Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Platin |
Subfamily: | Capreolinae |
Jinsi: | Mazamas |
Masamas (lat. Mazama) - asalin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa neCervidae) Suna zaune a dazuzzuka na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Game da yadda yawancin jinsuna suke a cikin maganin shafawa, a tsakanin likitocin dabbobi babu cikakkiyar daidaituwa, IUCN tana sane da nau'ikan iri iri. Sunan Mazama ya fito daga yaren Nahuatl kuma yana nufin "deer".
Bayyanar
Kakakin mazam din ba su cika aiki ba kuma sunada tsari guda biyu kacal, wanda saboda haka akwai wasu kama daga waje ga masu tukwane, wanda hakanan bashi da kusanci. Girman maganin shafawa ya bambanta daga jinsuna zuwa jinsuna. Dwarf mazama, mai nauyin kilogram 10 kuma wanda tsayinsa ya wuce 40 cm, bashi da girma kamar zomo. Biyu daga cikin manyan jinsuna, ja da launin toka mazama, wanda ya kai girman 70 cm da nauyin 25, ya yi kama da deer. Mayafin yana da tsinkaye kuma ya bambanta da launin toka-toka zuwa launin ruwan hoda da launi dangane da jinsin.
17.04.2019
Babban Mazama, ko ja Mazama (Latin: Mazama americana) dabba ce mai ɗaukar hoto daga dangin Deer (Cervidae). Sunanta a cikin yaruka Aztec Nahuatl yana nufin "deer." Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi 9 na mallakar halittar Mazama.
Tsarin karatunsu (rarrabuwa da tsari) har yanzu yana haifar da jayayya a tsakanin likitocin dabbobi. Zuwa yau, an san ƙungiyoyi 12. Tare da kamanceceniyar waje, yawancinsu suna da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta. An rarraba waɗannan ƙananan yarjejeniya zuwa babban rukuni biyu, mazaunin da ke ƙarƙashin kogin Amazon. Inhabaya yana zaune yammacin, ɗayan kuma gabashin yankin.
Bayanin farko na nau'in a cikin 1777 ya kasance masanin kimiyyar halitta na Jamhuriyar Jamus Johann Christian Polycarp Erksleben bisa ga samfurori daga Cayenne a Faransa Guiana. Ya ba shi sunan farko Moschus americanus, la'akari da shi dangi ne na Siberian musk (Moschus moshiferus).
Ra'ayoyi
Dukkan manyan nau'ikan suna da yawa a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Amurka.
- Mafi Girma Mazama (Mazama americana) yana zaune a cikin gandun daji tun daga Mexico zuwa Amurka ta tsakiya zuwa Brazil da Uruguay.
- Grey mazama (Mazama gouazoubira) ba ya nan a Tsakiyar Amurka, ragowar kewayon yayi daidai da kewayon manyan mazama.
Sauran kananan halittun suna zaune a cikin gandun daji a kan gangara na Andes. A lokaci guda, sun tashi zuwa girman 5000 m sama da matakin teku.
Yaɗa
Mazaunin yana cikin Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Ya tashi daga kudancin Mexico ta hanyar Venezuela da Columbia zuwa arewacin Argentina. Yawancin mutane suna zaune a Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Suriname da Uruguay.
Mafi Girma Mazama suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Hakanan ana samun shi a bayan daji da marshes. An daidaita dabbar ta zauna a cikin rigar da bushe-bushe yankuna. A rarrabuwa sosai kuma yana hana sararin bude fili.
An kawo jan mazuna zuwa tsibirin na Trinidad a cikin Caribbean, inda suka sami nasarar samo tushe. A Tobago, ana ɗaukar su inan kare.
Halayyar
Wannan dabbar da aka yi wa riga-da-dabba tana jagorantar rayuwa mai kaɗaici a waje da lokacin kiwo. Da rana, yana ɓoyewa cikin ƙasa mai zurfi, kuma tare da farkon faɗuwar rana ke zuwa don ciyarwa har zuwa safiya.
Babban Mazama ya mamaye yankin gida mai girman hekta 50 zuwa 100.
Yayi matukar nuni da iyakokin kayansa tare da feces da fitsari. Ta shafa kai da haushi da bishiyar bishiyoyin, ta bar sirrin ga gland din da ke kamshi kamar musk. Waɗannan alamun alamun mahimman hanyoyin sadarwa ne tsakanin wakilan wannan nau'in.
Jaguars (Panthera onca) da cougars (Puma concolor) ganima a kan manyan ungulates. Individuals matasa sun zama waɗanda ke fama da rauni (leopardus pardalis), tayoyin (Eira barbara) da tsuntsayen ganima.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Red mazama suna cin 'ya'yan itaciya, Tushen, namomin kaza, furanni, harbe, ganyen bishiyoyi da tsirrai. Zuwa mafi ƙarancin, ana cin ganyayyaki daban-daban.
Ana lura da dabbar a yawancin filayen gona, inda take son ciyar da hatsi da lemo.
Abincin ya dogara da lokacin shekara. A lokacin damina, 'ya'yan itaciya cikakke suna ta mamaye shi, kuma a lokacin fari unguwar ta wadatu da ganyayyaki da ciyawa.
Kiwo
Manyan mazamas irin shekara. Lokacin balaga yana faruwa yana da kimanin watanni 13. Maza da suka manyanta maza ke yin yaƙi na al'ada don 'yancin haihuwa. Suna cin karo da juna da ƙaho.
Cutar ciki tana daga kwanaki 200 zuwa kwanaki 225.
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, mace ta kawo ɗan guda ɗaya. An yi masa fenti mai haske launin ruwan kasa tare da farin aibobi. Da farko, yana wanzuwa a cikin mafaka a tsakanin tsintsaye masu yawa. Bayan ya ƙarfafa, a cikin fewan kwanaki jariri ya tafi da mahaifiyarsa don ciyarwa. Ya fara canzawa don shuka abinci yana da shekaru biyu.
Ciyar da madara ya wuce har zuwa watanni 6. Bayan an gama, da sanyin nan zai wuce zuwa ga rayuwa mai 'yanci.
Bayanin
Tsayin Jikin 90-145 cm, wutsiya 12-16 cm. Girma a cikin ƙusoshin 60-80 cm Weight 30-35 kg, matsakaicin kilogiram 65. Maza sun fi girma sama da mace. Dimorphism na jima'i yana da rauni.
Dukkanin maza suna da ƙananan madaidaiciya ƙaho zuwa 10 cm tsayi a bisa kawunansu.
Launin Jawo na iya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Ciki, gaban wuya, yanki a ƙarƙashin hular da ciki na kafafu farare ne. Kashi na gaba da na baya na kan toshiya ne. Wadansu mutane suna da raunanan duhu mai duhu da kaifin baki a bayan kawunansu.
Babban Mazama yana zaune a cikin vivo na shekaru 10-12.
Gano mazama bororo
Ofaya daga cikin nau'ikansu na ƙarshe - an gano dwarf mazama a cikin 1908. Amma yanayi ya gabatar wa masana kimiyya abin mamaki: a shekarar 1992, a Brazil, a kusa da garin Capayo Bonito, wani sabon nau'in halitta ya bayyana a gaban masana, wanda ake kira Mazama Bororo. A cikin 1996, an rarrabe shi azaman jinsin masu zaman kansu.
Alamomin waje na mazam bororo
Abubuwan da ke bayyane na waje na Mazama Bororo tsaka-tsaki ne tsakanin bayanin Mazama Nana da Mazama Amerikaana.
Halin jiki da tsarin bororo yayi kama da M. Nana. Littlean ƙaramin shuɗi na launin shuɗi ya yi kama da Mazama Americana.
Theaƙwalwar gashin gashi na mazama na bororo yana cike da haske launin ruwan kasa mai launi tare da launin shuɗi mai haske. Gundumar ta kai tsayin mutum kusan 90 cm, tsayinsa ya bushe yakai 40 cm. Borozo mazama yakai kimanin kilogram 20.
Wuraren rarraba Mazama Bororo
Mazama Bororo yana zaune a cikin Andes. An sami tudu a cikin tsaunuka, misalin mil 3,000. Ganin mazaunin Mazama Bororo yana da iyaka a cikin dazuzzukan tekun Atlantika na kudu maso gabashin Brazil. Wannan biotope an san shi yana daya daga cikin mafiya arziki a cikin rayayyun halittu.
Mazama Bororo
Dalilan raguwar yawan mazama bororo
Babban dalilan rage adadin Borozo mazam a yanayi shine raguwar mahalli, rarrabuwar mazauninsu da kuma lalata gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Binciken yawan jama’ar bororo da aka gudanar a 2005 ya nuna sakamakon kusan mutane 4,500. Ana samun duk dean igiyar ruwa a kan ɗan rafi a gefen kogin Amazon a kan iyakar jihohin Brazil biyu na Parana da Sao Paulo. Mazaunin wani nau'in halitta mai saurin yaduwa game da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 3600.
Matsayin kiyayewa na Mazama Bororo
Borzo borrea wani nau'in dabbobi ne da ba kasafai ba na dabbobi masu kofato kuma suna buƙatar kariya kuma suna kan jerin IUCN Red List. Groupungiyar ƙwararrun masana sun gabatar da shirin aiwatar da aiki don kiyaye wannan nau'in, gami da bincika halin da yake ciki a cikin daji.
Boros mazams sun tashi zuwa nisan mil 5,000 daga saman teku.
Don haka, gano yawan namun daji na karamar karamar karamar Hanya yakamata ya zama matakin farko na adana nau'in halittar, tunda an san wannan wakilin mashahurin ne kawai.
An gano alamun halayyar dan adam da abubuwan cytogenetic na Mazama bororo a cikin mutane da yawa da aka samo a Brazil. An yi zargin cewa an kama wadannan dabbobin ne a cikin dajin kudancin Atlantic. Bayan haka, ba wani yanki daya na wannan nau'in da akayi rikodi.
Nazarin kan gano mazam bororo a cikin yanayi
Nazarin kan gano asalin mazam bororo an fara shi ne a cikin 1998.
Binciken Mazama na Bororo ba aiki bane mai sauki.
Kasancewar wannan nau'in a cikin tarkace gandun daji an yanke shi a dutsen Paranapiacaba a kudancin São Paulo a Brazil. A cikin mutanen da aka kama, an bincika tsarin cytogenetic na jini a cikin 2000 da 2002. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da alaƙar takamaimansu tare da ƙaramar sikandar ja a cikin Tashar Tudun Wada ta Intervales.
Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1998, an tabbatar da gaskiyar kasancewar masorum bororo a cikin daji kuma an samo bayanan ƙirar halitta don bayyana wannan nau'in. Bugu da kari, an samar da wata dabara don yin nazari game da naman alade a cikin mazauninsa na halitta.
Ba a zaɓi wannan yanki na binciken kwatsam ba, tunda cikin wannan yankin ne cewa yankuna na daji da suke kan iyakar wasu yankuna kusa da juna waɗanda ke cikin rayuwar Mazoro Bororo ana kiyaye su sosai. A wannan yankin akwai dukkan yanayi don kasancewar akwai yankin da ke da ɗanɗani: yanayin yanayin rashin nutsuwa tare da sauyawa zuwa yanayin zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi da yanki mai rikitarwa tare da tsawan tsayi tsakanin mita 30 zuwa 1200 sama da matakin teku.
Babban burin a matakin farko na binciken shine gano wuraren da aka tsara dabbobin.
Mazauna karkara - manoma, shingen shakatawa, mafarauta da masu farauta daga wurare daban-daban guda bakwai, yakamata su samar da bayanai kan nau'ikan barewar da akeyi a yankin. Sunaye nau'in su da babban ilimin halittar jiki, halayyar su, da halayyar ɗan adam: girman, launi launi, mazaunin, abinci, haifuwa.
Abincin garin mazama bororo ya kunshi ganye, ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Bayanin da aka samu ya ba mu damar gano wuraren yiwuwar samun Borozo mazam don tallafawa dabbobi a cikin daji da kuma ƙaddara shirin lura, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama tilas ga kamawa da unguwannin. Bayanin fasaha na hanyoyin farauta na gida yana da matukar muhimmanci ga binciken.
An gwada kasancewar keɓaɓɓiyar barewa a cikin wani gandun daji mai zaman kansa wanda ke kan fazenda Joao XXIII, da yankuna biyu da aka ba da kariya: Carlos Botelho State Park da Intervales State Park, inda aka hana farauta da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa kuma an kiyaye halittu. Borozo na Mazam an lizimta shi da daddare kusa da magudanar barewa, ta amfani da kayan miya, zazzaɓi, fitsari da kuma ƙamshi na glandon don ware dabbobin da ake garkuwa dasu don jan hankalin dabbobi.
An kama mutum na farko a watan Yuni 2000.
Hotunan da aka ɗauka a Dandalin Intervales Park sun tabbatar da cewa dabbobin da aka yi wa dabbobin sun kasance na Boroz mazam. An yi amfani da tarko mai kama da barewa don kama barewa, wacce a al'adance mazan jiya ke amfani da ita wajen kama wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa: deer, burodi, agouti. Wannan tarko, wanda aka gina shi tsawon kwanaki, an yi shi da gora, wanda ke nisanta mummunan rauni ga dabbar da ta faɗa cikin tarko. Sanya cikin hanyar motsi na mazam, ya yi aiki bayan dabbar ta shiga, tarewa ta rufe kai tsaye. Kulawa ta gano motsi na deer ta yau da kullun ta hanyar tarko. Kuma an kama dabba ta farko a watan Yuni na 2000.
Masana ilimin halitta suna ba da shawarar cewa wani jinsin halittar Mazama ya ɓoye cikin gandun daji na Amazon. A cewar masana, a cikin mafi yankuna na duniyarmu akwai akalla nau'ikan halittu 300 wadanda suke bukatar nemo su da tsari. A wannan batun, gandun daji na budurwa na Amazon ana ɗauka mafi cika alkawari.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Mazama Bororo - mazaunin gandun daji
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A cikin dajin Buzuluk na itacen daji akwai nau'ikan arewa guda biyu - fararen fari, baka, lynx, capercaillie, da kuma kudanci - gandun daji, launin toka, kwarjinin gama gari, kamar mazaunan gandun daji - squirrel, daji ferret, woodpeckers, da mazaunan budeperen shimfidar shimfidar wurare - steppe ferret, hamster, rodent, mikiya an binne ƙasa.
Dabbobin dabbobi masu shayarwa - daya daga cikin mafi tsufa mazaunan boron. Misali, desman na Rasha a matsayin wata halitta ya wanzu kimanin shekaru miliyan 30. Yawan muskrat a jikin ruwan Buzuluk boron yayi ƙanƙan da gaske, saboda haka dabba an jera su a cikin Littafin Layi RF da yankin Orenburg. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, shinge na yau da kullun da suke ban sha'awa. Amfani na yau da kullun shine sau 2 mafi girma kuma yana da yawa.
Jemagu suna mamaye wuri na musamman tsakanin dabbobi. A cikin dajin can nau'ikan jemagu bakwai, bambanta da juna ba wai kawai a waje ba, har ma a salon rayuwa, abinci mai gina jiki, halayya, hanyoyi na lokacin tashi da wuraren hunturu. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, wadanda basu da labari a rayuwar su, kuma saurin cizon dabbobi a yanayin rayuwar su, suna da fa'ida sosai ta cin kwari masu cutarwa - sauro, ƙwanƙwamun Mayu, kukan daji, wanda ke haifar da babbar illa ga gandun daji. Kamar dai tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, jemagu suna tashi don hunturu kuma sun koma wuraren haihuwarsu don kiwo.
Farin kurege a cikin yankin dajin Buzuluk ya zama ruwan dare, amma ba yawa, kuma kumburin launin ruwan kasa yana da wuya. Yawancin mazaunan gandun daji a tsakanin ƙwayoyin dabbobi ba su da yawa - squirrel da dormouse lambu. Mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da squirrel a cikin gandun daji na Pine, dormouse - a cikin cikakke filayen tare da ƙoshin ƙasa mai yawa.
Garkunan dabbobi sune dabbobi da yawa a cikin gandun daji. Daga cikin rodents, babu shakka beaver shine mafi ban sha'awa. 'Yan Beavers Abin mamaki, da farko, tare da kwarewar ginin su. Suna dacewa da yanayin rayuwa daban-daban, amma ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba kuma koyaushe za su zauna a gefen gabar ruwa. Beavers suna tono ramuka masu zurfi, kuma inda tudu ke da tsaunuka, sun fi son ramuka zuwa wasu nau'ikan gidaje. A wuraren da ke da ƙananan raɓa, gaɓoɓin rami, suna gina fasaha mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin - "bukkoki", koyaushe kusa da bakin tekun, yawanci tare da manyan hanyoyin fita da gaggawa.
Daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, iri 13 ne ke zaune a gandun daji. Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine kyarkeci, yana haifar da babbar illa ga masu beran, yana tokarsu akan hanyoyin yayin girbin kaka na abinci. A cikin hunturu, a cikin dusar ƙanƙan da suke farauta deer, boars daji, matasa muz. Kowace shekara, akwai lokuta na ƙyamar kyarke a kan dabbobin gida.
A cikin gandun daji akwai sama da dawakai 150 kuma yana rayuwa ga wasu mutane da yawa na kajin raccoon, wanda aka karɓa a cikin nau'in jinsin, kuma - kawai wakilin kuliyoyi a cikin fauna - lynx.
Mafi yawan masu farauta sune cunyas. Wadannan sun hada da badgers, Martens, otters daji, ferrets, weasels, ermines da Amurka minks. Mink na Amurka shine sabon nau'in halitta na boron; an sake shi ne a cikin yankin don dalilan karatun. Bayan sannu-sannu da maye gurbin asalin ƙasashen turai na mink, ya mallaki jikin ruwan boron kuma yana tasiri da yawan muskrat.
Abubuwa uku na artiodactyls suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, amma, kawai gwiwar hannu da bareyi za a iya la'akari da jinsunan 'yan asalin. Tun a shekara ta 1936, shekaru da yawa aka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gandun daji na Buzuluk don magance cutar ta masara. Yana ɗaukar kaya, hau kan sirdi da kan sleds light.
Babban wuraren zama na barewa su ne gandun daji suna musayar farin ciki da koguna. Babban abincinsa shine nau'ikan ganye daban-daban, ganye da harbe harbe na bishiyoyi, ciyawa, berries, kuma a cikin filayen - harbe na albarkatu daban-daban. A cikin hunturu, tana cin ciyawa da ganyayyaki, ganyayen mosses da lasisi daga kututture da ciyawar.
Tsuntsaye sune kaso mafi yawa na kasusuwa: akwai 132 daga cikinsu daga umarni 13. Daga cikin wadannan, nau'in gida 90, mafi yawa suna ƙaura. Sedentally rayuwa a cikin daji 35 jinsuna. Yawancin iri da 'ya'yan itatuwa na bishiyoyi da shishaka suna jan hankalin tsuntsaye anan anan cikin hunturu. Kimanin nau'ikan 10 na tsuntsayen arewa a cikin hunturu a cikin shinge da katsewa kusa da gidajensu. Maƙwabta da maƙwabta waɗanda ke maƙwabtaka da ita suna ƙayyade mazaunin yawancin jinsin mutane.Yayin hijirar, wasu nau'ikan ƙaura 28 sun ziyarci yankin boron.
Na dabbobi masu rarrafe na boron, kamar wuya ga wasu yankuna na yankin Orenburg, ya kamata a lura da kunkuru mai rarrafe, lizard mai launi iri-iri, ɓataccen ɗanɗano, ƙawancin gama gari. Daga cikin 'yan matan da ba kasafai ake samun su ba a yankin da suke zaune a dazuzzukan da ke zama ruwan dare sabobin, kandami da kwaroron ciyawa.
Daga nau'ikan 24 kifida ke zaune a Samara, Brovka da sauran jikin boron dole ne a kasafta Tsutsa-tsutsa mai sauri na Rasha, da aka jera a cikin Littafin Red na Federationungiyar Rasha. Ba a da tabbaci game da mazaunin kogunan kogin Borovka da rafin Chertalyk na dogon lokaci.
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro kungiyar Buzuluksky Bor National Park shine Y.N. Darkshevich - ya haɓaka yawon shakatawa na musamman wanda ke gabatar da bambancin tsuntsaye da dabbobi na gandun daji.