hakanan zasu iya adana oxygen a cikin tsokoki tare da myoglobin.
Kiwo da zuriya
Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne. Suna zuwa tare kawai don tsawon lokacin molting da haifuwa, a cikin ƙasa. Kowane hunturu suna komawa zuwa mulkin mallaka na musamman. Namiji ya kai ga balaga tun yana shekara 3 zuwa 6, maza kuma yana da shekaru 5 zuwa 6. Koyaya, wannan baya nuna cewa namiji wanda ya kai wannan zamanin zai shiga cikin haihuwa. Don wannan, har yanzu ba a gan shi mai ƙarfi isa ba, saboda dole ne ku yi yaƙi da mace. Kawai idan ya kai shekaru 9-12, zai sami isasshen taro da ƙarfi domin yin gasa. Kawai a wannan zamani ne namiji zai iya samun matsayin Alfa, yana ba da 'yancin mallaka na kansa.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Maza suna yakar juna ta amfani da nauyin jikin mutum da hakora. Yayinda mutuwar faɗa ba ta taɓa faruwa - kyaututtukan juna a cikin nau'in sikari sun zama gama gari. Harshen haihuwar ɗayan Alpha maza sunada daga mata 30 zuwa 100.
Sauran maza ana tilastawa su fita daga yankin, a wasu lokutan suna dace da mace ta 'ƙima kaɗan' kafin 'ya'yan Alpha su kore su. Maza, duk da rarrabuwar 'matan' da aka riga aka rike, suna ci gaba da kasancewa kan ƙasa har tsawon lokacin, suna kare yankuna da aka mamaye a gwagwarmayar. Abin baƙin ciki, a yayin irin waɗannan gwagwarmaya, mata sukanyi rauni sau da yawa kuma kwanan nan cuba bornan da aka haife sun mutu. Tabbas, yayin aiwatar da gwagwarmaya, dabbar da take da tan-tan shida tana tashi zuwa tsinkayenta kuma ta faɗi da ƙarfi a kan abokan gaba, suna rusa duk abin da ke kan hanyarta.
Tsarin kiwo na shekara-shekara na hatimin giwayen arewa yana farawa a watan Disamba. A wannan lokacin, manyan mazaje sun yi biris zuwa gabar tekun da ba kowa. Yawancin mata masu ciki da sannu za su bi maza don shiga cikin manya-manya, kamar kiwo. Kowane rukuni na mace yana da nasa maza. Gasar don rinjaye yana da matuƙar zafi. Maza suna kafa madaidaiciya ta hanyar kamanni, gestures, kowane nau'in tsokoki da grunts, suna ƙara yawan su tare da gangar jikin su. Yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙima sun ƙare tare da raunin rauni da raunin da ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsu suka bari.
Kwanaki 2-5 bayan mace ta kasance a cikin ƙasa, ta haifi ɗa. Bayan haihuwar jaririn giwa, ɗan wani lokaci mahaifiyar tana ciyar da shi da madara. Irin wannan abincin, wanda jikin mace ya lullube shi, yana da kusan kashi 12% na mai.Bayan mako biyu, wannan adadin ya karu zuwa fiye da 50%, samun mai jelly-kamar daidaito. Don kwatantawa, yawan kitse a cikin madara saniya ne kawai 3.5%. Matar tana ciyar da ɗan ta kamar haka. Koyaya, ba ta cin komai, amma tana dogara ne da haƙar mai da kanta. Ba da jimawa ba kafin a yaye matasa kuma a tafi domin yin iyo, matan ma'aurata tare da manyan maza sun sake komawa cikin tekun.
A cikin makonni hudu zuwa shida masu zuwa, yaran sun himmatu wajen yin iyo da ruwa, kafin su bar gabar da aka haife su don ciyar da watanni shida masu zuwa a teku. Duk da ajiyar mai, barin su kasance ba tare da abinci na dogon lokaci ba, mace-macen jarirai a wannan lokacin yana da matukar girman gaske. Kimanin watanni shida daga baya za su yi tafiya a kan kyakkyawan layin, tunda a wannan lokacin kusan kashi 30% daga cikinsu za su mutu.
Kadan fiye da rabin mace-mace ta dabbar ta haihuwar ba ta haihuwar jariri ba. Mahaifiyar mace tana kimanin watanni 11, bayan haka haihuwar da aka samu daga ɗa guda ɗaya. Don haka, mace ta isa ga wurin kiwo da tuni “akan rushewa”, bayan ma'aurata na bara. Sannan suka haihu suka fara aiki. Iyaye mata ba sa cin abinci tsawon watan da ya wajaba don ciyar da jariri.
Abokan halitta
Babiesaphaan giwa na giwa suna da matukar rauni. Sakamakon haka, sauran magabatansu ke cinye su, kamar ko. Hakanan, mafi yawa na 'yan sanduna na iya mutuwa sakamakon yawan maza da ke gwagwarmayar jagoranci.
Iyali: Gaskiya Gaskiya
Usoshi: giwayen teku
Nau'in: hatimin giwayen Kudancin
Sealan farin giwa ta kudu (Mirounga leonina) dabba ce ta iyali Seals (Phocidae).
Kudancin giwayen kudu shine mafi ƙarancin duniyarmu. Maza na hatimin giwa ta kudu tayi nauyin tan 2.2. har zuwa 4t. kuma yana iya kaiwa zuwa mita 5.8 a tsayi. Babban sikelin tsakanin hatimin giwayen Kudancin, ya kai tsawon mita 6.85 kuma auna kimanin tan 5.
Elean bangon giwayen Kudancin na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa sama da minti ashirin.
Rubutun da aka tattara don zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa ya kusan awa biyu. Matsakaicin zurfin da hatimin giwayen kudu zasu iya nutsewa ya wuce mita 1,400.
Giwayen giwayen suna da hanci mai rataye da tsayi, suna tuna wani akwati, don haka ake kiransu da hakan.
Mafi yawan rayuwa, sama da kashi 80, giwa yana ciyarwa a cikin teku
Kudancin giwayen kudu suna zaune kusa da bakin tekun Antarctica da tsibiran subarctic. Kafin mutum ya sauka a Antarctica, giwayen giwayen sun rayu a arewacin yanzu. Mafi yawan jama'a suna zaune ne a tsibirin South Georgia a cikin Tekun Kudancin Atlantika. Hakanan, hatimin giwayen kudu suna kan tsibiran Kerguelen, Hurd, Macquarie da Valdez Peninsula a Argentina.
Lokacin da giwa ta kudu ta kasance akan doron ƙasa, tokar yana kan gaɓar tekun akan rairayin bakin teku masu santsi ko ƙaramar dutse. Suna kan ƙasa ne kawai a lokacin kiwo da lokacin ƙaura, wanda zai ɗauki makonni 3-5 a lokacin bazara. Ragowar shekara ana amfani dashi ne kawai a bakin teku.
An lura da dimorphism ba kawai a cikin girman ba. Maza suna da babban akwati na haɓaka muryoyi, waɗanda ake amfani da su don kalubalanci sauran mazan. Gangar jikin hatimin giwa ta kudu yayi kadan fiye da na danginsu na arewa, suna rataye kawai 10 cm a saman bakin, idan aka kwatanta da 30 cm daga hatimin giwa na arewa.
Elean giwayen kudu maso yamma sun isa zuwa cikin roka bayan 'yan makonni kafin matan kuma, ta hanyar yin kalamai, matsayin jikin mutum, da kokawa sun mamaye wani yanki. Mafi kyawun ƙasa kuma mafi girma yankuna suna zuwa maza mafi girma da ƙarfi. Waɗannan mazajen alfa sun zama shugaban ɗaukar harara, kuma da isowar mata yana iya haɗawa da mata kusan sittin. Idan akwai ƙarin mata a cikin haila, to lalle mace tafi ga mazajen beta. Dole ne mutum ya kasance cikin ƙasarsa, yana kiyaye ta, don haka dole ne ya ci abinci ba na dogon lokaci ba.Rashin abinci da yawan haɗuwa da maza, yawan amfani da kuzarin yayin hako tare da mata da yawa suna haifar da ƙoshin jikin mutum. Maza ne kawai cikin cikakkiyar yanayin halinsu ke iya kare yankinsu a wannan dogon lokaci.
Idan wannan bai hana mai nema ba, to yaƙin na faruwa.
A matsayin kyauta, wanda ya yi nasara ya ɗauki yankin.
Tsarin zubar da jini ya ƙunshi asarar duk fur ɗin da ke tsiro a cikin makonni 3-5 masu zuwa. Baya ga lokacin ciyar da kasa don kiwo da kuma zubewa, kogin erin kudu yana rayuwa mai daure kai a cikin ruwan tekun kudu. Yayinda suke cikin ruwa, giwayen gibibi ba sa haduwa da juna don haka basa buƙatar sadarwa.
Kasancewa a cikin teku, hatimin giwar kudu yana iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa tsawon awanni biyu, amma yawancin ruwayen sun wuce minti 30. Abin mamaki, tsakanin ruwayen a saman ruwan su suna minti 2 zuwa 3. Zuwa zurfin zurfin 300 - 800 m.
Kudin giwa na kudu da mutum
A da, an nemi hatimin giwayen kudu don abinci, fata, da mai. An dakatar da wannan aikin kuma yanzu an kare dabba kuma ana aiwatar da abincinta cikin iyakance.
Hanci mai ban dariya, mai tunawa da rafin giwa, yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana - hakan alama ce ta balaga da ƙarfin namiji, sannan kuma yayi gargaɗin "samari" cewa su ƙwararrun mayaƙa ne a gabansu.
ZAUREN FIQHU. Length: maza - 4.9 m, mata - 3 m. Mass na namiji - 2,400 kilogiram, mace - 680 kg.
KARANTA. Balagagge: mace tun yana shekara 3-5, maza a shekara 9-10. Yawan digo: a watan Satumba da Oktoba. Haihuwa: watanni 11. Yawan ofan sandansu: 1.
LIFESTYLE. Abubuwan halaye: tarawa a cikin gida Abinci: kifi da kifayen ciminti.Rashin rayuwa: har zuwa shekaru 14
KYAUTATA mai alaƙa. Akwai nau'ikan halittun giram 2 kawai: arewaci da kuma kudanci. An san nau'ikan giwayen giwa biyu, ɗayan ɗayansu yana zaune a Kudancin Hemisphere, ɗayan kuma a cikin Hemisphere na Arewa. A wajen kudu, a cikin ruwan Antarctic, hatimin giwayen kudu suna zaune, kuma a arewa, kusa da bakin tekun California da Meksiko, ire-irensa na arewa sun zauna.KARANTA.Namijin giwa namiji je zuwa ƙasa fiye da mace don kiyaye wurin. Yaƙe-yaƙe masu rikici suna faruwa a tsakaninsu. Maza 'yan adawa ne masu tsananin zafin hali, sukan raunata juna da yawa. Mace, bayan ta yi ƙasa, za ta haifi ɗan da aka haifa shekara ɗaya kafin.
Uwa tana ciyar da shi har tsawon makonni hudu, kuma nan da nan bayan haka ma'auratan kuma. Maza basa jira lokacin lactation ya ƙare, sabili da haka ana fuskantar mata da yawa da tashin hankali a sashinsu, yayin da suke samun mummunan raunuka. A sakamakon wannan hali na maza, kusan kashi 10 na ƙwayoyin suna mutuwa. Mata ma suna fuskantar wata haɗari - maza masu jiran su a bakin ruwa, waɗanda aka kora su daga yankunansu akan ƙasa ta hanyar abokan hamayya.CIGABA. Ana tattara giwayen giwa a cikin ƙasa sau biyu a shekara - lokacin daskarewa da kuma lokacin kaka, lokacin molting. Daruruwan giwaye suna tafiya a cikin kaka a bakin rairayin bakin teku, suna iyo a cikin manyan biranen ruwa. Ana ɗaukar wari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi daga gare su .. A wannan lokacin basa aiki, galibi lokacinsu kwance. Yayin yawo, ba zasu iya shiga ruwa ba sabili da haka yana fama da matsananciyar yunwa. A saman yadudduka na fata suka tafi tare da gashi.
KYAUTA. Giwayen giwayen suna cin abinci a kan kifayen da ke bakin ruwa. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a gefen tekun California, lokacin da aka auna zurfin dabbobi, ya nuna cewa giwayen giwayen suna iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin 1,000,000. Suna ciyar da dabbobin ruwa, dorinar ruwa da ma ƙananan kifayen kifaye. Giwayen giwayen suna da tsatsotsi masu tsayi, suna fitowa daga gumis na kimanin santimita huɗu, molas ba shi da haɓaka, saboda haka sun fi son ganima tare da taushi, kuma basa buƙatar ɗanɗano.
MAGANGANAN NA'ARAR. Pinnipeds sun samo asali daga dabbobin ƙasa kuma sun dace da rayuwa cikin ruwa. Suna iyo sosai.Suna da kauri mai kauri, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaba da tsawan yanayin jiki a cikin ruwan sanyi. A yayin yawo da mating, yadudduka mai zama tushen tushen kuzari. Pinnipeds da wuya su motsa ƙasa, amma suna da ƙarfi a ruwa. Lokacin yin iyo, ana amfani da ƙafar hayin azaman rudder, kuma na gaba suna yin motsi. A kan ƙasa don sanyi giwayen giwa manyan fuskoki na zuba yashi a bayansu.
Kun san ... Elean giwayen giwayen na manya-manya ne. Yana da wuya a tantance nauyin jikinsu. A lokacin binciken giwayen da ya mutu, an gano cewa fata kadai ta dauki nauyin kilogram 115, kitsen mai - 660 kilogiram, zuciya - 42 kilogiram, da kuma kai - kilogiram 52. Bambanci a cikin girman girman giwayen giwayen an yi rikodin shi. Wannan shine sanannen bambancin jinsi. Giwayen giwayen suna ƙaura daga nesa. Doguwar hanya giwa na ƙaura gudu zuwa ga Kudancin Alaska kuma ya wuce kilomita 5,000.
Elephant Ba ta tsoron mutum ko kaɗan kuma ba ta ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa idan ta gan ta. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa, alal misali, na iya dube shi ba tare da fargabar cewa giwayen zai cutar da su ba.
Mai riƙe rikodin girma a tsakanin giwayen giwayen wani namiji ne mai suna Spot, wanda aka ajiye shi a cikin Edinburgh Zoo. Ya auna tan 3, tsawonsa ya kai 4.47 m. Tsawon lokaci, an nemi hatimin giwa don mai. Manyan maza 3 na iya samun kimanin lita 350 na mai.SIFFOFIN CIKIN MARINE ELEPHANES. Wani fasalin fasalin namiji mai girma jaka ce mai fata wacce take a saman takaddar, wacce ke taka rawa babba wajen jan hankalin mata yayin aikin. Idan namiji yayi farin ciki, jakar sa yakai cm 28 Yayin tsawa da yawan dabbobi, yana da resonator na sauti .. Matar tayi nauyi sau uku kasa da ta namiji, saboda haka a lokacin lokacin namiji yana yin babbar mace mai fada da hadari kuma yana matukar hadari da ita.
Wuraren zama. Kudancin giwayen kudu suna zaune a Antarctica, kuma sun sami wurin a can. Elean giwayen giwa na arewa suna zaune a gabar ruwan tekun na yammacin Kudancin Amurka kuma sun sami asali a California.
Adanawa. A karshen karni na 19, mafarautan sun kusan lalata maƙallan giwayen
Sealarfin giwa shine mafi girman pinniped. Akwai nau'ikan hatimin giwaye guda biyu - hatimin giwa na arewa wanda ke zaune a gabar yammacin gabar arewacin Arewacin Amurka, da kuma ɗan giwa daban na kudu wanda ke zaune a Antarctica.
Giwayen giwayen sun sami suna ne saboda girman su da hanci mai fa'ida, wanda maza ne kawai ke da su.
"Gangar jikin" ba ya cikin mata kuma yara samari na giwa. Hanci na maza yayi girma a hankali sai kawai a shekara ta takwas kawai rayuwa ta samu girman karshe. Babban akwati a cikin mazan mazan sun rataye saman gwiwar bakin.
Elephant da mutum
A lokacin lokacin kiwo, elean giwa na hatimin zama m da m yãƙi a tsak themselvesninsu. A lokacin wadannan gwagwarmaya, namiji zai iya huda hancin abokan gaba zuwa shreds.
Girman manya da mata a cikin giwayen giwa sun sha bamban. Namiji na iya kaiwa tsawon mita 6 da rabi, mace har uku da rabi.
Giwayen giwayen suna cin mafi yawancin rayuwarsu, kamar kuliyoyi. Sai kawai lokacin da lokaci ya isa don dame giwayen giram ɗin su hallara a cikin manyan garken. A lokaci guda, akwai akalla mace goma ga kowane namiji, wani lokacin rabon ya kai ashirin.
Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin kulle-kullen hauren giwa na faruwa ne saboda mallakar mallakar harama. Matasa giwayen hatimin ana jan su zuwa gefunan mulkin mallaka, inda damar matashinsu ke ƙasa. Amma ta hanyar ilhami, koyaushe suna ƙoƙari su shiga tsakiyar yankin, wanda ke haifar da fadace-fadace mai ɗorewa.
A cikin murkushe dauloli, yawancin matasa giwayen giwaye suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashin nauyin manyan maza. A zahiri, mutuwar yara a cikin waɗannan yankunan yana da yawa sosai.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun shine dalilin da yasa giwayen giwayen suka rayu shekaru huɗu ƙasa da mace. Namiji zai iya rayuwa shekara 14.
Abincin abincin giwaye ya dogara ne da kifi da ceflopods.Don ganima, za su iya nutse har zuwa zurfin zurfin, har zuwa mita 1400. Giwaye suna da wannan ikon saboda girman jini wanda suke adana yawancin oxygen.
Hadarin ya kasance ga giwayen giwayen yana wakiltar kifayen kifi da farin kifayen fata, waɗanda ke farautar manyan ruwayen.
Bari mu kalli nau'ikan giwaye biyu.
Sealshin giwayen Kudancin
Tsawon giwayen teku zai iya kaiwa mita 5 kuma yayi nauyi zuwa tan 2.5. Gaskiya ne, mata sun kasance ƙanƙanana - kawai har zuwa mita 3, tare da nauyin ƙasa da tan. An bambanta giwa ta kudu daga sauran nau'ikan hatimin da yawan kitse mai yawa - fiye da 35%. Ana amfani da fashewar hanci akan hanci a zaman wani abu yayin lokacin balaga. Fatar dabbar tana da kauri da kauri, an rufe ta da kazhin fur. Girma na matasa yana da launin shuɗi-launin shuɗi, tsofaffi masu launin ruwan kasa.
Gidajen wannan tallafin sune tsibirin submarctic da kuma iyakar Patagonia. Mutane daya-daya da wuya aka samu shi kaɗaici Abin da suka fi so lokacin shaƙatawa shi ne samar da manyan rukunoni a bakin rairayin bakin teku.
- Sealan farin giwar kudu ya fi maƙwabciyarta ta arewa girma - wasu mutane za su iya kaiwa tan 4.
- Zasu iya kasancewa cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci - fiye da minti 20. Rikodin da aka tattara don nemo dabba a ruwa ba tare da hutu ba 2 hours.
- Mafi girman zurfin abin da dabbobi ke hawa kusan kilomita 1.5.
- Sun fi yawancin rayukansu a cikin teku. Sukan tafi ƙasa lokacin kiwo da molting, na tsawon sati 3-5 a shekara.
Matan da maza suna sananne ta kasance tare da kasancewar akwati da nauyi . A lokaci guda, suna da abubuwa da yawa gama gari: shortarancin gajeren hancin gaba, wani nau'in jiki iri ɗaya, fin fin fin ƙarfi. Kusa da wuyan dabbobi yawanci ana lura da rashin laifofi da suke samu yayin fadace-fadace lokacin da suke balaga.
Ina ne giram ɗin giwaye suke zaune?
Giwayen giwar suna zaune a kudanci na duniya, sun gwammace bangarorin da ke canjin yanayin ƙasa, amma waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa ana iya samun su a cikin yankunan Arctic. Mashahuri wurare don giwayen mulkin giwayen sune Heard da MacDonald Islands, Georgia ta kudu, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerlegen Archipelago, har ma da wasu tsibiri da tsibirin Antarctic Zapannaya.
Menene banbancin giwayen teku?
- An dauki alamar hatimin giwa shine mafi girma a cikin duniya. Abincin ya ƙunshi squid, wani lokacin kifi da krill.
- Ku ciyar a cikin ruwa har zuwa kwanaki 300 a shekara. Sauran makonni 2-3, hatimin giwa sun sami tangarda a kan rairayin bakin teku kusa da bakin teku don kiwo da kiwo.
- A lokacin da suke cikin ruwa, giwayen giwayen sun rufe nisan da ya kai kilomita 13,000, suna yin ruwan yau da kullun cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 700, amma an sami lokutan yin ruwa har zuwa mita 2000.
- Matsakaicin zancen ruwa na rubutun giwayen da aka rubuta - minti 120 ne.
- Jinin giwayen teku ya cika da iskar oxygen, wanda yake basu damar yin irin wannan iyo ruwa mai nisa. Haka ne, kuma jinin da kansa yayi sama da ɗaya bisa biyar na jimlar nauyin abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa (wannan yafi sau 2-3 sau da yawa akan mutane).
- Tsawon jikin mutum zai iya bambanta daga mita 4 zuwa 6, nauyin jikinsu - tan 3-5. Kuma tsawon jikin mace ba shi da yawa - daga mita 2.5 zuwa 3, nauyin jikin - har zuwa 1 tan.
- Ana kiran hatimin giwa na 'yar giwa. 'Ya'ya kwiyakwiyi an haife su sosai. Tsawon jikinsu a lokacin haihuwa na iya zama cm cm, kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilo 50.
- Yawan giwayen giwa a duniya kusan mutane dubu 800 ne, yawancinsu suna zaune ne a tsibirin South Georgia.
- Ofungiyar tsarin dabbobi masu halayen waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sunyi kama da ƙima. Maza strongaƙƙarfan maza kan yi yaƙi kai tsaye don hakkinsu na zama “ƙwararren shugaba” tare da sauran maza Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na maza suna da damar samun zuwa ga mace.
- Giwayen giwayen suna motsawa cikin ruwa kadan saboda tsananin nauyin su. Lokacin motsawa, suna amfani da ƙashin bayan gaba, amma yawancin nauyin yana komawa zuwa bayan dabbar. A cikin ruwa, akasin haka, suna jin jituwa kuma suna da matukar daɗi.
- Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar maza shine shekaru 18-20, kuma mace - shekaru 12-14.
Kan aiwatar da mating ko mating giwa hatimi
Giwayen giwa suna zaune shi kaɗai a lokacin iyo, kuma watanni biyu kawai na bazara waɗannan watanni masu shayarwa suna ciyarwa a ƙasa, suna haɗuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi don nishaɗi da haifuwa. Girman irin wannan rukunin zai iya kaiwa Mutum dubu 400 . Sake haifan waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa yana faruwa ne kawai akan ƙasa. Mace sun zama shirye don haifuwa da kuma dattako yayin da suke shekaru 2-3, maza sun girma da jima'i: daga shekaru 4-7.
Bayan sun isa ƙasa, duk matan da suka manyanta maza sukan taru su zama tsibi ɗaya kuma su zama abin da ake kira harem, inda kawai zaɓaɓɓun maza suke da hakkin shiga. Duk wani namijin da ke son shiga rayuwar mace dole ne ya kare hakkin sa. Maza suna zuwa da doguwar ruri kuma suna fara yaƙin kansu. Wadannan gwagwarmayar wani lokaci suna da zafin rai kuma sun ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa ɗayan maza suna fitar da wani namiji daga yankin. Matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin wannan yaƙi ana wasa da girman, nauyi kuma, ba shakka, shekarun dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Bayan cin nasarar, namiji ya je ga mace ya samu damar yayi aure da su. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duka maza za a iya ba su wannan karramawa. Namiji ɗaya zai iya aure tare da ɗumbin mata: daga mutane 20 zuwa 300, wani lokacin har zuwa mata dubu.
A matsakaita, watanni 2-3 bayan isa ga ƙasa, mace suna bayyana ppan tsana. Lokacin da yara 'yan kwikwiyo suka cika makonni uku da haihuwa, suna ta molt. Saƙar baƙar fata da ta rufe ƙananan jikinsu ta canza zuwa fata mai launin toka.
Yayin ciyar da 'yan kwikwiyo tare da madara, mace ba ta nisanta da su ko da don ta kama abinci. Ppan kulilai masu ciyarwa na iya wucewa zuwa makonni 4.
A ƙarni na 19, hatimin giwayen suna kan iyaka
Tabbas, a cikin karni na 19 ana farautar giwaye a teku, sune suka nemi farauta ta hanyar kitse da aka samo daga jikinsu. Musamman ma an kashe yawancin maza da yawa a waccan lokacin, wanda a dalilin haka ne yawan haihuwar yayyu ke karu.
Juyin da giwayen teku ya faru ne ta hanya. An saka dabbobin da mashin a bakin gaci, ba a basu damar zuwa ruwa ba, har ma ana kunna wutar tufan a bakin. Kuma duk wannan saboda karewar fat mai keɓaɓɓe, wanda a cikin giwayen ruwa, na iya kaiwa ga kauri na 15 cm.
Amma daga shekarar 1964, dokar ta fara aiki saboda farautar giwa. An kirkiro Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Tsarin Antarctic Seals, wanda ke kare hakkokin giwayen giram da sauran abubuwan pinnipeds.
Habitat
Hauren Kudancin Italiyan sun shirya wasan rokarsu a tsibirin Falkland, South Orkney da Kudancin Shetland. Har ila yau, suna ƙaunar Kudancin Georgia, Hurd da Kerguelen Islands. Tsibirin Macquarie da ke Kudancin Pasifik shima ya ta'allaka ne a yankin da suke sha'awa. A gabar da ke cike da baƙaƙe da yashi, dabbobin suna ɗaukar tsawon watanni shida. Kimanin mutane dubu 10 ne suka taru wuri guda, suna kirkiro manyan rukunoni.
A nan ne suka yi aure, suna haihuwar 'ya'ya da kuma molt. Bayan fashewa, sai su hau jirgin ruwa a buɗe, a inda suke rayuwa tsawon kwanaki ba tare da ganin ƙasa ba. Kudancin giwayen kudu excellentan wasan ƙawance ne, yana da ikon shawo kan ƙetaren teku. Tana iya yin iyo biyu kilomita 4 da 5 don ƙare a cikin yankin kankara na Antarctic ko kuma bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu da New Zealand. Wannan dabba tana yin zurfin zurfin mita 500, a ƙarƙashin ruwa zai iya zama minti 40.
Abokan gaba
Kudancin giwa na cin abinci a kan kifi, ciyawa da kuma mollusks. Da kansa ya zama wanda aka azabtar da kisa Whales. Wadannan manyan mahara sun kai masa hari a gabar teku da bakin ruwa. Amma tun da ba sa son matsawa fiye da kilomita 800 daga gabar tekun, babban hatimin, tun da ya shawo kan wannan nesa, babu matsala. Cuban giwaye na fama da guguwar teku.
Wani abokin gaba shine mutum. A ƙarni da suka gabata, ya lalata ƙaƙƙarfan dabbobi don kitse. Daga ɗayan giwayen giwaye da aka kashe aƙalla kilogiram 500 na samfurin ƙimar. A zamanin yau, an haramta kamun karnukan waɗannan dabbobin. A wannan batun, adadinsu ya ƙaru.Adadin kuliyoyin kudanci a yau shine dubu 750. Aƙalla dabbobi dubu 250 suna zaune a tsibirin Kudancin Georgia, adadinsu ɗaya a tsibirin Kerguelen. Waɗannan su ne manyan rookeries manyan seals wanda suke rabawa tare da penguins.
Bidiyo
Giwayen giwayen tsunkule ne daga dangin gaskiya. A cikin kewayon su, waɗannan dabbobin sune mafi girma kuma sun zarce girman duk sanannun walruses. Mafi kusancin dangi na hatimin giwa shine hatimin da ke rufe, wanda suke da fasali iri ɗaya. A cikin duka, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan giwayen giwayen - arewa da kudu.
Yaron Northernan Arewa Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris).
Giwayen giwa sun sami sunayen su ba kwatsam ba, waɗannan dabbobi ne masu girman gaske. Tsawon jikin mutum na hatimin giwar kudu zai iya kaiwa 5 m, nauyi har zuwa tan 2.5! Mata suna da ƙanana kuma sun kai tsawon “kawai” 3 m. Giwaye na teku sun banbanta da sauran ɗiyan ɗabi'un a jikinsu baki ɗaya da mai yawan kitse. Yawan nauyin kitse zai iya zama 30% na jimlar dabba.
Penguins kusa da hatimin giwa na kudu suna ba da ra'ayin girman wannan dabba.
Baya ga girma, hatimin giwayen suna da wani fasali wanda ya basu kama da na giwaye. Mazan waɗannan dabbobi suna da tazara mai-yawa akan hanci, mai kama da ɗan ƙaramin akwati. A lokacin kiwo, ana amfani da akwati don ado, tsoratarwa kuma azaman resonator, yana ƙarfafa babban ruri.
Maza kwafin giwayen arewa yayin dabbar ta hanyar canjin.
Matan basu da gangar jikinsu.
Mace ta hatimin giwa ta arewa.
Fatar giwayen teku tayi kauri da kauri kamar walrus, amma an lullube da gajeren lokacin ja kamar zaren hatimi na ainihi. Giwaye masu launin ruwan kasa a cikin giwayen mahaifa sune launin fari-gilashi a cikin giwayen matasa.
Matasa giwayen kudu (Mirounga leonina).
Geographically, duka jinsuna kuma sun kasu kashi biyu: giwayen kudu suna zaune a bakin tekun Patagonia da tsibirin subantarcticctic, yayin da giwayen arewa suna zaune a gabar gabar yamma ta Arewacin Amurka - daga Mexico da California zuwa Canada. Dukansu jinsunan sun fi so su zauna a kan rairayin bakin tekun da kuma tsibiran dutse mai laushi. Phaan giwa, ba kamar sauran hatimin baban giɓi ba, suna yin manyan roketies, waɗanda suka ninka sama da mutum dubu.
Mace daga cikin asalin giwayen kudu a rookery.
Abin ban sha'awa, giwayen kudu suna da nau'ikan rookeries biyu - don kiwo da ciyarwa. Ciyar da rooker suna da nisan kilomita ɗari daga “asibitocin haihuwa,” don haka giwaye ke ƙaura akai-akai. Wadannan dabbobin suna ciyar da kan ceflopods, kifi kaɗan. Gabaɗaya, hatimin giwa suna da natsuwa har ma dabbobi masu kiba. Saboda nauyinsu mai nauyi a ƙasa, to, ya su laushi ne.
Lokacin kiwo shine sau ɗaya a shekara kuma yana farawa a watan Agusta-Oktoba (wannan bazara ce a Kudancin Hemisphere). Wadanda suka fara isa wurin wasan roba sune maza da mata da suka manyanta, kuma kadan daga baya girma yai girma. A cikin lokacin mating, mazan suna canzawa sama da fifiko. Idan a lokuta na yau da kullun sukanyi bacci a kan tudu, to, a lokacin fareti sun rasa kwanciyar hankali da bacci. Kowane namiji yana ɗaukar wani sashi na rairayin bakin teku kuma baya barin wasu maza su shiga shi. Lokacin da gasa ta girma, abokan hamayya suna haɗuwa cikin maƙarƙashiyar faɗa. Suna fashewa da ƙarfi, suna birgima hancinsu kuma suna girgiza su cikin iska don tsoratar da abokan gaba. Amma abin dariya ne kawai ga mai kallo a waje saboda maza sun ciji juna a yayin yakar jini kuma galibi suna yiwa abokan hamayya rauni.
Maza kwafin giwayen kudu a cikin duel na jini.
Kuma abu shine cewa kowace mace ta shiga yankin namiji ta zama zababbunsa kuma ya kasance tare da shi (sai dai in har ba shakka, abokin adawarta zai musanta ta). Don haka maza suna cinye zomaye na mata 10-30 na kewaye da su. Ciki na faruwa tsawon watanni 11, don haka haihuwa da matsi suna faruwa kusan lokaci guda. Matan sun haihu guda ɗaya, ɗan, infantan Jariri yana nauyin kilogiram 20-30! Matasa giwayen hatimin an haife su baki.Iyaye mata suna shayar da su madara kadan na tsawon wata daya, bayan haka samari girma ya koma cikin kwarangar rookery kuma baya shiga cikin ruwa tsawon wasu makonni. Duk wannan lokacin, 'yan zakuna suna zaune daga ajiyar kitse na subcutaneous wanda aka tara yayin ciyar da madara. Bayan wani lokaci, dabbobin suna molt, bayan wannan sun bar wuraren kiwo.
Giwa teku yayin molting.
Duk da girman su, yawancin giwayen giwa (musamman kananan dabbobi) suna mutuwa a bakunan kifayen kifaye da kifayen sharks. Wani lokacin mazan kan mutu sakamakon raunuka da yawan gajiyawa yayin aikin gama gari, yayin da maza manya ke yawan murkushe kananan yara a cikin wasan tsere. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan dabbobin basu da yawan haihuwa, kuma masunta sun lalata yawansu sosai. A baya, an nemi giwayen giwaye don zubar da mai (har zuwa 400 kilogiram daga ɗa ɗaya!), Nama da konkoma karãtunsa. Yanzu an riga an dakatar da kamun kifi, amma adadin adon giwayen arewa ya ragu har yanzu.
Yawning giwa teku.
Giwayen giwayen dabbobi masu shayarwa sune waɗanda ke cikin babban pinnipeds. Ana iya kwatanta su da like, suna kama sosai. Bambancin yana kawai a cikin girman, hatimin giwa sun fi girma, haka kuma a cikin jerin fata har zuwa 30 cm tsayi a cikin yankin hanci, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin akwati. Saboda haka, an kirawo hatimin giwa - saboda wannan akwati.
Siffofin rayuwa
Giwayen Kudancin suna ciyar da mayuka, kifi da jatan lande. Maza suna samun abincinsu a cikin ruwa na shiryayye na duniya, kuma mace na zuwa tekun buɗe.
- A lokacin kiwo da molting, giwayen Kudancin galibi sun isa wurin da aka haife su. Bayan 'yan makonni kafin mata su fito daga ruwa, maza za su yi yaƙi don ƙasa. Haka kuma, kowane ɗayansu dole ne yayi nasara da kariya na dogon lokaci wani rookery. Ya yi jayayya da abinci, wanda ya sa ya gaji da ƙarshen lokacin da ya dace da juna. Saboda haka, mazaunin alpha maza masu ƙarfi ne kaɗai suka rage, kowannensu yana da ma'aurata da dama.
- Yawancin mata suna da juna biyu a cikin rookery, suna haihuwar yara kuma wani lokaci bayan haka suna sake shirye-shiryen dabbar ta hanyar canjin. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, an haifi guda ɗaya. A cikin halayen da ba kasafai ba, za a iya samun biyu.
- Sealan farin giwa na kudu maso gabas yana da tsawon kusan mita kuma yana nauyin kilo 25-50. Uwa tana tare da jaririnta tsawon kwanaki 23, bayan wannan sai dabbar ta samu canjin kuma an kayar da maraƙin. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya kai kimanin kilogram 120.
- Bayan haka, mace ta fita zuwa teku, sai kuma matasa suyi haduwa cikin rukuni-rukuni. Tsawon sati da yawa suna rayuwa suna amfani da mai mai ƙiba. A ƙarshe, sun fara jin yunwa. Da kanka koya koya yin iyo da kuma abincinsu.
- Lokacin da suka kai shekara 3, mace ta isa ga balaga, kuma bayan shekara 6 sai su shiga cikin tsarin matse shekara. Maza sun fara yin gasa don mata ne kawai da shekara 10. Haihuwa tana da watanni 11, tare da tsawon rayuwar kimanin shekaru 20.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Sealan ukun hatimin ruwa ne mai zurfin teku, matafiya mai nisa, dabba da ta jima tana fama da matsananciyar yunwa. Giwayen giwayen baƙon abu bane, sukan taru a ƙasa don haihuwa, miji da molt, amma a cikin teku su kaɗai. An sanya buƙatu masu yawa a kan bayyanar su don ci gaba da tseren. Bincike ya nuna cewa giwayen giwayen childrena ofan dolphin da platypus ko dabbar dolphin da koala.
Ina giwayen yake?
Akwai nau'ikan hatimin giwaye iri biyu:
Ana samun hatimin giwayen arewa a arewa daga Baja California, har zuwa Tekun Alaska da tsibirin Aleutian. A lokacin kiwo, suna zaune a rairayin bakin teku masu tsibiran tsibiri da kuma wurare da dama a cikin tsibirin. Sauran ragowar shekara, in banda lokutan zube, giwayen giwayen suna zaune nesa da bakin tekun (har zuwa kilomita 8000), yawanci yana nutsewa zuwa zurfin sama da mita 1,500 a ƙarƙashin saman teku.
Alsan fari giwayen Kudancin (Mirounga leonina) suna zaune a cikin ruwan sanyi da ruwan Antarctic mai sanyi.Sun bazu ko'ina da yawancin tsibirin submarctic. Yawan jama'a sun fi mai da hankali ne a tsibiran Antipodes da kuma tsibirin Campbell. A cikin hunturu, yawanci sukan ziyarci tsibiran Auckland, Antipodes da Snares, ƙasa da tsibirin Chatham da kuma wasu yankuna yankuna daban-daban. Wasu lokuta giwayen kudu suna ziyartar manyan kantunan babban birni
A kan tsibirin, za su iya zama a yankin na wasu watanni, suna ba mutane damar kallon dabbobi waɗanda galibi suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Alherin da saurin irin wannan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya zama abin sha'awa, kuma hatimin samari na iya zama wasa sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa:Ba kamar yawancin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ba (kamar su digongs), giwaye ba su da ruwa-ruwa gabaɗaya: sun fashe daga ruwa su huta, molt, mata ko kuma su haihu.
Me giwayen ke ci?
Elean giwa hatimi -. Giwayen Kudancin sune tekun buɗe ido kuma suna cin yawancin lokacin su a teku. Suna ciyar da kifi, squid ko wasu cephalopods da aka samo a cikin ruwan Antarctic. Suna zuwa bakin teku kawai don shayarwa da kuma motsawa. Ragowar shekara suna cin abinci a cikin teku, a inda suke shakatawa, iyo a ruwa da ruwa suna neman manyan kifaye .. Yayinda a cikin teku sukan dauke su nesa da wuraren kiwo, kuma suna iya rufe nesa nesa ba kusa ba tsakanin lokutan da aka ciyar a doron kasa. .
An yi imanin cewa mata da maza suna ciyar da waɗanda abin ya shafa daban-daban. Yawancin abincin mata ya ƙunshi squid, kuma abincin maza ya bambanta, ya ƙunshi ƙananan, stingrays da sauran kifayen ƙasa. A cikin neman abinci, maza na tafiya tare da keɓaɓɓen mafaka zuwa Tekun Alasa. Matan sun nuna isa ga arewa da yamma zuwa gabar kogi. Sealarfin giwa yana yin wannan ƙaura sau biyu a shekara, kuma yana komawa zuwa rookery.
Giwayen giwayen suna yin ƙaura don neman abinci, suna ciyar da watanni a cikin teku kuma galibi sun nutse cikin zurfin neman abinci. A lokacin hunturu, sukan dawo rokonsu su yi kiwo su haihu. Kodayake giwaye maza da mata suna kwana a teku, hanyoyinsu na ƙaura da halayen cin abinci sun bambanta: maza suna bin hanya madaidaiciya, farauta dabarun ƙetare na duniya da samun abinci a farfajiyar teku, yayin da mata suka sauya hanyoyinsu don neman abin da za su ci da farauta more a cikin bude teku. Ba tare da echolocation ba, giwayen giwayen suna amfani da hangen nesa da gashin baki don jin motsi a kusa da su.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Giwayen giwayen suna zuwa bakin teku kuma suna yin yankuna na 'yan watanni a shekara don haihuwa, kiwo da kuma molt. A sauran shekara, mazauna gidaje suna rarrabuwa, kuma mutane ke cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu don neman abinci, wanda ke nufin yin iyo don mil duban mil da nutsewa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. Yayinda giwaye ke kan teku suna neman abinci, sai su nutse har zurfin abin mamaki.
Yawancin lokaci suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin kusan mita 1,500. Matsakaicin lokacin ruwa shine mintuna 20, amma suna iya nutse har tsawon awa daya ko fiye. Lokacin da giwayen giwayen suka zo farfajiya, suna ciyar da mintuna 2-4 ne kawai a ƙasa kafin su sake ruwa - kuma suna ci gaba da wannan tsarin na ruwa awanni 24 a rana.
A doron kasa, hatimin giwa yakan kasance ba tare da ruwa na tsawan lokaci ba. Don hana bushewa, kodan su na iya fitar da fitsari mai ɗorewa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin sharar gida da ƙasa da ainihin ruwa a cikin kowane digo. Yankin roka wani yanki ne mai matukar karawa a lokacin kiwo, kamar yadda maza ke yin magana, 'Ya'yan da za a ciyar da su, kuma mata suna yin sabani da juna saboda kyawun yanayin su da kuma tsirin. Haɗa, ihu, birgima, sautin magana, murdawa, kururuwa, da kuma saurin maza sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sautin raƙuman ruwan giwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Sealan farin giwa ta kudu, kamar giwar arewa, iri da molts a ƙasa, amma ɓarna a cikin teku, watakila kusa da kankara. Elean giwayen Kudancin giwayen sun fara sauka a kan ƙasa, amma suna ciyar da hunturu a cikin ruwan sanyi na Antarctic kusa da dusar kankara. Kabilar arewa basa ƙaura yayin kiwo. Lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya fara, giwayen maza sun tantance da kare yankuna, zama m ga juna.
Sun tattara harem daga mata 40 zuwa 50, waɗanda suke ƙanƙantarsu fiye da manyan abokan aikinsu. Maza suna yakar juna don mamaye abin da ya dace. Wasu tarurruka sun ƙare da tsawa da tashin hankali, amma wasu da yawa sun zama yaƙe-yaƙe da zubar da jini.
Lokacin kiwo yana farawa a ƙarshen Nuwamba. Mace sun fara isa tsakiyar Disamba kuma suna ci gaba da isowa har tsakiyar watan Fabrairu. Na farko haihuwa faruwa a kusa da Kirsimeti, amma mafi yawan haihuwa yawanci faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na karshe na Janairu. Matan sun kasance a kan rairayin bakin teku na tsawon mako biyar daga lokacin da suka sauka. Abin mamaki, maza suna kan rairayin bakin teku har zuwa kwanaki 100.
Lokacin da yake ciyar da madara, mace bata cin abinci - uwa da yaro suna rayuwa a kashe da kuzarin da aka adana a cikin isasshen kitsen mai. Dukansu biyu mace da namiji suna asarar kimanin 1/3 na nauyinsu a lokacin kiwo. Mata suna haihuwar ɗa ɗaya kowace shekara bayan haihuwar wata 11.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan mace ta haihu, madarar da take asirinta tana da kusan kitse 12%. Makonni biyu baya, wannan adadin ya karu zuwa fiye da 50%, wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaituwa mai kama da pudding. A kwatankwacin, madara saniya ta ƙunshi kitse 3.5% kawai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Dukkanin giwayen giwayen teku ana farautar su don mai, kuma a ƙarni na 19 kusan an lalata su. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin kariyar doka, lambobin su a hankali suna ƙaruwa, kuma rayuwarsu ba ta cikin haɗari. A shekara ta 1880, an yi imanin cewa hatiman giwayen arewa sun lalace, yayin da masu safarar bakin teku ke farautar halittun biyu don su sami mai mai ƙyalƙyali, wanda shine na biyu kawai ga maniyyi mai kifi mai inganci. Karamin rukuni na giwaye 20-100 wadanda aka tashe a tsibirin Guadalupe, kusa da Baja California, sun tsira daga mummunan sakamakon binciken farautar hatim.
Kariyar farko ta Mexico, sannan, a koyaushe, suna haɓaka yawan jama'arsu. Kare da Dokar Karewar Dabbobi ta Mamma ta 1972, suna haɓaka kewayonsu daga tsibiran nesa kuma a halin yanzu suna ɗaukar tekun bakin ruwa daban-daban, kamar Piedras Blancas, a kudancin Big Sur, kusa da San Simeon. Estididdigar yawan alƙaluman giwayen giwa a 1999 sun kusan 150,000.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne na dabbobi kuma bai kamata a kusance su ba. Abubuwan da ba a iya faɗi da su ba kuma suna iya cutar da mutane da yawa, musamman a lokacin kiwo. Tsoma bakin mutane na iya haifar da hatimin yin amfani da ƙimar da take buƙata don rayuwa. Cubs na iya rabuwa da uwayensu, wanda yawanci yakan kai ga mutuwarsu. Ma’aikatar Kula da Masunta ta kasa, hukumar tarayya da ke da alhakin tilasta kiyaye dokar kare lafiyar dabbobi, ta ba da shawarar nesa nesa ba kusa da 15 zuwa 30.
Elephant - dabba. Suna da girma da girma a ƙasa, amma suna da kyau a ruwa: suna iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin kilomita 2 kuma su riƙe numfashinsu a cikin ruwa har zuwa awa 2. Giwayen giwayen suna tafiya a cikin teku kuma suna iya iyoɗɗaɗɗun wuri don neman abinci. Suna gwagwarmaya don wani wuri a cikin rana, amma jaruntaka ne kawai suka cimma burin.