Babban tsuntsu mai farauta, mikiya na gwal, mallakar iyalin shaho ne da gaggafa. Wani inuwa mai ban sha'awa na kai da wuyansa na zinari yana ba ka damar bambanta gaggafa na zinari daga dangi.
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Bayanin bayyanar
Golden Eagles suna gani da kyau fiye da mutum mai cikakkiyar hangen nesa. Tsuntsaye suna da manyan idanu waɗanda suka mamaye yawancin kai.
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Kankunnen fage ne daga santimita 180 zuwa 220; wani ya yi awo har kilo 5.
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Kamar sauran falcon-like, mace sun fi girma girma, suna nauyi 1/4 - 1/3 fiye da maza.
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Launin launin shuɗi ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa-ƙasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, akan kai akwai rawanin rawaya mai haske da rawaya mai haske. A saman reshe na fikafikan shima akwai wasu yankuna masu haske.
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Matasannun gaggafa masu kama da manya, duk da haka, suna da rawar mara da murƙushewa. Wutsiyarsu tana da fararen fararen fata, akwai farin tabo a wuyan wuyan hannu, wanda sannu a hankali ya gushe tare da kowane molt, har sai lokacin cikar mutum ya bayyana a shekara ta biyar ta rayuwa. Ugo na zinare suna da wutsiyar murabba'i, kafafu an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukai
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Gidajen Bird
Udules masu launin Zina sun fi son:
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- kwallon kafa
- filayen
- yankin budewa
- itace babu.
Amma don nesting zabi manyan bishiyoyi ko tsaunin dutse.
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A arewaci da yamma, gaggafa na zinari suna zama a cikin tundra, kanya, ciyawa ko kuma kwari. A cikin hunturu, mazaunin wuri ba shi da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye; a lokacin bazara, gaggafa masu zinare suna zaɓar yankuna da abinci mai yawa don ciyar da zuriya. Ana amfani da sassan gandun daji na gaggafa na zinare don abinci, tashi farauta tare da fadama ko koguna.
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Wannan kyakkyawan tsuntsu ya zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya.
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Abin da suke ci gaggafa
Wannan tsuntsu ba mai tsoratar da kai bane, amma mafarautan da kanada kwatankwacin girman karnuka da cranes. Gashin gaggafa na zinariya yana da kyau don karya ganima. Uduka masu launin zina suna cin dabbobin da suka mutu kawai a lokutan yunwar, lokacin da wuya a sami abinci.
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Golden Eagles na ciyar da dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar:
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- zomaye
- mice
- marmots
- hares
- rauni da tumaki ko wasu manyan dabbobi,
- dawakai
- saurayi.
A cikin watanni na hunturu, lokacin da samarwa ba ta isasshe, mikiya masu zinare suna ɗaukar kaya ban da abinci mai kyau.
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Wani lokacin, idan safarar ba ya nan, mikiya na farauta akan:
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- mujiya
- shaho
- falno
- Wolverine
Wurin buɗe ido da gaggafa na zinare don abinci, samar da kyakkyawan wurin farauta ga tsuntsaye, ba ku damar hanzarta zuwa cikin iska, ganima babu inda za ta gudu da ɓoye.
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Golden Eagles suna da kyakkyawan gani kuma suna lura da wanda aka azabtar daga nesa mai nisa. Ana amfani da farar tsuntsaye don kashewa da canja wurin abin da ake ci, tare da beak lalata abincin cikin gunduje.
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Halin yanayin gaggafa a cikin yanayi
Golden Eagles ba tsuntsaye masu amo bane, amma wani lokacin sukanyi kukan tsagewa.
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Ugo na zinari babban tsuntsu ne, wanda galibi yake da'ira tsawon awanni ba tare da ƙoƙari a sararin sama ba, har ma da lokacin zafi. Tsuntsu yakan hau sama daga cikin kasa, mikiya na zinare baya bukatar hanya mai nisa ko rassa ya hau zuwa sama.
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Dabarar farauta ta Golden Eagle
Suna neman abinci, suna tashi sama ko sauka a ƙasa mai zurfi, kuma suna bin ganima daga manyan rassa. Lokacin da aka lura da wanda aka azabtar, mikiya na zinari ta kutsa kai, ta kama ta da firam din. Membobin biyu suna farauta tare, tsuntsu na biyu ya kama ganima, idan wanda aka kashe ya kama na farkon ko tsuntsu ɗaya yana kaiwa ganimar abokin tarayya.
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Kiwo da zuriya
Yawancin tsuntsayen da ba a sa musu ido suna zaune a wajen wuraren girke-girke, wanda ke tallafa wa ɗimbin ɗumbin wannan babban tsuntsu a hankali kuma suna taɗawa.
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Udu masu launin zinare sunyi abokantaka tare da abokin tarayya ɗaya don rayuwa, gina gidaje da yawa akan yankin su kuma yi amfani dasu da kyau. Ma'auratan suna motsawa, suna neman wuri mafi kyau don girma san sanduna. An gina filaye daga rassan itace mai nauyi, wanda aka shimfiɗa tare da ciyawa.
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Girman dutsen ya kai mita 2 da tsawo na mita 1, gaggafa na gyara gwal kamar yadda ya cancanta kuma ya karu da kowane amfani. Idan gida yana kan bishiya, rassan da ke tallafawa wani lokacin sukan karye saboda nauyin gidan.
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Mace na sa ƙwai biyu na baƙar fata a ƙarshen hunturu / farkon bazara. Ganyen Golden Eagles suna shiga ciki nan da nan bayan sanya kwan farko, na biyu ya bayyana bayan kwanaki 45 - 50. A cikin maganganu tara cikin goma, kaji daya ne kaciya. A cikin shekaru masu kyau don farauta biyu yaran suna rayuwa. Bayan wasu 'yan watanni, tsuntsayen matasa suka bar iyayensu suka yi tashin farko.
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Udu masu launin zinare suna cin lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari kan ɗansu matasa. Matasa gaggafa masu farauta suna farauta da kansu kuma galibi suna kuskure ga manyan buzzards saboda girman da launi iri ɗaya.
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Bayanin gaggafa na zinari da hotuna
Ugo na zinare - tsuntsu yana da matukar ƙarfi. Godiya ga iyawarsa na amfani da iskar iska, zai iya yin iyo awanni a cikin iska, yana neman wanda aka azabtar. Mikiya na zinari yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Girman Girma Na Azumi kusan santimita 70-90 ne a tsayin daka, fikafikai kimanin matsakaitan santimita 180-250. Mikiya mace tayi yawa sama da namiji. Kayanta ya kai kilo 7, kuma nauyin matsakaicin namiji ya kai kilo 3 zuwa 5. Tsuntsun mikiya yana da halayyar siket din siket dinsa, yana lanƙwasa tare da nuna ƙarewar ƙasa. Wani fasalin shine fuka-fukan da ke wuyan - a mikiya na zinari suna da ɗan ƙara tsawo.
Fuskokin gaggafa masu kyau, dogaye kuma masu ƙarfi sosai. An bambanta kananan tsuntsaye ta hanyar tsarin fuka-fuki na musamman. An fika fikafikan fikafikan gaggafa gwal a gindi, don haka ƙarshen gefen reshe S-siffa ne. Tare da shekaru, wannan ya zama mara hankali. Saurin mikiya a cikin jirgin sama mai nutsuwa zai iya kaiwa kilomita 320 / h.
Wutsiyar gaggafa ta ɗan fari tana da tsawo kuma tana da zagaye a ƙarshen yadda gaggafa yakamata. Saboda wannan, ya fi kama da shaho, amma ya bambanta da hakan yana da fasalin fasalin mutane yayin tashin jirgin.
Idanun gaggafa masu duhu sunyi duhu, baki mai launin ruwan kasa, kusan baki ne, kafafu da kakin zuma suna da shuɗi mai haske.
Muryar mikiya na zinare ne na gaggafa, sonkai, kadan mai kama da kare kare. Ugo na zinare - tsuntsayen 'yan kalmomi, wasu lokuta kuma whistles a cikin jirgin, yayi kururuwa yayin balaguro, yayin da yake kare yankin, yana magana da kajin.
Mafi yawa a cikin launi na girma gaggafa na zinariya, launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa tare da gashin fuka-fukai a bangon kai. Maza da mata ba sa bambanta da launi: dukkansu launuka iri ɗaya ne. Bambancin shine kawai tsakanin manya da wakilan matasa. A cikin tsuntsayen yara, launi kusan baki ne, kuma a bangon fikafikan fuka-fukai akwai alamun farin da ke bacewa cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa. Dangane da ƙwararrun masanan kimiyyar haɓaka da ke da hannu a cikin binciken gaggafa ulu, waɗannan "aibobi" suna matsayin alama ce ga manya.
Fuka-fukan gashin fuka-fukan a jikin fikafikan gaggafa yana bada shaida ga karancin tsuntsayen, wanda hakan ya bashi damar farauta a yankin kasashen waje, yana kare ugo-girma daga fitina. A kan aiwatar da motsi, ƙananan tsuntsaye sun sami launi mai "girma", wanda aka daidaita shi har zuwa shekaru 4-5. Launin gashin gashin tsuntsaye na gaggafa yana da launuka daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki.
Nau'in nau'ikan Eagles Golden
Akwai ƙananan fannoni 6 na gaggafa na zinari, waɗanda suka bambanta da launi na gashin fuka-fukai da girma dabam:
- Aquila tsabtace kayana - yana zaune a arewaci da gabashin Turai daga Scandinavia zuwa Siberiya.
- Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Canadian Eagle na Kanada) - suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka, a Kanada da Amurka na Amurka.
- Aquila Chrysaetos na gida (Kudar gwal ta Yammacin Turai) - yana zaune a tsaunukan yamma da Kudancin Turai, a cikin Carpathians, a cikin Caucasus, a Iran.
- Aquila kwalliya japonica (Jaka na Jafananci) - yana zaune a tsibirin Kuril na Kudancin, a cikin Japan, Arewacin China.
- Aquila kwalliya daphanea (Asalin gaggafa na Asiya ta Tsakiya) - yana zaune a tsaunukan Asiya ta Tsakiya.
- Aquila tsabtar da kamtschatica (Asirin gaggafa na Siberian ta Gabas) - yana zaune a gabashin Asiya, a Siberiya, a Chukotka, yana iya gida a Primorye, Mongolia.
A ina mikiya take?
Abar mikiya tana zaune a cikin Turai, Asiya, Amurka da Afirka. Yanki a wuraren tsaunuka, amma kuma ana iya samunsa a filayen. A sararin samaniya, tsuntsun ugo na zinari yana neman ganima, saboda haka, ya fi son manyan wuraren buɗe ido.
Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zaune daga ƙauyukan ɗan adam, galibi suna jagoranci yanayin rayuwa, suna rayuwa nau'i-nau'i. Gurin gaggafa a kullun yana kan shinge, itacen oak, ƙasa da kan kankara, yawanci yana daga ƙasa.
Uku na zinari a cikin Rasha yana kan ƙarshen ƙarewa kuma an jera shi a cikin Littafin Layi.
Bayyanar
Ugo na zinare - babban tsuntsu. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin tsuntsu tsoho shine 85 cm, kifin shine 180-240 cm, nauyin ya bambanta daga kilogram 2.8 zuwa 4.6 a cikin maza kuma daga kilo 3.8 zuwa 6.7 a cikin mata. Gashin yana halayyar yawancin gaggafa - mai tsayi, mai tsayi, mai kwance daga bangarorin. Fuka-fukan suna da tsayi kuma fadi, dan kadan suna matsawa zuwa gindin, wanda hakan ya bawa bayanansu wani lankwashewar S-fasalin halayyar da zai baka damar sanin gaggafa a jirgin. Wutsiya tana da tsawo, mai zagaye, cikin jirgin yana buɗewa tare da fan. Kafafuwan gaggafa masu zinari suna da girma sosai kuma kusan an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukai.
Umarfafa daɗaɗɗen tsuntsu mai launin baƙi-launin ruwan kasa, galibi yana da tarar zinare a bayan kai da wuya. Mata da maza suna da launi iri ɗaya. A cikin matasa yara, plumage ya fi duhu, kusan baki, tare da fararen “alama” a saman manya da ƙananan bangarorin fuka-fukan. Hakanan, kananan tsuntsaye ana bambanta su da wutsiya mai haske tare da rami mai duhu tare da gefen. Launi mai kama da haka yana bambanta su da mikiya masu girma na zinariya kuma yana kare su daga zalunci - waɗannan tsuntsayen basu yarda da kasancewar baƙi a ƙasarsu ba.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Sifar halayyar gaggafa na zinari babban kaifi ne. Sun iya ganin bera mai gudu daga tsayin kilomita biyu. A lokaci guda, tsokoki na ido na musamman suna mayar da hankali ga ruwan tabarau akan abu, suna hana tsuntsu tsinkaye daga ganinsa; adadi mai yawa na kwayar ido (cones da sanduna) suna samar da hoto mai haske.
Hanyoyin gaggafa sun bambanta da sauran tsuntsayen a cikin cewa suna da ikon rarrabe launuka, haka kuma hangen nesa na binocular - ikon haɗu da hotuna daga idanun biyu tare, ƙirƙirar tasirin girma uku. Wannan yana taimaka musu kimanta nisan zuwa aikin yadda yakamata.
Rayuwa da halaye
Eagan Adam Goldenan Marayu - sun zauna tare da tsuntsaye iri ɗaya. Pairaya daga cikin manya manya gaggafa biyu na iya rayuwa a wani yanki shekaru. Wadannan tsuntsayen ba su yarda da wasu masu farautar su ba a yankinsu. Babu wata ma'amala ta haɗin kai a tsakanin su. A lokaci guda, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna samar da nau'i biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke wanzuwa har ƙarshen rayuwa.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Duk da cewa gaggafa ba sa karkatar da ma'amala ta zamantakewa, a wasu yankuna (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia) akwai al'adar farauta tare da waɗannan tsuntsayen.
Kuma mafarautan sun sami nasarar yin horar da su - duk da cewa saboda girman su da ƙarfi, gaggafa gwal na iya zama haɗari har ma ga mutane. Koyaya, tsuntsaye masu sihiri basu taɓa ƙoƙarin kai farmaki mafarautan ba har ma suna nuna musu ƙauna.
Habitat da mazauninsu
Raunin Eagan wasan Golden Eagle Mafi Girma. An samo wannan tsuntsu kusan ko'ina cikin Tsarin Arewa. A Arewacin Amurka, yana zaune kusan a ko'ina cikin nahiyar (yana fifita sashi na yamma). A cikin Afirka - a arewacin nahiyar a cikin yankin daga Maroko zuwa Tunusiya, har kuma a cikin Bahar Maliya. A Turai, ana samunsa sosai a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka - a Scotland, da Alps, Carpathians, Dutsen Rhodope, Caucasus, a arewacin Scandinavia, har ma da ƙananan ƙasashen Baltic da Russia. A cikin Asiya, gaggafa-kwari sun zama ruwan dare a Turkiya, Altai, a tsaunin Sayan, shi ma yana zaune a ƙasan kudu na Himalayas da kuma tsibirin Honshu.
Zaɓin mazauninsu an haɗa shi ta haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa: kasancewar duwatsu ko bishiyoyi masu tsayi don shirya gida, filin buɗewa don farauta da kasancewar wadataccen abinci (yawanci manyan sanduna). Tare da sake fasalin mutum da haɓaka da adadin yankin da ya yi amfani da shi, rashin abubuwan da ke kusa da aikin ɗan adam da mutane da kansu suka zama mahimmanci. A cikin daji, gaggafa na zinari suna da matukar damuwa da damuwar ɗan adam.
Matsakaicin mazaunin gaggafa na zina itace kwari, duk da haka, waɗannan tsuntsayen zasu iya rayuwa a cikin tundra, tundra daji, a cikin steppe har ma a cikin gandun daji inda akwai ƙananan wuraren budewa. Kyakkyawan nau'in ƙasa wanda gaggafa ba ta dace da ita ita ce gandun daji mai yawa. Saboda babban fikafikan, gaggafa ta zinare bazai iya yawo a tsakanin bishiyoyi ba kuma yayi nasarar farauta.
Abincin Eagwallon Gwal
Umuka masu zinare sune karnuka, babban abincin da suke da ƙoshin jijiyoyi: squirrels, hares, marmots. A lokaci guda, za su iya daidaita da sauƙin yanayin wata keɓaɓɓe: alal misali, a ƙasar Rasha ta fara gaggafa gwal a kan ƙananan ƙananan jijiyoyi da sauran tsuntsaye, da kuma a Bulgaria - a kan kunkuru.
An bambanta gaggafa masu zinari ta hanyar cewa sun sami damar kaiwa babban abokin gaba karfi da karfi: akwai lokuta da yawa na kai hari kan karnukan kyarkeci, barewa, shaho, da gaggafa da ake amfani da su a yankuna masu tsattsauran farauta. Mikiya wacce take zaune kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam na iya kaiwa hari dabbobin, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da ƙwayoyin dabbobi ke yin sanyi. Hakanan a lokacin sanyi, tsuntsaye da yawa (musamman yara) suna ciyar da abinci.
Tsuntsu mai girma yana buƙatar kilogiram 1.5 na nama a rana, amma idan ya cancanta, mikiya na zinari na iya tafiya ba tare da abinci na dogon lokaci ba - har zuwa makonni biyar.
Abokan halitta
Mikiya na zinari ya kasance ga masu farautar tsari mai girma - wannan yana nuna cewa ya mamaye mafi girman matsayi a sarkar abinci, kuma kusan ba shi da abokan gaba. Babban barazanar da ake masa kawai shine mutum - ba sosai ba saboda wargajewa, amma saboda a cikin mazaunin mutane gaggafa ne basa gida kuma baya shayarwa, amma suna da damuwa, harma suna iya jefa gida tare da kajin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Zuwa yau, ana daukar mikiya ta zinare kamar tsuntsayen da ba safai ba kuma an jerata a cikin Littafin Red, duk da haka, tana cikin taxon na karamin hadarin, tunda lambar sa ta tabbata, kuma a 'yan shekarun nan sannu a hankali yana karuwa. Babban barazana ga wannan nau'in ya fito daga gefen mutum.. A ƙarni na 18 da 19, waɗannan tsuntsayen an harba su da ganganci, tunda sun lalata dabbobi (kamar yadda ake lalata gaggafa da ƙarfe a cikin Jamus).
A cikin karni na 20, sun mutu saboda yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari - kasancewar a saman sarkar abinci, gaggafa da gaggafa suka tara abubuwa masu cutarwa a jikin mutum, wanda hakan ya haifar da mummunar cutar rashin juna biyu da kuma mutuwar har yanzu ba a harba kajin ba. A halin yanzu, babbar barazanar da ke haifar da yawan tsuntsaye ita ce mamayar da mutane suka dace da wuraren yankuna da kuma bacewar sakamakon ayyukansu na tsuntsaye da manyan jijiyoyi - ginin abinci na gaggafa.
A yau, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke cikin mazaunin gaggafa ta zinariya, ana ɗaukar matakan kiyayewa da dawo da yalwar wannan nau'in. Don haka, a cikin Russia da Kazakhstan, an hada gaggafa a gwal a cikin Litattafan Red yankin na yankin. Hanyoyin kula da wuraren wasan kwallon kafa na Golden Eagles suna kiyaye shi ta hanyar ajiyar yanayi. Sai kawai a Rasha, wannan tsuntsu yana zaune a cikin ajiyar ashirin. Uduka masu zaki suna iya zama a cikin gidajen dabbobi, amma da wuya ake kiwo cikin bauta.
Me mene ne mikiya ta ci?
Umuka na tsuntsu tsuntsu ne na ganima, yana cin nama a kan nau'ukan saɓo daban-daban, hares, baya ƙin dangogin da yake ji, yana cin wasu tsuntsaye.Gaggafa kuma tana cin maraƙi, barewa da raguna. Abincin mikiya na zinariya ya hada da ƙanana da babba wasan: squirrels, ferrets, skunks, woodchucks, kunkuru, shinge ,gs, squirrels, ermines, foxes, deer, reindeer, pigeons, black grouse, capercaillie, daskararru, ducks, herons, partridges , owls, geese, shaho, macizai har ma da kwaro. Sau da yawa, mikiya tana bugun ganima wanda yafi girma girma: akan cuban sandar da mara lafiya, kuma baya ƙin ɗaukar kaya. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na yau da kullun na tsuntsu shine 1.5 kilogiram na nama a rana. Idan ya cancanta, mikiya na zinari na iya matsananciyar yunwa na har sati 5.
Ta yaya gaggafa take farauta?
Udu masu launin zinare suna farauta cikin nau'i-nau'i, sai dai don lokacin kiwo. Hanyar farauta ta dogara da yanayin: maƙiyin zai yi haushi na awanni a sararin sama, yana neman ganima daga sama, ko kuma zai zama farmaki daga wurin 'yan kwanto. A wani yanayi mai ban tsoro, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna sauka a kan bishiyoyi, inda suke zama suna jiran wanda aka azabtar da shi. Mafi sau da yawa, mikiya mikiya tana kama wasan tare da dunƙule guda ɗaya a bayan sa, na biyun a bayan ta, ko tsinke kashin baya tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, ko buge shi da kaifi mai kaifi, watse jijiyoyin jini, kuma ɗaukar wanda ya mutu a cikin gida. Masu binciken sun lura sau da yawa cewa gaggafa masu zinari suna daukar ganima daga wasu tsuntsaye.
Kiwo Golden Eagles a cikin Daji
Uduka masu zaki kamar tsuntsaye ne masu aure, saboda haka suna da aminci a cikin rayuwar aure yayin da abokin rayuwarsu yana raye. Kowane nau'i daga gaggafa na zinariya yana da n 2-4, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shekaru daban-daban. Lokacin mating yana farawa daga lokacin daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. A wannan lokacin, tsuntsayen suna yin jigilar fasakawa kuma suna yin alkaluman sararin samaniya: yana iya zama jirgin sama kamar jirgin sama tare da babban amplitude, waɗanda ma'aurata ko tsuntsu ɗaya suka yi, haka nan jiragen sama masu haɗuwa, zanga-zangar dako, jirgin sama. A lokacin da yake tashi kamar jirgin sama, mikiya maigirma ta sami tsayi, daga nan sai ta fadi tare da dutse, a gindin kasan ta fara samun tsayi kuma ta sake sauka.
Matar mikiya na mata tana sanya ƙwai a farkon - a tsakiyar watan Afrilu. A cikin kama daga 1 zuwa 3 qwai. Namiji da mace suna saka eggsan ciki daban-daban tsawon kwanaki 45. Mikiya macen zinari tana ciyar da kajin, namiji yakan kawo ganima. Uwar zinare ta rabu da iyayenta a ƙarshen Satumba - farkon Oktoba.
Tsayawa gaggafa a gida ba sauki ba ne, amma farauta da mikiya na zinari ba abar mantuwa bane. Yawancin tsuntsayen matasa an fitar da su daga gida, amma kuma suna iya kama wani balagagge. Don hanzarta horo da jaraba na mikiya na zinari ga mutum, kuna buƙatar iyakance shi cikin abinci. Don wannan, ana ciyar da mikiya na zinariya a kowace rana kuma yana ba da gram 300-350 na nama. Mafaraucin ya sa safar hannu na fata ya saka masa mikiya, ya yi tafiya tare da shi kewaye da garin don sa miyar zina ta saba da muryar mutane da idanunsa, kuma suka jan tsuntsu akan dabba. Dauke da tsuntsu a gida. Dole idanunmu ya rufe da hula domin tsuntsayen ya sauka yayi ruku'u.
Farauta tare da mikiya na zinari babban abin farin ciki ne ga mafarautan da suka kware. Yawancin lokaci mutane da yawa suna farauta tare da tsuntsayen su.
Uku na zinare: asalin sunan tsuntsu
Kalmar tsohuwar '' gaggafa '' a cikin wasu yarukan mutanen Slavic tana da kusanci da tsohuwar German Aar ko Aro (Scandinavian Orn, Scottish Erne).
Marubutan Rasha na karni na 18 a cikin ayyukansu suna amfani da sunan "dutse" da "gaggafa" na zinari (alal misali, V. Levshin) ga wannan tsuntsu mai ƙarfi da girman kai, wataƙila bisa ga maganganun Jamusanci na Stein-adler, Goldadler.
Kalmar "mikiya gwal" (burkut da burkut) tana da tushen Turkic. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun shahara kuma suna yadu a Asiya ta Tsakiya. A can ana amfani dasu don farauta.
Zuriya
Ugo na zinare - tsuntsu wanda ke da fasali a cikin kajin sa.
Gashinan bishiyar suna zama kayan gini don ginin makabartu, saboda haka ana iya kiyaye irin waɗannan matsugunnan shekaru da yawa. Durin su ya kai mita 2. Hakanan, don tire, tsuntsaye na iya amfani da ganye, tsiran ulu da gashin fuka-fuki.
Duk iyayen sun tsunduma cikin ciyar da kajin, amma mahaifin ne kawai ke samun abinci tun farkon watanni 2 na farko. A lokaci guda, mikiya na zinari ba ta barin gida tare da kajin na minti guda.
Abin sha'awa ne cewa mace da namiji don rayuwa su adana su kuma su gina gida koyaushe a wuri guda.
Me gaggafa take ci?
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna ciyarwa akan wurare daban daban. Ugo na zinare tsuntsu ne, babban abinda ya kama daga ciki sune: dabbobi masu shayarwa (dabbar saurayi, karnuka, chamois da dawakai, squirrels da hares), tsuntsaye (capercaillie, herons, blackbirds da magpies). Hakanan, abincinsu na iya zama macizai da kunkuru. Kuma a cikin hunturu, a lokacin rashin ciyarwa, suna iya cin abinci.
An yi imanin cewa mikiya gwal tsuntsaye ne mai amfani, kodayake yana faruwa yana lalata dabbobi masu kasuwanci. Latterarshe galibi suna da rauni ko marasa lafiya. Sun lalata su, mikiya mikiya ta warke sauran dabbobi.
Bayanin da fasalin bayyanar
Mikiya gwal wani nau'in halittar gaggafa ne na dangin shaho. Kamar duk wakilan wannan nau'in, ana rarrabe shi da ƙarfi kuma yana da jiki mai ƙarfi. Godiya ga basirarsa don daidaitawa da amfani da igiyoyin iska, tsuntsu zai iya yin hawanin sa'o'i da yawa a jere a cikin sama, yana kallon abin da ya farauto.
A cikin tsayi girman mikiya Ya kai mita ɗaya, fikafikai 2,5. Mace yawanci tana da girma fiye da girman wanda ya zaɓa. Idan nauyin namiji akan matsakaita yana cikin kilogiram 4-5, to, yawanci yakan kai 7 kilogiram. Tsuntsu yana da goge baki na baki, wanda yake shi ne yanayinsa. Wani fasalin fasalin shine fuka-fukan, wanda ya ɗan fi tsawo fiye da sauran a ƙarshen wuyansa.
Fuka-fukan tsuntsu ba kawai ba ne, amma kuma tsawo, Hardy. A cikin kananan dabbobi, suna da takamaiman sifa. Kashin mai kaddara yana da tushe mai kunkuntar, saboda wanda ake iya ganin lanƙwasa daga gefen haɓakar, abin tunawa sosai game da harafin S daga harafin Latin.
Af, wannan shine ɗaya daga cikin alamun da ke ba ka damar gano wannan magabacin a cikin jirgin. Yayin da suka girma, wannan yanayin na fuka-fukan zai zama da sauki ake magana. Yayin nutsewar ruwa, tsuntsun ya ɗauki saurin zuwa 120 km / h.
Wutsiyar maharbi wacce take da fararen fata tayi tsawo, kadan tayi zagaye a ƙarshen kuma tayi kama da shaho. Wannan ya bambanta shi da sauran wakilan nau'ikan gaggafa. Yayin da tsuntsun yayi sama sama, mutum zai iya lura da yadda tsinken da ya sa wutsiya akan wutsiyar fiska.
Tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in ana san su da idanu masu launin ruwan kasa, beaks na launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka mai duhu, wanda a ciki ake lura da launin shuɗi. Allumai suna da ƙarfi, masu ƙarfi, kusan a duk faɗin saman su akwai fa'ida da rudewa, wanda da gani yana sa su girma.
A gindi suna da rawaya mai haske a launi kuma suna sanye da kayan dogaye, kaifi, mai tsauri. Muryar mikiya kwatanci ce ta wakilan aljanarta: da ƙarfi, da ɗan tunannin rawar kare. Kuna iya jin sa kawai a cikin lokacin mating, da kariya daga mazauna ko sadarwa tare da zuriya.
A cikin launi wanda ya riga ya balaga, inuwar launin ruwan kasa da baki tare da gashin fuka-fukai mai haske na zinariya a bayan bakin babba. Golden Eagles ba su da bambance-bambance a canza launin ta hanyar jinsi. Bambanci yana nan tsakanin matasa da manyan mutane.
A cikin tsuntsaye har zuwa shekaru 4, ana san launi da kusan launi baki, fararen tabo suna bayyane a ƙarƙashin fikafikan. Sun ɓace yayin da yake shekara goma sha ɗaya zuwa watanni goma sha uku. Masana da suka yi nazari kan rayuwa da halayen magabatan sun yi imani cewa waɗannan ire-iren abubuwan suna sanar da manyan tsuntsayen cewa mutum bai kware ba.
Wannan yana basu damar farauta a wasu kasashen waje ba tare da tsoron fargabar wani tsofaffi ba. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye sun zama kama da iyayensu tare da farawa da molting, ƙarshen samuwar gamut mai launi ya faɗi akan shekara ta huɗu ko na biyar na rayuwar wakilan. Ya juya launin ruwan kasa tare da tabarau na launin ruwan kasa da ja.
Gabaɗaya, ana rarraba nau'ikan gaggafa shida na gaggafa, manyan abubuwan rarrabuwa wanda girman su da launi.
- Wani nau'in talakawa ya fi son yin zama a arewa da gabashin Turai, kazalika da yalwar Siberiya, Norway, Denmark da Sweden. Launin Jiki da fikafikai mikiya fari ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
- Za a iya samun nau'ikan Kudancin Turai a cikin tsaunukan lardin Caucasus, Iran, Carpathians, kudancin Turai. A jiki, launin ruwan itace mai cike da launin ruwan kasa a launi tare da gashin fuka-fuki mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi a kan kuncin wuya. Wannan tallafin yana da “hula” mai kyau a kansa.
- Subsungiyoyin Asiya ta Tsakiya sun fi son farauta da gida a cikin tsaunukan Altai, da kuma a cikin Tien Shan, Pamir, Tibet. Launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa baki tare da gashin fuka-fukai a kan kan gado.
- Matsakaicin yanayin gaggafa Amurka shine Kanada, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. Launi mai launin ruwan kasa-baki tare da tintaccen zinare a kan dunƙule.
- Za'a iya samun nau'ikan Siberian na Gabas a gabashin Asiya, Mongolia, Chukotka, Siberiya, da kuma yankin Terimorsky. Canza launi na iya zama duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske.
- Peasashen Jafananci sun fi son su zauna a Arewacin China, Japan, da Kudancin Kuril. Launin launin duhu ne mai launin fari tare da rarrabe fararen fata a kafadu.
Tsawon rayuwa
Tsayawa irin wannan babban tsuntsu a gida ba abu bane mai sauki, amma, a cewar masu farauta na zamani, yana da daraja. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana ɗaukar kajin matasa daga gida, amma wani lokacin kuma ana kama manyan mutane.
Don hanzarta cutar da tsuntsu ga mutane kuma sauƙaƙe horar da dabbobi, maƙaddara tana da iyaka a abinci. Nashi shine 300-350 g na nama, yayin da gaggafa yake ciyar da kowace rana. Mafaraucin yana sanya tsuntsun a hannun wata safofin hannu na fata, kuma yana tafiya tare da mai gidan a wurare da cunkoson jama'a, don haka tsuntsun ya saba da sautin jama'a. Yana sanya shi a kan dabba mai santsi.
Suna ɗauke da gaggafa na zinariya a cikin shinge ko a ɗaki, koyaushe suna rufe idanunsu don tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kare su daga jefawa. A cewar masana, fita zuwa ganima tare da wannan tsuntsu yana nufin samun jin daɗin gaske.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, mutane da yawa suna farauta lokaci guda, kowannensu yana da gaggafa ta zinare. A cikin daji, a matsakaici, maharbi wanda yake da gashin tsuntsu yana rayuwa tsawon shekaru 23. A cikin zaman talala, wanda yake ƙarƙashin kulawa mai kyau, ɗaiɗaikun zasu iya rayuwa sau biyu.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Eagwallan Eagwallon Tsaran suna cikin tsuntsayen shaho, suna wakiltar dangin shaho, asalin gorgorin, gwanayen gaggafa. Masana kimiyyar dabbobi dabbobi har yanzu ba zasu iya zuwa jituwa kan asalin tsuntsaye ba. Akwai dabaru da yawa game da juyin halitta. Mafi mashahuri shine asalin daga dinosaurs. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna da'awar cewa yawancin tsoffin magabatan tsuntsayen ganima sun bayyana ne a lokacin Jurassic (a tsakanin tsakanin shekaru miliyan 200 zuwa miliyan 140 da suka gabata).
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Eagan Asara
Ugo na zinare ya gwammace ya nisanci wurin, wanda ke kusa da ƙauyukan ɗan adam. Kodayake a zamanin da, mutane suna tarko da waɗannan manyan mazan. Abubuwan gaggafa masu Zina suna haifar da nau'i-nau'i da kuma karkatar makanninsu. Don yin gida, ana buƙatar itace mai tsayi. Mafi sau da yawa shi Pine ko Aspen. An dauke tsuntsayen auren mace daya. Sun zabi wani ma'aurata kuma galibi suna wanzuwa cikin wannan ma'auratan tsawon rayuwarsu.
Suna son ƙirƙirar gidaje da yawa, daga ɗaya zuwa biyar, kuma suna rayuwa a cikinsu. Nisa tsakanin nursin shine kilomita 13-20. A cikin mazaunin mace ɗaya, wasu samari waɗanda basu riga sun kafa ma'aurata ba zasu iya zama a hankali. Predwararrun makiyaya sun hango cikin lumana cikin lumana. Don farauta zaɓi takamaiman wurin. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da aka rage yawan abinci sosai, mikiya na zinari suna ƙara yankin farauta.
Tsuntsaye suna matukar tsoron kutsewar mutane a cikin yanayin rayuwarsu. Idan mutum ya gano mazaunin su, a cikin abin da ƙwai ke ciki, gaggafa masu zinari galibi suna jefa shi. Tsuntsayen suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Zasu ci gaba da sa ido kan wanda aka cutar har sai ta zama ganima. Masu jan hankali suna da iko mai yawa. Birdaya daga cikin tsuntsu daya na iya ɗaukar nauyi zuwa sama sama da 25. Strengtharfin ƙananan ƙarshen yana ba ka damar datse wuyan manyan mutane na karnukan wolf. Ana kwatanta tsuntsaye da juriya, da ikon farauta a nau'i-nau'i, da halayyar faɗa.
Duk da girmanta, ya zama ruwan dare ga masu cin gashin tsuntsaye don tashi sosai, cikin sauki a cikin iska, kuma a canza musu hanyar tashi da sauri. Don farauta, an zabi tsuntsu ne da rana, lokacin da iska ta kai wani zazzabi kuma yana jin daɗin yin huɗa a cikin iska. Tsuntsayen suna kokarin samar da takamaiman hanya wacce gaggafa ta zina ke tashi a kusa da mallakarsu don neman abinci. Hakanan dabi'arsu ce domin zaɓan bishiyoyi masu tsaro wanda daga kyawawan ra'ayi game yake buɗewa. Yankunan da tsuntsayen ke farauta suna da girma dabam dabam. Girmansu yana daga murabba'in murabba'in 140 zuwa 230. km Hanyoyin gaggafa ba sa kwalliya da sautin murya; daga gare su lokaci-lokaci mutum yakan iya jin sautuna.
Yawan nau'ikan dabbobi
Kunnawa mikiya a cikin Littafin Jan, tunda aka dauke shi wani nau'in tsuntsayen da ba kasafai yake faruwa ba. Koyaya, adadin mutane baya raguwa gwargwadon bayanan zamani; a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwa a yawan jama'a. Ayyukan ɗan adam abu ne kaɗai da ke shafar rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi.
A ƙarni na sha takwas da goma sha-tara, an harbe masu fara'a, saboda suna haifar da lalata dabbobi. Don haka, a cikin Jamus, kusan dukkanin wakilan wannan nau'in sun lalace. A cikin karni na karshe, yawan amfani da magunguna masu tayar da hankali sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar lambobi.
Tunda tsuntsaye suke kiwon dabbobi, sai sunadarai masu guba suka shiga cikin halittar fuka-fukan tare da shi, kuma a sakamakon haka, wannan ya haifar da ci gaban tayin ciki, a sakamakon haka, mutuwar kananan dabbobi.
A zamanin yau, mutane suna zaune a yankuna sosai, wanda ke iyakance zaɓin mazaunin ba wai kawai ga gaggafa ba, har ma ga ƙananan dabbobi, waɗanda ke cinye maƙiyin. Duk wannan na iya haifar da raguwar adadin tsuntsayen.
Don taimakawa dawo da yawan gaggafa na gwal da kuma kare ta daga halaka, a cikin kasashe da yawa da suka kama mazaunin, ana ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace. Don haka, a cikin yalwar Rasha da Kazakhstan, an sanya wuraren da suke tashi sama da gaggafa zuwa wuraren kariya kuma ana fuskantar kariya.
Af, kawai a cikin yankin mu mikiya ta mikiya tana zaune a cikin fiye da 20 irin wannan sasanninta. Ana iya samun tsuntsayen a cikin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu da kuma wuraren kiwon dabbobi, amma tare da wannan abun da suke ciki sun sha wuya sosai.
Kiwo da lokacin kiwo
Ugo na zinare - tsuntsuwanda ya kasance mai aminci ga ma'aurata ta hanyar ma'aurata. Kowannensu yana shirya gida daga 2 zuwa 12 kuma yana amfani dasu bi da bi a lokuta daban-daban, yana ingantawa da haɓaka koyaushe. Lokacin mating yana daga ƙarshen hunturu zuwa farkon bazara, ko kuma - daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu.
A wannan lokacin, gaggafa a sararin samaniya suna bayyanar da kansu a cikin gudu, suna yin sarkakiyar siffofin sama da kuma kwaikwayon abubuwan farauta. Wannan halayen shima halayyar tsuntsu ce wacce take rayuwa, wacce take neman abokin tarayya, ko kuma ma'aurata da aka riga aka kafa. Balaga da aka yi wa fata tana faruwa a lokacin yana da shekaru 4-5.
Mace ta sanya ƙwai a cikin gida a farkon rabin Afrilu, yawanci ba su fi ƙwai uku ba. Dukkan abokan biyu suna yin karko a madadinsu. Wannan aikin yana faruwa sama da kwanaki arba'in da biyar. Sai namiji ya farauta, yana samun abinci, mace kuma tana ciyar da saurayi. Bayan watanni 2.5-3, kajin suna barin gida.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
HOTO: gaggafa a cikin jirgin sama
Golden Eagles suna da aladar aure cikin yanayi. An kiyaye amana da aminci ga ma'auratan da aka zaɓa cikin rayuwa duka. Zaɓin rabi na biyu yana faruwa ne lokacin da yake shekara uku. Lokacin mating yana farawa a ƙarshen Fabrairu kuma yana kusan kusan ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Wasannin tsalle-tsalle na tsuntsaye suna da ban sha'awa sosai. Ya zama na kowa ne ga mace da namiji su nuna kyawun su, karfin su da ikon su. An bayyana wannan a cikin jirgin sama mai kayatarwa. Tsuntsaye suna samun babban tsayi. Sai suka runtse ƙasa kuma suka shimfiɗa manyan fuka-fukai a gaban saman duniya. Hakanan suna iya nuna kwarewar farautarsu. Sukan saki fulawa, suna kwaikwayon bi da kuma kama ganima.
Bayan da tsuntsayen suka zabi abokin aure, sai su fara jujjuya kawunan su da kwanansu. Suna da hankali sosai wajen zaɓar wani wuri don gina gida.Yawancin lokaci wannan wuri ne da keɓe a cikin kambi na bishiyoyi a tsauni mai tsayi. Tsawon gida ɗaya ya kai mita 1.5-2, kuma faɗin nisan mita 2.5-3. An gina shi da rassa da kuma rassan, ƙasa an yi shi da ɗan fure da kuma gansakuka. Kowane gida yana da ƙwai ɗaya zuwa uku. Suna da launin toka-fari a launi tare da baƙar fata. Ana buƙatar ƙyamar ƙwai a wata ɗaya da rabi. Wani lokacin namiji yakan maye gurbin mace, amma wannan abu ne mai wuya.
Kyankyasar ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai. Kayan tsufa koyaushe sun fi girma da ƙarfi, kuma za su kange ƙaramin da marasa ƙarfi daga abincin da namiji yake bayarwa. Koyaya, iyaye ba sa ƙoƙarin maido da adalci. Sakamakon haka, kajin mai rauni ya mutu saboda yunwar. Kusan watanni uku da kajin suke kwana a gida. Bayan wannan, mahaifiyar ta koyar da su tashi. Tattaunawa da kajin na ɗaya daga cikin reasonsan dalilan da suke sa tsuntsayen su ringi magana. Kayan kaji waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar tukin jirgin sama suna nan a cikin gida har sai lokacin bazara mai zuwa. Tsammani rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta kusan shekaru 20 ne. A cikin bauta, wannan adadi na iya ninka biyu.
Farauta don ganima da abinci
Ugo na zinare – tsuntsu mai tsinkaye. Don farauta, sai ya zaɓi naman alaƙa, beraye, berayen da suka fi girma, yawanci yakan ci sauran ƙananan tsuntsayen. Hakanan kuma, shanu da kananan dabbobi, kamar barewa, tumaki, da maraƙi, da awaki, suna kama da ganima.
Daga cikin ƙananan wasa a cikin abincin gaggafa ana iya ganin golf da ferrets, skunks, squirrels, marmots, ermines, ducks, partridges, geese. Na manyan dabbobi, dabbar da take cin gashin tsuntsaye tana cin naman dawakai, Wolves, deer da barewa, da shaho.
Tsuntsu baya jin tsoron kai hari ga wanda aka azabtar, yafi girma fiye da kanta. A cikin hunturu, galibi yakan ci abinci. Kowace rana, mikiya na zinari yana buƙatar nama har zuwa kilogiram 2 na nama, amma in babu abinci to yana iya fama da yunƙurin makonni 5.
Harshen gaggafa ya ninka na mutum har sau 8, saboda haka, koda kasancewa cikin girman tashi, babu wanda ya same shi da zai tsere daga gare ta. Yana iya hangowa cikin nutsuwa a cikin iska kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya kawo hari ta yadda mutane kalilan suka sami damar ɓoyewa. Mikiya tana ci gaba da yaƙewa a ƙasa, idan ta jingina ga wanda aka cutar da fararen hular ta, ko da kuwa babban daɗaɗɗen abincin ba zai sami ceto ba.
Godiya ga jikinta mai girma da kuma fikafikan fuka-fukai, mikiya na zinari tana da ikon ɗaukar nauyi zuwa nauyi sama da 20 kilogiram, kuma a cikin yaƙin ƙasa, kayar da kyarkeci a yaƙi, ya juya wuyansa. A cikin lokacin kiwo, wasu daga cikin magabatansu wani lokaci suna cin ganima cikin gida biyu. Idan wanda aka kashe ya sami nasarar tserewa daga tsuntsu ɗaya, abokin tarayya zai cim ma ta kai tsaye.
Duk da yanayin gwagwarmayar su, wadannan mafarautan suna fuskantar matsi don shiga tsakani daga bakin kasashen waje, musamman mutane. Ma'aurata da suka kafa sheƙan inda kaji kayensu suka tsinke ko inda aka sa ƙwai za su watsar da ita idan mutun ya bayyana yana damun su.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
Masana ilimin dabbobi (zoologists) sun fada wasu sifofin rayuwar kaddara:
- Abubuwan gaggafa masu zinari sune masu ɗayan mafi paws pa a cikin iyalin gaggafa.
- A wuraren da ake lura da lokacin sanyi sosai, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ƙaura zuwa yanayin da yake cike da zafi ko kuma kawai tashi daga tsaunuka zuwa tudun mun tsira.
- Ugo na zinari yana da kaifin idanu masu iya gani ya iya yin bege mai gudu daga nisan mil 4.
- Wadannan tsuntsayen sune mafi saurin gaggafa kuma suna iya yin ruwa don isa gudu zuwa kilomita 120 / h.
- Tsuntsaye na iya gina gida, a kan bishiyoyi da kuma a kan duwatsu.
- Gidaje na shekara-shekara da aka cika a tsawon lokaci na iya isa girma masu girma dabam.
- Mace ta ba duk ƙwai kwata-kwata, amma tare da hutu kwanaki da yawa.
- Tun daga jariri, mikiya na zinari ta nuna halin tashin hankali: a mafi yawan lokuta, dattijon ya kashe ƙaramin, musamman idan mace ce, yayin da iyayen ba sa shiga rikici kuma kada su yi ƙoƙarin kare masu rauni.
- Mafarautan don farautar ganima, maharmar sun manne da fizgegen jikinsa, suna kashe mutum. Gamearamin wasa ya mutu kusan nan take.
- Wani karamin tsuntsu ya fara zuwa reshe yana da shekaru 70-80, yayin da ya gwammace ya zauna kusa da gida.
- Mikiya mara nauyi ta ban mamaki tana bashi damar bambanta launuka, wanda ba kasafai ake lura dashi ba a duniyar dabbobi.
- An ƙaddara lokacin kwan ƙwanƙwasa da gwargwadon mazaunin mahalli. Don haka, a arewacin mafi ƙasƙanci ko a cikin Mexico, kajin sun bayyana a watan Janairu, a cikin yankuna na sanyi na arewacin da Alaska a watan Yuni, a arewacin Amurka a cikin Maris.
An sanya maharbi wanda ke da gashin tsuntsu matsayin matsayin tare da karamin haɗarin lalata. Amma an yanke hukunci game da farautar tsuntsayen farar fata, kuma ana iya sanya hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na biyu akan maimaita shi.
Ugo na zinare a cikin hoto kuma a zahirin rayuwa yana da kamala da alheri, saboda haka ayyukan rayuwarsa da halayensa na da sha'awa ga kwararru a binciken dabbobin dabba. Don kare jinsin daga mummunan raguwa a cikin yawan jama'a, yakamata mutum yayi hankali.
Kariya na Eagan wasa Golden
Hoto: Eagan Ashin Eagan fromaura daga Littafin Jan
Don adanawa da haɓaka yawan tsuntsaye, an jera wannan nau'in cikin Littafin Layi. An sanya shi matsayin jinsin da ke da ɗan haɗarin rushewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Rasha, an haramta lalata tsuntsaye a matakin majalisa. Lationetare wannan dokar ta ƙunshi nauyin gudanarwa da kuma aikata laifi. Hanyoyin kiyaye al'adu da matsugunan tsuntsaye suna kiyaye ta ta hanyar keɓaɓɓun yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha kadai, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa a cikin fiye da dozin dozin biyu na ƙasar.
Tsuntsaye da sauri suna daidaitawa don zama a cikin zaman talala, amma da wuya a haifesu. Kasar Amurka tana da wata doka da ta hana kamawa da sayar da tsuntsayen da ba kasafai ba. Golden Eagles masu ban mamaki ne, dabbobi masu karfin gaske. Tharfi, girma, rayuwa da halaye suna haifar da babban sha'awa da jin daɗi. Lallai mutum ya yi duk kokarin da ya danganta da kuma kara adadin wannan nau'in tsuntsayen.
Habitat da fasali
Bird Gwal na Azumi Ya kasance tare da oda Falconiformes, dangi Hawks. Wannan shine mafi girma, agile da kyau mikiya. Fuka-fukan sa kamar kimanin mita biyu, nauyi - kusan kilo 6. Tsuntsun mikiya na tsuntsu yana zaune a cikin gandun daji, tsaunika da kuma kwari na Eurasia, Korea, Japan.
Kuna iya ji game da mikiyar gwal a arewacin Afirka. Aka rarraba a gefen yammacin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, daga Alaska zuwa tsakiyar ƙasashen Mexico. Commonarancin gama gari a gabashin Kanada da Amurka.
A Turai, suna zaune a tsaunukan Spain, Scandinavia, Alps da Balkans. Abubuwan da aka fi so mazaunin gaggafa sune filayen tuddai da tsauni, nesa da mutane. Sun kuma zauna a cikin tundra, steppe da daji-steppe, can-hamada canyons, bushes, kowane irin gandun daji.
Tsuntsaye suna zaɓar wurarensu a gefen koguna da tabkuna, da kuma a matakalar ƙafa a nisan mil 2500. Domin farauta, suna buƙatar wuraren buɗewa, saboda babban fuka-fukan. Don shakatawa, sun fi son bishiyoyi masu tsayi da duwatsu.
A cikin Rasha, gaggafa na zinari suna zaune kusan ko'ina, amma zaka iya ganin su da wuya - suna ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da mutane. Tunda a kan filayen mutane kusan basu barin mikiya na zinariya, galibi tsuntsu yakan zauna a cikin sarewar da babu iyaka na Arewacin Rasha, Kasashen Baltic da Scandinavia da Belarus.
Sau da yawa ana samo gaggafa a Tuva, Transbaikalia da Yakutia, amma tare da yanayin cewa makwabtan makwabta zasu kasance nesa nesa da kilomita 10-15. ban da juna. Sanin wane gaggafa ne tsuntsu mai zaman kansa, ba abin mamaki bane cewa a cikin yankuna na tsakiyar mutanen da ke da cunkoson jama'a, akwai karancin lokuta da ke tashi sama da gaggafa.
Rayuwar Golden Eagle
Duk da cewa a yanayin dabi'ar gaggafa ta zinari tana ƙoƙarin nisanta daga mazaunin ɗan adam, yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Tsakiyar Asiya daga zamanin da suna daɗaɗa kuma suna amfani da gaggafa don farauto hares, foxes, Wolves, gazelles.
Manyan tsuntsayen fuka-fukai masu ƙarfi, babban baki mai kaifi, madaidaiciyar paws tare da maƙallan gani da kaifin ganin ido sune kyawawan mafarauta. Babban hanyar farautar gaggafa masu zinare sun zabi bibiya ganima daga tsayi.
Mikiya tana da mafi kyawun idanu sau takwas fiye da mutane, don haka babu dabba da zata iya tserewa daga kallonsa. Fuskar gaggafa da ke tashi a sararin sama tana kama da nutsuwa da walwala, amma idan aka kawo mata hari, dabba ce da ba ta da isasshen lokaci za ta sami lokacin komawa gefe.
Kodayake, wannan bazai kubuta daga maharbi ba. Tsuntsu ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman abinci da duniya. Babban abu shine isa ga abin farauta tare da maƙoshin ku, sannan kuma har ma babban dabbar bazai iya tserewa daga ƙarfe ba.
Ugo na zinari ya sami damar dauke dabbar da nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 20 a cikin iska, kuma da fada da hannu da hannu zai iya murza kerkaran. Umuka masu launin zinare sukanyi farauta a nau'i-nau'i, a wajen lokacin kiwo. Idan mutum yayi kuskure, abokin tarayya zai gyara shi nan take. Ko dai ɗayan tsuntsu yana tsoron ɗanɗano, yayin da na biyun ke zaune cikin masu farauta.
Duk da halin halayyar su, gaggafa na zinari suna da wahalar tsira daga sa hannun ɗan adam a cikin abubuwan da suke mallaka. Wataƙila tsuntsayen da ke da sheka tare da kuli ko kajin suna iya jefa ta, idan mutum ya bayyana a kusa yana tsoratar da su, kajin zai mutu. Wannan shi ne ɗayan dalilai na raguwar bayyanar waɗannan gaggafa.
Cin Ganyen Giwa
Ci gaba bayanin daga cikin waɗannan kaddaratsuntsayeZai dace a faɗi cikakkun bayanai game da abincinsu. Mikiya na zinari yana buƙatar kilogiram 1.5. Abinci yau da kullun, na sanya shi duka gaba ɗaya. Ya danganta da mazauninsu, manyan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa sun zama babban abin farawa ga gaggafa na zinare.
Hares, shimfidar dutse, foxes, dabbobi masu rarrafe, shinge, kunkuru - komai yaci abinci. Daga cikin tsuntsayen, mikiya ta fi son farautar manyan geese, ducks, herons da cranes. Nimble da sauri pheasants da partridges, mikiya na zinari baya son bi.
Wani gaggafa na mutum yakan kai hari ga abin da ya fi ƙarfin nauyi. An yi rikodin lokuta yayin da mikiya ta fari ta kaiwa karamin jirgin sama da gilashin fashe. A lokacin hunturu, gaggafa masu zinari basa ƙin ɗaukar kaya.
Yayin farauta, mikiya na zinari tana yin hali daban: tana iya kai hari da sauri kuma kwatsam daga tsayi, ta faɗi kusan a tsaye akan abin da ba ta kariya, tana iya yaudarar ta kuma ɗauka cewa farauta bashi da ban sha'awa.
Kuma tashi ta wuce don jira da tsegumi zuwa gidan dabbobi masu farauta, ta amfani da abin rufe fuska da rashin daidaiton yanayin wuri. Toari ga waɗannan lamuran, in ba haka ba mikiyar gwal ta farauta ce wacce ba ta rarrabawa, ba zai ƙwace ganima ba, amma ta fi son kai hari nan da nan.
Ko da ba a doke wanda aka kashe a bugu na farko ba, tsuntsu zai sake cutar da su har abada har ya kai ga cimma burinsa. Idan muna magana ne game da babban dabba, maƙiyin yakan soki fata da taushi tare da dogayen kiba, suna haifar da raunin mutum.
Animalsan ƙananan dabbobi gaggafa yana kama ɗaya daga bayansa, na biyun a bayansa, yana karya wuya. Da wuya mutum zai iya fita daga ƙafafun baƙin ƙarfe na gaggafa. Yawancin hotunan irin waɗannan wuraren farauta na wannan tsuntsu suna magana akan ƙarfinsa da ƙwarewar farauta mai farauta. A cikin gwagwarmaya don abinci, gaggafa na zinari na iya ɗaukar ganima daga wasu tsuntsaye.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Golden Eagles suna da alamu daya, suna hayayyafa kuma suna riƙewa biyu. Akwai zabi na abokin zama yana da shekaru 3. Lokacin mating, wanda aka fara a watan Fabrairu da Afrilu, yayi matukar farin ciki daga gefe.
Maza da mata suna nuna wa juna kyawunsu da ƙarfinsu. Yawancin lokaci wannan yana bayyana kanta a cikin jirgin kamar-mai tashi - mikiya na zinari, wanda ya sami tsayi, yana sauka ƙasa kuma yana buɗe fikafikan sa a gaban ƙasa.
Hakanan, tsuntsayen suna nuna wa juna daman su a matsayin mafarauta, suna nuna fulawa, suna sauƙaƙa kai wa juna, suna bi.
Bayan da ma'auratan suka yanke shawara akan zabin junan su, mace ta sanya kwai 1-3 na fararen launi masu launin fari. Kusan duk lokacin da ta hau kan kwaya, kwana 40-45 ne, da wuya namiji ya maye gurbin ta.
Don ginin ciyayi, gaggafa masu zinare suna zaɓar wurare masu kariya sosai. Yawancin lokaci suna cikin babban tsayi kuma a cikin girman sun kai mita 2 a tsayi, kuma mita 3 a diamita.
Ma'aurata suna gina gida mai shinge, kuma an yi shi tare da ciyawa mai laushi da gansakuka. A cikin rayuwa gabaɗa, pairan ulu na gwal suna gina filaye da dama a yankin da aka zaɓa, kuma daga baya zai canza su.
Kyankya-girke yakan yi birgima sau da kafa, idan kuma dattijo ya fi girma, zai kore shi daga abincin da mahaifin ya kawo kuma mace ta karye cikin kananan guntu.
Iyaye suna kallonta ba tare da nuna damuwa ba, kuma galibi mafi karancin kajin ya mutu. Karnuka suna zama a cikin gida na kusan kwanaki 80, bayan haka mahaifiyar ta koya musu tashi. Lokacin magana da kajin zaka iya ji jefa kuri'a laconic, a lokuta na yau da kullun, gaggafa na zinariya.
Kajin da suke na reshe ya kasance tare da iyayensu har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa. Shekarun gaggafa-zinare kusan shekara 20-23. A cikin wuraren kiwon dabbobi, sun sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 50. Abin baƙin ciki, waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen manya-manyan suna ƙarami kowace shekara.