Labari mai dadi: dawowar mammora mataki daya ne kusa.
Kungiyar kimiyya da aka tattara daga masana kimiyya daga kasashe daban-daban na duniya ta sami nasarar gano kwayoyin halittar biyu na wadannan tsoffin kwatancen lokaci daya. Sakamakon haka, bayanin da wannan rukunin ya samu, da farko, ya sanya tarihin wannan nau'in dabbobi mafi bayyane ta hanyar nuna wasu abubuwan duhu, na biyu, suna ba da dalili don tsammanin cewa ranar zata zo da giwayen shaggy prehistoric zai sake kasancewa yawon duniyarmu. Kuma, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka ce, wannan ranar ta kusa kusurwa ce.
Tashin tashin mammoth ya kusan zama.
A cikin zurfin aiki akan binciken mammoth genome, yana ba da dalili don fatan cewa nan gaba kadan wannan nau'in wakilan tsohuwar megafauna na iya komawa zuwa adadin rayuwa.
Kayan halittar jini ya fadawa masana kimiyya game da abubuwan da suka faru cewa, kamar yadda suke fada, sun yarda mammoth ya zama wata mai mammoth, wato, ya mallaki wata babbar doguwar kawu da kuma mai kitse mai tarin yawa, tare da manyan katako. Wannan ya ba masana kimiyya wani tsari na hanya, tare da nuna ainihin abin da ake buƙatar canzawa a cikin halittar giwayen Asiya na zamani don sanya su dabba mai kama da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ”in ji Hendrik Poynar, wanda ke shugabantar Cibiyar tsohuwar DNA, Jami'ar McMaster.
Nan ba da jimawa ba, masana kimiyya suna fatan dawo da mammoth a rai.
Abokin aikinsa na binciken Harvard George Church, wata ɗaya da suka wuce, har ma ya sami wasu nasarori ta hanyar jingina da DNA na giwayen da mammoth. Abin baƙin ciki, majallolin kimiyya ba su da rahoto game da aikinsu. A bayyane yake wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa abubuwan da George ya kafa har yanzu basu kusa da cimma buri ba, amma akwai wani ci gaba a fili, kuma yana bayar da ƙarfi da kwarjini ga sauran mahalarta wannan aikin don dawo da mammo zuwa ga halitta.
Ya kamata a sani cewa "Dabbobin mammo biyu na Rasha" sun zama kayan masu bincike. Ofayansu ya yi yawo a tsibirin Wrangel kimanin shekaru 4300 da suka gabata, ɗayan kuma ya samo a gabashin Siberia kusan shekaru dubu arba'in da suka gabata. Arshen yanayin waɗannan yankuna ya sanya ya yiwu a adana ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar cikin kyallen dabbobi biyu, wanda ya isa sosai ga binciken kimiyya, wanda ya ba da cikakken kwatancin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar waɗannan dabbobin.
An tabbatar da ainihin musabbabin lalata mammoth.
Kamar yadda aka sani, jim kadan kafin mammoth ya mutu a karshe, ya sami kwangila sosai, wanda ya haifar da haifar - haifuwa ta hanyar gwanayen alaƙa. A kowane hali, masana kimiyyar binciken burbushin halitta sun gano ainihin alamarin irin wannan silar tilastawa, wanda a bayyane yake a cikin kayan halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A cewar Love Dallen daga Gidan Tarihin Tarihin Halittu na Sweden, kuna yin hukunci ta hanyar halittun, mammoth da suka rayu a tsibirin Wrangel sun wanzu a matsayin karamin rukuni na tsibiri na kusan shekaru mil biyar, kuma a sakamakon haka, sun rasa bambancin kwayoyin.
Amma DNA na dabbobi biyun ya kiyaye wata shaida na sake raguwa mai ban mamaki a cikin yawan mammoth, wanda ya faru daga shekaru 250 zuwa 300 da suka shude. Har yanzu ba a tantance dalilin rushewar ba, amma, ya kasance yana da tabbas cewa, sakamakon bambancin kwayoyin halittar, mammoth ba zai iya rayuwa tun farkon lokacin dusar kankara ba.
Shin kwayar halittar DNA zata iya taimakawa wajen dawo da mammos zuwa duniyarmu?
Aiki a game da yadda za'a tsara halittar mammoth mammoth, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya fi kama da abun ban da aikin kimiyya. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, DNA na dabbobi da suka mutu ya ragu sosai kuma an gurbata shi da kayan aikin sauran dabbobi. Saboda wannan dalili, don samun damar, ware, mayar da kuma fahimtar tsarin halittar wadannan dabbobin halittun biyu, masu ilimin halittar jini dole ne suyi kira ga dukkan rundunonin su don taimakawa. Kamar yadda Love Dallen ya bayyana, "bin diddigin kwayoyin halittar dabbobi da suka kasance bayan lokaci ya zama zai samar da dama ba kawai don fahimtar tarihin su kadai ba, har ma da samar da bayanai kan dalilin da yasa wasu nau'ikan halittu suka mutu kwata-kwata."
Kasusuwan mammoth.
Zamu iya fatan kawai wadannan karatun ba za su zama marasa amfani ba kuma wannan zai ceci "mazaunan" Red (kuma ba kawai Red) Littafin bacewa.
Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.
Makoma ta ƙarshe ta mammoth
Daya daga cikin mafi girma binne mammoth yana cikin yankin Novosibirsk a cikin wani yanki da ake kira Wolf Mane. Dukiya ce ta gaske ga masana burbushin halittu - yawan tattara ragowar yana da yawa a nan. An fara hakar rami na farko a tsakiyar karni na karshe, amma ya zuwa yanzu Wolf Mane an saka shi a cikin bayanan labarai bayan balaguro na gaba a wurin daga wurin masana kimiyya. Ana zaton cewa a shafin yanar gizo wanda yakai daya tazarar kilomita takwas, kasusuwa mammoths dubu 1,5 ke hutawa Ko da ƙauyen kusa da wurin an kira shi Mamontov.
A ranar 22 ga Satumbar, duniya ta ba da labarin da masana kimiyya suka gano a kan Volchiev Mane wani kuma ya rage tare da rikodin rikodin: har zuwa sami 100 a kowace murabba'in murabba'in. Sergei Leshchinsky, shugaban gidan gwaje-gwajen halittu na Mesozoic da Cenozoic a TSU, wanda ya shiga cikin rami, ya bayyana wannan tarin tare da ƙididdigar yau da kullun: inda dabbobin suka kasance mafi tsawo, damar su mutu sun fi girma.
A cewar Leshchinsky, mammoth ta jawo hankalin Wolf Mane ta hanyar ma'adanai masu yawa tare da abubuwan da ke cikin sunadarai. "A lokacin hijira, dubun ko ma daruruwan mutane sun tsere zuwa can a lokaci guda," in ji shi. Abin lura ne cewa Wolf Mane wataƙila shine mafakar ƙarshe na mammoth a cikin Eurasia na ƙasa. Tomsk masana kimiyya suna da nasu sigar dalilin da yasa waɗannan manyan powerfulattafan suka mutu.
Maganar tatsuniya
Akwai manyan dabaru guda biyu na sanadin lalacewar mammoth. Na farko shine sun ɓace saboda canjin yanayin canji. Na biyu ya zargi mutanen zamanin da suka tsara mammoth don kisan kare dangi. Kowannensu yana da aibi. An sani cewa mammoth sun wanzu ga ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru, bayan sun tsira da shekaru sama da kankara da yawa sama da ɗaya. Zub da jinin mutane shi ma bai tsaya ga zargi ba: a wurare da yawa, dabbobi masu mammoth sun fara mutuwa har ma kafin bayyanar mutum a wurin.
A CIKIN LITTAFIN:
Leshchinsky ya ce "yanzu ra'ayin da na gabatar shine samun karbuwa - wannan maganar kimiyar kasa ce," in ji Leshchinsky.
Dangane da zatonsa, an lalata cigaban mammot ta hanyar matatar ma'adinai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar hawan mammoth zuwa Wolf Mane - wadancan dabbobin da suka sami wahalar halittar sunadarai sun tafi can.
Wani masanin kimiyyar Tomsk bai yanke hukuncin cewa yanayin canjin zamani zai dace da dabbobi masu shayarwa ba. Amma ya nuna shakku game da manufar farkawarsu. "Ina tsammanin wannan ba shi da ma'ana - yanayin ya cire su daga lambobin su, me yasa ya dawo da shi duka," Leshchinsky ya bayyana. Ko yaya, ba duk masana kimiyya bane suke da wannan ra'ayi.
Akwai bege
Masu binciken Rasha daga Jami’ar Tarayyar Arewa-maso-Gabas suna aiki kan matsalar farfado da mammoth tare da hadin gwiwar takwarorin Koriya ta Kudu, in ji Semyon Grigoryev, wani babban abokin aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Mammoth na Jami’ar.
"Idan har muna shakku game da batun farkawar mammoth, ashe da ba zamu da asarar da yawa bane. A akasance, abu ne mai yiyuwa a sa mammoth, ”in ji Grigoryev. Duk matsalar, in ji shi, ita ce samun rayayyen tantanin halitta - daga doguwar zamansu a cikin ruwan sanyi, kwayoyin halittar DNA sun shiga bangarori daban-daban wadanda ba su dace da cloning ba.
“Muna fatan cewa a tsakanin miliyoyin sel, a kalla kwayar halitta mai rai, ana iya adana su, wanda zamu iya ninka don amfani da nuclei,” in ji wani masanin kimiyya daga Yakutsk. Archaeologists sun samo jeans mai shekaru 6,000
Idan kasuwancin ya yi nasara, za a shigar da irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar a cikin kwanar giwa, sai a ɗora ta giwayen a cikin mahaifa. Kuma a ka'idar, bayan watanni 22, yakamata a haɗu da mammoth ɗari.
Akwai wata hanyar - don bincika DNA sosai na mammoth don aiwatar da canje-canje masu dacewa a cikin DNA na danginsa mafi kusancin - giwar Indiya. Masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka George Church yana aiki da wannan jagorar daidai.
Sakamakon ginin da aka tabbatar da giwa ba zai bambanta sosai da mammoth ba, amma ba za a kauce wa wasu kurakurai ba, in ji Grigoryev, tunda dubun dubatar canje-canje za su buƙaci a yi wa giwar giwa.
Me ya sa Rasha ke buƙatar “giwayenta”
Koyaya, irin wannan mammoth na “wucin gadi” zai iya kawo fa'idodi da yawa, Na tabbata Nikita Zimov, shugaban wurin ajiya na musamman - Pleistocene Park a arewa-gabashin Yakutia. "Idan zai iya zama a wurin shakatawa, ci ciyawa, tsira a cikin hunturu, butted itatuwa, to, ba na bukatar ƙarin," masanin ya tabbatar. Ya kuma lura da aikin Cocin kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "halittu masu furry" zasu bayyana a cikin shekaru 10-15.
Masu kirkirar filin "Pleistocene Park" suna kokarin sake farfado da yanayin yanayin "mammoth tundra-steppes", wanda yake bisa ka'idar halitta ta umarni girman girman aiki fiye da tundra. Yanzu dabbobi masu zamani suna zaune a can - reindeer, muz, naman maliki, da bison an zaunar dasu maimakon bison, kuma cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata sun riga sun canza mazauninsu. Gano ainihin dalilin mutuwar tsoffin Mayans
Masu kirkirar sun kuma yi shirin mamaye wurin shakatawa tare da masu farauta - zakuna na Cape tare da maɗaukakin sanda da ke juye-juye a cikin ciki - an adana zuriyarsu a cikin Zangon Novosibirsk. A cewar Zimov, idan ta yi nasara, Ikilisiya ta kuma shirya zazzage mammoth a cikin Pleistocene Park.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa za su yi tasiri a cikin yadda aka maido da tsohuwar yanayin halittu. “Yanzu babban yankin arewa mai nisa, a zahiri, hamada ce. Maido da tsoffin tundra steppes babban rabo ne ga jama’ar gari da ma kasa baki daya, ”in ji Zimov.
A lokacin mammoths, wannan ƙasa ta ciyar da miliyoyin wuraren kiwo, ba ƙasa da na savannah na Afirka.
Zimov ya nuna gamsuwa cewa mammoth na iya wanzu a cikin yanayin zamani a duk Siberiya, saboda a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an samo su a Eurasia daga Spain zuwa China da kuma daga yankin Novosibirsk zuwa Tekun Arctic. Zasu sami damar daidaitawa da kayan abinci, kuma a cikin sa'ilin za'a iya cutar dasu a gonakin gona. “Idan kuka harba mammo a filin alkama, zai yi farin ciki da gudu kuma hakanan, kuma zai ji dadi,” kwararren ya ce da gaske.
Amma koda kuwa ba a yiwa kokarin masana kimiyya nasara ba, yin aiki kan farfado da mammoth har yanzu zai biya, inji Semyon Grigoriev. “Wannan zai taimaka wajen samar da wasu fasahohin da zasu ceci ran dabbobin da ke cikin hadari,” in ji shi. Kuma mammoth, in ji shi, kodayake ya kasance yana matacce, tuni sun taimaka wurin ceton giwayen - godiya ga dubun dubunnan abubuwan mammoth, da aka yi, an rage buƙatun giwayen, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga rayuwarsu.