dangi na kifi Whale da dabbar dolphin
• cetacean dabbar ruwan dabbobi mai dabbar dolphin
• manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na dabbar dolphin subfamily
• Kifi na kasuwanci da ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai kyau na Afirka, Kudu da Gabashin Asiya
• Kifayen kifayen kifi
• dabbar dolfin tare da canza launin penguin
• "cannibal" a cikin sansanin dabbobin dolphins
• dabbobi masu shayarwa mafi sauri
• Wanne magabci ne babba kuma mafi nauyi?
• dabbar ruwan dabbar dolphin, mafarauta
• dabbar dolfin mafi girma
• mai kama da dabbar dolfin yau da kullun
• mafi girma daga dabbobin dolphins
• Willy daga fim
• cetacean dabbobi masu shayarwa
• Babban dabbar dolphin
• Subfamily na dabbobi masu shayarwar ruwa na dolphins
Kakannin Cetacean
Ra'ayoyin gargajiya game da halittar 'yan cetaceans sun ƙunshi cewa danginsu na kusa da wataƙila magabatan sunna ce - rukunin ofan wasan da suka yi kama da kyarkeke da fuka-fukai maimakon yatsu kuma sun kasance ƙungiyar' yan 'wasan dabbobi. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da hakora da sihiri daban-daban, mai kama da hakoran cetacean. Musamman, saboda wannan, masana kimiyya sun daɗe da yin imani da cewa cetaceans sun fito ne daga wani ƙwaƙwalwar tsohuwar asali. Bayan haka, sabbin kwayoyin halittar kwayar halitta sun nuna cewa cetaceans dangin kusancin artiodactyls ne, musamman hips. Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, har ma an gabatar da shi don haɗawa da artiodactyls a cikin tsari na dabbobi masu ɗaukar hoto kuma ana ba da sunan Cetartiodactyla don taxon monophyletic wanda ya haɗa waɗannan rukuni biyu. Koyaya, mafi girman shekarun sanannu na anthracoterium, magabatan hippo, shine shekaru miliyan da yawa kasa da shekarun Pakitset, mafi tsufa sanannen kifi whale.
Binciken kwanan nan na kwayoyin Pacicetus, mafi tsufa da aka fi sani da suna-kamar, yana tabbatar da bayanan kwayoyin. Tsarin kwarangwal paciteta yana nuna cewa kifi Whales ba zuriyar mesonichids bane. A akasin wannan, magabatan kifi Whales sun rabu da artiodactyls kuma sun sauya zuwa hanyar rayuwa mai kyau bayan artiodactyls kansu sun rabu da magabatan gama gari tare da mesonichids. Don haka, nau'in protokite farkon nau'ikan artiodactyls ne, wanda ya riƙe wasu halaye na halayen mesonichids (siffar hakora mai kyau) waɗanda aka rasa ta zamani artiodactyls. Abin sha'awa, shine magabatan farko na dabbobi masu shayarwa masu yiwuwa dabbobi ne ko a jikin dabbobi.
Ta yaya dabbobin ruwa da kifi Whales sun bambanta da kifi kuma me yasa ake ɗaukar su dabbobi masu shayarwa?
Da fari dai, waɗannan halittun suna da farin jini. A cikin kifi, zazzabi bai fi ƙarfin zafin ruwa ba, yayin da a cikin kifaye da dabbar dolphin, yanayin jikinsu yana da girma, da kuma ajiyar mai mai kauri, wanda aka rarraba ko'ina cikin jiki, yana kare su daga ruwan sanyi.
Dolphins dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa.
Abu na biyu, waɗannan dabbobin suna buƙatar iska don rayuwa. Kifi zai iya yin numfashi tare da kwayar wuta kuma ya saki oxygen kai tsaye daga ruwa, amma kifayen suna buƙatar iska, don haka wani lokacin suyi iyo, amma zasu iya tsawan lokaci ba tare da iska fiye da dabbobin ƙasa ba.
Dolphins sune mafi kyawun halitta.
Abu na uku, kifayen kifi, dabbar dolphins da kifayen ba dole bane suyi wannan, su, kamar dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna haihuwar jarirai masu rai. Bugu da kari, suna ciyar da zuriya tare da madarar nono.
Whales su ma dabbobi ne masu shayarwa.
Na hudu, kasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa daban suke da na kifi. Hakanan, tsarin wurare dabam dabam a cikin kifi da kifi Whales ya sha bamban.
Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.
Dabbobin da suka fara daga matsalar cetacean: pacicetids ko indochius?
Fakiti sune ungula, wasu lokuta ana rarrabe su azaman farkon kifayen whales. Sun zauna a yankin Pakistan na zamani (saboda haka sunan "kifi Whale daga Pakistan") a farkon Eocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. Wata dabba ce da take kama da kare, amma tare da kofato a yatsunsu da dogon wutsiya mai kauri. Na'urar kunne tana da alaƙa da paciceta whales: bijimon auditory auditory, kamar na whale, an ƙirƙiri shi kawai daga kashin tympanic. Siffar yankin kunne na maganin bugun jini baƙon abu bane sabon abu kuma yakan sami analogues kawai a cikin cetaceans. Da farko, ana tsammanin cewa kunne ya sami karbuwa ne a cikin ruwa, kodayake, kara binciken ya nuna cewa kunnuwan bugun ya dace da yanayin iska kawai, kuma idan pacicet ainihin magabacin kifi ne, ikon ji a karkashin ruwa shine sabon karbuwa na kayan taimako na yanzu. A cewar Tevissen, hakoran fakitin sun yi kama da haƙoran masan burbushin ƙasan Whales.
Tevissen ya kuma gano cewa an lura da irin wannan tsarin kunne a cikin burbushin karamar naman daji kamar Indochius. Indochius ya rayu shekaru miliyan 48 da suka gabata a Kashmir. Wannan karamin - girman cat na gida - herbivore ya mallaki wasu sifofi wadanda suka kawo shi kusa da kifi Whales kuma suna nuna karbuwa ga yanayin ruwa. Daga cikin su, harsashi mai kauri mai nauyi mai kama da thean kashi na wasu dabbobi masu ruwa-ruwa na zamani, kamar su hips, wanda ke taimaka wajan rage ƙwarƙwasa kuma, a sakamakon haka, zai baka damar zama ƙarƙashin ruwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa Indochius, kamar deer na ruwa na zamani, ya mutu a karkashin ruwa don ɓoye daga maƙiyin.
Ambulocetides da Remingtonocetides
Mafi shahararrun tsoffin kifi Whales shine ambulocet, wanda aka sani daga Eocene na Pakistan. A waje, wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kama da maciji mai mita uku. Ambulocet dabba ce mai tsayi-ruwa: kafafunsa na baya sun fi dacewa da yin iyo fiye da yin tafiya akan ƙasa. Wataƙila ya yi iyo, yana durƙusar da gawar a cikin jirgin sama, kamar matakala ta zamani, like da kuma Whales. An ɗauka cewa ambulocetides ana farauta kamar khalifofi na zamani, suna jira a bakin kifaye da dabbobin da suka isa ramin shara.
Abokan kusa da ambulocet sun kasance suna remingtonocetides. Wakilan wannan dangin sun kasance karami a jiki, suna da fuska mai da elongated kuma sun fi dacewa da rayuwar ruwa. An ɗauka cewa sun yi kama da masu saɓo na zamani a hanyar rayuwarsu, suna kama kifaye daga farauta.
A cikin wakilan kungiyoyin biyu, kafafen hancin sun kasance a ƙarshen muck, kamar yadda a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Protocetides
Protocetides wata babbar kungiya ce da take da shahararrun mutane, wadanda aka sansu a Asiya, Turai, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. Wannan dangi ya hada da adadin mai yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da zurfin karatu (alal misali, rhodocet, sanannu ne daga ɗakunan karatun sakandare na Baluchistan). Dukkanin abubuwan da aka sani da ƙwayoyin cuta suna da haɓakar gaba da gaba guda da za su iya tallafa wa jikin a duniya, wataƙila sun jagoranci salon rayuwa, yana rayuwa duka a cikin yanayin ruwa da ƙasa. Har yanzu ba a bayyana ko furotin yana da fin fin fin, kamar cetacewan na zamani ba, amma a bayyane ya ke sun dace da yanayin rayuwar ruwa na ruwa. Misali, sacrum - wani bangare ne na kashin baya wanda yake hade da ƙashin ƙugu - a cikin rhodocetus ya ƙunshi vertebrae guda biyar daban daban, yayin da vertebrae a cikin sacrum na dabbobi masu shayarwa duniya ke haɗe. A cikin hanyoyin, hanci na bude hanci ya tashi sama - wannan shine farkon matakin zuwa ga cetaceans na yanzu wanda ke kan kambi na hanci. Supportedabi'ar game da yanayin amphibian na procetide yana da goyan bayan samun mace mai ciki Mayatzet tare da 'ya'yan itace da aka tabbatar, shugabanta ya juya zuwa kan hanya. Wannan yana nuna cewa haihuwar Mayatset ya faru ne a ƙasa - in ba haka ba kuma ɗan sa yana da damar ya shaƙa.
Fasali kamar, alal misali, kasancewar hooves a ƙarshen yatsunsu na rhodocete suna magana akan asalin farkon whales daga ungulates.
Basilosaurids da Dorudontids: gabaɗaya ruwan cetaceans
Alolosaurus (an gano shi ne a 1840 kuma da farko yayi kuskure ga mai rarrafe, wanda yake bayyana sunan 'yan tawaye "da Dorodon sun rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 38 da suka gabata kuma dabbobi ne masu tsabta. Babbar basirasaurus tana da girma kamar da babban whales na zamani, wani lokacin yakan kai mita 18 a tsayi. Dorudontids sun kasance kaɗan kaɗan, har zuwa mita 5.
Duk da irin kamannin da ke tattare da Whales na zamani, basilosaurids da dorodontids basu da isashshen gaban-mai, wanda ake kira guna, wanda ya bada damar cetacewan da ke akwai suyi amfani da yanayin fadace fadace. Kwakwalwa ta basilosaurids tayi kadan, wanda za'a iya zaton cewa sun jagoranci rayuwa mai kauri kuma basu da wannan hadadden tsarin zamantakewa kamar yadda wasu cigaban zamani. Dangane da canzawa zuwa yanayin rayuwa mai kyau na ruwa, basilosaurids yana nuna lalata lalacewar ƙafafun kafa - kodayake suna da kyau, suna ƙanana kaɗan kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba don motsi. Koyaya, watakila sun taka rawar tallafawa a wurin dijital. Kasusuwa na pelvic na basilosaurids ba su da alaƙa da kashin baya, kamar yadda ya saba da tsarin aikin.
Bayyanar echolocation
Whales mai laushi (Odontocetes) suna yin maimaitawa, ƙirƙirar jerin danna a wurare dabam dabam. Ana fitar da bugun sauti ta bututun mai (gaban guna a gaban), ana nuna shi daga abu kuma an yi rikodin ta amfani da ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Binciken kwanyar squalodon (Squalodon) yana ba da labarin farkon aukuwar halittar halittar halittu a wannan jinsin. Squalodon ya rayu daga farkon Oligocene ta Tsakiya har zuwa tsakiyar Miocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 34-14 da suka gabata, kuma yana da alamu da yawa waɗanda suka yi kama da kifayen kifi na yau. Don haka, alal misali, kwanyar da ta lalace sosai da karar juzu'ai sune mafi yawan halayen Odontoceti na zamani. Duk da wannan, yiwuwar asalin dabbobin dolphins na zamani daga squalodon ana ɗaukarsa ba zato bane.