Iyalin ambisto karami ne, ya hada da tatsar amphibians daga 5 genera da 28. Ambistomaceae suna cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin amphibian waɗanda aka sake fasalin tsarin su sosai cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A farkon shekarun 1980, dangi sun riga sun kirga nau'ikan 35 da 4 na asali - Ambystoma, Rhyacosiredon, Dicamptodon, da Rhyacotriton, duk da haka, yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halittar a cikin nazarin tsarin haraji sun inganta canjin duka rukuni da cikin samarwa.
Wakilan dangin ambisto ana samun su ne kawai a Arewacin da Tsakiyar Amurka. A cikin kasashen da Turanci Turanci, Ambistomov ana kiranta salamanders tawadar Allah. Ambistomes suna da matukar kyau ga Arewacin Amurka, inda suke yaduwa daga yankunan kudancin Kanada da kudu maso Alaska har zuwa Mexico.
Ambistomes sun sami karɓuwa da sanannensu da godiya ga axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), wanda da farko masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da shi a cikin bincike daban-daban kawai kamar dabba na dakin gwaje-gwaje, sannan kuma ya isa ga masu ruwa da tsaki sannan kuma suka fara yaduwa. Axolotl shine lardin neotenic tare da sunan gida "axolotl", wanda ke fassara a matsayin "wasa a cikin ruwa."
Yawancin jinsunan ambistos sune asalin halittar Ambysloma, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan 21, yaduwa kuma sananne ne saboda larvae neotenic. Sauran halittar sun haɗu da speciesan nau'ikan da ke faruwa a cikin nesa na Arewacin Amurka: genus Rhyacotrilon tare da jinsin 1 da halittar Dicamptodon da aka wakilta ta hanyar nau'ikan 2, ko a Tsakiyar Amurka: halittar Rhyacosiridon tana da nau'ikan 4, da kuma dabi'ar Bathysiridon - 1 nau'in.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin mulkin ƙasa na manya an bambanta su da babban kai, jiki mai ɗaukar nauyi tare da sanannun tsummoki, ƙananan idanu, ƙuƙwalwar ƙyallen hannu da wutsiya wacce aka zagaye ta a sashin giciye. Launin launuka na jikin nau'ikan da yawa suna da ban sha'awa da kuma motley: akan jikinsu akan yanayin duhu akwai launuka masu kyau, launuka da launuka iri-iri iri iri: daga shuɗi launuka masu launin shuɗi.
Mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin manya, suna rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin kwandon daji, suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin zuriyar dabbobi ko a cikin ramuka waɗanda suka haƙa ko kuma suka mamaye ramuka da sauran dabbobin suka bari. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu da ke rayuwa a yankuna na arewacin Amurka a cikin ramuka da damuna guda. Ambistomes suna zaune shi kaɗai, suna cin abinci iri iri.
Manyan magidanta sun koma ruwa kawai cikin kankanin lokaci, suna zaban wannan rijiyoyin guda ɗaya inda aka haife su. Kiwo a cikin amphibian galibi yakan faru a farkon bazara, kodayake yawancin lambobi, alal misali, ringed (A. annulatum) da marmara (A. opacum) ambistomes, irin su a kaka.
Dukkan nau'ikan suna kwanciya-kwanciya ta hanyar kwarin guiwa, suna tattara kwaiyensu a cikin mutane da yawa, wani lokacin kuma daruruwan yanki tare, suna rufe cikin jaka na musamman. Ambistomy sa ƙwai tare da qwai a cikin tafkunan m ko jinkirin-gudãna. Ambbleoma a cikin marmara yayi wani abu daban-daban: yana sanya kwai a kan ƙasa a cikin filayen filaye daban-daban, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya cika da ruwan kullun kaka.
Larvae suna jagorantar salon rayuwa na ruwa, amma a ma'aunin jiki da kayan jikin mutum suna kama da manya. Launi na jiki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya yi dimuwa da monophonic. Kudin Ambisto ya bambanta da manya a gaban nau'i biyu na gills na waje tare da nau'i-nau'i na gill slits a bayan kai. A kan wadatattun ana samun mulufi mai yawa daga abubuwan da ke cike da jini a jikin kayan kwalliya. Bugu da kari, a cikin larvae, a gefe bangaren, a bangaren bangaren daga hannun daga kai har zuwa karshen wutsiya kuma a gefen ventral daga karshen wutsiya zuwa ga cloaca, akwai manyan fayilolin fata wadanda suke samar da fin din caudal. Wutsiyar yakan ƙare da zaren wutsiya.
An gabatar da fargaba ne daga lokacin da aka haifi tsutsa, kuma yatsunsu 4 a kan goshin, kuma akwai guda 5 a kan kafafun hancin .. Idanun larvae su kifi ne, baya yin sa kuma basu fitar da gashin ido ba.
Larvae yayi iyo a cikin ambisto, yana karkatar da jiki kamar kifi. Kudancin wasu nau'in, musamman ma yawan mutanen kudu na damisar damisa da sauran nau'ikan dabbobin, sun sami damar girma zuwa girma girma ba tare da fuskantar metamorphosis ba. Kasancewar larvae mai yawa a cikin yawan jama'a ya sa yawancin jinsuna suna da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar yarima ko kuma wani bangare neotenic. Mutane da yawa cikin irin wannan nau'in ba su barin jikin ruwa, suna riƙe giram da tarin fuka, duk da cewa huhunsu suma suna haɓaka, suna aiki azaman ƙarin ƙwayar numfashi. Sun isa balaga ba tare da fuskantar metamorphosis ba. Yawan jama'ar Neotenic da nau'ikan buri na asali an samo su ne a yankuna masu tsaunuka na Amurka da kuma Plateau ta Tsakiya a Meksiko. Abubuwan da ke kawo canji ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwar neoteny sune manyan tsauraran wurare, kasancewar masu tsinkayen ruwa da yanayin rashin ruwa a waje da jikin ruwa. Mafi yawan alumomin neotenic suna cikin hadaddun nau'ikan tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma velasci, Ambystoma mavortium da nau'ikan jinsin. Ana kiran jinsunan neotenic cikakke na ambistos axolotls - Ambystoma mexicanum, Ambystoma taylori, Ambystoma andersoni da Ambystoma dumerilii. Neotenics yana riƙe da ƙara ƙarfin ikon haɓaka halayyar matasa larvae kuma yana iya dawo da ƙafar asarar, wutsiya da kusan kowane sashin na ciki.
A cikin aiwatar da metamorphosis, gills da fin folds sun shuɗe, larvae molt kansu: kan aiwatar da molting, fatar ta fara samun abin canza launi na manya, kuma ƙyallen idanu a cikin idanu. A cikin huhu yana haɓaka, wanda ke shirya dabbobi don ƙaura zuwa ƙasa da farkon kasancewar duniya gabaɗaya.
Mashahurin yana da adadin kwayar halitta ta diflomasiyya - 28.
Axolotl da sauran burin - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma mavortium, masoya amphibian suna kiyayewa kamar dabbobi.
Bayyanar
Tiger ambistoma ita ce mafi girma ambistoma a duniya. A halin yanzu akwai biyan kuɗi guda takwas. Shugaban yana da girma, mucks yana zagaye sosai. Idanun suna ƙananan zagaye, faɗi daban. Wsarfe huɗu a kan goshin, biyar a kan kafafu biyu. Akwai dunkulalliya biyu akan tafin hannun. An tsinke gawar ambistoma daga bangarorin 13 ta hanyar 13. A vertebrae sune biconcave, kashi na kusurwar kwanyar ba ya nan, hakoran palatine suna juzu'i. Godiya ga pineal gland shine yake (pineal gland) suna cikin daidaituwa a sararin samaniya, tana da kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar gani. Pineal gland shine yake bayan idanun.
Abubuwan Ombistoma da mazauninsu
Bayyanar yana kama da saɓanin da aka sani da mutane da yawa, kuma a cikin ƙasashen ƙasashen Amurka har ma ana kiran shi salamander mole. Suna zaune a cikin gandun daji tare da zafi mai tsayi, wanda ke da ƙasa mai laushi da lokacin farin ciki.
Mafi yawan mutane sun haɗa da jakadan aji Ana zaune a Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Kanada. Iyalin waɗannan gwanaye sun haɗa da nau'ikan 33 da ambritos iri iri, kowannensu yana da halaye na kansa.
Mafi mashahuri daga cikinsu sune:
- Tiger ambistoma. Zai iya kaiwa tsawon santimita 28, yayin da kusan kashi 50% na jikin yake wutsiya. A gefenta na salamander akwai dogayen 12 shuɗi, launinta kuwa inuwar launuka ce mai launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan kasa .. Lines da ɗigon ruwan rawaya suna ko'ina cikin jikin. Yatsun yatsu hudu a kan kafafu na gaba, biyar kuma na kafafu biyu na gaba. Kuna iya haɗuwa da irin wannan ambisto a cikin yankunan da ke arewacin arewacin Mexico.
Hoto mai rauni na hoton ambigoma
A cikin hoto akwai marmaraoma na marmara
Rawa Takaici Ambistoma
Ambistoma na Mexico
Hoton shine Ambistoma na Pacific
Kallo hoton hoto, wanda aka jera a sama, zaku iya ganin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin su.
Yanayi da salon mulkin ambistoma
Tunda akwai nau'ikan buri na buri, dabi'a ce kowannensu yana da dabi'unsa da hanyar rayuwarsa. Mayakan Tiger ko'ina cikin rana sun gwammace su zauna cikin ɓoyewa, da dare kuma sukan tafi neman abinci. Nimaƙwalwa da jin kunya, da suka ji haɗarin, sun fi so su koma ramin, ko da an barsu babu abinci.
Mayakan marmara suna rufin asiri, sun fi son ƙirƙirar ramuka wa kansu ƙarƙashin ganye da bishiyoyi da suka faɗi. Lokaci-lokaci a zauna cikin ramuka da aka watsar. Masu salati masu launin shuɗi-haƙiƙa sun gwammace da yanayin rayuwa, saboda haka zaka iya ganin su a doron ƙasa kawai a ranakun ruwa. A lokaci guda, waɗannan amintattun ba sa ƙirƙirar gida don kansu, suna amfani da abin da ya saura bayan wasu dabbobi.
Dukkan nau'ikan wadannan 'yan amphibians suna rayuwa cikin burmi kuma sun gwammace farauta a cikin duhu. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa basu yarda da tsananin zafi ba, mafi yawan zafin jiki a kansu shine digiri 18-20, cikin matsanancin yanayi, digiri 24.
Halin yana da takamaiman bayani, saboda suna son kadaici kuma basa barin kowa ya shiga kansu. A babban mataki ma'anar kiyaye kai ne. Idan bakin jini suka fada cikin maharbi, to kuwa ba zasu bada kai ga karshe ba, cizo da sheke shi. A lokaci guda, duk gwagwarmayar burin zai kasance tare da sautin kuka, wani abu mai kama da mai maye.
Tsarin Abinci na Ambistoma
Abubuwan da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta suna ciyar da abubuwan da ke gaba:
Larvae na Ambistome a cikin yanayin halitta yana cin abinci kamar:
Wadancan mutanen da ke da hatsi a cikin akwatin kifaye ana shawarar su ciyar da ita da abinci mai zuwa:
- nama mai durƙusad da hankali
- kifi
- kwari iri iri (tsutsotsi, karnuka, gizo-gizo).
Tsutuwar Axolotl Ya kamata a ci abinci a kullun, amma ya kamata a ciyar da ambisto na manya fiye da sau 3 a mako.
Siffofin bayyanar ambisto
Manya-manyan mutane nada manyan kawuna da kananan idanu. Jikin yana da nauyi kuma mai yawa tare da kyawawan tsummoki, kafafu suna bakin ciki, ɓangaren wutsiya zagaye ne.
Fata ya yi laushi. A kan idanun kuma akwai ƙyalli masu buɗe ido. Yawancin jinsunan ambisto suna da launi mai ban sha'awa tare da aibobi daban-daban da launuka daban-daban. Za'a iya yin ado da gawawwaki masu launuka tare da tatsuniyoyi masu haske ko raɗaɗin raɗaɗin cikakke.
Ambistomes dangin amphibians ne, wanda kuma ana kiranta salamanders, kuma suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Arewacin Amurka.
Sake buguwa da tsawon kwanciyar hankali na ambistoma
Domin ambistoma ya ninka, yana buƙatar kasancewar ruwa mai yawa. Abin da ya sa, a farkon lokacin canjin, bakin haure suna yin ƙaura zuwa waɗancan gandun daji da suke ambaliyar a lokaci-lokaci. Babban ɓangaren mutane na wannan nau'in sun fi son haihuwa a cikin bazara. Amma marmara da shekara-shekara burin zama kawai a cikin kaka.
A lokacin lokacin kiwo, maza suna sa maniyyi da amarya, kuma mata suna ɗaukar ta da taimakon Cloaca. Sannan mace ta fara sanya jaka dauke da kwaya, a cikin jaka ɗaya na iya zama daga ƙwai zuwa 20 zuwa 500, yayin da kuma kowannensu zai iya zuwa milimita 2.5.
Ambistomes suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don shayarwa
Qwai da aka adana a cikin ruwan dumi suna gudana daga ranakun 19 zuwa 50. Bayan wannan lokacin, larvae mai rikicewa suna bayyana a cikin duniya, tsayin su ya bambanta daga santimita 1.5 zuwa 2.
Ambistoma axolotl (tsutsa) ya kasance cikin ruwa don watanni 2-4. A lokacin wannan lokacin metamorphoses yana faruwa da su, watau, axolotl ya juya zuwa ga babban buri:
- Fins da gills sun shuɗe
- Idanu sun bayyana a idona
- An lura da ci gaban huhu,
- jiki ya sami launi daga nau'ikan da suka dace a matsayin buri.
A kan ƙasa, larvae samun ambisto kawai bayan sun isa tsawon santimita 8-9. Don juya aqulotum aqulotum zuwa cikin amphibian, kuna buƙatar sannu a hankali a juya ayar a cikin taskar.
A cikin hoto axolotl
Wannan na buƙatar rage adadin ruwan da yake akwai da kuma haɓaka adadin ƙasa. Tsutsa ba shi da sauran zabi face ya fita zuwa ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, wanda bai isa ya tsammaci canji na sihiri ba, axolotl zai shiga cikin yanayin ambistoma ba a cikin makonni 2-3 ba.
Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa zaku iya juya axolotl a cikin manya tare da taimakon magungunan hormonal da aka kirkira don glandar thyroid. Amma ana iya amfani dasu bayan tattaunawa tare da likitan dabbobi.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa don sa ƙwai, mace ba ta shiga cikin ruwa tare da ambisto, suna kwance jaka tare da caviar a cikin ƙananan wurare, wanda a nan gaba tabbas za a cika ambaliya da ruwa.
Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin wurare daban-daban, yayin da ake shirin filaye da ke ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin da suka faɗi ko a cikin tarin ganye. An lura cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin akwatin kifaye (tare da kulawa da kyau), ammanoma zai iya rayuwa shekaru 10-15.
Ciki salon rayuwa
Manya na jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa ta ƙasa, suna cinye mafi yawan lokaci a ƙarƙashin ɓoyayyen ganye ko cikin ramuka. Zasu iya haƙa kansu ko kuma su mamaye gidajen mutane. Speciesan arewacin na ambistos hunturu cikin burrows. Ambistomes suna zaune shi kaɗai. Abincinsu yana kunshe da abubuwa iri iri.
Manyan magabata sun koma ruwa ne kawai a lokacin kiwo, kuma sun zabi wadancan wuraren ajiyar ne wanda a cikinsu kansu suka girma. Lokacin damuna mafi yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin bazara, amma wasu nau'ikan suna girma a cikin bazara, alal misali, ambryomes na marmara.
Duk nau'ikan ambistos suna oviparous. Yawancin dozin ko ɗaruruwan ɗari ana rufe su a cikin jaka daban. Mace suna sa ƙwai cikin ruwa mai saurin gudana ko ruwa mai ɗaci.
Axolotl larvae tare da ambistot suna jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa na ruwa. A cikin bayyanar, sun yi kama da manya, amma suna da nau'i-nau'i na gills na waje da nau'i-nau'i na gill slits. A kannun akwai wadatattun kayan adon furanni, tunda sun ƙunshi capillaries. Idanun larvae ba su da ƙarfi, ba tare da ƙyalli ba, kifi.
Larvae ana kiranta ascolotles ta mahassada; suna haɓaka ruwa kawai.
Tsutsa ke tsiro kuma yana yin metamorphosis: ƙyallen, tabarma da gwal ɗin sun ɓace, ƙyalli ya bayyana akan idanu, huhun haɓaka kuma yana da launi na al'ada. Amma wasu axolotls suna girma zuwa girman manya ba tare da fuskantar metamorphosis ba.
Pacific Giant Ambistoma
Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandunan daji na jihar California da Columbia. Waɗannan manyan amphibians ne, sun kai tsawon mil 30. Masu mamaye tekun Pacific suna da ban tsoro saboda girman su, amma suna iya dabarun hawa bishiyoyi kuma suna farauta ba kawai don ayyukan motsa jiki ba, har ma ga danginsu, macizai, kwaroron da ƙananan dutsen.
Ya girgiza kai, babban gizarancin Pacific yana yin babbar murya wacce take kama da haushi. Matan wannan nau'in ba su sa ƙwai a cikin ambisto a cikin ruwa ba, amma a cikin burbs na ƙwaƙƙwaran sarƙaƙai ko kuma fasa a cikin ƙasa.
Manyan ambaliyar ruwa na Pacific sun kai 30 cm a tsayi, kasancewar manya manya manya.
Oleglinoma na Olympics
Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka: daga California zuwa Washington. Kokarin Olympics, karamin tabarau ne wanda ya kai santimita 10 a tsayi. Wannan dabba ce mai narkewa tare da santsi mai narkewa.
Wakilan Olympics suna zaune a bakin koguna, suna ɓuya daga hatsari tsakanin duwatsun. Tun da wadannan amintattun ke zaune a wurare masu sanyin rai, sanyi, huhunsu ba su samun ci gaba, ana yin numfashi ne sanadi a fata da bakin mucosa na baki.
Wakilan wasannin Olympics suna zaune kusa da rafuffuka, suna ɓuya daga haɗari a ƙarƙashin duwatsu.
Tiger Ambistoma
Wadannan 'yan mamaye suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka daga Kanada zuwa Mexico. Tabon ruwan tiger ya kai santimita 28 a tsayi, tare da jela yana da rabin wannan tsawon.
Mazaunansu wuraren daji ne da ke da iyaka, da filaye, makiyaya, jeji, jeji -mada har ma da tsaunika. A lokacin da rana suke ɓoyewa a cikin ɓoyayyun kayan masarufa, suna ciyar da dare.
Makiyan Tiger, kamar yawancin wakilan wannan dangi, ba su da labari.
Odo-dimbin yawa siffa
Ana samun kwayar halitta mai kama da bakin ruwa a tekun Kudancin Atlantika: daga Louisiana da North Carolina zuwa Oklahoma, Arewacin Illinois, Texas, da Arkansas.
Matasa na lardin suna riƙe da ikon sabuntawa kuma zasu iya dawo da ƙashin ƙafa.
Tsawon tsayin jikin kwayar zarra dauke da sinadari 8.5-9.5.Wakilan wannan nau'in sanannen ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ban da lokacin kiwo, suna hakowa koyaushe a cikin ƙasa, wannan shine dalilin da yasa jinsunan suka sami suna. Mace sa ƙwai a cikin tafkuna na wucin gadi kafa a cikin wani daji Pine.
Taylor Ambistoma
Wannan nau'in yana da matuƙar ban sha'awa ga dutsen lake Laguna Alcicca, wanda ke da tudu a cikin tsaunuka kuma yana cikin jihar Veracruz ta ƙasar Mexico, tafkin gishiri ne mai ƙoshin gaske, yanayin ruwan da ke ciki ya kai digiri 18-21. Tsawon tsayin jiki na jinin gaban mahaukacin Taylor shine santimita 15-20.
An gano asalin jama'ar Ambisto da ire-irensu ne a tsaunukan Amurka da kuma Plateau ta Tsakiya a Meksiko.
Ambistoma Azurfa
Wannan ambistoma ya yadu cikin Amurka: Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey da Michigan.
A cikin aiwatar da metamorphosis, gills da fin folds sun ɓace, garkunan dabbobi, fatar za ta fara samun cikakkiyar launi ga manya.
Ambritoma na azurfa yana zaune ne a cikin dazuzzukan daji, inda yake da tafkuna da ƙananan koguna. Ampbian ne mai matsakaici mai tsayi tare da tsayin jiki na 12-20 santimita.
Ambistoma mai tsayi
Dogon burin mafarauta na zaune daga Arewacin California zuwa Alaska, daga Yammacin Montana zuwa Idaho. Bai kai girman tsawo ba sama da mita 2800. Ana ajiye shi a cikin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da kuma na matsakaici, kuma ana samun shi a filayen da makiyaya iri iri. Wannan karamin ambistoma ne, yana kaiwa tsayin 4.1-8.9 santimita.
Dogon ambataroma mai dogon-buri ya gwammace dazuzzuka da bishiyun bishiyoyi.
Marmara Ambistoma
Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka: daga Manyan Tabkuna zuwa Florida. Ana samun daskararre a cikin mazauna wurare daban-daban: gauraye, dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, a cikin filayen bakin teku, ƙafafun ƙafa, yajin ciyawa masu tsayi, ambaliyar daji da kan tsaunin tsauni a tsawan sama da bai wuce mil 700 ba.They sun fi jure yanayin bushe idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in.
A tsayin daka, jakadun marmara sun kai santimita 9-12. Mafi yawan rayuwarsu sukan ɓoye a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, rakodi, ganye mai faɗi, cikin ramuka da rami. A lokacin rani, mutane na wannan nau'in sun yi zurfi cikin zurfi cikin ƙasa, inda suke jiran lokacin mara kyau.
Marmara ambistoma ba ya haihuwa cikin ruwa, amma a kan ƙasa. Yin haifuwa yakan faru sau ɗaya a shekara. Mace ta sanya kwai a ƙasan tafkin bushewa ko kandami kuma tana kiyaye ta har ruwan tafkin ya cika da ruwa.
Marmara Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).
Idan wannan bai faru ba, to ci gaban larvae ya tsaya har zuwa lokacin bazara, kuma a duk wannan lokacin mace tana kula da maƙarƙashiya, tana juyawa ƙwai da kare ta.
Ambistoma a takaice
Wannan nau'in yana rayuwa daga Missouri zuwa Ohio. Matsakaicin matsakancin gajere na shugabanci mara nauyi shine kimanin santimita 17.7.
'Ya'yan gajere masu son shugabanci sun gwammace wurin zama, ana samunsu a maɓuɓɓugan koguna, a cikin filayen noma, a gonaki da kuma wasu yankuna, wasu lokuta manya kan hadu kan dutsen. Tsawon shekara daya, mace daya zata iya bayar da qwai 300-700.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Habitat
Suna zaune a ko'ina: gandun daji mai ɗorewa da gandun daji, Alpine da ciyawa, filaye, hamada da hamada, rijiyoyin ruwa (da wuya). Ana iya samunsa a wurare na fili, makiyaya, ciyayi, gandun daji, filaye, har ma a cikin birane. Don masu mamaya na buƙatar ruwa (zazzabi ruwa 18-24 ° C): fadama, tafkuna da sauran jikin ruwa na dindindin. Tiger ambistoma ya fi son wasikun yashi ko sako.
Babban bayani
Ambistomaceae, da ake kira salamanders na tawadar Allah a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi, suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Arewacin Amurka, inda aka rarraba su daga kudancin Kanada da kudu maso Alaska zuwa Mexico. An san ambistomas saboda matakin lardin su - axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), wanda aka yi amfani dashi sosai azaman dabba na dabbobi a cikin karatuttukan da yawa, bayan wannan ya riga ya zo ga masu ruwa da tsaki. Sauran masu wuce gona da iri sune damisa (A. tigrinum, A. mavortium) - sune mafi yawan abubuwan amintattu a yawancin jihohin Amurka, kuma ana wasu lokuta ana kiyaye su azaman dabbobi.
Manya da ke zaune a ƙasa tare da burushi suna bambanta su da babban kai, ƙananan idanu, jiki mai ɗimbin yawa tare da gurnani na ƙwanƙwasa, ƙusoshin bakin ciki da wutsiya wacce aka zagaye ta a sashin giciye. Yawancin nau'ikan launuka masu ban mamaki: tare da launuka masu launuka masu haske da launuka (daga kalamai masu shuɗi zuwa manyan kifayen rawaya) ramuka a kan bangon duhu. Manya daga ƙasa suna yin yawancin rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin shara ko a cikin ɓarnar da suka haƙa ko zama waɗanda sauran dabbobi suka bari. Yawancin nau'in jinsin arewacin hunturu a cikin waɗannan burrows. Suna zaune shi kaɗai suna ciyar da abubuwa iri-iri. Manya sun koma ruwa kawai cikin kankanin lokaci na haihuwa, suna zaban wannan rijiyoyin guda ɗaya inda aka haife su lokaci guda. Mafi yawancin lokuta wannan yana faruwa a farkon bazara, amma yawancin jinsuna suna haifuwa a cikin bazara, alal misali, ambistomaA. annulatum) da marmara (A. opacum).
Duk nau'in ƙwai na oviparous, wanda aka lullube shi cikin adadi da yawa, kuma wani lokacin daruruwan guda a cikin jaka daban, ana sa su a cikin wuraren ajiyewa ko masu jinkirin sauka, kawai marmara ambistoma yana sanya ƙwai a cikin abubuwan ɓoyewar ƙasa a ƙasa, wanda a saurin ya cika da ruwa a ruwan sama na kaka. Tsarin ruwa na ruwa yana kama da gwargwado da daidaituwa ga mutane manya. An rarrabe su daga nau'i uku na gills na waje tare da nau'i-nau'i na gill slits a baya shugaban. A kan wadatattun ana samun mulufi mai yawa daga abubuwan da ke cike da jini a jikin kayan kwalliya. Bugu da kari, daga tushe daga kai har zuwa karshen wutsiya daga gefen baya kuma daga ƙarshen wutsiya zuwa ga cloaca daga tsutsawar ciki, ana bude babban fatar fatar, tana samar da fin din ta farin. Wutsiyar yakan ƙare da zaren wutsiya. Lokaci ya kasance ne a daidai lokacin haihuwar tsutsa tare da yatsunsu 4 a gaban kuma 5 a bayan. Idanun larvae basu da ƙiftawa da ido kuma basu da “fashewa”, “kifi”. Babban launi yawanci mara nauyi ne kuma a sarari. Suna iyo, suna lankwasa jiki kamar kifi. Kudancin wasu nau'in (musamman mutanen kudu na tiger ambritomes da nau'ikan jinsin) sun sami damar girma zuwa girma girma ba tare da fuskantar metamorphosis ba. A cikin aiwatar da metamorphosis, gills da fin folds sun ɓace, garkunan dabbobi, fatar ta fara samun abin canza launi na manya, kuma ƙyamar idanu a cikin idanu. A cikin huhu na haɓaka, yana shirya dabba don rayuwa ta gaba ɗaya.
Ma'anar Field
Ailedaƙƙarfan amphibians na ƙarami ko matsakaici. Fata ya yi laushi. Akwai gashin ido mai motsi. Takin ciki na ciki ne. Wakilan dangi suna halin sankara na biconcave (amphitic) vertebrae, kasancewar kasusuwa na kwanyar kwanyar, tsarin juji na hakoran sarauta. Rashin tsintsiya tsakanin hanci da bakin babban muƙamuƙi sun bambanta ƙasan daga sauran masu biyan albashin na Arewa - ba su da matsala (Plethodontidae) Tsarin chromosome saitin - 28
Kwanyar
- guda biyu premaxillary kasusuwa (ossa premaxillaria) ware, kada ku shiga cikin kashi ɗaya,
- kasusuwa na hanci (ossa nasalia) an hade su, da sihiri, kowannensu ya karkace daga ɗayan, gefen da ya gabata, gaba mai gaba na ƙashin maximi zai wuce tsakanin su kuma ya rabu da su gaba ɗaya,
- kasusuwa maxila (ossa maxillaria) suna da kyau,
- kasancewar alamomin hadewar maxison (ossa septomaxillaria),
- karancin hawaye (ossa lacrimaria),
- rashin kasusuwa mai rauni (ossa quadratojugularia),
- an gabatar da pterygoids (ossa pterygoidea),
- bude kofofin carotid na ciki yana nan akan parasphenoid a wasu nau'in,
- kashi na yau da kullun (os angulare) tare da mandibular (mandibula),
- shafi
- farkon bude hakora suna juzu'i ne, an maye gurbinsu daga baya na mabudin budewa,
- hakora tare da rarrabe kambi da enamel,
- gaban gaba na tsoka wanda ya tayar da ƙananan kashin (musculus levator mandibulae) ya haɗa da abubuwan da suke da ƙari na asali.
Kunne na ciki
- an gabatar da hadadden hiklar,
- katuwar hutu (recessus amphibiorum) a cikin kunnuwa na ciki ana karkata shi ne a sararin sama,
- auditory vesicle (saccus oticus) an vascularized kuma cika da alli salts,
- bakin ruwa mai tsafi (canalis perioticus) ba tare da ƙwayar tsohuwa ba,
- ɓarna na ɓarna (cysterna periotica) babba.
Kasusuwa daga cikin akwati da wata gabar jiki
- scapula da coracoid sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sikandirin,
- Jikin vertebral amphicelic
- haƙarƙarin kai biyu
- ramuka na jijiyoyin jiki suna cikin bangarorin gabbai na kowane vertebrae, ban da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin da aka shimfida tsakanin atlas da farkon akwati, gungume na farko da kuma na biyu na kashin baya,
- kodan na cikin gida na raguwa ko ba ya nan.
Neotenia
Kasancewar larvae mai yawa a cikin yawan jama'a ya sa yawancin jinsuna suna da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar yarima ko kuma wani bangare neotenic. Mutane da yawa cikin irin wannan nau'in ba su barin jikin ruwa, suna riƙe giram da tarin fuka, duk da cewa huhunsu suma suna haɓaka, suna aiki azaman ƙarin ƙwayar numfashi. Sun isa balaga ba tare da fuskantar metamorphosis ba.
Yawan jama'ar Neotenic da nau'ikan buri na asali an samo su ne a yankuna masu tsaunuka na Amurka da kuma Plateau ta Tsakiya a Mexico. Yanayin da ke kawo dacewa ga faruwar cutar neoteny nada girma ne, rashin masu tsinkayen ruwa, da kuma yanayin yanayin waje a jikin ruwa. Mafi yawan alumomin neotenic suna cikin hadaddun jinsunan tsuntsayen damisar damis - Ambystoma tigrinum, A. velasci, A. mavortium da kuma rufe ra'ayoyi.
Cikakken nau'in neotenic ana kiransa ambistos axolotl — A. mexicanum, A. taylori, A. andersoni da A. dumerilii. Neotenics yana riƙe da ƙara ƙarfin ikon haɓaka halayyar matasa larvae kuma yana iya dawo da ƙafar asarar, wutsiya da kusan kowane sashin na ciki. (duba kuma an sami nasarar Amfilai - Regeneration)
Abokan gaba:
Abokan gaba sun hada da tsuntsaye, rakabon, mallaka. Kifayen da aka yanka da bijimin naman dabbar suna cin nama a larvae da caviar. Lokacin da abokan gaba suka kusanto, damis mai tsananin ƙarfi ya ɗauki matsayin kariya: jiki yana zuwa cikin baka, wutsiya yana tashi kuma yana tafiya daga gefe zuwa gefe. Lokacin da ka yi jinkiri, to madarar guba tana girgiza daga wutsiya, wanda ya faɗo akan abokan gaba. Wadansu mafarautan sun farauto 'yan kwanton-bauna, duk da sunadarai, kamar su dodo. Suna mirgine amber a cikin laka har sai an lalata dukkan gubobi.
Abinci mai gina jiki / Abinci
Tiger ambistoma na iya cin ganima, wanda shine karo na biyar daga tsawon amurkawa kanta. Har zuwa 30-60 wadanda abin ya shafa an same su a ciki tare da tsawon lokacin 9-10 cm. Yana farauta tare da taimakon wari, suna kaiwa hari duka da motsi. Kusan kusancin ganima, ambistoma ya daga sama sama, ya kare harshe, ya kama ganima ya shiga bakin. Manya da larvae suna cin duk abin da ke ƙarami kaɗan a girman: tsutsotsi, mollusks, da sauran hanyoyin motsa jiki.
Halayyar
A lokacin rana, damis damisar ya ɓoye cikin ɓarnar mashin, a ƙarƙashin ɓarke, da dutse, da farauta da daddare. Idan babu wani abu da ya dace, to yana iya haƙa rami a kan nasa. Guji rana da bude wurare. Fi son wuraren da ke da danshi, ba a cire shi daga wuraren jerawa ba. Yana shiga ruwa lokacin lokacin kiwo. Wintering yana farawa a watan Oktoba. Winters a cikin burrows na rodents.
Kiwo
Haɗari na ciki na ciki. Matar tana ɗaukar ƙwayar maniyyi na maniyyi wanda maza suka ɗora kuma suka sanya jikunan kwai waɗanda ke tsakanin ƙwai 200-500 (mm 1.9-2.6 a diamita). A lokacin kakar, mace ɗaya na iya sa ƙwai 100-1000. Spawning yana farawa awanni 24-48 bayan hadi, da daddare. Mace tana jefa qwai, tana danganta ta da sanduna, ciyawa mai tushe, ganyayyaki, duwatsun, busasshen itace, i.e. duk abin da yake a ƙarƙashin tafki. Tare da babban cunkoso, maza sun fara yin faɗa da juna don wurare mafi kyau. Mai nasara yawanci yakan gama nasara. Wani lokacin namiji yakan dauki abin zamba sai ya sanya maniyyinsa a saman maniyyi na wasu maza.
Ci gaba
Larvae na jarirai masu tsawon shekaru 13-17 mm ne. Shugaban ya lalace, idanun su kanana. A cikin kwanakin farko na 4-6 suna rayuwa ne a kan cinikin gwaiduwa. Yankunan damfara na damfara sune mafarauta, ganima a jikin kwari mai ruwa da kwari. Fi son ruwan dumi - 23-26 ° C. Haɓaka larvaoma ambistoma a cikin ruwa shine kwanaki 75-120. Bayan ya kai tsawon 80-86 mm, larvae metamorphose kuma ya bar tafki. A cikin tsaunika, larvae ke haɓaka kusan shekara guda. Sau da yawa akwai lokuta na cikakken neoteny. Idan babu abinci, lokuta na cin naman mutane gama gari ne.
Salamander da algae
A cikin kyallen takaddun nau'ikan nau'ikan fata (launin rawaya mai hatsi ambistoma) Ambystoma maculatum da sauransu) Kwayoyin Algae suna zaune Oophila amblystomatis. Wadannan algae suna nan a gindin ƙwai a cikin mahaifar kansu har ma da manya. A cikin sel na amphibian inda algae ya zauna, ƙarshen yana kewaye da mitochondria. Wadannan algae tabarma kwai da embryos a kore. Don wasu dalilai, tsarin rigakafin vertebral bai amsa waɗannan algae ba.