Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Platin |
Subfamily: | Daidaitawa |
Subtype: | † Tarpan |
- Daidaita f. daidaituwa pallas, 1811
- Daidaita f. gmelini Antonius, 1912
- Daidaita f. sylvestris Brincken, 1826
- Daidaita f. silvaticus Vetulani, 1928
- Daidaita f. tarho Pidoplichko, 1951
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Tarpan (lat. Equus ferus ferus, Equus gmelini) - magabacin magabacin gida, wata doki mai dawakai. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu: the steppe tarpan (Latin E. gmelini gmelini Antonius, 1912) and tarpan daji (Latin E. gmelini silvaticus Vetulani, 1927-1928). An zauna cikin gandun dajin na Turai da kuma a cikin dazuzzukan Turai ta Tsakiya. Ya zuwa farkon karni na 18 zuwa 19, aka bazu ko'ina a ƙasashe da dama na Turai, sassan kudu da kudu maso gabashin Turai na Rasha, a Yammacin Siberiya da kuma yankin Yammacin Kazakhstan.
Bayanin cikakken bayani game da tarif ɗin shine masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar Jamusawa a cikin hidimar Rasha S. G. Gmelin a cikin "Tafiya a Rasha don Binciken Gaskiya Uku" (1771). Na farko a kimiya don bayyana cewa tarpans ba dawakai feral, amma na dabbobin daji na farko, Joseph N. Shatilov. Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa “Harafi zuwa ga N. Kalinovsky. Rahoton Tarpana (1860) da rahoton Tarpana (1884) sun nuna farkon binciken kimiyya na dawakai na daji. Kasuwanci ya sami sunan kimiyya Kawai ferus gmelini kawai a 1912, bayan shafewa.
Bayanin zoological
Takaitaccen matsakaiciyar ƙanƙani ya kasance mai ƙanƙanta tare da kai mai kauri hunchbacked kai, kunne mai kauri, ƙarancin gajeren hancin gashi, kusan gashi, mai tsayi a cikin hunturu, gajeriyar magana, lokacin farin ciki, madaidaiciya, ba tare da kara da matsakaicin matsakaici tare da wutsiya ba. Launi a lokacin rani ya kasance launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa, launin shuɗi-mai-ruwan kaɗa ko ƙwaya mai launin shuɗi, a cikin hunturu ya fi sauƙi, murine (mice), tare da madaidaicin tsiri duhu tare da bayan. Kafa, kafa da wutsiya duhu ne, alamun zebroid akan kafafu. Mane, kamar dokin Przhevalsky, yana tsaye. Kayan ulu mai laushi ya ba da damar tarzoma su tsira daga lokacin bazara. Hooaƙƙarfan hooves ba ya buƙatar dawakai. Tsawonsa a ƙ reachedƙasassun ya kai cm 136 Tsawon jikin mutum yana da kusan cm 150.
Tarpan daji ya sha bamban da matakin ƙarancinsa da ƙima kaɗan da rauni.
Dabbobin sun kasance garkunan dabbobi, wani lokacin ma wasu daruruwan shugabanni ne, wadanda suka fada cikin kananan kungiyoyi tare da buda baki a kai. A safpans kasance musamman daji, da hankali da kuma jin kunya.
Bayyanar kwatankwacin matsayin rakumin dawakai yana da rikitarwa saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata na rayuwa a cikin daji, tarpan ya hade da dawakai na gida, wanda aka doke shi da satar kayan jirgi. Wadanda suka fara binciken jarrabawar sun lura ... "riga daga tsakiyar karni na 18, tukwanan sharar gida sun ƙunshi kashi ɗaya cikin uku ko fiye na mares da gasa". A karshen karni na 18, kamar yadda S.G. ya bayyana. Gmelin, tarpans har yanzu suna da tsayuwa na tsaye, amma a ƙarshen kasancewar su a cikin daji, saboda haɗuwa da dawakai na gida, na ƙarshe ƙaƙƙarfan tarho sun riga sun rataye man, kamar dokin gida na yau da kullun. Koyaya, gwargwadon halayen yanayin ɗan adam, masana kimiyya sun bambanta tarpans daga dawakan gida, la'akari da waɗannan da sauran nau'ikan jinsi iri ɗaya a matsayin "doki na daji". Karatuttukan kwayoyin halittar da ake yi yanzu bai bayyana bambance-bambancen daga dawakai na gida ba, sun isa su rarrabe tarbiya zuwa wani jinsin daban.
Rarraba
Homelandasar mahaifar Tarpan ita ce Gabashin Turai da kuma yankin Turai na Rasha.
A cikin tarihi, an rarraba raƙuman ruwa a cikin matattakala da gandun daji na Turai (har kusan 55 ° N), a Yammacin Siberiya da kuma yankin Yammacin Kazakhstan. A cikin karni na XVIII, an samo raguna masu yawa kusa da Voronezh. Har zuwa 1870s, hadu a kan ƙasa na zamani Ukraine.
Yankin dajin ya mamaye tsakiyar Turai, Poland, Belarus da Lithuania.
A Poland da Gabashin Prussia, ya rayu har zuwa ƙarshen 18th - farkon ƙarni na 19. An rarraba safarar titin daji, wadanda suka zauna a cikin matsanancin hoto a cikin Zamosc na Poland a cikin baƙi a cikin 1808. Sakamakon rashin jituwa tare da dawakai na gida, sun ba da abin da ake kira Polish conic - karamin doki mai launin toka mai kama da tarbiya mai duhu "bel" a bayan sa da duhu kafafu.
Tsagewa
An yarda cewa gabaɗaya matakan da aka ƙera saboda filayen tutocin da suke ƙarƙashin filayen, cunkoson jama'a a cikin yanayi ta dabi'un dabbobi da dabbobin gida, da kuma ƙarancin ɗan adam na kashewa. A lokacin bala'in yunwan hunturu, taruruwa sukan ci abincin da aka ba haya wanda ba a kula dasu kai tsaye a cikin mataki, kuma a lokacin hada-hada wasu lokuta sun sake kamawa da sace ɓarawon gida, wanda mutum ke bin sa. Bugu da kari, ana daukar naman dawakai a matsayin mafi kyawu kuma mafi karancin abinci na tsawan ƙarni, kuma cinikin doki na daji ya nuna darajar doki a ƙarƙashin mahayin doki, kodayake yana da wahala a gurɓata tarif ɗin.
A ƙarshen karni na 19, mutum na iya ganin gicciye tsakanin taraɗa da doki na gida a cikin Zoo na Moscow.
An lalata tarwatsewar daji a cikin Tsakiyar Turai a cikin Tsararru na Tsakiya, kuma a gabashin kewayon a cikin karni na 16 - 18th, an kashe karshen a cikin 1814 a cikin yankin Kaliningrad na zamani.
A cikin mafi yawan kewayon (daga Azov, Kuban da Don steppes), waɗannan dawakan sun ɓace a ƙarshen XVIII - farkon ƙarni na XIX. An kiyaye mafi tsayin tsalle-tsalle a cikin tarkacen Bahar Maliya, inda suke da yawa a cikin 1830s. Koyaya, ya zuwa 1860s kawai ana kiyaye lafiyar ɗaliban nasu, kuma a cikin Disamba 1879, an kashe matattara ta ƙarshe a dabi'a a cikin Taurida steppe kusa da ƙauyen Aghaimany (yankin Kherson na yau), mai nisan kilomita 35 daga Askania-Nova [K 1]. A zaman talala, safarar ta zauna na wani ɗan lokaci. Don haka, a cikin Zoo na Moscow har zuwa ƙarshen 1880s doki ya tsira, an kama shi a 1866 kusa da Kherson. Starshe na ƙarshe na wannan tallafin ya mutu a cikin 1918 a cikin wata ƙasa kusa da Mirgorod a lardin Poltava. Yanzu ana adana kwanyar wannan tarbar a cikin Gidan Tarihin Zoological na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, kuma an adana kwarangwal a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Zoological na Kwalejin Kimiyya na St. Petersburg.
Mala'ikun Katolika sun ɗauki naman doki daji a matsayin abincin ci. Paparoma Gregory III an tilasta shi ya dakatar da wannan: “Kun kyale wasu su ci naman dawakai, da mafiya yawa, da nama daga dabbobin gida,” ya rubuta wa majiyar gidan managarorin. "Daga yanzu, ya Uba mai tsarki, kar ka kyale wannan kwata-kwata."
Daya daga cikin shaidun farautar farauta ya rubuta cewa: "Sun farautar su a cikin hunturu cikin tsananin sanyi kamar haka: da zaran dabbakan dawakai masu kishi a cikin kusancin su, sai suka hau dawakai mafi kyawu kuma suka yi kokarin kewayewa daga nesa. Lokacin da wannan ya ci nasara, mafarautan za su yi tsalle a kansu. Wadanda suke gudu don gudu. Dawakai suna bin su da dadewa, kuma a karshe, kananan dabbobi basa gajiya da gudu cikin dusar kankara. ”
Yunkurin sake halittar dan adam
'Yan Germanan wasan zoo na ƙasar Jamus Heinz da Lutz Heck a Munich Zoo a cikin 1930s sun yi rawar gani a dawakai (dokin Heck), suna kama da wani fitaccen yanayin tarho. Farkon ɓarin farkon shirin ya bayyana a shekara ta 1933. Yunkuri ne don sake dawo da ɗimbin ɗarin tarzoma ta hanyar haye dawakai cikin gida tare da fasalin farko.
A cikin Yaren mutanen Poland na Belovezhskaya Pushcha, a farkon karni na 20, daga daidaikun mutane da aka tattara daga gonakin kiwo (wanda a lokuta daban-daban akwai tarpans kuma suna bayar da zuriya), abin da ake kira tarpan-like dawakai (kayan kwalliya), a waje suna kallon kamar tarpans, an sake dawo da su ta wucin gadi kuma an sake su. . Bayan haka, an shigo da dawakai tarpan a cikin yankin Belarveian na Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
A cikin 1999, Asusun Tallafi na Duniya (WWF) a cikin tsarin aikin ya shigo da dawakai 18 a kusa da tafkin Papes a kudu maso yammacin Latvia. A cikin 2008, akwai kusan 40 daga cikinsu.