Burbot, ko talakawa burbot (ƙasa (Lat. Lota lota), menyok (Lake Onega), ƙasa (a kudu), Mattica (Karelian), Ney (Nenets), Kurt (Tat.), panne (Ostyak), syagan, syalysar (yakut.), luts (est.), vedzele (latvian), burbot (turanci), rutte, quappe (jamman), lake (Norv. kuma swedish), sanya (fin.), lotte (Fr.) - onlyayan ruwa ne kawai na ruwan kifi na tsari mai lamba (Gadiformes).
Alamu Jikin yana da tsawo, an rufe shi da kananan sikeli, kai ya kan lalace, warin yana matsewa daga bangarorin, akwai gashin baki a kan hancin, hakoran bakin da ke dauke da hakora suna kan jajaye da bude.
Akwai ƙeƙen ƙyalle biyu (tsawan na biyu), ƙyallen ƙaiƙayi - ɗaya. Zama stamens 4-11. Pyloric append 20-67 (a Gabas Siberian har zuwa 85). Vertebra (58) 59-65 (66). 1 I) 9-15 (16), II D 68-85 (93), A 63-81 (85).
Siffofin da suke da alaƙa. Gabbot na gabashin Siberiya (L. lota leptura) da kuma burbot na Amurka (L. lota maculosa), suna bambanta da fadi da goshin gogewa, nesa daga ƙarshen hancin zuwa D D da tsayin dutsen caudal.
Yaɗa. Ya zama ruwan dare sosai kuma yana da yawa a cikin koguna, hanyoyin ruwa da tabkuna a arewacin Turai da Asiya; ya ratsa kudu har zuwa 45 ° C. w. kuma a wasu wurare zuwa kudu (Rhone, da wuya Seine da Loire, Danube, ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan Kura da Sefidrud). A cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya akwai cikin kwarin Amur, a saman iyakar Kogin Yalu da Sakhalin. Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi.
Ana samo shi a cikin tabkuna masu tsayi a tsawan sama da ya kai 2000 m sama da matakin teku.
Yana zuwa kudu ya zama ƙarami.
Tana zaune a ko'ina cikin ruwan Rasha, in banda Crimea, yammacin Transcaucasia, Arewacin Caucasus, gabashin tekun Caspian, rafin Aral da Balkhash, kudancin Primorye da Kamchatka.
Halittar Burbot
Halin hali. Burbot shine kawai jinsuna a cikin dangin codfish da ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai tsafta. Kifi mai ƙaunar sanyi ne, yana wadatarwa da ciyar da shi a lokacin sanyi.
Ruwan zafi a cikin bazara yana da tasiri mai hanawa akan ayyukan rayuwar burbot zuwa mataki mai kama da ƙage, sannan ya ɓoye a ƙarƙashin karusa, marshes, duwatsun, fifita wuraren kusa da tushe da makullin. Mai matukar canji cikin launi, girma, a cikin yanayin abinci da kuma wasu alamomi.
Habitat, shekara, girman, spawning da kamun kifi don Nalim
Ciyarwa. Tsawo, yana faruwa a cikin hunturu, yawanci daga ƙarshen Disamba zuwa Fabrairu da Maris a zazzabi na ruwa kusa da 0 °. A kan kogin Shue tsawo na spawning da aka rubuta a cikin marigayi Janairu - farkon Fabrairu.
Filaye masu tsalle-tsalle suna bakin bankunan koguna, koguna da tabkuna, a wani zurfin na 1-3 m, a kan dutse mai narkewa da yumɓu mai yumɓu, wasu lokutan akan mamaye da koren algae. Haihuwa ta dogara da girman: don burbot 24 cm tsayi - ƙwai dubu 57,2, don burbot 97 cm - ƙwai miliyan uku.
Ci gaba. Eggswai masu tasowa suna da nauyin burbot na kimanin 96--1.14 mm, suna da ɗan rawaya mai sauƙi (zuwa haske mai haske), m, tare da digo mai sauƙi, bayan hadi an sami glued zuwa substrate, amma a cikin tabkuna kuma sun sami caviar a cikin yanayin da ke cikin yanayin. A cewar wasu kafofin, burbot roe kasa ne, amma ba m.
Yin shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 28 ko fiye, har zuwa watanni 2.5, gwargwadon yanayin zafin ruwa. Zazzabi mai dacewa daga 0 zuwa 2-3 (5) °. Tsawon lardin da aka tsinke (3) shine 3.8-4.3 mm. Mass ƙyankewar larvae a fili yana faruwa a watan Mayu. A watan Yuni, an sami lardin 7-10 mm tsayi a cikin kwandon Volga da ke ƙasa Cheboksary. A wasu lokutan ana kamun soya a cikin ruwan ruwa na ruwa (ilmeni).
Fledglings ya tsaya a kan gaci a lokacin rani, tare da sculpin, kuma yayi girma a hankali. A ranar 9 ga Agusta (1935), an kama yaran shekara 5.3 a cikin tafkin Yuksovsky (Leningrad Oblast).
Tashi. Yana isa tsawon mita (mafi ƙaranci). Nauyin har zuwa kilogiram 24 (a cikin Lake Onega) da ƙari.
A cikin bukukuwan, mutane masu nauyin 0.2 zuwa 1-2 sun fi yawa; a cikin koguna na Siberiya, burbot sun fi girma.
An bambanta nau'ikan burbot guda uku a cikin layukan Trans-Ural: 1) launin toka, babban burbot yana da nauyin kilogram 12-16 kuma ƙari, a cikin abin da balaga ke faruwa lokacin da ya kai tsawon aƙalla 35 cm, 2) rawaya, a cikin koguna da tabkuna da 3) baƙar fata, kogi mara zurfi , wanda bazai wuce kilogiram 2 ba kuma tsayin 35 cm, ya zama mai yin jima'i bayan ya kai 18 cm.
Mafi kyawun ci gaban burbot an lura da shi a cikin Ob. Burbot yana da shekaru 12 - (- daga Lake Teletskoye yana da tsawon cm cm, daga Pechora - 92 cm, daga Lake Onega yana da shekaru 22 - 112 cm kuma nauyi 12 kg.
Abinci mai gina jiki. Maharbi yakan cinye kifin masara, farin kifi, cyprinids, cyprinidae, perch, smelt da sauran kifayen da ƙwaiyensu, da kuma daidaikun mutane. Juveniles da ƙananan burbots (lokaci-lokaci da balagaggun jima'i) suna ciyar da ƙananan kwayoyin, chironomids, tsutsotsi, larvae na lardin, wani lokacin ƙananan crustaceans, crayfish da kifi.
A cikin Volga da Sviyaga, burbot yafi cin abinci a cikin inshora da ƙarancin kifi. Yawanci yakan ci da dare.
Masu gasa. Pike, planten, lenok, kifi, paly, perch, eel, catfish.
Abokan gaba Kifi, kifi, lenok.
Hijira. A cikin kaka (a watan Satumba), tare da raguwar zafin jiki na ruwa, burbot ya fara tashi sama. A hanya kara karfi bayan daskarewa, musamman a lokacin daga Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu - Maris.
FASSARIN NALIM
Daraja. Babu cikakkun bayanai kan kama-burukan burbot. Kasuwancin Marta a Arewacin ƙasar ya kasance akalla centan dubu 10,6. Kayayyakin kayayyaki 1936-1939 a cikin gundumar Oskotazovsky, ya kasance kusan 12,000 centners, a cikin Narymsky okrug - har zuwa 2,5 dubu dubu centners, a cikin Kolyma okrug, tare da kamun kifi mai ƙarfi - har zuwa biliyan 3.7 dubu, a cikin tafkin Onega - kusan 1 dubu centners kuma a cikin Lake Ladoga - 2,000 centners
Kabari a cikin Baikal an ƙaddara a cikin dubun-dubata na dubu 5-7. Hannun jari na Burbot a cikin tafkunan arewacin na da mahimmanci. Wataƙila ci gaban kamun kifi na musamman ga burbot a cikin koguna da tabkuna na arewacin da kuma cikin Baikal.
Baya ga gagarumar karuwa a cikin kifayen, wannan taron zai kuma sami sakamako mai amfani ga hannun jari na farin kifi da nelma, waɗanda burbot ke cin caviar.
Fasaha da hanya ta kamun kifi. Ana farauta su da hancin, fi, matakan, ƙugiya ƙugiya. Kamar yadda aka kama, ana kama burbot a cikin raga, tarho, ko babban abin hawa. Babban kamun kifi na faruwa ne a lokacin lokutan tsallake-tsallake (Disamba - Fabrairu) da kuma ciyarwa (Oktoba - Yuni). A lokacin dumama ruwa, burbot ta sha wuya sau daya, ba sau daya ba.
Amfani. Ana sayar da Burbot yawanci a cikin sabo ne da daskararre, madara da hanta suna da kyau musamman godiya, hanta kuma ke zuwa samar da abincin gwangwani (“burbot burki a cikin tumatir”) da kuma ƙoshin mai na kifin likita. Girman hanta a cikin Kolyma burbot ya kai 9%, mafi yawan lokuta - 6% na nauyin kifin.
Ana amfani da fata na manyan burbots a Siber don miya jaka, sutturar ruwa, da kuma kayan maye. Ana samun manne daga mafitsara, amma da inganci mara kyau.
Bayyanar da burbot
Burbot yana da jiki mai elongated. A gaban jiki yana zagaye, kuma kusa da wutsiya yana kwantawa a bangarorin. Shugaban yana da girma, yana kwance.
Bakin waɗannan kifayen suna da faɗi tare da ƙananan hakora, yayin da ƙananan muƙamula sun fi tsayi fiye da babba. Anarancin eriya suna girma a saman muƙamuƙi - ɗaya a kowane gefe. A kasan muƙamuƙi ke tsiro gashin-baki 1 na tsawon lokaci.
Burbot yana da halayyar launi na jiki.
Burbot ɗin yana da ƙeƙwalwar ƙyalle sau biyu - fin gaban yana gajere, sannan fin na ƙarshen ya ɗaga har zuwa fin caudal. Cawancin farin kwalliya shima tsawo; yana da sihiri mai zagaye. Fashin falon suna da fadi kuma suna kama da mai goyon baya ta siffa. Inswanin ventral suna kan makogwaron, dogaye ne kuma dogaye a sifa.
An rufe jikin burbot da ƙananan Sikeli. Sikeli yana rufe da jiki duka. Launin wakilan wannan nau'in na iya bambanta, yana dacewa da yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, launi na jiki na iya canzawa tare da shekaru. Kifi na manya sun fi ƙarfin matasa. Mafi sau da yawa, tarnaƙi da baya suna launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a launi, wanda aka narkar da shi da duhu rawaya launuka daban-daban. Cikakken ciki ya fi sauƙi a baya. Fins an yi wa ado da duhun duhu.
Nalim yayi girma har zuwa santimita 120 a tsayinsa, alhali suna nauyin kilo 20. Amma girman kifin yana da dogaro da mazauninsu. Misali wakilan kudanci sun fi na arewa yawa.
Kifin ya haɗiye koto.
Nalim suna ƙaunar sanyi, saboda haka rafukan Yenisei, Lena da Ob sun fi dacewa ga waɗannan kifin fiye da Amur. Manya-manyan burbots suna zaune a cikin kogin Lena. Sabili da haka, masunta suna zuwa mafi girma burbot a Yakutia.
Rayuwar Burbot
Tun da waɗannan kifayen suna da ƙananan ƙusoshin ƙwaya, wannan yana nuna cewa sun guji koguna tare da ƙaƙƙarfan halin yanzu, inda saurin ƙarfi da ƙarfi ke da mahimmanci musamman. Ganin wurin da aka fi so da burbot shine kyawawan kogunan ruwa mai tsabta tare da dutse da yashi.
A lokacin rani, lokacin da ruwa sama sama sama, burbot hau kan zurfin inda yake mai sanyaya da yawa digiri. A cikin ruwa mai ɗumi, waɗannan kifayen sun zama marasa aiki, kuma yayin zazzabi na 25 digo mutuwa ke faruwa.
A cikin kaka, burbots sun fara nuna babban aiki. A wannan lokacin, suna ciyarwa da kima. Tsarin narkewa yana sarrafa sarrafa abinci kawai a cikin ruwan sanyi.
Burbot maƙiyi ne. Fry feed a invertebrates, matasa dabbobi cin crustaceans da zooplankton. Ultaultan mazan da ke cikin ganima, fitila, fuloti, bakin ruwa, launin toka. Bugu da kari, abincin ya hada da macizai, frogs har ma da tsuntsayen.
Burbots suna farauta da dare, suna da jagora ta ƙanshin wari da taɓawa. Musamman musamman a cikin burbot ana faruwa da sautikan sauti da ganima mai kamshi. Hakanan, waɗannan kifayen suna ciyar da abinci.
Burbot kifi ne mai tsinkaye.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Balagagge cikin burbots yana faruwa a shekaru 4-7. Burbot spawns a watan Disamba-Maris. Sau da yawa kifaye suna kiwo a ƙarƙashin kankara, yayin da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa shine digiri 1-4. Burbot basu da wuraren shakatawa na fili. Mace suna sa ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin ruwa.
Zazzabi na ruwa yana shafar tsawon lokacin shiryawa, yana iya daukar kwanaki 30 zuwa 128. Caviar ta iyo cikin dusar kankara, har sai an buge ta a cikin matsewar tsakanin duwatsun. Hatched larvae wucewa yin iyo. Suna girma cikin sauri, suna ɓoyewa a cikin tsari a cikin rana, kuma suna aiki da dare. A cikin shekarar farko, ci gaban matasa ya kai zuwa 11-12 santimita, a shekara ta biyu an kara wani santimita 10.
Mace na tsallake kowace shekara 2, maza kuma suna yin kiwo a kowace shekara. Burbots suna rayuwa a matsakaicin shekaru 20-25.
Kifi
Burbot kamun kifi na ci gaba cikin shekara. Babban ganyen kamun kifi shine Oktoba, duk watannin hunturu da Maris-Afrilu. Itingorawa burbot ya fi kyau da dare har zuwa 5 na safe. Tunda waɗannan sune ƙaddarar ƙasa, ana bada shawarar igiyar kamun kifi don kamun kifi. Hakanan ana kama Burbot akan sandunan masu zana da kuma masu zana.
Kamar yadda ake amfani da abinci, nama da hatsi. Mormyshka, crustaceans, yanki na nama, kwaɗi, ƙananan minnows, da masu aikin wofi sun dace da bututun. Matasa girma yana da kyau kama a kan tsutsotsi da jiniworms. Burbot kifi ne mai ƙarfi, don haka lokacin da masunta suka fitar da shi, ya yi tsayayya. Amma kifin ya haɗiye ƙugiya da ƙarfi, don haka a zahiri ba ya fasa.
Ana la'akari da hanta Burbot da matukar amfani, yana ƙunshe da ƙarin bitamin A da D fiye da mai mai kifi. Yawan bitamin ya dogara da abincin kifin. Hanta tana da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na kifayen kifi. Wato, hanta tana da girma sau 6 fiye da sauran kifin ruwa mai ruwa iri ɗaya.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Bayanin halittu
Nalim na iya bambanta sosai a girma ko launi, amma yawancin masu binciken sun yarda cewa bashi da ma'ana a rarrabe waɗannan kifayen ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. Abokan adawar su, ban da burbot na Turai ta yau da kullun, suna kuma rarrabe mai bakin ciki, da ke zaune a yankuna na arewacin kasar da kuma rarraba su a yammacin kogin Amurka na burbot.
Jikin burbot yana da daɗaɗɗuwa, kuma idan sashin gaba yana da siffar silima, to sai ga baya, wutsiya, ƙaƙƙarfan rarrabewa kuma yana tafiya cikin nutsuwa. An kawata babban kan ɗakin lebur tare da eriya uku, waɗanda ɗayansu, waɗanda ba a gyara su, suna kan kumatun. Idanun suna kanana, amma bakin yana da girma, yana da ƙarfi, yana tabbatar da tsinkayen kifin. Launi, daga launin duhu zuwa launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa, ya dogara ne akan launin ƙasa kawai na mazaunin, har ma da shekaru - tsohuwar kifayen, tana da haske.
Ya kasha kashi biyu ya kasu kashi biyu, gajarta ta fi kusa da kai, na biyun, mai tsawo, kamar mai tsayi na elongated, a zahiri kusa, amma kada ku haɗu da wutsiya. Sikalin burbot ya yi kadan, duk jikinsa ya lullube da gamsai, wanda hakan ya sanya kifin ya kasance mai zarya. Girman girma burbot sau da yawa ya wuce mita, kuma nauyin ya kai kilo 20 ko fiye. Gaskiya ne, irin waɗannan dodannin kogin sun riga sun zama kaɗan.
Habitat
Burbot ya dace da yanayin yanayin, don haka zaku iya kama kifi a cikin ruwan dukkan nahiyoyi biyar. Koyaya, yawan jama'a suna halayyar koguna (gami da daga haraji) da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Arctic. Additionari ga koguna, burbot suna zaune a cikin tabkuna, Wuraren ƙuraje da na tafki tare da ruwan sanyi mai tsabta, wani dutse mai yashi ko yashi. Ya kamata a sani cewa burbot ba ya rayuwa a cikin ruɓaɓɓen ruwa, wanda yake al'ada ce ga ƙasashen gabashin Turai. A can, duk da matakan hana kama kifi, an rage yawan burbot kuma a wasu wuraren kifayen suna gab da halaka.
Abin farin, har yanzu ana samun wannan kifin a cikin Rasha, kuma a cikin adadi mai yawa, da farko a cikin ruwa na yankin Arctic, a cikin kwandunan Tekun Baltic, Farar fata, Baƙar fata da Tekun Caspian. Yawancin mutane suna cikin layukan kogunan Siberiya, irin su Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, da dai sauransu Daga cikin layukan arewacin, Taimyr, Teletskoe, Zaysan, da Baikal sun cancanci. Akwai burbotti da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman akan Sakhalin da tsibirin Shantar, kuma kifi yakan zuwa sassan tekun da ƙarancin ɗanye.
Hakanan akwai wasu nau'ikan burbot na biyu wanda ke yin ƙaura na dogon lokaci akan nisan tafiyar kilomita dubu.