A kusan lokacin da manyan tsuntsayen mutane ke zaune a duniya, ake kiransu manyan makarantu.
Epiornis ta yi rayuwa a tsibiran New Zealand.
Epiornis (Aepyornithidae).
Turawa sun fara ganin ƙarami a karni na 17, lokacin da aka buga littafin Admiral Flacour. Daga baya a cikin karni na XIX, masanin dabi'ar halitta daga Faransa ya gano qwai wanda ya fi 6 girma mafi girma daga qwai, kuma ya sami ƙasusuwan babban tsuntsu.
Yankunan sun kai tsayin mita 3, matsakaicin nauyin kuwa yakai kilo 500.
Epiornisis manyan tsuntsaye ne. Girman jikinsu ya wuce na mutum, ba ma jimin cinya ba.
Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da ƙafafu masu haɓaka, saboda haka ba za su iya gudana da kyau kawai ba, har ma suna bugun bugun idan suna cikin haɗari. Saboda girman girman da manyan kafafu ne epiornis ta bayyana suna na biyu - "tsuntsayen giwaye."
Epiornisis tsoffin herbivores ne, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "giwaye."
Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da dogon wuya da kuma ƙaramin kai. Fuka-fukan ba su da kyau. Duk da girman su mai girman gaske, kayan karatun su ba tsuntsaye bane na ganima, kamar tsohuwar fororacos ko diatrims, amma an ciyar da su akan tsirrai.
Wingswararrun fuka-fukai marasa ƙarancin bai bai wa Efiornis damar tashi ba, amma kafafu masu ƙarfi sun taimaka da gudu da sauri kuma suka kama ɗanɗano.
Mazauna yankin sun ce babban gizanin tsufa ya rayu a Madagascar har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XIX, amma masana kimiyya sun tabbata cewa wadannan tsuntsayen sun mutu shekaru aru aru da yawa da suka wuce.
Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Oxford a shekara ta 2001 sun yi wani gwaji mai cike da niyya - ta amfani da fasahar cloning ta zamani, sun yi kokarin sake fasalin manyan makarantan. Amma samfuran DNA an kiyaye su sosai, kuma gwajin bai yi nasara ba.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Epiornisis
† Epiornisis | ||||||||||
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Gashi da kwai Aepyornis maximus | ||||||||||
Tsarin kimiyya | ||||||||||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Mai kiba |
Squad: | † Epiorniform (Aepyornithiform Newton, 1884) |
Iyali: | † Epiornisis |
Haraji akan wikids | Hotunan akan Wikimedia Commons |
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Epiornisis (lat. Aepyornithidae, daga Girkanci. αιπος - babba da Girkanci. - tsuntsu) - dangin tsuntsayen da ba su tserewa daga baitul mikal, shi kadai ne a keve almara (Aepyornithiformes). Sun zauna a Madagascar a cikin Holocene har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XVII.
Bayanin
Epiornisis suna daya daga cikin manyan tsuntsayen da suka wanzu a lokacin tarihi. MadagaskarAepyornis maximus) ya kai sama da mita uku a tsayi da nauyi har zuwa kilogram 450, ƙwaiyensu - 30-32 cm a tsayi tare da ƙara har zuwa 8-9 l, wanda yake girman girmansa sau 160. An bayyana burbushin nau'ikan halittar takwas mallakar mallakar abubuwa biyu - a zahiri Amfani da kaigami da A. hildebrandti, A. tsakuwa, A. matsakaici, A. maximus, da Mullerornis. A cikin burbushin jihar da aka sani daga Pleistocene. Na karshe epiornisis aka hallaka mutum a cikin karni na XVII, sun kasance ga jinsin Aepyornis maximus . Gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a tsibirin Madagascar a tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, Etienne de Flacourt, ya ambaci tsuntsu mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin wuraren da ba a zaune ba. Mafi girman wakilin Epiornis, wanda zai iya nauyin kilo 640, an kasafta shi a cikin tsararren halittar Vorombe (duba.) Vorombe titan) .
Binciken jinsin endocranes Aepyornis maximus da Barangida ya nuna cewa cortex na gani na kwaleji ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran tsuntsayen, ban da kiwi. Kwararan fitila a ciki A. maximus sun kasance manya-manyan, yayin da A. hildebrandti sun kasance karami, wanda ke nufin suna da karancin gani sosai kuma suna yin rayuwar da ba ta dace ba, suna dogaro da kamshinsu.
Qwai
Duk da gaskiyar cewa tsuntsayen giwaye sun mutu tun da daɗewa, an gano kusan 70 na ƙwai burbushinsu. Ana ci gaba da samun su har zuwa yau. Wasu daga cikin qwai ana nuna su a cikin kayan tarihi da ke hade da tsuntsayen tsuntsayen da aka samo.
Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Murdoch a Perth sun karɓi DNA na hauren giwa daga ƙwayoyin ƙwai. Kwatanta DNA da aka yi ya nuna cewa tsuntsayen giwa shine mafi kusancin dangi na tsuntsu mai kiwi na yau, wanda girmansa ne na kaji.
Ra'ayoyi
Yawancin lokaci a cikin nau'i Amfani da kai A halin yanzu ana yarda da nau'ikan hudu: A. hildebrandti, A. tsakuwa, A. matsakaici da A. maximus , amma ingancin wasu daga cikinsu an musanta, kuma marubuta da yawa sun ɗauke su dukkaninsu ɗaya ne, A. maximus. Har yanzu, a matsayin mai mulkin, har zuwa nau'ikan dabbobi uku an haɗa su Mullerornis .
Daga ina manyan dabbobi suke zuwa
Me yasa tsuntsaye suka sami damar girma zuwa irin wannan girman? Akwai bayani na kimiyya game da wannan, sunansa shine gigantism. Sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin glandon pituitary, mutum yayi girma fiye da wanda yake magabata. Wannan ya faru ne saboda hormone girma, wanda tare da shekarun dabba ya daina fitowa cikin jini a adadi mai girma da tsayawa haɓaka.
A ɓangaren duniya, lokacin da akwai maƙiya da yawa a kusa, irin waɗannan mutane sukan zama m kuma basu barin zuriya. Kuma idan sun bar shi, to, wannan hanyar tana da wahalar gyarawa, domin hakan ya zama cikas ga rayuwa. Amma a tsibiran, ciyawar da yawa - garken tsuntsaye da tsuntsaye - galibi sun fi takwarorinsu na ƙasashen duniya girma.
Abin ban sha'awa, tsuntsuwiwi kiwi yayi kama da jigon DNA zuwa ga matsakaicin dama, wanda, akasin haka, ba zai iya yin fahariya da manyan masu girma dabam.
Ori Stripping
Farko na farko ya bayyana a duniyarmu shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka gabata. Sun yi girma a cikin kebantaccen yanayin halittar Madagascar, inda ba su da abokan gaba. Har zuwa tsibirin, mutane sun bayyana a tsibirin.
Yawancin tsuntsayen baƙi daga Afirka, sun ƙaura zuwa Madagascar kimanin shekaru dubu 1.3 da suka gabata.
Kuma sun yi amfani da dabarun lalata don bunkasa tsibirin. Don share filaye don makiyaya, sun ƙone dazuzzukan. Gabaɗaya, kusan kashi 90% na gandun daji sun lalace a Madagascar. Saboda wannan, tsire-tsire na musamman ba kawai ba ne, har ma da dabbobi da yawa da suka rasa gidajensu da abinci. A Madagascar, hippo da manyan lemurs sun ɓace. Amma babbar hasara ita ce tsuntsayen giwa, wanda ba shi da alamun analogues a wani wuri na duniya.
Loveaunar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauna ga ƙwai da aka soke. Eggaya daga cikin kwaleji ɗaya ne kaɗai zai iya ciyar da iyali gaba ɗaya. Ba su taɓa tsuntsaye da kansu ba - tsofaffin abokan gaba suna da haɗari sosai har ma ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da mashi.
Wasu mutane daga cikin tsuntsayen giwa sun rayu har zuwa karni na 17, amma daga baya aka sake lalata sabon saurin mazaunan. Tare da bindigogi, ba su ji tsoron farauta babban wasa ba. Da kyau, waɗannan kalilan waɗanda suka ɓoye cikin daji basu da ikon barin zuriya mai nasara.
Ana son sanin komai
Epiornis ko tsuntsu na giwa suna da tsibiri zuwa Madagascar, amma sun tsira ne kawai cikin labarin adabi. A cikin dabbobin daji, mutum ya lalata epiornis a ƙarni na 17. Tsuntsayen giwayen da ba mai tashi ba ya kai tsayin mita 3-4 zuwa tsayi, kuma wasu mutane sun cika kilogiram sama da 600.
Kayan kwalaben 9-lita na tsawon tsayi sun kasance 32 cm tsayi: har yanzu ana samunta a Madagascar, amma abin takaici babu wanda ya tsinke.
Dangane da DNA, epiornis dangi ne na wani tsuntsu wanda ke tashi sama - kiwi, wanda bazai iya alfahari da girman girma. Masana kimiyya suna kiran dalilin girman girman tsibirin epiornisis - fasali ne na cigaban halittar rayayyun halittu cikin rufaffiyar dabi'a, lokacin da babu maqiyan waje da sauran dalilai marasa kyau, wasu kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba halayen takwarorinsu na gabar tekun sun daidaita ba.
Kashi na farko ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka gabata. Sun yi girma a cikin kebantaccen yanayin halittar Madagascar, inda ba su da abokan gaba. Koyaya, flora da faren Madagascar sun sha wahala sosai tare da zuwan baƙi daga Afirka.
Kusan 90% na gandun daji sun lalace a tsibirin, tsirrai da dabbobi sun ɓace. Epiornis ya zama ɗayan manyan asara.
Da farko, mutane sun fi neman farautar ƙwai tsuntsu - ƙwayayen kwai ɗaya na iya ciyar da dangin duka. Ba su taɓa tsuntsaye da kansu ba - firayim ɗin haƙiƙa ne mai haɗari har ma ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da mashi. Koyaya, tashin mutane na biyu na baƙi, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun riga sun yi makamai ko da bindigogi, a ƙarshe sun lalata wannan nau'in.
An dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana cewa wadannan tsuntsayen suna tafiyar da rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar yadda yawancin ɗimbin ƙungiyoyinsu keyi - gurnani da cassowary.
Yanzu, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Texas suna da'awar cewa tsuntsayen giwayen ba su da labari, da kuma halittar makafi. Kamar kiwi, dangi ne mara iyaka na Epiornis daga New Zealand.
A yayin binciken, masanan halittu sun kirkiro da '' simintin '' na dijital na kwaleji da kuma dangi mafi kusa. Sai ya zama cewa lobes na gani a kwakwalwar epiornis sun kasance kaɗan kamar na kiwi. Yawancin nau'ikan biyu sun kusan ba su nan. Wannan yana nuna cewa idanun tsuntsayen giwayen sunada rauni, basu da wata halitta.
Amma mara kyau da aka biya bashin gani da kyau ƙanshi: kwararan fitila mai, akasin haka, an faɗaɗa. Kuma a cikin manyan iri, sun bambanta da girma dabam. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa waɗannan Kattai sun rayu a cikin gandun daji. Epiornisis mafi girman matsakaici mai yiwuwa ya rayu a sararin samaniya kuma suna aiki a maraice.
Bayanin
Epiornisis ɗayan manyan tsuntsaye ne. Madagaskar Madagaskar (lat. Aepyornis maximus) ya kai 3-5 m a tsayi kuma nauyinsa ya kai kimanin kilogiram 400, ƙwaiyensu - 30-32 cm a tsayi tare da ƙara har zuwa 8-9 l, wanda yake sau 160 girman ƙwai na kaza. An bayyana ragowar nau'ikan takwas mallakar jigo biyu - a zahiri Amfani da kaigami da A. hildebrandti, A. tsakuwa, A. matsakaici, A. maximus, da Mullerornis. A cikin burbushin jihar da aka sani daga Pleistocene. Eparshen epiornisis sun lalata ta mutum a ƙarshen ƙarni na XVII-XVIII. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a tsibirin Madagascar a tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, Etienne de Flacourt, ya ambaci tsuntsu mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin wuraren da ba a zaune ba.
Duk da gaskiyar cewa tsuntsayen giwaye sun mutu tun da daɗewa, an adana adadin adadin ƙasann su. Ana ci gaba da samun su har zuwa yau. Wasu daga cikin qwai ana nuna su a cikin kayan tarihi da ke hade da tsuntsayen tsuntsayen da aka samo. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Murdoch a Perth sun karɓi DNA na hauren giwa daga ƙwayoyin ƙwai. Kwatanta DNA da aka yi ya nuna cewa tsuntsayen giwa shine mafi kusancin dangi na tsuntsu mai kiwi na yau, wanda girmansa ne na kaji.
Yawancin lokaci a cikin nau'i Amfani da kai A halin yanzu ana yarda da nau'ikan hudu: A. hildebrandti, A. tsakuwa, A. matsakaici da A. maximus , amma ingancin wasu daga cikinsu an musanta, kuma marubuta da yawa sun ɗauke su dukkaninsu ɗaya ne, A. maximus. Har yanzu, a matsayin mai mulkin, har zuwa nau'ikan dabbobi uku an haɗa su Mullerornis . Kyau Amfani da kai
- Aepyornis gracilis(Monnier, 1913)
- Barangida(Burckhardt, 1893)
- Aepyornis mulleri(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Aepyornis maximus(Hilaire, 1851)
- Epan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1869)
- Aepyornis yana haɓaka(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Marina titan(Andrews, 1894)
- Aepyornis mai shiga tsakani(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1866)
- Aepyornis grandidieri(Rowley, 1867)
- Mawakan Aepyornis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Aepyornis lentus(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Mullerornis betsilei(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Mullerornis agilis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Mullerornis rudis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Flacourtia rudis(Andrews, 1894)