Tsarin wuta shine kwari da ke cikin tsarin reshe mai kifayen (ko kuma ƙwaro), keɓaɓɓiyar nau'in halittu, dangin gobarar (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).
Gobarar daji sun sami suna saboda gaskiyar cewa qwai, larvae da manya sun sami damar yin haske. Mafi tsufa rubuce-rubucen rubutu game da gobarar suna cikin tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci na ƙarshen karni na VIII.
Abin wuta - bayanin da hoto. Menene kama da wuta?
Abubuwan kashe gobara sune kananan kwari masu girma daga girman mm 4 zuwa cm 3. Mafi yawansu suna da jikin mara lalacewa, an rufe shi da gashi, kuma sifofin sifofin dukkan ƙwayoyin halittun da suke nunawa:
- 4 fuka-fuki, babba na biyu wanda ya juya ya zama elytra, tare da alamomi da kuma wasu lokuta alamun rijiyoyin,
- Shugaban motsi, wanda aka kawata shi da manyan idanunsa, cikakke ko kuma gaɓoɓin wani pronotum,
- suttura, daɗaɗɗun furen ƙarfe ko sawtooth, ya ƙunshi sassan 11,
- da baki game da nau'in cizon sauro (mafi yawan lokuta ana lura dashi a cikin larvae da mata, a cikin maza manya an rage shi).
Maza da yawa daga nau'ikan dabbobi, masu kama da irin ƙwaro irin na yau da kullun, sun sha bamban sosai da mace, mafi yawan abubuwan larvae ko ƙananan tsutsotsi tare da kafafu. Irin waɗannan wakilai suna da jikin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da nau'i-nau'i uku na gajerun ƙafafu, manyan idanu masu sauƙi kuma babu fuka-fuka ko elytra kwata-kwata. Haka kuma, ba su san yadda za su tashi ba. Antennae nasu ƙananan, sun ƙunshi bangarori uku, kuma da wuya mai rarrabe shugaban ya ɓoye a bayan garkuwar wuya. Lessasa mara ƙarancin mace, da ƙyar ta ƙara haske.
Faƙƙarfan wuta ba masu launin launuka mai haske: wakilan launin ruwan kasa sukan haɗu da juna, amma murfin suma suna iya ɗaukar sautunan baƙi da launin ruwan kasa. Wadannan kwari suna da taushi da sassauqa, matsakaitan sikeli. Ba kamar sauran irin ƙwaro ba, elytra na katifar wutar tana da haske sosai, don haka a gaba ana kiran kwari da jikinsu masu laushi (lat. Cantharidae), amma sai a rabu cikin keɓaɓɓe na iyali.
Me yasa wuta mai kama da wuta?
Yawancin mambobi ne na dangin gobarar an san su ne saboda iyawar su don fitar da haske mai kyalli, wanda aka sani musamman a cikin duhu. A wasu nau'in, maza ne kawai zasu iya haskakawa, a cikin wasu - mata kawai, a wasu - su biyun (alal misali, gobarar Italiya). Maza suna fitar da haske mai haske a cikin jirgin. Mata basa aiki kuma yawanci suna haskakawa a farfajiya na ƙasa. Hakanan akwai murhu masu wuta waɗanda basu da irin wannan ikon, yayin da yawancin nau'ikan haske yake fitowa ko da daga larvae da ƙwai.
Af, dabbobin ƙasa kaɗan gaba ɗaya suna da sabon abu na bioluminescence (luminescence sunadarai). Larvae na saƙar naman sauro wanda ke da ikon wannan, wanda aka sani da wutsi (colemole), ƙwarƙwarar wuta, gizo-gizo dawakai da wakilan gwoza, alal misali, irin abubuwan kashe gobara da ake kira (pyrophorus) daga West Indies. Amma idan kun kirga mazaunan ruwa, to akwai akalla nau'ikan dabbobi 800 a duniya.
Gabobin da suke bada izinin kashe gobarar su zama haskoki sune sel da ke aiki (fitilun wutar), yadudduka da jijiyoyi (bututun iska). A waje, fitilun sun yi kama da bakin shuɗi a kan zurfin ciki, an rufe su da wani fim ɗin amintacce (cuticle). Ana iya kasancewa dasu a sassan ƙarshe na ciki ko a ko'ina a rarraba jikin kwari. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna wasu, cike da lu'ulu'u uric acid kuma suna iya yin haske. Tare, waɗannan sel suna aiki ne kawai idan da jijiyar ƙwayar jijiyar ƙwaƙwalwa daga ƙwaro. Oxygen trachea ya shiga cikin kwayar photogenic kuma, tare da taimakon enzyme luciferase, wanda ke hanzarta daukar matakin, yana magance sinadarin luciferin (wani haske mai fitar da hasken halitta) da kuma ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Saboda wannan, wutar tana kamawa, tana fitar da hasken shudi, shuɗi, ja ko kore.
Maza da mata na nau'ikan nau'in galibi suna fitowa haskoki da launi iri daya, amma akwai banbancen. Launin haske yana dogara da yawan zafin jiki da acidity (pH) na muhalli, da kuma kan tsarin luciferase.
'Ya'yan ƙwaro kansu da kansu suna haskaka haske, suna iya haɓakawa ko raunana shi, sanya shi ɗauka ko ci gaba. Kowane nau'in yana da tsarinsa na musamman na hasken phosphoric. Dangane da dalilin, haske daga cikin kwari mai cin wuta na iya zama turawa, haske, kwanciyar hankali, faduwa, mai haske ko mara dadi. Mace ga kowane nau'in yana amsa alamomin maza ne kawai tare da takaddara da ƙarfin haske, wato, yanayin sa. Ta hanyar yanayin haske na musamman, kwari ba wai kawai suna jan hankalin abokan zama ba ne, har ma suna tsoratar da masu farauta da kuma kiyaye iyakokin yankunan su. Rarrabe:
- bincika da kira alamun a cikin maza,
- sigina na yarda, ƙi da sakonni na haɗin coci a cikin mata,
- alamun tashin hankali, rashin amincewa har ma da kwatancen haske.
Abin sha'awa shine, masu kashe gobara suna kashe kusan kashi 98% na makamashinsu a kan kunna wutar, yayin da wutar fitila ta yau da kullun (wutar fitila) tana canza kashi 4% na wutar lantarki zuwa wutar, ragowar makamashi yana zubar da yanayin zafin.
Abubuwan kashe gobara, suna jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun, yawancin lokaci basa buƙatar ikon fito da haske, saboda ya kasance daga gare su. Amma wadancan wakilai na rana da suke zama cikin kogo ko cikin duhun duhun daji suma sun hada da '' hasken walkiya '. Gswai duk nau'in gobara a farko shima yana kawo haske, amma da sannu zai bushe. Da rana, ana iya gano hasken abin wuta idan kuka rufe kwari da dabino biyu ko kuma matsar dashi cikin duhu.
Af, masu wuta suna ba da sigina ta amfani da jagorar jirgin. Misali, wakilan nau'ikan daya sun tashi a madaidaiciyar layi, wakilan wani nau'in sun tashi a cikin layin da ya karye.
Nau'in Nau'in Gobarar
Dukkanin siginar haske na wutar daji V.F. Buck ta kasu kashi 4:
Wannan shine yadda babban ɗakunan ƙwayar cuta na mallakar halittar Phengodes ke haskakawa, da ƙwai na dukkanin abubuwan kashe gobara, ba tare da togiya ba. Babu yanayin zafin jiki ko walkiya mai tasiri da hasken haskoki na wannan nau'in haske da ba'a iya sarrafawa.
Ya danganta da dalilan muhalli da kuma yanayin kwaro na ciki, wannan na iya zama mara ƙarfi ko haske. Zai iya lalacewa gaba ɗaya na ɗan lokaci. Saboda haka mafi yawan larvae haske.
Wannan nau'in luminescence, wanda a cikin lokutan ɓarna da rashin haske ana maimaita su a lokaci na yau da kullun, halayyar asalin Luciola da Pteroptix ne.
Babu wani lokacin dogaro tsakanin tsaka-tsakin flares da rashi a wannan nau'in haske. Wannan nau'in siginar alama ce halayyar mafi yawan masu kashe gobara, musamman a wurare masu tsauri. A wannan yanayin, iyawar kwari don fitar da haske ya dogara da dalilan muhalli.
H.A. Lloyd ya kuma gano nau'in haske na biyar:
Wannan nau'in siginar haske tana wakiltar jerin gajeren walƙiyar haske (mita daga 5 zuwa 30 Hz), yana bayyana kai tsaye bayan ɗaya. An samo shi a cikin dukkanin ƙananan wurare, kuma kasancewar sa bai dogara da wurin da mazauninsa ba.
Tsarin Tsarin Kashe Gobara
A cikin alkuki, akwai nau'ikan tsarin sadarwar 2.
- A cikin tsarin farko, duk wani mai jinsi daya (mafi yawan lokuta mace) yana fito da takamaiman alamun sakonni kuma yana jawo wakilin jinsi, wanda kasancewar gabobin jikinsu ba na tilas bane. Wannan nau'in sadarwa shine halayyar gobarar daga cikin abubuwan Phengodes, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
- A cikin tsarin nau'in na biyu, mutane masu jinsi iri ɗaya (galibin maza masu tashi) suna haifar da alamun aika sakonni wanda matan da ba safai suke ba da jima'i da ƙayyadaddun jinsuna ba. Wannan yanayin sadarwa shine halayyar ɗabi'u masu yawa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) da Photurinae, suna zaune a cikin Amurkan.
Wannan rarrabuwa ba cikakke bane, tunda akwai wasu nau'ikan sadarwa tare da nau'in sadarwa na tsaka-tsaki kuma tare da ingantaccen tsarin tattaunawa na luminescence (a cikin jinsunan Turai Luciola italica da Luciola mingrelica).
Gobarar Sync Flash
A cikin tsaunuka, da yawa nau'ikan kwari daga dangin Lampyridae da alama suna haskakawa tare. A lokaci guda suna kunna "hasken walƙiya" kuma a lokaci guda suna kashe su. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun kira wannan sabon abu da yawan walƙiya. Har yanzu ba a yi nazarin tsari na walƙiya na kashe gobarar ba, kuma akwai nau'ikan juzu'a game da yadda kwari suke gudanar da haske a lokaci guda. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, akwai jagora a cikin gungun irin ƙwayoyin wannan nau'in, kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da wannan "mawaka". Kuma tunda duk wakilai sun san mita (lokacin hutu da lokacin haske), sun sami damar yin wannan cikin yanayin abokantaka. Synchronously walƙiya sama, musamman maza na lampirides. Haka kuma, duk masu bincike sun karkata ga sigar cewa aiki tare na sigina na wuta yana da alaƙa da halayen jima'i na kwari. Ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar yawan jama'a, sun fi samun abokin tarawa aboki. Masana ilimin kimiyya kuma sun lura cewa za a iya karya aikin synchronism na kwari idan ka rataye wani fitila kusa da su. Amma tare da dakatar da aikinsa, an sake dawo da tsari.
Farkon ambaton wannan sabon lamari ya koma zuwa 1680 - wannan shi ne bayanin da E. Kempfer yayi bayan tafiya zuwa Bangkok. Bayan haka, an yi maganganu da yawa game da lura da wannan abin mamakin a Texas (Amurka), Japan, Thailand, Malaysia da kuma tsaunukan New Guinea. Musamman yawancin yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna zaune a ƙasar Malesiya: a can ne ake kiran wannan lamari da mazaunan garin “kelip-kelip”. A cikin Amurka, baƙi zuwa filin shakatawa na Elkomont (Duwatsu masu ɗarfin smoky) suna lura da haske na wakilan jinsunan Photinus carolinus.
Rarraba
Gobarar daji tayi yawa a Arewacin Amurka, Asiya da Turai. Ana iya samunsu a cikin gandun daji masu ɗumi da daɗaɗɗun, a cikin abubuwan farin ciki, ciyawa da fadama. Wannan wakili ne na babban iyali daga tsari na irin ƙwaro, wanda ke da ikon ban mamaki don fitar da haske mai haske.
Abin ƙonewa na wuta - kwari da ke cikin gidan Fireflies (Lampyridae), tsari na irin ƙwaro. Iyalin suna da nau'ikan halittu sama da dubu biyu. An musamman wakilci a cikin subtropics da tropics, kuma wajen iyakance a cikin temperate yankin. A cikin kasashen tsohuwar tarayyar Soviet, bakwai ke da kusan iri 20 ke zaune. Kuma a cikin ƙasarmu, mutane da yawa sun san abin da wuta take kama. A Rasha, an yi wa rajista iri 15.
Misali, tsutsotsi na dare Ivanovo tsutsotsi waɗanda suke kwana a ranar cikin ganye da ciyawa mai yawa, kuma idan gari ya tashi sai su fara farauta. Wadannan gobarar suna zaune a cikin daji, inda suke farautar kananan gizo-gizo, kananan kwari da katantanwa. Mace ba za ta iya tashi ba. An canza launin gaba ɗaya cikin launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa, kawai a kasan ƙasan ciki akwai ɓangarori uku farar fata. Don haka suka kunna haske.
Gobarar dake zaune a cikin Caucasus tana haske. Sparks suna rawa a cikin matsanancin duhu kuma suna ba da daren kudu ta musamman.
A ina suke kashe gobara?
Gobarar daji sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kwari masu ƙauna zafi waɗanda suke rayuwa a duk sassan duniya:
- a cikin Amurka
- a Afirka
- a Ostiraliya da New Zealand,
- a Turai (ciki har da Burtaniya),
- a Asiya (Malesiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Indonesia da Philippines).
Ana samun yawancin kashe gobara a cikin Tsarin Arewa. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗumi, wato, a yankuna masu zafi da ƙasa mai juyayin duniyarmu. Ana samun wasu nau'in a cikin latitude na yanayi. A cikin Rasha, nau'ikan nau'ikan kashe gobara 20 suna rayuwa, wanda ana iya samunsu a duk yankin ban da arewa: a Gabas ta Tsakiya, a yankin Turai da kuma Siberiya. Ana iya same su a cikin dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, fadama, koguna da tabkuna, a cikin share-share.
Abubuwan kashe gobara ba sa son zama cikin rukuni, sun ba da rance, amma galibi suna yin gungu na wucin gadi. Yawancin gobarar dabbobi ba mutane bane, amma akwai wadanda suke aiki yayin hasken rana. Da rana, kwari suna hutawa a kan ciyawa, suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin haushi, duwatsu ko maɓalli, kuma cikin dare waɗanda suke da ikon tashi su yi shi da sauƙi da sauri. A cikin yanayin sanyi, ana iya ganin su sau da yawa a kan doron ƙasa.
Rayuwa
Abubuwan kashe gobara ba kwari bane gama-gari, amma duk da wannan suna yawan samun manyan gungu. Da yawa daga cikin masu karatunmu basu da masaniyar irin yadda gobarar take kama da ita, saboda da wahala ka gansu da rana: suna hutawa, suna zaune a tsirrai ko ƙasa, kuma suna rayuwa mai aiki da dare.
Ta yanayin abincinsu, nau'ikan kashe gobara suma sun sha bamban. Kwayoyi masu cutarwa masu cutarwa masu yawa suna ciyar da nectar da pollen. Mutanen da ke yin jigila sun kai hari ga gizo-gizo, tururuwa, katantanwa da alluran mil. Akwai jinsin da manya ba sa cin abinci kwata-kwata; ba su ma da baki.
Me yasa wuta mai kama da wuta?
Wataƙila, mutane da yawa sun faru a lokacin ƙuruciya, suna hutawa tare da kakarsu ko a wani sansani a gabar Tekun Bahar Maliya, don ganin yadda yamma take, lokacin da duhu ya shiga, wutar da take tashi sama. Yara suna ƙaunar tattara kwari na musamman a cikin kwalba, kuma suna sha'awar yadda wutar da ke tashi ke haskakawa. Sashin luminescence na wadannan kwari yana daukar hoto. Tana a kasan ciki kuma ta ƙunshi yadudduka uku. Mafi ƙarancinsu an mirrored. Zai iya yin haske. Oneayan babba shine abun cutarwa. A cikin tsakiyar tsakiya sel ne waɗanda ke samar da haske. Kamar yadda wataƙila zaku iya tsammani, a cikin tsarinsa wannan jikin yana kama da fitilar wuta.
Masana kimiyya suna kiran wannan nau'in luminescence bioluminescence wanda ya samo asali daga haɗuwar kwayar oxygen tare da alli, luciferin pigment, ƙwayoyin ATP, da kuma encme luciferase.
Menene abubuwan kashe gobara suke ci?
Duk larvae da manya sune mafi yawan lokuta masu farauta, kodayake akwai katako masu wuta waɗanda ke ciyar da ciyayi da fure na fure, gami da tsire-tsire masu juyawa. Kyubayen dabbobi masu yawa suna kama sauran kwari, a cikin caterpillars na dila ɗora, mollus, milipedes, earthworms, har ma da yan uwan su. Wasu mata da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunin bala'i (alal misali, daga almara Photuris), bayan balaga, yi koyi da kwaɗayin da ke tattare da maza na wani nau'in don cinye su da samun abubuwan gina jiki don ci gaban zuriyarsu.
Mace a cikin manya suna cin abinci fiye da maza. Yawancin maza ba sa cin abinci kwata-kwata kuma suna mutuwa bayan an yi aure da yawa, kodayake akwai wasu tabbaci cewa duk manya suna cinye abinci.
Tsutsa mai wuta yana da goge mai ƙyalli a ɓangaren ƙarshe na ciki. Ana buƙatar ta don tsabtace ƙoshin da ya rage a kan ƙananan kai bayan cin abinci da tsintsaye. Duk larvae na wuta da gobara. Ainihin, suna cin kifin kifaye kuma galibi suna zama cikin mawuyacinsu.
Wace irin hasken wuta ke haifar?
Ba kamar fitilar lantarki ba, inda yawancin makamashi ke kwarara zuwa zafi mara amfani, yayin da ingancinsa bai wuce 10% ba, wutar dajin tana fassara har zuwa 98% na kuzari zuwa fitilar haske. Wannan shine, sanyi ne. Haske daga cikin wa annan kwari an yi shi ne da zahirin ganuwa mai launin rawaya-kore na bakan da ya dace da nishi mai nisan mil har zuwa 600 nm.
Abin sha'awa shine, wasu nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna da damar ƙaruwa ko rage ƙarfin haske. Kuma ko da emit intermittent haske. Lokacin da jijiyoyin kwari suka ba da sigina don "kunna" haske, oxygen ya shiga cikin hoto, kuma idan ya daina ciyarwa, hasken “yana kashewa”.
Har yanzu, me yasa wutar daji ke tashi? Bayan haka, ba don faranta wa mutum ido ba? A zahiri, bioluminescence don gobara itace hanya ce ta sadarwa tsakanin maza da mata. Kwari ba saurin nuna alamun kasancewar su, amma kuma sun banbance abokin aikin su a yawan maɗaukaka. Arewacin Amurka da nau'in wurare masu zafi sau da yawa suna yin jerin gwano na abokan aiki, suna walƙiya da mutuwa daga lokaci guda tare da garken baki ɗaya. Groupungiyar jinsi akasi ta amsa da alama iri ɗaya.
Kiwo
Lokacin da ma'aunin balaga ya fara, wasan wuta yana cikin ci gaba da neman alamar daga rabin sa na biyu, yana shirye don haihuwa.Da zarar ya same shi, sai ya gangara zuwa zaɓaɓɓen. Daban-daban nau'ikan gobara suna kawo haske tare da mitoci daban-daban, kuma wannan, yana iya tabbatar da cewa wakilan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun dace da juna.
Zaɓin abokin tarayya
Matsayi na sarauta a tsakanin gobarar - mace ta zaɓi abokin tarayya. Yana ƙaddara shi da tsananin haske. Haskakawar haske, mafi girman yanayin motsinsa, namiji zai fi yawan jan sha'awa da mace. A cikin dazuzzukan kurmi, a lokutan yankuna na gaba daya, bishiyoyin da aka zana a cikin irin wannan wuya suna yin haske sosai fiye da windows shop a cikin megalopolises.
Anyi rikodin lokuta na wasannin daskarewa tare da sakamako mai illa. Mace, ta amfani da alamar haske, tana jan hankalin maza nau'in halittu. Lokacin da takin zamani da ba a sani ba ya bayyana, mai lalata ya ci su.
Bayan hadi, larvae ya fito daga qwai wanda mace ta sanya. Menene larvae na wuta? Quite manyan, voracious, baƙi fentin tsutsotsi tare da rawaya daidai. Abin sha'awa, suna haske, kamar yadda manya ke yi. Kusa da zuwa kaka, suna ɓoyewa a cikin haushi bishiyoyi, inda suke hunturu.
Larvae haɓaka sannu a hankali: a cikin jinsin da ke rayuwa a tsakiyar layin, larvae hunturu, kuma a cikin yawancin nau'ikan ƙasa waɗanda suke girma na makonni da yawa. Matsayin dalibi yana zuwa makonni 2.5. Shekarar bazara mai zuwa, larvae pupate da sabbin manya manya sun inganta daga gare su.
- Gobarar da ke haifar da mafi kyawun wutar rayuwa a cikin tsaunukan Amurka. Ya kai tsawon santimita biyar. Kuma kirjin sa, ban da na ciki, shima yana haske. Hasken ta ya fi sau 150 haske da na wani dangi na Turai.
- Masana kimiyya sun sami damar ware kwayar halitta wacce ke shafar haske. An samu nasarar shigar da shi cikin tsirrai, a sakamakon hakan ya sami damar samun tsire-tsire masu haske da daddare.
- Mazauna ƙauyuka masu zafi suna amfani da waɗannan kwari a matsayin fitilu na asali. Aka sanya kwari a cikin kananan kwantena kuma irin waɗannan hasken wutar lantarki na farko sun haskaka wuraren.
- Kowace shekara, a farkon lokacin bazara, ana yin bikin wuta a Japan. Masu kallo suna zuwa gonar kusa da haikalin a yamma kuma suna ɗokin kallon jirgin da yalwatacce mai yawa na yawan kwari.
- A cikin Turai, nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa shine wutar gama gari, wanda ake kira tsutsa na Ivanovo. Kwaro ya karbi wannan sabon abu sunan saboda imani cewa yana haske a daren Ivan Kupala.
Muna fatan kun sami amsoshin tambayoyin abin da firefly yayi kama da, inda yake zaune da kuma irin rayuwar da yake jagoranta. Wadannan kwari masu ban sha'awa koyaushe suna ɗora sha'awar mutane kuma, kamar yadda kake gani, a hankali.
A cikin daren dumi a ƙarshen Yuni - farkon Yuli, kuna tafiya gefen gefen gandun daji, zaku iya ganin hasken wuta mai haske a cikin ciyawa, kamar dai wani ya kunna ƙananan fitilar LEDs. Awannin lokacin rani a takaice, zaku iya kallon wannan rawar kamar awanni biyu kawai. Amma idan kun ɗora ciyawa kuma suka kunna fitila a inda hasken ya ke, zaku iya ganin kwaro mai tsutsa-tsuttsurar kwayar cuta mara kunya, a ƙarshen ƙarshen ciki yana haske da shuɗi. Yayi kama da mace gama gari wuta (Lampyris noctiluca ) Mutane suna kiransa Ivanov tsutsa , Tsutsa Ivanovo saboda imani cewa lokacin farko a shekara ya bayyana a daren Ivan Kupala. Mace kawai ke jiran maza a ƙasa ko ciyayi zasu iya fitar da haske mai haske, yayin da maza kusan basa fitar da haske. Firean da ke ƙyamar wuta yana kama da ƙwaro irin na yau da kullun tare da wuya elytra, yayin da mace a cikin tsufa ta kasance kamar tsutsa, kuma ba ta da fuka-fuki ko kaɗan. Ana amfani da haske don jan hankalin namiji. Musamman sashin jiki wanda ke fitar da haske yana zaune a sashin karshe na ciki kuma yana da matukar ban sha'awa a tsarin: akwai ƙananan sel sel. dauke da adadin lu'ulu'u urea masu yawa, da aiki kamar madubi mai nuna haske. Tsarin lumbar da kansa ya shiga ta hanyar tracheas (don samun isashshen oxygen) da jijiyoyi. An kirkiro haske a lokacin hadawar abu na abu don abu - na musamman, luciferin, tare da halartar ATP. Ga masu kashe gobara, wannan ingantaccen tsari ne, yana faruwa ne tare da kusan kusan kashi 100%, dukkan makamashi yana shiga cikin haske, kusan ba tare da zafi ba. Kuma yanzu karin bayani dalla-dalla game da wannan duka.
Gobarar gama gari (Lampyris noctiluca ) wakili ne na dangin gobaraLampyridae ) tsari na irin ƙwaro (Coleoptera). 'Ya'yan waɗannan ƙwaro suna da siginar sigar-siga, tsawan tsayi 15 mm, kuma babba babba mai manyan idanu. Suna tashi lafiya. Mace tare da fitowar su suna kama da larvae, suna da tsutsa mai tsutsa har zuwa tsawon mm 18 mm, kuma ba mai fiɗa. Ana iya ganin Svetlyakov a gefunan gandun daji, daɗin farin ruwa, a gefen tafkuna da koguna.
Babban a cikin duk hankalin mutum kalmar shine gabobi mara haske. A cikin mafi yawan katsewar wuta, suna a bayan ciki, suna kama da manyan fitilu. Wadannan sassan an shirya su ne a kan tushen wutar lantarki. Suna da nau'i na "fitila" - rukuni na sel photocyte waɗanda birgima da jijiyoyi suke riska. Kowane ɗayan wannan tantanin yana cike da "man", a cikin rawar da yake shine luciferin. Lokacin da gobarar ke hurawa, iska ta ratsa trachea zuwa sashin hasken, inda luciferin yake oxidized a karkashin tasirin oxygen. Reactionwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta yana fitar da makamashi a cikin hasken. Haske na haskakawa koyaushe yana haskaka haske a kan hanya madaidaiciya - zuwa teku. Gobarar kashe gobara a wannan batun ita ma ba ta da nisa. Hotunan su na daukar hoto suna kewaye da sel wadanda ke cike da lu'ulu'u uric acid. Suna yin aikin mai yin tunani (mai kunna madubi) kuma suna ba ku damar kashe kuzarin amfani a banza. Koyaya, waɗannan kwari bazai yiwu su damu da adanawa ba, saboda duk aikin da suke dashi na hassada duk wani masanin fasaha. Abubuwan kashe gobara suna da rawar gani na 98%! Wannan yana nufin cewa kashi 2% na kuzarin da kawai suke ɓacewa, kuma a cikin abubuwan da mutane suka kirkira (motoci, kayan lantarki), daga 60 zuwa 96% na kuzarin da aka ɓata.
Yawancin mahaɗan sunadarai suna shiga cikin haske. Ofayansu yana da tsayayya wa zafi kuma yana nan a cikin adadi kaɗan - luciferin. Wani sinadarin shine luciferase enzyme. Hakanan, ana buƙatar acid adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) don amsawar haske. Luciferase shine furotin mai wadataccen tsari a cikin kungiyoyin sulfhydryl.
Ana samar da haske ta hanyar hadawar abu da iskar shaka da luciferin. Ba tare da luciferase ba, adadin dauki tsakanin luciferin da oxygen yana da ƙasa sosai; catalysis na luciferase yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Ana buƙatar ATP azaman cofactor.
Haske yana faruwa yayin canzawar oxyluciferin daga yanayin farin ciki zuwa ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, oxyluciferin yana da alaƙa da ƙwayar enzyme kuma, dangane da sinadarin hydrophobicity na microenadium na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar farin ciki, hasken da ake fitarwa ya bambanta a cikin nau'ikan gobarar daga launin rawaya-kore (tare da ƙarin microroprop na hydrophobic) zuwa ja (tare da ƙarancin hydrophobic). Gaskiyar ita ce tare da ƙarin microenadium mai zurfi, ana rarraba ɓangaren makamashi. Luciferases daga masana'antar kashe gobara iri daban daban suna samar da bioluminescence tare da maxima daga 548 zuwa 620 nm. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin kuzari na amsawa yana da girma ƙwarai: kusan dukkanin kuzarin da aka amsa ana canzawa zuwa haske ba tare da fitowar zafi ba.
Dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗauke da luciferin iri ɗaya. Luciferases, ya bambanta, sun bambanta a cikin jinsuna daban. Yana biye da cewa canjin launi na haske yana dogara da tsarin enzyme. Nazarin ya nuna cewa zazzabi da pH na matsakaici suna da tasiri a kan launi na haske. A matakin microscopic, luminescence sifa ce kawai ta hanyar cytoplasm na sel, yayin da kwayar halittar ta zama duhu. Haske yana fitar da haske ta hanyar izinin hotogenic dake cikin cytoplasm. Lokacin da ake bincika sabbin sassan kwayoyin halitta a cikin rayukan ultraviolet, waɗannan manyan abubuwan ana iya gano su ta sauran dukiyoyin su, mai kyalli, wanda ya dogara da kasancewar luciferin.
Yawan adadin kuzarin da aka dauka yayi matukar misaltawa idan aka kwatanta da misalai irin na luminescence, gab da hadin kai. A takaice dai, ga kowane kwayoyin luciferin da ke halayen amsawar, ana fitar da adadin haske guda daya.
Abubuwan kashe gobara sune karnuka masu cin ciyawa da kwari. Firefly larvae kai wata ɓata rayuwa, kama da ƙasa irin ƙwaro larvae. Larvae ciyar a kan kananan invertebrates, yafi terrestrial mollusks, a cikin bawo abin da suke ɓoye sau da yawa.
Adult beetles ba su ciyar, kuma nan da nan bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin da kwanciya qwai mutu. Matar tana sanya ƙwai akan ganye ko a ƙasa. Ba da daɗewa ba, baƙar fata tare da takaddun rawaya suna bayyana daga gare su. Suna cin abinci mai yawa kuma suna girma da sauri kuma, a hanya, kuma suna haske. A farkon kaka, yayin da suke daɗaɗaɗa rai, suna hawa a gindin itaciya, inda suke yin tsawon lokacin hunturu. A cikin bazara, sun tashi daga matsuguni, sun yi kitse na kwanaki da yawa, sannan ɗalibai. Makonni biyu bayan haka, sai gobarar matasa ta bayyana.
Idan aka kalli kyakyawan juzuwan masu kashe gobara, tun zamanin da, mutane suna mamakin me yasa basa amfani dasu don dalilai masu amfani. Indiyawan sun liƙe su don moccasins don haskaka hanyoyi da tsoratar da macizai. Waɗanda suka fara zama a Kudancin Amurka sun yi amfani da waɗannan kwari a matsayin haske don bukkoki. A wasu ƙauyuka, wannan al'ada ta rayu har zuwa yau.
A daren bazara, dutsen wuta wani hoto ne mai ban sha'awa da gani, idan, kamar a labarin tatsuniya ne, launuka masu haske suna haskakawa kamar kananan taurari a cikin duhu.
Haskensu ja-rawaya da kore cikin inuwar launuka daban-daban da haske. Kwaro mai kashe gobara yana nufin tsari na ƙwayar gwoza, iyali wanda ke da nau'in kusan dubu biyu, wanda aka rarraba a kusan dukkanin sassan duniya.
Mafi kyawun wakilan kwari sun zauna cikin subtropics da tropics. A cikin ƙasarmu, akwai kusan nau'ikan 20. Gobarar ana kiran Latin: Lampyridae.
Wani lokacin gobarar kan haifar da dogon haske a cikin gudu, kamar taurarin harbi, hasken yawo da hasken rawa a daren kudu. Akwai bayanai masu mahimmanci a cikin tarihin mutane suna amfani da gobarar a cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.
Misali, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa fararen baƙi na farko, masu jigilar jirage masu tasowa zuwa Brazil, ina ma gobarar rayuwa , sun kunna gidajensu da haskensu na zahiri.
Kuma Indiyawan, suna farauta, sun ɗaure waɗannan fitilun na zamani zuwa yatsun ƙafafunsu. Kuma kwari masu haske ba wai kawai sun taimaka gani a cikin duhu ba, har ma suna tsoratar da macizai masu dafi. Kamar fasalin gobarar wani lokaci ne al'ada don kwatantawa cikin kaddarorin tare da fitila mai kyalli.
Koyaya, wannan haske na halitta yafi dacewa, saboda ta hanyar kunna fitilun kansu, kwari basa yin zafi kuma basa ƙaruwa da zafin jiki. Tabbas, yanayi ya kula da wannan, in ba haka ba yana iya haifar da mutuwar gobarar.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Fan itace suna zama a cikin ciyawa, a cikin ciyawa, ko gansakuka, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin ganye mai ganye. Kuma da dare sukan farauta. Kayan wuta suna cin abinci , ƙarami, larvae na wasu kwari, ƙananan dabbobi, katantanwa da tsirrai masu juyawa.
Samfuran samfuran gobarar bazuwar ba su ciyar da ita, amma suna wanzu ne kawai don haihuwa, suna mutuwa bayan matsi da tsarin kwanciya ƙwai. Abin takaici, wasan kwaikwayon na wadannan kwari wasu lokuta sukan isa ga mutumci.
Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa matan waɗannan kwari masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suke ƙawata daren rani na allahntaka, galibi suna da halin rashin kunya.
Mata daga nau'in Photuris, suna ba da alamun yaudarar maza ga wani nau'in, kawai suna tafarnuwa, kamar dai don hadi ne, kuma maimakon saduwar da ake so, ku cinye su. Wannan halin ana kiran shi da masana ilimin kimiyya m mimicry.
Amma wutar daji tana da amfani sosai, musamman ga mutane, ta hanyar cin abinci da kawar da kwari masu haɗari a cikin ganyayyakin da suka faɗi na itace da kuma gidajen lambun. Gobarar daji a cikin lambun - Wannan alama ce mai kyau ga mai lambu.
A, inda yawancin nau'ikan kwari da ban sha'awa na waɗannan kwari suna zaune, gobarar daji suna ba da ma'amala a cikin filayen shinkafa, inda suke ci, suna lalata abubuwa masu yawa, katuwar ruwa, share tsirrai na ƙauyukan ƙazantattun abubuwa, suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa.
Siffofi da mazauninsu
A yau, akwai nau'ikan kashe gobara kusan 2,000 a cikin yanayi. Kamanninsu marasa rubutu a cikin rana ba ta wata hanya bace da kyakkyawa da ake fitarwa daga gobarar da daddare.
Kowane irin wannan ƙwayoyin yana da kayansa, wanda shine mai da ake kira luciferin. Duk wannan hadadden tsarin kashe gobara yana aiki ta hanyar hura kwari. Lokacin da aka sha iska, iska tana motsa tare da trachea zuwa gashin luminescence.
A can, hadawan abu na luciferin yana faruwa, wanda ke fitar da makamashi kuma yana bada haske. Kwayoyin cutar phytocides suna da matukar tunani da kuma taushi da ba za su cinye makamashi ba. Kodayake bai kamata su damu da wannan ba saboda wannan tsarin yana aiki tare da matsananciyar aiki da tasiri.
QCD na waɗannan kwari daidai yake da 98%. Wannan yana nufin cewa 2% kawai za'a iya amfani dasu a banza. Don kwatantawa, kayan aikin mutane suna da QCD daga 60 zuwa 90%.
Masu cin nasara akan duhu. Wannan ba shine nasarar su ta ƙarshe da mahimmanci ba. Suna iya sauƙaƙe sarrafa "hasken walƙiya" ba tare da wahala mai yawa ba. Kawai daga cikinsu ba a basu ikon tsara yadda hasken yake ba.
Duk sauran sun iya canza matakin haske, sannan su kunna fitila, sannan su kashe “kwararan fitila”. Wannan ba wasa bane kawai. Tare da taimakon irin waɗannan ayyuka suna bambanta nasu da baƙi. Abubuwan kashe gobara da ke rayuwa a Malesiya sun zama cikakke a wannan batun.
Suna kunna wuta da haske mara haske yana faruwa lokaci guda. A cikin gandun daji, irin wannan aiki tare na batarwa ne. Da alama wani ya rataye garine mai ban sha'awa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa irin wannan ikon mai ban mamaki don haskakawa da daddare ba shi da asali a cikin dukkanin ayyukan kashe gobara. Daga cikinsu akwai waɗanda suka fi son jagorancin rayuwar yau da kullun. Ba sa haskakawa kwata-kwata, ko kuma ana ganin haskensu a cikin kurmi mai yawa da kuma kogon dutse.
Gobarar daji tana tartsatsi a arewacin hemisphere na duniya. Yankin Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia shine wurin da suka fi so. Suna da daɗi a cikin dazuzzuka masu dazuka, da ciyawa da kuma fadama kwari.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Wannan ba karamar kwari gama kai ake har yanzu ana samun mafi yawan lokuta a cikin taro ba. A cikin rana, ana kallonsu a zaune akan ciyawa. Zuwan faɗuwar rana wahayi da gobarar motsa jiki don motsawa.
Suna tashi lafiya, gwargwado da sauri a lokaci guda. Ba za ku iya kiran larvae na fireflies zauna. Sun gwammace su jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa. Suna da dadi ba kawai a ƙasa ba, har ma a ruwa.
Kayan wuta suna son zafi. A lokacin hunturu, kwari sukan ɓuya a ƙarƙashin itacen itaciya. Kuma da zuwan bazara da kuma bayan ingantaccen abinci mai kyau, sukan koya. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wasu mata, ban da duk fa'idodin da ke sama, suma suna da abin zamba.
Sun san yadda wani irin haske zai iya haskakawa. Fara haske da kyau. A dabi'ance, ɗan wannan jinsin ya lura da haske da kuma kusancin da ke gare ta.
Amma baƙon ɗan da ya lura da kamun ba a ba shi damar ɓoyewa. Mace na cinye ta, yayin da take isasshen adadin abubuwa masu amfani ga rayuwarta da kuma ci gaban larvae. Zuwa yanzu, ba a fahimci cikakkiyar gobarar ba. Har yanzu akwai binciken kimiyya da yawa gaba da wannan.
Bayyanar
A waje, kwari masu kwari suna kama da suna da saukin kai, ko da babu rubutu. Jikin yana da elongated da kunkuntar, kai kadan ne, antennae gajere ne. Girman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana da ƙarami - matsakaici daga santimita 1 zuwa 2. Launin jiki launin ruwan kasa, launin toka mai duhu ko baƙi.
Yawancin jinsunan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ambaci bambance-bambance tsakanin mace da namiji. Tsarin kashe gobara na maza a cikin bayyanar yayi kama da karnuka, na iya tashi, amma ba ya yin haske.
Matar tana da kama da tsutsa ko tsutsa, ba ta da fikafikan, saboda haka tana jagorantar yanayin rayuwa. Amma mace ta san yadda za ta yi haske, wanda ke jan hankalin wakilan mata da maza.
Me yasa haske yake?
Sverorgan na luminous a wurin kashe gobarar kwari yana a bayan ciki. Taro ne na sel sel masu walƙiya - photocytes wanda ta sa jijiyoyin wuya da jijiyoyi suke wucewa.
Kowane irin wannan kwayar yana dauke da sinadarin luciferin. Yayin numfashi ta hanyar trachea, oxygen yana shiga cikin sashin hasken fitsari, a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin abin da luciferin yake oxidized, yana fitar da kuzari a cikin hanyar haske.
Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ƙarewar jijiya yana ratsa sel haske, kwari a cikin ƙwaro zai iya yin sarrafa ƙarfi da yanayin haske. Zai iya zama ci gaba mai haske, haske, walƙiya ko walƙiya. Saboda haka, kwari suna haske a cikin duhu suna kama da garmar Kirsimeti.
Nau'in gobara, hotuna da sunaye.
Gabaɗaya, masana kimiyyar binciken dabbobi suna lissafa kusan nau'ikan 2000 na kashe gobara. Bari muyi magana game da shahararrun cikinsu.
- Na'urar Kayan Wutashi ne babban gobara) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Yana da sunayen mutanan Ivan da tsutsa ko Ivan tsutsa. Bayyanar kwaro ya kasance yana da alaƙa da hutu na Ivan Kupala, saboda yana tare da zuwan lokacin rani wanda daman canjin yanayi yana farawa da gobara. Daga nan ne sanannen sunan barkwanci, wanda aka bai wa mace mai kama da tsutsa.
Babban gobarar kwaro-kwaro ce mai kama da kama-da wuta. Girman maza ya kai mm 11-15, mace - 11-18 mm. Kwaro yana da jiki mara nauyi da sauran alamomin dangi da oda. Namiji da mace na wannan nau'in sun sha bamban da juna. Mace tayi kama da tsutsotsi kuma tana jagorantar tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Dukkanin maza da mata suna da ikon bioluminescence. Amma mace ta fi fa'ida sosai, lokacin yamma tana fitar da wata haske mai haske. Namiji yana tashi da kyau, amma yana haske sosai mai rauni, kusan babu makawa ga masu kallo. Babu shakka mace ce ta ba da siginar ga abokin tarayya.
- - An talakawa mazaunin filayen shinkafa a Japan. Yana zaune kawai a cikin rigar silt ko kai tsaye a cikin ruwa. Ya kan farauta mollusks da daddare, gami da matsakaitan rukunoni masu tashi sama. A lokacin farauta, tana haskakawa sosai, yana haskaka launin shuɗi.
- yana zaune a yankin Arewacin Amurka. Maza daga yanayin halittar Photinus suna haske kawai kuma suna tashi tare da hanyar zigzag, kuma mace suna amfani da haskakawa wajen daukar nauyin mazajen wasu nau'in. Daga cikin wakilan wannan halittar, masanan kimiyyar Amurka sun ware enzyme luciferase domin suyi amfani dashi a tsarin ilimin halitta. Tsarin kashe gobara na yau da kullun shine mafi yawan jama'a a Arewacin Amurka.
Wannan irin ƙwaro ne mai duhu wanda yake da launin duhu mai duhu 11-14 mm. Godiya ga haske mai haske, a bayyane yake a sararin ƙasa. Matan wannan nau'in suna kama da tsutsotsi. Larvae na photinus mai zafin rai yana rayuwa daga shekara 1 zuwa 2 kuma ya ɓoye a wurare masu laushi - kusa da rafi, ƙarƙashin haushi da ƙasa. Suna yin hunturu suna binne kansu a cikin ƙasa.
Dukkan kwari da tsofaffi su ne mafarauta, suna cin tsutsotsi da katantanwa.
- yana zaune ne kawai a Kanada da Amurka. Irin ƙwaro irin wanda ya kai girman cm 2 Yana da farar fata baki ɗaya, idanun ja da farare masu rawaya. A sashi na karshe na ciki shi ne sel na hoton.
Tsutuwar wannan kwaro an kira shi da “tsutsar tsutsa” saboda iyawarta ta bioluminescence. Tsutsotsi kamar mace ta wannan nau'in ma suna da ikon yin kwaikwayon haske, suna kwaikwayon alamun alamun jinsin Photinus da ke dauke da wuta don kamawa da cin abincin mazajensu.
- Cyphonocerus ruficollis - mafi tsabta da karancin karatun nau'ikan gobarar. Tana zaune a Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia. A Rasha, an samo kwaro a cikin Primorye, inda mata da maza ke haskakawa sosai a cikin watan Agusta. An jera ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin Littafin Lemo na Rasha.
- Kayar da Kaya (Wuta a Wuta) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - wani nau'in halitta mai saukin ganewa kuma mara ƙarancin karatu wanda ke zaune a Yankin gabashin Rasha. Tsawonsa na iya kaiwa 15 mm. Sun kira shi da wutar kai-da ke dauke da wuta saboda babban aikinsa da kuma tsarin da yake zagaye yana da tarnaki mai zaki. Elytra na dusar ƙanƙara duhu, furen haƙoran haƙora da ƙananan.
Matsayin lardin na wannan kwari yana wuce shekaru 2. Kuna iya samun tsutsa a cikin ciyawa, a ƙarƙashin duwatsun ko cikin zuriyar gandun daji. Maza manya suna tashi da haske.
- - blackan ƙaramin baƙar fata tare da kai mai ruwan lemuka da raunin gani mai kyan gani (streaks). Matan wannan nau'in suna tashi da haske, yayin da maza suka rasa ikon miƙe haske bayan sun juya zuwa cikin kwari manya.
Beetanɗar Fir suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan Arewacin Amurka.
- - Wani mazaunin tsakiyar Turai. A kan asalin kwaro irin na maza akwai abubuwan fili masu kyau, sauran jikinsa kuma ana zanen su da launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Tsawon jikin tsutsotsi ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 15 mm.
Maza suna da haske musamman a jirgin sama. Mace suna da tsutsotsi kuma suna iya fitar da haske mai haske. Abubuwan samar da haske suna cikin Tsutsotsar Turai ba kawai a ƙarshen ciki ba, har ma a cikin kashi na biyu na kirji. Larvae na wannan nau'in na iya yin haske. Suna da jikin fatar fata mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗigon ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda a ɓangarorin.
Abubuwan Gobarar - abin mamakin yanayi
Flying, walƙiya mai hura wutar wuta - ainihin haƙiƙancin ɓoye a lokacin rani. Amma yaya muka sani game da menene gobarar daji. Ga wasu bayanai game da su.
1. Mene ne irin ƙwayoyin wuta
Abubuwan kashe gobara sune kwari da daddare - suna jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki da dare. Waɗannan membersan gidan ne a cikin ƙwayoyin kifayen Lampyridae (wanda ke nufin "haske" a cikin Hellenanci). Sunan "ƙonewar wuta" ba ƙaramin ɓatarwa bane, saboda fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan kashe gobara sama da 2000, wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ne kawai ke da ikon yin haske.
2. Ban da gobarar daji, akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fure
Abubuwan kashe gobara tabbas suna ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan saboda iyawarsu mai haske. Yawancin halittun bioluminescent suna rayuwa a cikin teku - mutane ba su da hulɗa da su. Haskensu an ƙirƙiri shi ta hanyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wanda oxygen ke haɗuwa tare da alli, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) da luciferin ta amfani da luciferase enzyme. Gobarar daji tana amfani da yanayin rayuwarsu, mai yiwuwa don tsoratar da masu dabbobin.
3. Ba dukkan masana'antar kashe gobara take da "wuta" ba
Abubuwan kashe gobara, yawancin nau'ikan su, kawai basa ƙonewa. Gobarar da ba ta bioluminescent da ba ta haifar da haske ba yawanci ba kwari bane - suna aiki sosai a lokacin.
4. Masana kimiyya sun gano luciferase saboda gobarar
Hanya daya tilo don samun luciferase sunadarai shine cire shi daga cikin wuta. A ƙarshe, masana kimiyya sun gano yadda ake ƙirƙirar luciferase na roba. Amma wasu mutane har yanzu suna tattara enzyme daga "fitilu masu tashiwa." Ana amfani da Luciferase a cikin binciken kimiyya don gwada amincin abinci da wasu hanyoyin halayen halittu.
5. Abubuwan wuta suna amfani da makamashi
Wutar Lantarki ita ce hanya mafi inganci a duniya. Kashi ɗari bisa ɗari na ƙarfin da suke ƙirƙirawa ana fitar da su ta hanyar haske. Idan aka kwatanta, fitilar incandescent tana fitar da kashi 10 na kuzari ne kawai a cikin hasken, sai kuma fitilun mai fitarwa suna fitar da kashi 90 na makamashi a cikin hasken.
6. Hasken walwalar su na yin lalata
Yawancin maza masu kashe gobara suna neman mata. Kowane nau'in suna da takamaiman hoto na hasken da suke amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da juna. Bayan mace ta ga namiji kuma ya amsa ƙaunarsa, sai ta amsa masa da irin yanayin hasken. Yawanci, mata kan zauna a tsirrai, suna jiran namiji.
7. Wasu nau'ikan suna da ikon aiki tare da walƙiyarsu
Masana ilimin kimiyya ba su da tabbacin abin da ya sa gobarar ke yin wannan, amma wasu ra'ayoyin suna ba da shawarar cewa gobarar tana yin wannan ne domin zama sanannu. Idan gungun ƙwayoyi masu kashe gobara suna ba da haske a cikin tsarin guda, to, mafi yawanci suna yin wannan ne don jawo hankalin mata. Yankunan da ake kashe gobara a Amurka kawai da suke daidaita aiki shine Photin carolinus. Suna zaune a cikin Grand Smoky National Park, Amurka, inda sabis ɗin shakatawa ke shirya sa'o'i don baƙi don wasan kwaikwayon hasken maraice.
8. Ba dukkan nau'ikan kashe gobara ba iri daya
Kowane nau'in yana da takamaiman launi na haske. Wasu suna haifar da haske mai launin shuɗi ko kore, yayin da wasu ke haskakawa a lemo ko rawaya.
9. Suna ɗanɗana abin ƙyama.
Ba kamar cicadas ba, ba za a dafa abincin wuta a cikin gwoza gasassun ba. Idan kayi ƙoƙarin cin wuta, zai sami ɗanɗano mai ɗaci. Gwoza ma na iya zama mai guba. Lokacin da aka kaiwa masu kashe gobara wuta, suna zubar da kwararar jini. Jini ya ƙunshi sinadarai waɗanda ke haifar da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci da guba. Yawancin dabbobi sun san wannan kuma suna guje wa taunawa.
10. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara a wasu lokutan suna cin naman mutane
Lokacin da masu aikin kashe gobara suke har yanzu suna cikin matakin lardin, suna shirye su ci katantanwa. Yawancin lokaci, lokacin da suka girma, suna zama masu cin ganyayyaki - suna ƙaurace wa nama. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa gobarar da ta girma tana rayuwa a kusa da iskar gas da man fure, ko kuma ba sa cin komai. Amma wasu, wutar, kamar su Photuris, na iya jin daɗin cin abincin nasu. Photuris mata galibi suna cin maza na wasu jarin. Suna jawo hankalin ƙwaro marasa ƙwaro ta hanyar yin koyi da tsarin haskensu.
11. Yawansu yana raguwa
Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke sa yawan gobarar ke raguwa, gami da canjin yanayi da lalata wuraren zama. Yaushe, saboda ginin hanyoyi ko wani ginin, mazaunin gobarar yana cikin damuwa, basu ƙaura zuwa sabon wuri, amma kawai suna ɓacewa.
12. Ka ji daɗin wasan kwaikwayon hasken wutar daji yayin da kake da damar
Masu bincike ba su da ɗan sani game da yadda gobarar ke tashi kuma ba su bayar da tabbataccen amsa ba me yasa suka ɓace. Yi farin ciki da nunin haske yayin da har yanzu wannan kwaro ya wanzu a yanayi. Wataƙila ƙarnukan mutanen da suka biyo bayanmu ba za a basu damar ganin waɗannan kwari ba tare da kyalli mai ban mamaki.
Kayan kwanannan a wannan bangare:
Ferns hakika ɗayan tsofaffin wakilai ne na tsintsiya a duniya. Yau ba a samun su sau da yawa a cikin daji. A kan wannan.
Ga mai farawa mai farawa, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci abin da ƙasa don dasa cactus a ciki. Yawancin lokaci wannan fahimta tana zuwa bayan jerin gwaji da kasawa. Ba shi da daraja.
Fuchsia wata itaciya ce wacce take girma a cikin yanayi a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka da New Zealand. Cikin gida fuchsia yana da dabara.
Tsawon rayuwa
Matan irin ƙwaro suna ƙwai ƙwai akan gado na ganye. Bayan ɗan lokaci, ƙarancin rawaya-mai launin shuɗi ya bayyana daga ƙwai. An bambanta su da kyawawan abubuwan ci, ƙari, ƙananan kwari masu gobara suna faɗuwa idan sun damu.
Irin ƙwaro larvae hunturu a cikin haushi bishiyoyi. A cikin bazara, sun bar tsari, suna ci da ƙarfi, sannan kuma ɗalibai. Bayan makonni biyu zuwa uku, tsoffin gobara tana fitowa daga rago.
- Mafi kyawun ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna zaune a cikin tsaunin Amurka.
- A tsawon, ya kai santimita 4 - 5, kuma ba kawai ciki ba, har ma kirji yana haske a ciki.
- Ta fuskar haske da hasken da yake fitarwa, wannan kwaro ya ninka har sau 150 fiye da takwarorin sa na Turai - kamar gobarar yau da kullun.
- Mazaunan ƙauyuka na wurare masu zafi suna amfani da gobarar. An sanya su cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuma tare da taimakon irin wannan hasken wutar lantarki na farko sun kunna gidajensu.
- Ana yin bikin kashe gobara a kowace shekara a farkon lokacin bazara a Japan. A yamma, 'yan kallo suna taruwa a cikin lambun kusa da haikalin kuma suna kallon tsalle-tsalle masu kyau da yawa na kwari masu haske.
- Mafi yawan nau'ikan jinsin Turai shine kamar wutar daji, wacce aka fi sani da suna tsutsa Ivanovo. Ya sami wannan suna ne saboda imani cewa kwari mai kashe gobara ya fara haske a daren Ivan Kupala.
A daren bazara, dutsen wuta wani hoto ne mai ban sha'awa da gani, idan, kamar a labarin tatsuniya ne, launuka masu haske suna haskakawa kamar kananan taurari a cikin duhu.
Haskensu ja-rawaya da kore cikin inuwar launuka daban-daban da haske. Kwaro mai kashe gobara yana nufin tsari na ƙwayar gwoza, iyali wanda ke da nau'in kusan dubu biyu, wanda aka rarraba a kusan dukkanin sassan duniya.
Mafi kyawun wakilan kwari sun zauna cikin subtropics da tropics. A cikin ƙasarmu, akwai kusan nau'ikan 20. Gobarar ana kiran Latin: Lampyridae.
Wani lokacin gobarar kan haifar da dogon haske a cikin gudu, kamar taurarin harbi, hasken yawo da hasken rawa a daren kudu. Akwai bayanai masu mahimmanci a cikin tarihin mutane suna amfani da gobarar a cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.
Misali, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa fararen baƙi na farko, masu jigilar jirage masu tasowa zuwa Brazil, ina ma gobarar rayuwa , sun kunna gidajensu da haskensu na zahiri.
Kuma Indiyawan, suna farauta, sun ɗaure waɗannan fitilun na zamani zuwa yatsun ƙafafunsu. Kuma kwari masu haske ba wai kawai sun taimaka gani a cikin duhu ba, har ma suna tsoratar da macizai masu dafi. Kamar fasalin gobarar wani lokaci ne al'ada don kwatantawa cikin kaddarorin tare da fitila mai kyalli.
Koyaya, wannan haske na halitta yafi dacewa, saboda ta hanyar kunna fitilun kansu, kwari basa yin zafi kuma basa ƙaruwa da zafin jiki. Tabbas, yanayi ya kula da wannan, in ba haka ba yana iya haifar da mutuwar gobarar.
Me yasa wutar daji ta tashi?
Idan masana kimiyya suka tabbatar da dalilan da ke haifar da tashin gobarar da daɗewa, tambayar dalilin da yasa kwari suke buƙatar irin wannan kayan na dindindin ya kasance a buɗe na dogon lokaci. A yau, yawancin masu bincike sun yi imani da hakan ta irin wannan hanyar wacce ba a saba ba, gwoza tana jawo hankalin mutane mata da maza . Haka kuma, nau'ikan nau'ikan gobara suna haifar da hasken mitoci daban-daban. Wannan ya zama dole saboda kowane namiji, mai jan hankalin mace, ya mai da hankali ga wakilan nau'ikan nasa ne kawai. A cikin duka, kusan shahararrun dabbobi kusan dubu biyu ne a duniya, kuma kowannensu yana ɗaukar haskensa na musamman. Tabbas, ga idon ɗan adam, wannan bambancin na iya zama mai nuna bambanci, amma ga ƙananan ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana da mahimmanci.
Mutane kalilan ne suka san cewa hasken da waɗannan kwari keɓaɓɓu ba su da ɗumi, amma sanyi. Ba kamar, alal misali, hasken rana ba, wannan haske ba ya dumama da komai. Kuna iya ganin wannan idan kun yi sa'a don kama a kalla a cikin gobara. Sanya shi a cikin gilashi kuma kalli irin ƙwaro. Ko da ka dasa ɗaruruwan kwari guda ɗari a wurin, kwalbar ba zai yi dumin komai ba. Kuma duk saboda katsewar wuta bata iya fitar da dumin haske. Game da irin wannan abin mamaki suke cewa: yana haskakawa, amma baya jin zafi.
Wanene kuma ke haskakawa cikin yanayi?
Af, ba kawai wutar baƙi suna da irin wannan baƙon abu na halitta ba . Sauran nau'ikan dabbobi da ke da haɗari don sakin ƙarfin wuta an san su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, alal misali, wasu nau'ikan jellyfish.
Koyaya, masu aikin kashe gobara ne suka sami irin wannan sanannen saboda karfin ikon yin haske a cikin duhu. Abin sha'awa, wasu nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna iya yin haske ba kawai daban-daban ba, har ma a cikin manyan gungu. Mafi sau da yawa, ana ganin irin wannan abin mamaki a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi waɗanda ke cikin latitude na kudu. Ganin irin wannan kyakkyawan shine sa'a. A irin waɗannan lokutan, da alama duk abin da ke kewaye yana ɗaukar haske tare da hasken fitilun ƙofa, wanda ko dai ya shuɗe, sannan ya sake kunna haske. A wasu ƙasashe, gungu na masu kashe gobara suna haske sau da yawa kuma suna girma sosai harma ana amfani da waɗannan kwari azaman haske a cikin duhu.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa yawancin masana kimiyya na zamani suna da sha'awar abubuwan ƙone-goran wuta. Yawancin masu bincike suna da tambaya: shin zai yiwu a yi amfani da ƙarfin waɗannan kwari? Wataƙila, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masana kimiyya za su sami amsar wannan tambayar mai ban sha'awa. A hanyar, zamu iya jin daɗin kyawun waɗannan dabbobi masu ban mamaki da kyalli.
Dalilin bioluminescence
Haske yana faruwa lokacin da wasu abubuwa a jikin kwari ke lalata abubuwa. Yana faruwa kamar haka:
- da firefly inhales
- iska ta ratsa tracheas da yawa zuwa sel,
- kwayoyin sunadaran oxygen hade da alli da adenosine triphosphate.
Kwayoyin sel na luminescent na kwari (fuka-fukai) suna nan a ƙarshen ciki. Yawancin lokaci ana rufe su da bayyane abun yanka. Fuskoki suna ƙunshe da manyan ƙwayoyin hotogenic waɗanda aka ɗauka da filasta na trachea da jijiyoyi. Haske ba zai yuwu ba tare da masu haskakawa ba. Su sel ne da lu'ulu'u uric acid.
Wani lokaci ikon yin haske a cikin duhu yana bayyana ba wai kawai a cikin manya irin ƙwaro ba, har ma a cikin ƙwaiyensu da larvae. Wannan ya faru saboda yawan enzyme luciferase.
Kwaro yana fitar da haske mai sanyi. Yana cikin ɓangaren kore mai haske-rawaya na bakan a cikin zangon kewayawa 500-600 nm. Ingancin wutar lantarki ta al'ada wacce take daga 5 zuwa 10%, yayin da wannan kwaro take fassara zuwa hasken wutar lantarki har zuwa kashi 98% na kuzarin da aka kashe. Wasu nau'ikan masu kashe gobara suna iya ɗaukar ƙarfin haske da kuma yawan karuwar walƙiya.
Bioluminescence hanya ce ta sadarwa tsakanin maza da mata. Yalli, kwaro mai haske yana sanar da wuri. Mitar girgiza irin ƙwaro ya bambanta, saboda haka mace zata iya sanin abokin aikinsu cikin sauƙin. A lokacin kiwo, maza wasu daga wasu nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da kuma Arewacin Amurka suna tashi sama suna kashe juna, wanda garken mata suka amsa tare da gabatar da haske iri ɗaya.
Me ya sa kwari ke karkatarwa a lokaci guda?
Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan kashe gobara 2,000 sanannu ne a kimiya, amma kwari, wadanda suka bunkasa ikon daidaita walƙiya yayin juyin halitta, suna zaune a wurare kalilan a saman duniya, sune:
- a cikin Babban Shuke Gidajen Yankin inasashe na Amurka,
- a Malaysia
- a Thailand
- a Filipinas.
Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Connecticut sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama tare da kwari na nau'in Photinus carolinus don gano dalilin da yasa gobarar take kamawa. Yawancin lokaci jerin alamun walƙiya suna canzawa tare da ɗan hutu mai tsayi, bayan wanda jerin ke maimaitawa. A lokacin hutu, mace tana ba da siginar amsa. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kawai 1% na dukkanin nau'in ƙwayoyin kashe gobara suna da irin wannan aiki tare.
A cikin gwajin masana kimiyyar halittar dabbobi, mace Photinus carolinus sun kasance a ciki. An maye gurbin mazan ne ta fitilu masu fitarwa, wanda suka sake haifar da yanayin da aka saba da irin wannan nau'in gobarar.
A lokacin gwaji na farko, dukkanin halittun sun haskaka iri daya, a cikin na biyun, synchronism ya rikice matuka, kuma a na gaba, fitilu suka bayyana kuma suka bazu daban. A sakamakon haka, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a cikin yanayi biyu na farko, mace ta amsa sakonni a cikin 80% na lokuta. A yayin gwaji na uku, raunin ya biyo baya ne kawai cikin 10%.
Masu binciken sun kuma gano cewa macen da ke da maza masu haskakawa ba za ta iya tantance abokin aikinta ba, yayin da take hulɗa da wani da miji na ɗayan ba ya gabatar da wata matsala a gareta. Ingantaccen rawar walƙiya yana rage amo kuma yana taimaka wa kwari su sami juna.
Tsarin wuta shine kwari da ke cikin tsarin reshe mai kifayen (ko kuma ƙwaro), keɓaɓɓiyar nau'in halittu, dangin gobarar (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).
Gobarar daji sun sami suna saboda gaskiyar cewa qwai, larvae da manya sun sami damar yin haske. Mafi tsufa rubuce-rubucen rubutu game da gobarar suna cikin tarin waƙoƙin Jafananci na ƙarshen karni na VIII.
Sanadin Gobarar
Tambayar dalilin da yasa ake kashe gobarar har yanzu ba a fahimta sosai ba? Babu wani ra'ayi guda daya game da wannan batun. Ba duk ƙyamar wuta ke haskakawa ba, a wasu nau'ikan mata kawai suke haskakawa. Amma mace, ba kamar namiji ba, ba za ta tashi ba. Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa "hasken sanyi" na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwallo yana dogara ne akan tsarin ƙirar halitta na bioluminescence.
Hanyoyin sunadarai guda biyu suna faruwa a jikin kwari, sakamakon abin da aka samar da abubuwa guda biyu - luciferin da luciferisis. Luciferin, yana haɗuwa tare da oxygen, yana ba da wannan hasken farin sanyi, na biyu kuma shine mai ba da gudummawa ga wannan yanayin. Wannan hasken shine irin ƙarfin da zaku iya karanta tare da shi. Wasu rubuce-rubucen sun ambaci cewa tattara gobara a cikin tasoshin da take haskaka ɗakunan rayuwa.
Shin kuna tuna karin magana ta Rasha: tana haskakawa, amma baya dumama. Ta fi dacewa da wannan yanayin. Idan kuwa ta banbanta ne, to da wutar za ta mutu kawai. Wadannan kwari masu ban mamaki suna da sashin jiki na musamman waɗanda ke sarrafa ikon yin haske.
Kamar kowane kwari, kwari masu wuta ba su da gabobin jiki na numfashi, amma kawai tsarin hadaddun na shambura - tracheol, wanda ke samar da iskar oxygen. Hakanan wannan tsarin yana taka rawa sosai a cikin ikon haskaka lokacin da ya cancanta. Tambayar dalilin da yasa mata masu aikin wuta ke fitar da wannan mummunan haske mai tsafin kuma har yanzu yana a bayyane.
Wasu sun yi imani da cewa da taimakon haske, wutar daji tana kare kanta daga magabatansu da tsuntsayen da ba za su iya farautar su ba. Wasu kwari suna da jajaye ko wari mai ƙazanta, yayin da wuta ke kiyaye kariya daga wuta. Wasu kuma sun yarda cewa wannan hasken yana nuna alama ce ta mace a shirye don hadi.
Akwai wani ra'ayi wanda mace da maza suke a matsayin gobarar daji tana haskakawa, kuma zabin mata da maza domin hadi ya faru ne gwargwadon karfin ƙwayar namiji. Gaskiyar ita ce ƙonewar mata da ke aiki a matsayin mai farawa na mating, kuma shine ainihin yanayin motsawa da kuma ƙarfin ƙawancin haske wanda ke bawa namiji damar jan hankalin abokin. A hanyar, ba a yi nazarin wannan batun ba, kawai za mu iya sha'awar murƙushe ƙananan hasken wuta a cikin shuru na daren Yuli.