Wannan mollusk yana rayuwa a zurfin inda kusan babu oxygen. Ba jan farin jini mai gudana a jikin sa, amma shuɗi. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin, a farkon karni na 20, likitocin dabbobi sun yanke shawarar cewa yayi kama da wani abu mara kyau, kuma ya kira mahaɗa - wutar jahannama.
Gaskiya ne, a cikin 1903, Kayan likitan dabbobi likitan dabbobi ya danganta batun izuwa ga “dodanni”, amma ga dangin octopuses. Me yasa aka sanya sunan bugun jini na aljanna?Ba wuya a iya tsammani. Gangar jikinta an haɗa ta da membrane, wanda yayi kama da mayafin bango, invertebrate yana da launin ruwan hoda-ja, yana rayuwa cikin zurfin duhu.
Siffofi da mazaunin al'aurar mahaifa
Daga lokacin da aka gano cewa an gano kuskuren likitan dabbobi, kuma duk da cewa mollusk yana da fasali gama gari tare da dorinar ruwa, ba dangi bane kai tsaye. Hakanan ba za a iya danganta squid karkashin ruwa ba
Sakamakon haka, an kassar da vampire na wutar lantarki daban, wanda ake kira a cikin Latin - "Vampyromorphida". Babban bambanci tsakanin mazaunin ruwa daga squids da octopuses shine kasancewar a cikin jikin ƙararrun filayen bifid, shine, zaren abubuwan gina jiki wanda vampire ba zai iya gajarta ba.
Kamar yadda za'a iya gani ta hoto, wutar fitina jiki yana da yanayin fuska. Yana da tantuna 8, kowannensu yana "sawa" kofin tsotsewa a ƙarshen, an rufe shi da allurai masu laushi da antennae. Girman mollusk yana da daidaitaccen matsayi, yana tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 santimita.
Smallan ƙaramin “dodo” na iya zama ja, launin ruwan kasa, shunayya har ma da baki. Launi ya dogara da hasken wutar lantarki a ciki. Bugu da kari, mollusk na iya canza launin idanunsa zuwa shudi ko ja. Idanun dabbobin da kansu sunyi gaskiya kuma girma ne ga jikinsu. Sun kai milimita 25 a diamita.
"Tsofaffin dabbobi" "suna fahariya fuskar kunne mai siffa wacce ta tsiro daga" alkyabbar ". Arfafa ƙashin kai, mollusk ɗin kamar yana tashi sama a cikin teku. Duk saman jikin dabbar an rufe shi da hotuna, wato, gabobin luminescent. Tare da taimakonsu, mollusk na iya haifar da walƙiyar haske, ta watsar da haɗarin “ruwa tare”.
A cikin Tekun Duniya, a zurfin mita 600 zuwa 1000 (wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa har zuwa mita 3000), inda wutar aljanna take zamakusan babu oxygen. Akwai abin da ake kira "sashin ƙaramin oxygen".
Baya ga vampire, babu wani itacen wiwilopod da aka sani da ilimin kimiyya da ke rayuwa a wannan zurfin. Masanan dabbobi sun yi imanin cewa mazaunin da ya ba da kyautar wani mahaɗan ne, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ta bambanta da sauran mazaunan ruwa a cikin ƙasa mai ƙima na rayuwa.
Halin hali da salon rayuwar aljanna
Ana samun bayanai game da wannan dabbar da baƙon abu ta amfani da abubuwan hawa masu zurfin teku-atomatik. A cikin zaman talala, yana da wuya a fahimci ainihin halayyar mollusk, saboda yana cikin damuwa koyaushe kuma yana ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga masana kimiyya. Kyamarar ruwa ta karkashin ruwa tayi rikodin cewa "vampires" tayi nisa tare da zurfin ruwan yanzu. A lokaci guda, suna sakin flalarla velar.
Duk taɓa taɓawar tsibiri tare da wani abu na ƙasashen waje yana tsoratar da mazaunin ruwa; mollusk yana fara tafiya cikin ruwa cikin kuskure daga haɗari. Saurin motsi ya kai tsawon jikin mutum biyu a sakan biyu.
Tabbas "kananan dodanni" basu san yadda zasu kare kansu ba. Saboda ƙarancin tsokoki, koyaushe zaɓi zaɓin yanayin kare lafiya. Misali, suna fitowa da haskensu mai launin shuɗi da fari, yana lalata kwakwalen dabba, yana mai wahalar ƙayyade ainihin wurin da yake.
Ba kamar yadda ba octopus, jahannama vampire bashi da jakar tawada. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, mollusk yana fitar da gamsai na bioluminescent daga farfajiyar, wato, kwalliyar walƙiya, kuma yayin da maharbi ya makance, yana ƙoƙari ya iyo cikin duhu. Wannan hanya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don kare kai, tunda dawo da zai buƙaci makamashi mai yawa.
Mafi sau da yawa, mazaunin cikin ruwa yana ceton kansa tare da "kabewa mai karko". A ciki, mollusk yana juya alfarwar a ciki ya rufe su da jiki. Don haka ya zama kamar ball tare da allura. Ku ci ta mazaunin alfarma lokacin da maharbin suka kai masa hari, nan da nan dabbar za ta sake yin kanta.
Tarihin nau'ikan dabbobi
Karl Hun, wani Bajamushe masanin kimiyyar halayen dabbobi da ke ƙasar Jamus ya fara bayyana wannan cutar ta mahaifa a cikin shekarar 1903. Bayan wani lokaci, ya zama a fili cewa wannan halittar ya kamata a sanya shi wani keɓaɓɓen. Babban bambanci tsakanin vampires da dorinar ruwa da squids shine kasancewar filastik furotin, wanda bazai iya yanke shi ba - filayen spheroid.
A vampire aljanna samu sunan da, mafi m, saboda membranes a haɗa alfarwar. Sun samar da wata alkyabbar da aka lullube mollusk, suna kare kanta. Bugu da ƙari, launi na vampire mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, kodayake yana iya juya launin shuɗi da baki, gwargwadon haske. Shi kuma yana da farin jini. Amma da farko abubuwa farko.
Bayyanar
Girman squid na vampire karami ne, har zuwa cm 30. A matsakaici, tsawon jikinsa yakai cm 15 A bangon jikin vampire akwai ƙananan ƙonewa, wanda yake motsawa. Fwan iska suna kama da “jirgin sama” ta cikin shafi na ruwa. Dukkanin bukkoki takwas na cikin mahaifa suna hade da membranes. Kowane ɗayan tanti a ƙarshen yana da kofin tsotsa, kuma an rufe shi da eriya mai taushi, yana tunawa allura.
Dukkanin jikin mollusk an rufe shi da hotophores - gabobi na musamman na luminescence wanda vampire yayi amfani da shi don kariya. Idanun wakilin vampireomorphs suna convex, kusan 2.5 cm a girma, kuma sun sami damar canza launinsu gwargwadon haske daga shuɗi zuwa ja. A gwargwadon tsawon jikin duka, Vampire yana da manyan idanun halittun duniya.
Rayuwa
Ya kamata a sani cewa ba a yi nazarin wannan nau'in ba, saboda yana zaune a ƙasa mai zurfi na 500 m. Kuma duk abin da aka san halinsu an samu shi ne daga haɗari na haɗari da motocin bincike na ruwa. A cikin zaman talala, vampires ba sa rayuwa mai tsayi kuma yana bin tsarin kare halaye na kare kai.
Habitat
Vampire na hellish ya fi son zama a cikin wurare masu zafi da yanayin zafi a cikin teku, a zurfin 500-1000 m. Akwai wurin da ake kira "sashin ƙaramin oxygen", abun da ke cikin oxygen ya ragu da kashi 3%. Wannan maida hankali na oxygen ya yi ƙasa kaɗan don tallafawa aikin metabolism na yau da kullun a cikin yawancin halittu a duniya. Vernire na jarirai shine kawai cephalopod wanda zai iya rayuwa a wannan mahallin. Abinda shine cewa mollusk yana da matsanancin narkewar metabolism. Jininsa ya ƙunshi jan ƙarfe da yawa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da launin shuɗi, kuma yana ɗaurewa da canja wurin oxygen.
Musclesafin mollusk na haɓaka ne mara kyau, amma yawanta na jikinsa yana dacewa da yawan ruwa, wanda zai ba shi damar motsawa a cikin teku.
Abinci da Kariya
Octopuses suna amfani da tawada don kare haɗari. Vampire ɗinmu bashi da irin wannan tawada, amma akwai jakunkuna cike da ruwa mai narkewa, suna fashewa wanda mollusk ya makantar da abokan gaba, ya batar da shi, wanda yake ba shi lokacin hawa cikin inuwa. Labulen haske yana ƙunshe da gamsai tare da ƙananan ƙwallon fitila mai haske, amma ana amfani dashi azaman makoma ta ƙarshe, tunda sabuntar gamsai yana buƙatar tsadar kuzari mai yawa. Hakanan, don kariya, vampire yana amfani da ƙirar haske - hotunan hotonsa a duk faɗin jikin yana watsa hasken da ke kusa da shi, yana fasa kwan kwanon jikinsa da masko daga kallo daga ƙasa.
Hanyar kariya ta mollusk ta canza matsakaita tana da ban sha'awa. Batun murfin ganuwar ba shi da hoton hoto a ciki, saboda haka, idan akwai haɗari, sai ya zama, a zahiri, a waje yana rufe kansa da gangar jikinsa, don haka kawai ƙirar hasken alfarwar ta kasance a waje. Suna jan hankalin mafarautan da kansu, kuma idan har asarar su ta sake komawa baya. Wannan hanyar ana kiranta pose.
Ana son sanin komai
Shin kuna ganin wannan wani irin dodo ne daga fim mai ban tsoro? Kuma wannan dabba ce ta duniya. Yanzu zan ƙara ba ku ƙarin bayani.
Sunan gaske mai ban tsoro, vampire na mahaifa, ya karɓi ƙaramin mollusk na cephalopod wanda ke zaune a cikin zurfin teku a cikin wurare masu zafi da canjin yanayi Duk da irin kamanninsa da ke da octopus da squid, masana kimiyya sun gano wannan mollusk a cikin wani yanki dabam na Vampyromorphida (lat.), Domin da zaran anjima. yana sananne ta hanyar dawo da hankali, mai hankali, filastik filastik. Hakanan vampire na hellish shine kawai jinsin da kawai asalin wannan tsari: Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun da Vampyroteuthis Chun, bi da bi. Rashin daidaituwar wannan mollusk kuma ya ta'allaka ne akan cewa ita ce kawai cephalopod, mazauninta yana zurfin zurfin mita 400 - 1000 tare da mafi ƙarancin oxygen a cikin ruwa.
Matsakaicin tsayi na turmutsitsin wutar wuta ta 15 cm, kuma mafi girman bai wuce cm 30 ba .. Mollusk yana da jikin gelatinous tare da tanti takwas da ke jikin membranes. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan alfarwar suna da kofin tsotsa da kuma gashin baki a ƙarshen. Aikin alfarma na gaskiya a cikin aljalif na mata yana taka leda ne ta hanyar da yake nunawa a cikin kayan haɗin kai kuma ya zarce mafi girma fiye da tanti.
Launi na cikin ƙwayar cutar saniya ya bambanta da hasken daga baƙi zuwa ja da ja, ruwan idanu - daga ja zuwa shuɗi. Gashin mollusk fari ne. Wani muhimmin fasalin wannan mollusk shine girman idanu: a gwargwadon girman jikin mutum, idanunsa za a iya kiran su mafi girma a cikin wakilan duniyar dabba - 2.5 cm a diamita. Idanunsa sun bambanta ko da ƙarancin haske, kuma masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda suke kan kansa suna taimaka wajan kama kowane irin aiki.
A cikin tsofaffi, akwai wasu ƙeƙasun ƙyallen ƙirar kunne wanda ke tsiro daga sassan gefen katako, wanda shine babban hanyar sufuri: raƙuman ruwa tare da ƙusoshin suna kama da "jirgin" ta cikin shafi ruwa. Gashin itacen turmi yana da fari. A cikin kayan haɗin haɗin akwai jakunkuna biyu waɗanda ke ɓoye ɓarjin velor flagella, waɗanda ke da ikon shimfida mafi girma fiye da shingen kuma suna aiki a matsayin gidan wuta na wuta.
Kusan dukkan jikin jikin mollusk an rufe shi da gabobin lumines - photophores. Suna kama da ƙananan falmaran fayafai waɗanda suke girma a ƙarshen alfarwar da kuma a ƙasan ƙafafun. Photophores ba ya nan kawai a gefen ciki na alfarwar tare da membranes. Babbar mahaifa tana sarrafa wadannan gabobin sosai kuma yana da ikon samar da fitilun walƙiya na haske wanda ya ƙare daga ƙarni na biyu zuwa mintuna da yawa. Bugu da kari, zai iya sarrafa haske da girman tabo launuka.
Kwayoyin chromatophores (Kwayoyin alade) da ke cikin yawancin cephalopods ba a haɓaka su sosai ba cikin ƙwayar cuta ta mahaifa, tunda ikon canza launi na jiki kwatankwacin haka, ya zama tilas ga cephalopods da ke zaune akan shiryayye, cikin zurfin ciki kuma cikin duhu gaba ɗaya, baya taka rawa ta musamman.
Vwalwa ta mahaifa misali ne mai ɗan ƙaramin misali na zurfafawar teku ce, mai rai, bisa ga bayanan zamani, a waje da yanayin shigawar haske a zurfin zurfin mita 600-900 da ƙari. A cikin wannan yanki na tekun yanki ne na musamman, wanda aka sani da sashin ƙaramin oxygen. Anan, iskar oxygen yana kasa sosai don tallafawa metabolism na kwayoyin halittar mafi girma. Koyaya, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya rayuwa da numfasawa na yau da kullun a wannan yanki tare da maida hankali na oxygen na 3%. Babu wata ceklopod, wacce aka sani da ilimin kimiyya, kuma, in banda togiya, dabbobi na wasu nau'ikan da zasu iya wannan.
Don rayuwa a cikin zurfin zurfafa cikin yanayi na matsanancin matsin lamba da rashin isashshen sunadarin oxygen, turmutsutsi na wutar jahannama ya kirkiro wasu mahimman na'urori. Vwallar mahaifa yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin metadata tsakanin dukkanin zurfafawar teku. Haemocyanin, launin jini wanda ke dauke da jan ƙarfe, wanda ke ba da jinin dabba wani launi mai shuɗi, yana ɗaure da canja oxygen. Babban yankin yanki na kwayoyi ma suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan. A vishire na hellish yana da ƙarancin ci gaba na tsokoki, amma ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa, wanda statocysts ke wakilta, da kuma girman jiki, saboda yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ammoniya a cikin kyallen, kusan yana dacewa da yawan ruwan teku. Wannan yana ba ka damar kula da buoyancy tare da ƙaramar ƙoƙari kuma yana ba da isasshen motsi na dabba.
A cikin saman mazaunin mazaunin dabbobi, ruwan da ke saman kansa yana kama da sararin sama mai faɗakarwa ga mazaunan teku masu zurfi: idanunsu masu hankali suna iya rarrabe silhouettes na sauran dabbobin da ke iyo daga sama. Don kare kariya daga ganowa, vampire na jarirai yana fitar da haskensa mai haske. Haske na haskaka kwanon dabbar, tana iya kallon ta daga ƙasa. Wannan dabarar ana kiranta haske ne. Kasance da manyan idanun kafiran aljannah suna gani ko da kashin baya. Wata 'yar hoto dake saman kai ta na iya gargadi ga karamar yarinya wacce take motsawa daga sama.
Kamar sauran kifayen teku masu zurfi, tururuwa mara nauyi bashi da jaka tawada. Idan kuma aka sami wata fargaba, maimakon tawada, sai ya sake fitowa daga tukwicin alfarwar wani gizagizai mai ɗumbin yawa wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwallon launin shuɗi mai haske. Labulen haske, wanda ya kasance har zuwa mintina 10, yakamata ya kasance mai mamakin mai sihiri kuma ya ba ɗan wasan dama damar ɓoye a cikin duhu, ba tare da iyo ba. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar kariya kawai idan akwai hatsarin gaske, tun da sabuntar gamsai na buƙatar babban farashin kuzari.
Ba a san kaɗan ba game da cutar ta hanyar jikin kwayar cuta. Yayin aiwatar da ci gaba, suna tafiya da dabarun halittar mutum uku: mafi ƙarami mutane suna da ƙyallen ɗayan ƙwaya guda, a cikin tsaka-tsakin yanayi dabbobin suna haɓaka sabon ma'aurata kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin manya, madaidaicin firstan wasan na farko da sake zama ɗayan biyu ya rage. Yayin da dabba ke tsiro, rabo daga farfaɗar farfajiyar zuwa girman jiki yana raguwa, ƙyallen ta canza girman su da inda suke don cimma kyakkyawar hanyar motsawa. Matasa matasa da farko suna amfani da jet don motsawa, yayin da manya suka fi son amfani da ƙusoshin. Irin wannan keɓantaccen kayan aikin inginesis ne ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a zamanin da, an ɗauki nau'ikan dabba don nau'ikan nau'ikan iyalai daban daban.
Idan mai yiwuwa ne a zana daidaituwa tare da sauran raƙuman ruwa na teku-zuriyar, mahaifa marassa galibi da ake samun saurin kiwo, tare da sanya adadin manyan ƙwai. Shuka ya yi saurin lalacewa saboda karancin abinci mai gina jiki a zurfin halayyar mazaunin dabbobi. Sakamakon girman mazauninsu da kuma karancin jama'a, haɗuwar mutane biyu don ma'anar kiwo ya zama baƙon abu. Mace na iya adana maniyyin maniyyi cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci kafin tayi shiri tayi da ƙwai. Bayan hadi, za ta iya haihuwar har zuwa kwanaki 400, har sai kyankyasar tayi. Yana kusa da bayyanarta, matar ta daina cin abinci kuma ta mutu jim kaɗan.
Venian wasan, waɗanda girmansu ya kai mm 8 a tsawonsu, kusan sune keɓaɓɓen ƙarafan kwafin manya. Ba su da gaskiya, har yanzu ba su da membranes tsakanin alfarwar, idanu sun fi ƙanana, kuma flagella ba su da cikakkiyar tsari. Wasu, waɗanda ba a ƙayyade lokacin ba, ƙananan yara, kafin fara cin abinci, suna rayuwa akan wadatattun abubuwan ciki na abinci mai gina jiki. Matasa galibi ana samunsu a manyan zurfafa, inda, mai yiwuwa, suna ciyar da tarkace kwayoyin da ke fadowa daga saman tekun.
Duk abin da aka sani zuwa yanzu game da halayen ginin gidan wuta an samo shi ne daga haɗuwa da bazuwar motoci masu zurfin teku.Lokacin da aka kama dabbobi, yawanci sukan sami rauni kuma suna iya rayuwa a cikin akwatin kifaye ba don watanni biyu ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin yanayin wucin gadi yana da wuya a sami ingantaccen bayani game da halayyar rashin tsaro.
Dangane da lurar da aka samu, mahaukaciyar marayu tana fadada aiki tare da magudanar ruwa mai zurfi, tana sakin dogon fuloti. Idan flagella tayi hulɗa da kowane abu ko jin motsin girgiza na waje, dabbobin zasu yi farin ciki, suna yin motsi cikin sauri. Sun sami damar yin iyo da sauri har zuwa tsawon tsawon jiki biyu a sakan na biyu, suna hanzarta kusan minti biyar. Weakarfinsu mai rauni, koyaya, yana iyakance jimiri.
Cephalopods, da ke zaune a cikin ƙarin yanayi na baƙi, na iya biyan kuzarin kuzari na haɓakar haɓaka na dogon lokaci. Ba kamar su ba, dabbobi masu lalata ya zama dole ne ya kirkiro wasu hanyoyin, na kare kuzari na koran magabatan. Don wahalar da farauta, suna amfani da "ayyukan wuta" na baya da aka ambata a baya tare da haɗin gwanon fitilu da kuma yanayin rikice-rikice marasa tabbas.
A cikin kariya ta kariya, abin da ake kira "kabewa pose," aljani na murhu yana juya alfarwar tare da membranes a ciki, yana rufe jiki, kuma yana ɗaukar kamannin gani na gani tare da allura masu barazanar fallasa. Yankin farfajiyar ciki tare da membranes yana cike da launi kuma kusan gaba daya yana rufe hoto. Broughta'idodi masu haske na alfarwar suna tattare wuri guda wanda yafi shi kai, yana juyar da kai hari daga mahimman sassan jikin. Idan maharbi ya ciji ƙofar tantin, dabba za ta yi girma.
An sani cewa jahannama vampires suna ciyar da ƙananan crustaceans (gami da shrimp), cnidaria. Gabaɗaya, ba a san kaɗan game da abincin da suke ci ba, amma, ba da ƙarancin mazaunin mazaunan ba, ana iya ɗauka cewa su masu omuni ne. Tare da taimakon tsohuwar filastar sa, ƙwayar cutar sankara ta gurgunta wanda aka azabtar kuma ya tsotse jini daga gare shi, ya fi nama, yana bayar da gudummawa ga farfadowa daga gamsai na bioluminescent. An samo gawawwakin vampires a cikin zurfin babban kifi mai zurfi, kifayen wamles da pinnipeds, masu iya zurfin ruwa, alal misali, zakoki.
Idan zamuyi magana game da mazaunan ruwa mara kyau, to ina tuna muku game da irin wannan kifin HAULIOD ko game da Longhorn Saber
Abincin Vampire na Abinci
Na dogon lokaci, likitocin dabbobi sun yarda cewa jarirai na dabbobi sune mazan da ke farauta da kananan crustaceans. Kamar amfani da filastik ɗin fizgen murfin, mugayen ruhohi marasa nauyi. Kuma a sa'an nan, tare da taimakonsu, yana tsotse jini daga wanda aka cutar. Ana tsammanin cewa jini ne wanda ke taimaka wajan maido da gamsaiwar bioluminescent da aka kashe akan masu rigakafin.
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mollusk ba mai ɗaukar jini bane. Akasin haka, sabanin guda squid, gurneti na wuta yana jagorantar rayuwa ta lumana. A tsawon lokaci, tarkacewar ruwa ta manne a gashin gashin bera, dabbar tare da taimakon tanti tana tattara waɗannan 'kayayyaki', ta cakuda su da gamsai, kuma ta ci su.
Sake bugun da tsawon rai na vampire na wuta
A karkashin ruwa mazaunin kai kawai salon, rayuwa haihuwa da wuya. Haɗu na mutane daban-daban na mata da maza yakan faru kwatsam. Tun da mace ba ta shirya irin wannan taron ba, to za ta iya ɗaukar maniyyin na dogon lokaci, wanda namiji ya shigar. Idan za ta yiwu, sai ta takin su, ta kuma kwashe kodan har tsawon kwana 400.
A cewar wata ka'ida, ana zaton cewa macen aljanna, kamar sauran giwayen macizai, ta mutu bayan fitsarin farko. Masanin kimiyya daga Netherlands Henk-Jan Hoving yayi imanin cewa wannan ba gaskiya bane. Binciken tsarin gidan kwai na mazaunin cikin ruwa, masanin kimiyyar ya gano cewa babbar mace ta shahara sau 38.
A lokaci guda, akwai isasshen 'caji' a cikin kwan ɗin don ƙarin ƙarin ƙwayar 65. Ya zuwa yanzu, waɗannan bayanan suna buƙatar ƙarin binciken, amma idan ya juya cewa sun yi daidai, wannan yana nufin cewa zurfin teku mai zurfi na iya yin tsiro har zuwa daruruwan lokuta a rayuwa. Cubs gwajin kifin mara nauyi haife cikakken kofofin iyayensu. Amma karami, kusan mil 8 a tsayi.
Da farko sun kasance bayyane, ba su da membranes tsakanin alfarwar, kuma flagella ɗin ba su kasance cikakke ba. Yara suna ciyar da tarkace na kwayoyin daga saman lamuran teku. Tsammani rayuwa na da matukar wahala a lissafta. A cikin bauta, mollusk baya rayuwa ko da watanni biyu.
Amma bisa ga binciken Hoving, mata suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru, kuma sun kasance masu dadewa a tsakanin cephalopods. Koyaya, yayin da ba a yi nazarin cikakkiyar ƙwayar cuta ba, watakila a nan gaba zai tona asirinsa kuma ya nuna kansa daga sabon hangen nesa.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: Gidan Wuta
Ampwaƙwalwar jarirai (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) shine kaɗai sananne a cikin umarnin Vampyromorphida, tsari na bakwai a cikin aji na Cephalopoda mollusk. Suna haɗar da halayen octopuse (Octopoda) da squid, cuttlefish, da dai sauransu Ana ɗauka cewa wannan na iya wakiltar layin gado tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. 'Ya'yan ƙwayar jarirai ba fasaha ba ne na ainihi ba, ana sa musu suna ne saboda idanunsu shuɗi, launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da membranes tsakanin hannayensu.
Bidiyo: Jahannama Vampire
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Vampire na mahaifa an gano shi ta farko ta jirgin ruwa mai zurfi na Jamus a cikin 1898-1899 kuma shi kadai ne wakilin Vampyromorpha, hanyar canza sheka zuwa ga cephalopods.
A cikin yawancin karatun ilimin cututtukan dabbobi, ana nuna cewa ƙwayar cutar santa ce farkon reshe na octopus. Bugu da kari, yana da fasaloli da yawa, wanda wataƙila karbuwa ce ga yanayin teku mai zurfi. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙarshen akwai asarar jakar tawada da mafi yawan gabobin chromatophores, haɓakar hotophores da yanayin kyallen takarda da jel-kamar daidaito. Kirkin ya mamaye zurfin ruwa a cikin dukkan yankuna masu zafi da yanayin zafi na tekuna.
A matsayin asalin halittar ɗan adam, wannan shine kaɗai sanannen memba na ƙungiyar tasa. An tattara samfuran farko a lokacin balaguron na Valdivia, kuma da farko an yi kuskuren bayyana shi azaman octopuses a cikin 1903 daga mai binciken Karl Hun. Daga baya, an sanya turmin wutar fitina a wani sabon tsari tare da wasu halaye da dama da suka lalace.
A ina ne aljanin ya mutu?
Hoto: Abin da gurneti na wuta ya yi kama
Squid vampire ya mamaye wurare mafi zurfi a cikin dukkanin ruwa mai zafi da yanayin zafi na tekuna. Wannan shine mafi kyawun misali na zurfin teku mai zurfin zurfin teku, wanda aka yi imanin ya mamaye zurfin mita 300-3000, tare da yawancin wutar lantarki mai mamaye wurare masu zurfi na 1,500-25500. A wannan yanki na tekun duniya, akwai yanki mai ƙarancin iskar oxygen.
Satin da ke cikin Oxygen ya yi kasa sosai don tallafawa metabolism aerobic a cikin hadaddun kwayoyin. Koyaya, tururin mahaifa yana da damar rayuwa kuma yana numfashi kullun tare da jikewar oxygen na kawai 3%, wannan ikon yana da asali a cikin dabbobi kaɗan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abun lura a Cibiyar Bincike ta Monterey Bay Oceanarium ta nuna cewa mahaifa mara nauyi yana iyakance zuwa mafi ƙarancin ƙwayar oxygen a cikin wannan bayyar a matsakaicin zurfin 690 m da matakan oxygen na 0.22 ml / l.
'Ya'yan Vampire squids suna zaune a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin oxygen oxygen na teku, inda kusan wutar ba ta shiga. Rarraba squid ɗin vampire daga arewa zuwa kudu an samo asali tsakanin digiri na 40 na latitude arewa da kudu, inda ruwan ya kasance daga 2 zuwa 6 ° C. Duk tsawon rayuwarsa, yana cikin yanayin da yake da ƙarancin oxygen. Vampyroteuthis na iya zama a nan saboda jininsa ya ƙunshi wani launi na jini (hemocyanin), wanda ke ɗaukar oxygen daga ruwa sosai, ban da farfajiyar kwayar dabba tana da girma sosai.
Yanzu kun san inda squam infernal vernire sami. Bari mu ga abin da ya ci.
Me abin da aljani ya ci?
Hoto: Makabartar Wutar Siyarwa
Squids sune carnivores. Squam din vampire yana amfani da kirtani na gani don neman abinci a cikin teku mai zurfi, kuma yana da statocyst mai haɓaka, yana nuna cewa a hankali ya gangara kuma yana daidaita tare da ɗan ƙoƙari a cikin ruwa. Duk da suna da martabarsa, Vampyroteuthis infernalis ba azzalumi ne mai zalunci ba. A lokacin 'yar iska, squid ya kwashe zaren guda a lokaci daya har daya daga cikinsu ya taba dabbar da ta yanke hukunci. Sannan squid yayi iyo a cikin da'irar a begen kama ganima.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Vampire squid yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun matakan metabolism tsakanin cephalopods saboda rage dogaro ga masu hasara a cikin teku mai zurfi, iyakance ga haske. Yawancin lokaci yakan tafi tare da kwarara kuma ba shi da aiki. Babban ƙyallen hannu da membranes tsakanin hannayen sun ba da damar motsawa su yi kama da jellyfish.
Ba kamar sauran sauran dabbobin keɓaɓɓe ba, ƙwayar turɓayar mara bata kama dabbobi masu rai. Yana ciyarwa a kan barbashin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka nitse ƙasa zuwa cikin zurfin teku, wanda ake kira dusar ƙanƙara.
- diatoms
- zooplankton,
- salps da qwai
- larvae
- barbashi na jiki (detritus) na kifi da crustaceans.
Abincin na abinci ana ji shi ta hannun hannayen fikaifin azanci guda biyu wanda aka goge shi da kofuna guda takwas na hannayen riga, wanda aka rufe shi da membrane na takwas da ke riƙe da hannu kuma yana ɗauka kamar yadda mucous taro daga bakin. Suna da makamai guda takwas, amma ba su da ciyarwar tantuna, kuma a maimakon haka suna amfani da zaren abubuwa biyu da suke juyawa don kamo abinci. Suna haɗar da sharar gida tare da gamsai mai ruɓi daga kofuna waɗanda ke tsotsa don samar da kwallayen abinci.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
HOTO: Vctoire na ƙwallon ƙafa
Kusan koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa mai sauƙin iyo saboda ralatinous jiki mai rauni. Koyaya, yana iya iyo da sauri da sauri, ta amfani da ƙyallen don motsawa ta cikin ruwa. Abubuwan da suke da shi na Statocyst mai zurfi, sashin da ke da daidaituwa, Hakanan yana bayar da gudummawa ga lalatarsu. An kiyasta cewa ƙwayar cuta ta mahaifa ta kai ƙarshen tsayin jikin mutum biyu a sakan biyu, kuma yana hanzarta waɗannan saurin a cikin sakan biyar.
A vampire na wuta na iya haske sama da minti biyu, saboda hotunan da ke ɗauka a lokaci ɗaya, ko walƙiya daga sau ɗaya zuwa uku a sakan na biyu, wani lokacin pulsate. Hakanan gabobin daga hannayen hannayen su na iya yin haske ko kwalliya, wanda yawanci yana tare da amsawa. Nau'i na uku kuma na ƙarshe na luminescence shine girgije luminescent, wanda yayi kama da mucous matrix tare da barbashi mai ƙona wuta a ciki. An yi imanin cewa gabobin suna rufe sirrin jikin hannayen ne ko kuma ba bude sassan gabobin visceral kuma suna iya yin haske har tsawon mintuna 9.5.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Vampires na jarirai suna da rauni sau da yawa yayin kamawa kuma tsira a cikin ruwa a cikin ruwa har zuwa watanni biyu. A watan Mayun 2014, Monterey Bay Aquarium (Amurka) shine farkon wanda ya nuna wannan ra'ayi.
Babban abin da aka bayar don ceton squid din ya hada da sanya huhun huhu a bakin hannaye da gindin ƙashin hancin. Wannan haske yana tare da raunin hannaye, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala a ƙayyade daidai inda squid ɗin yake cikin ruwa. Bayan haka, squid ya fitar da girgije mai dauke da mucous luminescent. Lokacin da hasken wutar ya ƙare, ba zai yuwu a tantance idan squid ya zame ko ya gauraya da gajimare a cikin ruwa marasa ruwa ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Gidan Wuta
Tunda mahaifa na mamaye suka mamaye ruwa mai zurfi fiye da manyan murabba'i, yaduwar su tana faruwa ne cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Zai yiwu maza maza suna canja wurin maniyyi ga mace daga raminsu. 'Ya'yan mata mata sun fi maza girma. Suna jefa kwai da suka hadu a ruwa. Qwai masu balaga suna da girma sosai, kuma ana samun su daɗaɗa-cikin ruwa mai zurfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba a san kaɗan ba game da cutar sikandirin ƙwayar cuta. Haɓakarsu ta wuce III da siffofin ilimin halittar dabbobi: yara matasa suna da ƙyallen ƙyalle guda ɗaya, tsaka-tsakin yanayi yana da nau'i biyu, mai girma kuma. A cikin farkon yanayinsu da kuma tsaka-tsakin tsarin ci gaban su, wani resins biyu yana kusa da idanun, yayin da dabbar ke tsiro, wannan sannu a hankali wannan ya bace.
A cikin aiwatar da haɓaka, rabo na yanki zuwa farfajiya na raguwa, suna canzawa a cikin girman kuma sake tsara su don inganta haɓakar motsi na dabba. Saƙa ƙashin manyan mutane shine mafi inganci magani. Wannan keɓantaccen kanfaningenesis ya haifar da rikicewa a baya tare da siffofin da yawa waɗanda aka ƙayyade yawancin jinsuna a cikin iyalai daban.
A vampire aljannar kiwo a hankali tare da karamin adadin qwai. Rage haɓaka saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a rarraba abubuwan gina jiki a zurfi. Yawancin mazauninsu da yawan mutanen da ke warwatse suna ba da dangantakar aboki a bayyane. Mace na iya adana satifikon siliki tare da maniyyin namiji na dogon lokaci kafin takin ƙwai. Bayan haka, ta na iya jira har zuwa kwanaki 400 kafin su yi kyan gani.
Cubaƙwalwa sun kusan tsawon 8 mm kuma suna da ƙananan kwafin ƙarami na manya, tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Hannayensu basu da madauri, idanunsu sunyi kankanta, kuma ba za'ayi zaren cikakke ba. Matasa suna amfaninta kuma suna rayuwa akan gwaiduwa na ciki zuwa wani lokacin da ba'a san su ba kafin su fara ciyar da abinci sosai. Kananan dabbobi galibi ana samunsu a cikin ruwa mai zurfi suna ciyarwa da ƙonewa.
Abokan gaba na maƙiyan dabbobi
Hoto: Abin da gurneti na wuta ya yi kama
Jirgin kogin jahannama na iya tafiya da wuri zuwa gajerun nesa, amma ba zai iya yin dogon ƙaura ko gudu ba. Lokacin da aka yi barazanar, vampire squid ya yi tserewa daga wucin gadi, yana motsa hanzarin zuwa ƙolin, daga bayansa sai jirgin sama ya fito daga alkyabbar, wanda zigzags ta cikin ruwa. Matsayin kariya na squid na faruwa ne yayin da aka ɗaga hannaye da cobwebs a saman kai da mayafin a wani wuri da aka sani da "abarba abar hawa".
Wannan matsayi na hannaye da cobwebs yana sa lalacewar squid ke da wahala saboda kariyar kai da mayafi, kuma saboda wannan matsayin yana fayyace wurare masu nauyi na launin fata akan dabbar, wanda yasa wahalar ganowa cikin zurfin zurfin teku. An rarraba yatsan mai haske mai zurfi sama da na dabba, yana juyar da kai harin daga wurare masu mahimmanci. Idan maharbi ya ciji daga hannun sa, abin da ke da wutar jahannama, zai iya sake sarrafa shi.
An samo vampires na ciki a cikin abinda ke ciki na kifayen teku, ciki har da:
Ba kamar danginsu da ke zaune a cikin wani yanayi mai son ci gaba ba, kifayen bakin teku ba sa iya kashe kuzari a kan jirgin mai nisa. Ganin yadda aka samu karancin ciwan abinci da karancin ganima a irin wannan zurfin, yakamata masu amfani da fatar dabbobi suyi amfani da dabarun rigakafin magabaci don kiyaye karfi. An hada su da "abubuwan wuta" wadanda aka ambata a sama tare da hannayen mara nauyi, motsawar hanzari da hanyoyin tserewa, wanda hakan ke wahalar da mai farautar ya gano manufa daya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Makabartar Wutar Siyarwa ta Swaz
Gidan wutar jahannama shine sarki mai zurfi na teku, zurfafan zurma, inda shi da mazauninsa baya fuskantar wata haɗari. Babu matsala idan akace dabbobi sun cika rarrabuwar kawuna kuma ba adadi. Wannan saboda karancin albarkatu ne na rayuwa. Nazarin Goving sun nuna cewa wannan nau'in ya nuna kamar kifi a cikin halayen jima'i, yana canza lokacin kiwo tare da tsaka-tsakin yanayi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Amfani da wannan hasashe shine gaskiyar cewa a cikin matan da aka adana a cikin kayan gargajiya, kawai akwai wani ɓangare na ƙwai nan gaba. Ofaya daga cikin tsofaffin vampires, wanda ke cikin tarin kayan tarihin, yana da ƙwai kimanin 6.5 dubu, kuma wani wuri 3.8 dubu da aka kashe a cikin ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. A cewar masana kimiyyar, lissafin ya faru sau 38, kuma bayan an jefa nuclei 100.
Daga wannan ne zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa adadin vampires na jahannama baya cikin hadari, amma an tsara adadin su yayin haifuwar halittar.
A cewar masu binciken, iyakokin na faruwa ne saboda dalilai da yawa.:
- karancin abinci ga iyaye da zuriya,
- da yiwuwar mutuwar dukkan zuriyar an rage girmanta,
- rage farashin kuzari don samuwar ƙwai da shiri don aikin haifuwa.
Tashin wuta na wuta, kamar yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yana da matukar wahala a yi nazari a cikin yanayin ƙasa, don haka ba a san kaɗan game da halayyar da yawan waɗannan dabbobi ba. Da fatan, tare da ci gaba da zurfafa bincike a cikin zurfin teku, masana kimiyya za su iya ƙarin koyo game da wannan nau'in nau'in fauna na musamman da ban sha'awa.
Ci gaba
Ba a san kaɗan ba game da cutar ta hanyar jikin kwayar cuta. Yayin aiwatar da ci gaba, suna tafiya da dabarun halittar mutum uku: mafi ƙarami mutane suna da ƙyallen ɗayan ƙwaya guda, a cikin tsaka-tsakin yanayi dabbobin suna haɓaka sabon ma'aurata kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin manya, madaidaicin firstan wasan na farko da sake zama ɗayan biyu ya rage. Yayin da dabba ke tsiro, rabo daga farfaɗar farfajiyar zuwa girman jiki yana raguwa, ƙyallen ta canza girman su da inda suke don cimma kyakkyawar hanyar motsawa. Matasa matasa da farko suna amfani da jet don motsawa, yayin da manya suka fi son amfani da ƙusoshin. Irin wannan keɓantaccen kayan aikin inginesis ne ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a zamanin da, an ɗauki nau'ikan dabba don nau'ikan nau'ikan iyalai daban daban.
Idan mai yiwuwa ne a zana daidaituwa tare da sauran raƙuman ruwa na teku-zuriyar, macen da take nuna rashin iya haihuwa kamar wuya, ta sa ƙaramin adadin manyan ƙwai. Shuka ya yi saurin lalacewa saboda karancin abinci mai gina jiki a zurfin halayyar mazaunin dabbobi. Sakamakon girman mazauninsu da kuma karancin jama'a, haɗuwar mutane biyu don ma'anar kiwo ya zama baƙon abu. Mace na iya adana maniyyin maniyyi cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci kafin tayi shiri tayi da ƙwai. Bayan hadi, za ta iya haihuwar har zuwa kwanaki 400, har sai kyankyasar tayi. Yana kusa da bayyanarta, matar ta daina cin abinci kuma ta mutu jim kaɗan.
Venian wasan, waɗanda girmansu ya kai mm 8 a tsawonsu, kusan sune keɓaɓɓen ƙarafan kwafin manya. Ba su da gaskiya, har yanzu ba su da membranes tsakanin alfarwar, idanu sun fi ƙanana, kuma flagella ba su da cikakkiyar tsari. Wasu, waɗanda ba a ƙayyade lokacin ba, ƙananan yara, kafin fara cin abinci, suna rayuwa akan wadatattun abubuwan ciki na abinci mai gina jiki. Matasa galibi ana samunsu a manyan zurfafa, inda, mai yiwuwa, suna ciyar da tarkace kwayoyin da ke fadowa daga saman tekun.
Halayyar
Duk abin da aka sani zuwa yanzu game da halayen ginin gidan wuta an samo shi ne daga haɗuwa da bazuwar motoci masu zurfin teku. Lokacin da aka kama dabbobi, yawanci sukan sami rauni kuma suna iya rayuwa a cikin akwatin kifaye ba don watanni biyu ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin yanayin wucin gadi yana da wuya a sami ingantaccen bayani game da halayyar rashin tsaro.
Dangane da lurar da aka samu, mahaukaciyar marayu tana fadada aiki tare da magudanar ruwa mai zurfi, tana sakin dogon fuloti. Idan flagella tayi hulɗa da kowane abu ko jin motsin girgiza na waje, dabbobin zasu yi farin ciki, suna yin motsi cikin sauri. Sun sami damar yin iyo da sauri har zuwa tsawon tsawon jiki biyu a sakan na biyu, suna hanzarta kusan minti biyar. Weakarfinsu mai rauni, koyaya, yana iyakance jimiri.
Cephalopods, da ke zaune a cikin ƙarin yanayi na baƙi, na iya biyan kuzarin kuzari na haɓakar haɓaka na dogon lokaci. Ba kamar su ba, dabbobi masu lalata ya zama dole ne ya kirkiro wasu hanyoyin, na kare kuzari na koran magabatan. Don wahalar da farauta, suna amfani da "ayyukan wuta" na baya da aka ambata a baya tare da haɗin gwanon fitilu da kuma yanayin rikice-rikice marasa tabbas.
A cikin hanyar kariya, abin da ake kira "kabewa pose," aljallar mahaifa tana juya alfarma tare da membranes a ciki, rufe jikin, kuma ya dauki sifar girma da gani tare da allura masu barazanar fallasa. Yankin farfajiyar ciki tare da membranes yana cike da launi kuma kusan gaba daya yana rufe hoto. Broughta'idodi masu haske na alfarwar suna tattare wuri guda wanda yafi shi kai, yana juyar da kai hari daga mahimman sassan jikin. Idan maharbi ya ciji ƙofar tantin, dabba za ta yi girma.
Jigilar jarirai suna ciyar da abubuwa masu ƙima. Cikakken bincike na ilimin halittar jikin tsohuwar yatsu na filaments yasa aka sami damar fahimtar yadda kwari mai kazamin wuta yake ci. Wadannan farfajiyoyin an rufe su da gashi mai nauyi, kuma idan mollusk din ta rike su, sai wasu kananan abubuwa su manne dasu. Sannan ya cire abinda ya makale da taimakon manyan tanti, wadanda suka zama alkyabbar, suka sanya datti cikin gamsai. Sannan zai wanzu ne kawai ya hadiye abinda murtus na ciki ya haifar.