Sau da yawa ana magana game da ingancin ruwan sha, ambaton yana sanya ta acidity, wanda shine ɗayan mahimman kaddarorin. Dogaro da pH na ruwa, an ƙaddara hanyoyin sunadarai da ke gudana a ciki. Matsayin acidity yana ƙayyade yadda ya dace da amfani, da amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasa.
Mene ne ph
Kalmar pH kalmar sirri ce ta "pondus Hydrogenium", wanda a zahiri tana nufin nauyin hydrogen. Hakan alama ce ta yawan adadin ion hydrogen. Lokacin da mafita tsaka tsaki, yawan ions hydrogen daidai yake da adadin ions hydroxyl. Lokacin da pH ya wuce 7, maganin shine ainihin. Lokacin da pH ya nuna to sifili, ya zama acidic. Ruwa tare da darajar pH na 7 ana ɗauka tsaka tsaki. Canje-canje kwatsam a cikin pH na iya nufin gurbata ko canje-canje a cikin halayen abun da ke ciki, don haka ana saka ido kan wannan sigogi a kai a kai musamman a lokuta da ruwa yake nufin ɗan adam.
Manunin yana da ƙimar fasaha mai mahimmanci. Ya danganta da darajarta, ruwa na iya samun halayen gurɓacewar iska ko lalata, don haka wannan sigar ya kamata ya kasance cikin wani yanki don duk ruwan da yake shiga ta bututun ruwa. Valuesarancin abubuwan pH na iya haifar da lalata, wanda ke haifar da gazawar bututu da kuma sakin baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ruwa. Babban darajar zai iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ajiya kuma yana haifar da ɓoye bututun bututu.
Ph ka'idojin shan ruwa
Ruwa a cikin yanayi yana da pH a cikin kewayon 6.5 zuwa 8.5. Tsabtataccen ruwa tsaka tsaki ne, amma idan ya shafi hulɗa da iska, sai ya yi aiki da carbon dioxide kuma ya ɗan ɗanɗaita. Ba shi yiwuwa a sami tsarkakakken tsarkakakken ruwa kuma, sabili da haka, babu ruwa tare da pH na tsaka tsaki a cikin yanayi: tuni a cikin tushen akwai mahaɗan narkewa. Ruwan bazara, wanda ake ɗauka mai laushi, sau da yawa yana da ƙimar ƙasa da ƙasa 7. A cikin kogi ko ruwan bazara, yawancin bicarbonate-alli shine mafi yawanci kuma yana daga 7 zuwa 8.
Ruwa na yau da kullun ruwa ne mai daidaita ruwa tare da pH mai canzawa, ya danganta da yanayin acidic ko alkaline na abubuwan da ke narkewa a ciki. Abubuwa daban-daban a cikin ruwa suna shayarwa da ions, wanda, bayan rushewa, kunna ayyukan aiwatar da nufin daidaita ma'aunin lantarki mai maganin tsami. A cikin yawancin ruwan sha, ma'aunin acid din ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar daidaiton tsarin carbon dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate.
Dangane da shawarar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, pH na ruwan da ake amfani da shi don sha yana da daraja a cikin kewayon tsakanin 6.5 da 9.5. An zaɓi wannan kewayon don samun daidaitaccen daidaituwa tsakanin dandano, ƙanshi da kamanta gaskiya, tsayayya da ƙazantar da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma inganta iko da kasancewar wasu ƙarfe. Misali, baƙin ƙarfe ko jan karfe yana narkewa cikin ruwa a pH 10.
PH na ruwa mai walƙiya ya dogara da tattarawar salts. Ana samun Soda ta hanyar ƙara carbonic acid a ruwa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, karuwa a cikin carbon dioxide yana haifar da raguwa a cikin pH, kuma akasin haka, raguwarsa yana haifar da karuwa a cikin darajar.
Hanyar don tantance ph
Eterayyade pH na mafita ta amfani da wasu hanyoyin. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da Manuniya ta musamman, tsumma gwaji ko takaddar litmus. Hanyar mafi sauƙi kuma mara tsada ita ce hanyar launi, lokacin da aka gwada ƙarfin launi na mafita tare da launi na ma'aunin nuna alama. Hakanan ana amfani da hanyoyin electromechanical, inda ana amfani da mita pH na musamman don auna acidity.
Maganin wani abincin alkaline
Manufar abincin alkaline ya dogara da waɗannan tabbatattun abubuwa, amma yana yin wasu zato na son rai: abinci da shirya shi zai iya yin tasiri kai tsaye a kan acidity ko alkalinity (matakin pH) na jikin mu.
Tsarin wannan manufar, an yi imanin cewa amfani da samfurori daga kungiyoyin “alkinta” da “tsaka tsaki” na da fa'ida a ma'aunin acid-base, tunda abincin da ya saba wa yawancin mutane da yawa yana ɗaukar nauyin jiki, yana jujjuya shi zuwa maƙasudin dacewa don ci gaban cututtukan cututtukan fata da haɓakar cutar kansa.
- Kayayyakin "Acidifying" sun hada da dukkanin furotin na dabba (nama, kaji, kifi, kayayyakin kiwo), barasa, kofi, abubuwan sha mai taushi, abincin masana'antu, da sauran su.
- Abubuwan da ke cikin yankin sun hada da kitsen halitta, hatsi gaba daya da kayan lambu mai tsauri, da sukari.
- Don alkaline sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari, legumes, kwayoyi da tsaba.
Ina sake tabbatar da cewa damar abinci kai tsaye “alktare” ko “sanyata” jikinmu wani zato ne, hasashe. Idan ka lura da tsarin dabi'un don rike homeostasis ta jiki, zaku gano cewa wannan ra'ayin yana da alaƙa mai rauni.
Menene pH da yadda za a auna shi?
pH alama ce ta nuna ayyukan hydrogen ions a cikin mafita, kuma matakin wannan aikin yana gaya mana game da acidity. PH ya bambanta daga 0 zuwa 14. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar daga 0 zuwa 7 yana nuna ƙimar acid, 7 yana nufin cewa mafita tsaka tsaki ne, kuma ƙimar daga 7 zuwa 14 tana nuni da yawan alkali.
Abokan cin abinci na alkaline suna ba da shawarar ku duba wannan manuniya ta hanyar nazarin yawan fitar fitsari. Tabbas kowa ya tuna darasin sunadarai a makaranta da litattafan lamuran da aka fada cikin mafita. The tube canza launinsu dangane da abun da ke ciki kuma gaya mana abin da aka zuba cikin bututun gwajin. Hakanan, ana amfani da tsaran gwaji don tantance abubuwan da ke tattare da sirrinku. Dangane da hanyar "alkaline" don abinci mai gina jiki, zaku iya yin farin ciki idan gwajin ku ya nuna tsaka tsaki ko maganin fitsari. Babban acidity na ƙararrawa.
Amma abu shine cewa yankuna daban-daban na jikin mu suna da kimar pH daban-daban. Misali, esophagus ya ƙunshi babban adadin acid, wanda aka sarrafa abinci. PH na ciki yana daga 2 zuwa 3.5 - kuma wannan al'ada ce. A gefe guda, pH na jini yana da tsari sosai a 7.35-77.55, wato, jininmu ya zama ɗan alkaline. Canje-canje a cikin ma'aunin acid-base na jini na iya zama mai mutuwa, yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan cututtuka, kuma gaba ɗaya ba shi da alaƙa da abinci mai gina jiki.
Don kiyaye homeostasis, jiki yana cire duk wani abu da ba dole ba tare da fitsari, wanda yayi amfani da keɓaɓɓiyar inji mai kama da takaddama. Wannan ruwa na iya samun babban bambanci sosai a cikin pH, wanda baya nufin komai, sai dai cewa jiki baya buƙatar abu a yanzu. Kuma karin alkali da aka cire yana nufin wuce haddirsa ne kawai, amma baya nuna daidaituwar pH na jiki gaba daya.
Osteoporosis
Mabiyan abincin alkaline kuma sun yi imanin cewa acidity na samfurori shine sanadin osteoporosis, cuta mai ci gaba na tsarin musculoskeletal wanda aka wanke ma'adinan daga cikin kasusuwa. Misali, suna tunanin cewa karancin alli a cikin kasusuwa yana da alaƙa da rawar da yake takawa wajen cire yawan acid daga jiki. Koyaya, a zahiri, kodan da tsarin numfashi suna aiki cikin wannan tsari, amma ƙashin ƙashi ba shi da hannu a ciki kwata-kwata.
Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin dalilan da suka tabbatar da ci gaban osteoporosis shine asarar collagen, wanda ke hade da rashin maganin orthosilicic da ascorbic acid a cikin abincin. Nazarin bai samo wata alaƙa ba tsakanin "acidity" na abinci ko fitsari da ƙarfin ƙashi. Amma abincin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin furotin, ya yi akasin haka, suna da amfani mai amfani ga lafiyar lafiyar tsarin musculoskeletal.
Yawancin rikice-rikice ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin acid-base a cikin mahallin yin rigakafi da magani daga cutar kansa. Masu ba da shawarar abincin alkaline suna jayayya cewa wariyar abincin da ke “acidify” jiki yana haifar da yanayin tsaka tsaki wanda ke hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin kansa.
Wannan karatuttukan shima yana da kasala da dama. Da farko dai, kamar yadda muka fahimta a baya, manufar sarrafa acidity na “gab da kwayoyin” yake da tabbas. Bugu da kari, iyawar kwayayen kansar na samar da acid a jikinsu a cikin wannan girma wanda babu abincin da zai iya magance shi. A lokaci guda, ciwon daji kuma na iya haɓakawa a cikin tsaka tsaki, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da yawan nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Me game da hakora?
Ana kiyaye daidaitaccen ƙwayar acid-tushe na yau a matakin pH na 5.6-7.9. Babban acidity na iya haifar da lalata haƙori. Canje-canje kwatsam a cikin acidity ko alkalinity a cikin ƙwayar bakin mutum na iya rushe microflora, wanda zai cutar da lafiyar.
Tunda sugars da abinci mai narkewa suna rushewa nan da nan idan suka shiga bakunanmu, amfanin su ne zai iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Koyaya, a mafi yawan halaye, gajerun sassan abubuwan haɓaka na acidity ba su shafar yanayin yanayin hakora. Idan abincin ya daidaita, kuma bayan cin abinci sai ku tsaftace ko kuma ku goge bakinku, to babu abin damuwa.
Don takaitawa
Ma'aunin acid-tushen jikinmu ana tsara shi ta tsari mai rikitarwa mai yawa da gabobin jiki. Shiga ciki a cikin wannan tsari daga waje matsala ce mai wahala. Babu wata hujja ko hujja ta kimiyya da ke tallafawa da bukatar yin watsi da abinci na "shan acid" da kuma fifita abincin “alkinta”.
Haka kuma, amino acid din dake jikin kayayyakin dabbobi sune babban kayan gini na jikin mu, kyallenmu da gabobin mu, kuma rashin abincin su yana da matukar hadari.
A lokaci guda, guje wa abinci da aka sabunta da kuma kayan lambu masu ƙauna da 'ya'yan itatuwa ba zai cutar da kowa ba, ba tare da la’akari da yadda suke shafan acidity na yanayin jikin mutum ba.
Takarda Litmus
Hanya mafi araha don auna matakin pH shine takarda na litmus, wanda fenti na litmus ya kasance mai nuna alamar acid kuma yana ƙaddara matakin acidity. Litmus shine ɗigon tsire-tsire wanda ke juye launin ja a cikin acid da shuɗi a cikin sansanonin. Lokacin da takarda litmus ta sadu da bayani, yana canza launi dangane da pH na ruwa. Idan ya canza launin ja, yana nuna yanayin acidic, a wannan yanayin zamu iya cewa pH ƙasa da 5. Blue yana nufin cewa wannan shine tushe, inda mai nuna alama zai kasance sama da 7.
Sauƙaƙe da kulawa na pH
Ko a cikin ƙasa, a cikin ruwa, ko a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa, matakan auna matakan PH muhimmin bangare ne na aikin lambu mai nasara. Tsarin tsire-tsire masu ƙoshin lafiya ya dogara da yanayin da ya dace don 'ya'yan itacenku, kayan lambu, da tsire-tsire na ornamental. Kuma kamar daidaita matakin pH a cikin ƙasa ko ruwa na iya taimakawa shuka girma, matakin pH da bai dace ba na iya haifar da rashin lafiyarta ko ma mutuwa.
Tarihin pH.
Tunanin Alamar hydrogen masana ilimin sunadarai dan kasar Denmark Sørensen suka gabatar a shekarar 1909. Ana kiran mai nuna alama pH (da haruffa na farko na kalmomin Latin hydrogeni mai aiki Shin ƙarfin hydrogen, ko pondus hydrogeni Shin nauyin hydrogen). A cikin sunadarai, haɗuwa pX yawanci yana nuna ƙimar daidai take da lg X, da harafin H a wannan yanayin, nuna maida hankali ne kan abubuwan iskar gas.H + ), ko kuma a'a, aikin ma'aunin zafi da iska na ions hydroxonium.
PH mita
Tare da taimakon pH mita, zaku iya ƙayyade acidity daidai. Wadannan kayan aikin aunawa suna amfani da hanyar mai karfin gaske. Sun dace da ingantaccen ƙaddara na pH a cikin mafita mai cikakken haske (misali ƙasa, famfo, ruwa mai ma'adinai, rafukan ruwa, wuraren waha, da sauransu).
A cikin mita na pH, gilashin wutan lantarki yana tsomawa cikin ruwa gwajin. Sakamakon haka, ana ƙirƙirar ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin galvanic tsakanin bangarorin ciki da na ciki na gilashin. Wannan ƙarfin lantarki ya dogara da pH na ruwa. An auna karfin wutan lantarki ta amfani da na'urorin lantarki guda biyu. Daidaitaccen ma'aunin kayan aikin zamani ya kai raka'a 0.01 pH.
Ayyade ph ta amfani da tsaran gwaji
Tare da taimakon takaddun litmus, zaku iya auna acidity ta hanyar nuna guda ɗaya, ƙari, irin wannan ma'aunin ba zai zama daidai ba. A aikace, tsararrun gwaji da aka tsinye cikin gauraya masu nuna alama wanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ake kira alamomi na duniya galibi ana amfani dasu. Ana saukar da tsiri mai ma'auni a cikin maganin gwaji, kuma filayen nasa daban sun sami launi, gwargwadon pH na ruwa, wanda za'a iya karantawa ta amfani da ma'aunin launi da aka haɗe. Idan ƙimar ta fi girma a cikin adadin acid, tsiri ya ɗauki launi a cikin ruwan jan-orange; a cikin babban yankin, launi yana canzawa daga kore zuwa shuɗi. A kowane kewayon acidity, daidaitaccen ma'aunin shine raka'a 1 ko 2. Gaskiya ne, akwai matakai na musamman waɗanda wannan tazara ta zama raka'a 0.3.
Darajar Ph don ruwan famfo da sauran kafofin watsa labarai
Matsayi na pH don ruwan famfo shima babban mahimmanci ne, sabili da haka yana da mahimmanci a kula dashi. Idan pH na shan ruwan famfo yana kasa da 6.5, to tabbas jan karfe yana iya shiga ciki. Babban matakan tagulla na iya haifar da lalacewar hanta, musamman a cikin yara da jarirai. Bugu da kari, legionella yayi girma sosai a cikin yanayin acidic, kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi suna narkewa cikin kyakkyawan yanayin acidic.
Irin wannan ruwan yana da dandano mai daɗi mara kyau, ƙanshi mai ƙarfe. Zai iya fenti drains, shimfidar ruwa har ma da lilin a wani launi mai taushi, kuma yana haifar da gazawar injin wanki, masu wanki.
Matsa ruwa tare da pH sama da 8.5 ana ɗaukarsa “mai wuya”. Irin wannan ruwa ba mai cutarwa ga lafiya ba, amma yana iya haifar da laka a cikin bututu da kayan cikin gida. Yana da dandano na alkaline, wanda ke lalata tasirin kofi da shayi. Idan pH na ruwan famfo ya haura sama da 11, to ya zama sabulu kuma yana iya haifar da fushin fata.
PH yana da mahimmanci ba wai kawai ga ruwa ba, har ma ga sauran mahallin nazarin halittu, musamman game da halayen ƙwayoyin halitta na tsarin rayuwa. Misali, pH na jinin dan adam shine 7.34-7.4. Lokacin da ya fadi zuwa 6.95 mutane na iya rasa hankali, kuma haɓaka a cikin pH = 7.7 na iya haifar da mummunan tashin hankali.
Fitar darajar PH.
A cikin tsarkakakken ruwa a 25 ° C maida hankali ne hydrogen ions ([H + ]) da ion hydroxide ([OH -]) juya ya zama iri ɗaya kuma daidai yake da 10 −7 mol / L, wannan yana bayyane daga ma'anar samfurin ionic na ruwa, daidai yake da [H + ] · [OH -] kuma yayi daidai da 10 − 14 mol² / l² (a 25 ° C).
Idan abubuwan da ke tattare da nau'ikan ion guda biyu a cikin maganin daidai suke, to ance mafita tana da tsaka tsaki. Lokacin da aka ƙara acid a cikin ruwa, yawan haɗarin ions hydrogen yana ƙaruwa, kuma haɗakar ion hydroxide ases yana raguwa, lokacin da aka ƙara tushe, akasin haka, abubuwan da ke cikin ion hydroxide yana ƙaruwa, kuma tattarawar ions hydrogen yana raguwa. Yaushe [H + ] > [OH -] an faɗi cewa mafita acidic ce, kuma idan [OH − ] > [H + ] - alkaline.
Don samar da mafi dacewa don tunanin, don kawar da mummunan yanayin, maimakon maida hankali kan ions hydrogen suna amfani da logarithm na ƙididdiga, wanda aka ɗauka tare da alamar kishiyar, wanda shine yanayin fitar hydrogen - pH.
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Binciken
Darajan pH na ruwa yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don zaɓin kayan bututun mai ba. Yawan ruwan acidic ko alkaline na ruwa shima yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar dan adam, saboda al'adun cin abinci na zamani sunada wadatar jiki da yawan acid. Bases yana lalata wadannan acid ba kawai a cikin ruwan shan ba, har ma a jikin mu. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda a cikin yanayin acidified, sel sel ja suna haɗuwa kuma jigilar oxygen a cikin jiki yana raguwa sosai. Abincin da aka sanya a jiki mai cike da acid yana da mummunar illa ga lafiya kuma yana haifar da rashi ƙarancin oxygen da satarwar kwayar. Don haka, daidaitaccen pH na ruwa yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka kyautatawa.
Menene pH?
PH shine raguwa na "ma'anar hydrogen", wanda ke nuna abubuwan acid ko alkaline (na asali) na wani abu. Matsakaicin ma'aunin pH (wani lokacin ana kiran shi acidity ko sikelin alkalinity) ya tashi daga 0 zuwa 14, kodayake ana iya wuce waɗannan matakan. Mafi girma a PH, da karin alkaline abu. Loweraramar pH, ƙari acidic ɗin abu. PH na 7.0 yana da tsaka tsaki acid da alkalinity. Bayani ga duk mai noman lambu: “Acid” abu ne mai haɗari, kodayake, sinadarin da yai ƙamarin alkaline na iya zama mai haɗari ga mutane da tsirrai. Shin kun san cewa pH na bleach shine 12.0 - 12, .6?
Ta yaya za a iya auna pH?
Dukda cewa ba zai yiwu a iya tantance matakin pH na ruwa ba, pH na kasar zai shafar launinsa a koda yaushe. Ilasa tare da tintin fure mai launin kore shine mafi yawan alkaline, yayin da ƙasa tare da launin rawaya ko orange mafi yawanci yafi acidic. Ana iya auna ƙasa ta pH ta amfani da kayan bincike na pH ko amfani da na'urar da aka tsara musamman don gwada ƙasa.
Za'a iya auna matakin pH na ruwa ta amfani da reagents da aka sanya a kan takaddun takarda, ko dai azaman ruwan sha, ko kuma yin amfani da mita na pH. A cikin tsararrun gwaji (takarda nuna alama) da saukad da reagent, ana amfani da hanyoyin kwatanta launi. Kodayake da farko ba su da tsada, a ƙarshe, za su kashe sama da mita pH. Haka kuma, duka takarda mai nuna alama da digo suna da ranar karewa, ba su ba da iyakar daidaito, kuma ana iya fassara kwatancin launi daban. Misali, yawancin kwalliyar suna nuna karuwa a matakan pH tare da tazara tsakanin 0.5. Ya juya cewa lokacin amfani da takarda nuna alama don auna pH, bambanci tsakanin pH 7.0 da pH 8.0 zai zama kawai launuka biyu na ruwan hoda. Kuma abin da za a yi a wannan yanayin, mutanen da ke da makanta launi? Mitim pH na dijital, a gefe guda, an sanye shi da allo don nuna matakin pH, sabili da haka, ba a buƙatar fassarar: mai amfani kawai yana nutsar da na'urar a cikin mafita kuma yana kallon karatun.
Ya kamata a sani cewa pH mita na ƙasa da ruwa yana da firikwensin abubuwa daban-daban, wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar da ta dace. Tabbatar cewa na'urar da ka zaɓa tana biyan bukatun ka.
Ta yaya mitukan pH suke aiki?
Duk da gaskiyar cewa akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan don auna pH, daga hannun hannu marasa tsada zuwa samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje, mafi yawan mita pH an sanye su da gilashin lantarki da bututu mai sarrafawa. Mitan pH yana auna ayyukan abubuwan ion hydrogen, yana samar da karamin ƙarfin lantarki akan wutan lantarki da kuma cikin bututun sarrafawa. Bayan haka, na'urar tana canza wannan ƙarfin lantarki zuwa ƙimar pH kuma tana nuna shi akan allon dijital.
Bugu da kari, da yawa mita pH dijital suna da ginannen ma'aunin zafi wanda yake biyan diyya ta atomatik na kowane karkacewa daga tushe na 77ºF (25 ° C). Wannan yanayin ana kiransa Sakamakon Sakamakon Zazzabi ta atomatik (ATC).
Menene ma'aunin mitar PH kuma me yasa ake buƙata?
Tsagewa yayi kama da tunatarwa, kuma kamar yadda kayan kida na bukatar ayi gyara lokaci-lokaci, haka nan dole ne a katange mita yadda yakamata domin samun sakamako na daidai.
Hanya daya tilo da za'a tabbatar idan an daidaita mita pH shine a kwatanta shi da ingantaccen darajar ma'aunin inganci, wanda akafi sani da "mafificin bayani". Buffer mafita ruwa ne, amma kuma ana iya siyan su a foda an cakuda shi da ruwan sha ko aka lalata don ƙirƙirar tsari na kowane lokaci.
Yin magana da kowane mitari yakamata ayi yadda yakamata ayi matakin da za'a bincika. Lokacin bincika kewayon, riƙe na'urar a tsakiyar wannan kewayon. Misali, don samun ingantaccen sakamako yayin bincika maganin acidic, yakamata a daidaita mita pH tare da kimar pH na 4.0. Yawancin nau'ikan ruwa suna cikin kewayon pH 6.0 zuwa pH 8.0. Sabili da haka, don bincika pH na ruwa, ɗaukar na'urarka tare da darajar pH na 7.0 zai isa. Matakan da suka fi dacewa guda uku don daidaitawa sune 4.0, 7.0, da 10.0. Wadannan abubuwan sun hada da adadin kimar pH daga 0 zuwa 14; amma dai, akwai wasu dabi'u.
Don ingantaccen sakamako, mita pH na iya buƙatar ɗayan ɗaya, biyu, ko uku. Wasu kayan kida za'a iya cinta a lokaci guda, kodayake, masana'anta zasu bada shawarar akalla maki biyu don ingantaccen tabbaci. Bambance-bambance suna faruwa ne saboda fasaha na na'urar da nau'in electrode da ake amfani da shi.
A cikin mita pH, ko a cikin analog (kibiya tana nuna matakin pH) ko dijital (an nuna matakin pH azaman lamba akan allon), ana bayar da aikin analog ko dijital aikin. Ana yin Calibration ta amfani da ƙaramin sikirin, wanda yake gyara karatun har sai ya dace da ƙimar maganin buffer. Ana yin gyaran dijital ta latsa maɓallin sama da ƙasa har sai karatun ya dace da ƙimar mafarin. Mitar pH na dijital na iya amfani da sauƙin analog.
Wasu na'urori kuma suna ba da daidaituwa ta atomatik, a cikin abin da ya sa na'urar ta atomatik ta fahimci ƙimar mafarin mai burowa ta kuma sami kanta tare da wannan darajar. Wannan shine mafi kyawun hanyar mafi sauƙi don daidaitawa, amma yana da mahimmanci cewa irin waɗannan mitunan suma suna da fasalin fasalin jagora don gyarawa da / ko gyara matsala.
Yawancin kwastomomi na pH mita suna masana'antar calibrated kuma nan da nan suna shirye don amfani. Koyaya, ma'aunin masana'antar yakamata a duba shi azaman dacewa kawai don aan aikace-aikace, canjin yana iya juyawa yayin jigilar kaya, haka kuma yana yiwuwa ƙirar masana'antar bazai dace da bukatun ku ba. Kuma, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a wani lokaci, duk mita pH na buƙatar sake tunani.
Ko da wane irin hanyar amfani da na'urar amfani da na'urarka, koyaushe ka karanta littafin aikin domin na'urarka kuma ya yi daidai da shawarwarin mai ƙira.
Don kyakkyawan sakamako, daidaita mitsiyon pH tare da:
- • Tare da amfani na yau da kullun - aƙalla sau ɗaya a mako
- Idan akwai rashin amfani - a kalla sau ɗaya a wata
- • Idan kuna ganin karatun ba daidai bane
- A lokacin da kake bincika ruwaye masu taurin kai (acidic ko ruwa mai tushe)
- • Lokacin bincika yawancin nau'ikan taya (motsi tsakanin acid da tushe)
- A duk lokacin da maye gurbin firikwensin (electrode)
Yaya za a kula da mita pH?
Duk da samun hanyoyin kulawa na yau da kullun don mita pH, kowane alama da masana'anta zasu sami buƙatunta. Koyaushe bi umarni don kayan aikinka kuma zaka iya amfani dashi na dogon lokaci tare da ƙarancin matsaloli.
Baya ga daidaituwa na yau da kullun, aiki da kyau da kuma kula da firikwensin pH zai ba da tsawon rai da ƙarin sakamako mai kyau. Yawancin mita pH suna amfani da firikwensin gilashi (wayoyin lantarki) da shagunan sarrafawa waɗanda dole ne a adana su cikin mafita na musamman. Lokacin amfani da na'ura na hannu, maganin ajiya koyaushe zai kasance cikin filayen kariya na na'urar. Kada ku zube wannan maganin, kuna buƙatar shi! Ga mafi yawan na'urori masu auna firikwensin pH, yana da matukar mahimmanci cewa an sa firikwensin ya kasance mai daɗi a cikin mafita mai dacewa.
Yawancin na'urori masu auna firikwensin pH ana tsabtace su ta hanyar rinsing cikin distilled ko deionized ruwa. Are ruwa mai yalwa da mayar da firikwensin a cikin maganin ajiya.
Rayuwar yawancin masu motsi na pH shine kusan shekaru 1-2. Idan ka sami karatun da ba a san shi ba kuma yana da wahalar daidaitawa, zai iya zama lokaci ya maye gurbin firikwensin (ko kuma na'urarka idan ba ta samar da yiwuwar sauya firikwensin ba).
Indexididdigar asali na maganin pOH.
Juyin baya ya ɗan shahara. pH daraja - bayani Alamar bayani, pOHwanda ya yi daidai da adadin logarithm na (korau) maida hankali ne akan mafita na ion OH − :
kamar yadda a cikin kowane bayani mai zafi a 25 ° C, wanda ke nufin a wannan zafin jiki:
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Darajojin PH a cikin maganganu na yawan acidity.
- Akasin mashahurin imani pH na iya bambanta banda tazara 0 - 14, na iya wuce waɗannan iyakokin. Misali, a maida hankali ne hydrogen ions [H + ] = 10 −15 mol / l, pH = 15, a taro na x hydroxide ion na 10 mol / l pOH= −1.
Domin a 25 ° C (daidaitattun yanayi) [H + ] [OH − ] = 10 −14 , a bayyane yake cewa a wannan zafin jiki pH + pOH = 14.
Domin in acidic [H + ]> 10 −7, sabili da haka, a cikin maganin acidic pH 7, pH na tsaka tsaki shine 7. A yayin tsananin zafi, yawan watsuwa na yawan wutar lantarki, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa sinadarin ionic na ruwa yana ƙaruwa, to tsaka tsakin zai zama pH = 7 (wanda yayi daidai da ƙara yawan haɗuwa lokaci guda H + haka kuma OH -), tare da rage zafin jiki, akasin haka, tsaka tsaki pH yana ƙaruwa.
Hanyoyi don tantance darajar pH.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don ƙayyade ƙimar. pH mafita. Ana kimanta ma'aunin hydrogen ta amfani da alamun, ana auna daidai ta amfani pHmita ko ƙaddara na nazari ta hanyar gudanar da titin acid-base.
- Don ƙididdigar m na taro na ions hydrogen, ana yawan amfani dashi Alamar tushen acid - dyes na gargajiya, launinsa wanda ya dogara da su pH Laraba. Manyan shahararrun alamu: litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange (methyl orange), da dai sauransu Manuniya na iya kasancewa a cikin nau'ikan launuka 2 daban-daban - ko dai a cikin acid ko a cikin babba. Canjin launi na dukkan alamu yana faruwa a cikin adadin acidity, yawancin lokuta adadin 1-2 ne.
- Don haɓaka tazara tsakanin aiki pH nema duniya nuna, wanda shine cakuda alamomi da yawa. Manunin duniya gaba ɗaya ya canza launi daga ja zuwa rawaya, kore, shuɗi zuwa ruwan ɗan fatar kan canji daga yankin acidic zuwa yankin alkaline. Ma'anar pH Hanyar nuna alama tana da wuya ga turbid ko mafita mai launi.
- Amfani da na musamman na'urar - pH-mita - yana sa a sami damar aunawa pH a cikin kewayon mafi fadi kuma mafi daidaito (har zuwa raka'a 0.01 pH) fiye da tare da alamomi. Hanyar yanke hukunci mai zaman kanta pH dangane da auna karfin wutan lantarki ta hanyar milivoltmeter-ionometer EMF na da'irar galvanic, wanda ya hada da gilashin gilashin, yuwuwar hakan ya dogara da maida hankali kan ion H + a cikin warware matsalar. Hanyar tana da daidaitattun daidaito da dacewa, musamman bayan tsabtace na'urar nuna alama a cikin zaɓaɓɓen da aka zaɓa pHwannan ya sanya ya yiwu a auna pH opaque da mafita mai launi sabili da haka ana amfani dashi koyaushe.
- Hanyar Fasahar Volumetric — acid base titration - kuma yana ba da sakamako daidai don ƙayyade acidity na mafita. Maganin sanannen taro (titrant) an kara shi kan hanyar da za'a bincika. Lokacin da aka haɗu, amsawar sunadarai ke faruwa. Matsakaicin daidaituwa - lokacin da mai karɓar madaidaici isa sosai don kammala amsawar - an daidaita shi da mai nuna alama. Bayan haka, idan an san maida hankali da girma na ƙarin titrant bayani, acidity na maganin an ƙaddara.
- Tasirin zazzabi akan dabi'u pH:
0.001 mol / L Hcl a 20 ° C yana da pH = 3a 30 ° C pH = 3,
0.001 mol / L NaOH a 20 ° C yana da pH = 11.73a 30 ° C pH = 10.83,
Tasirin zazzabi akan dabi'u pH an yi bayani ta hanyar rarrabewar abubuwa daban daban na hydrogen ions (H +) kuma ba kuskure bane na gwaji. Wutar lantarki bazai yuwu biyan zafin zafin lantarki ba. pHmita.
Matsayi na pH a cikin sunadarai da ilimin halitta.
Acidity na matsakaici yana da mahimmanci ga yawancin hanyoyin sunadarai, kuma yuwuwar faruwar hakan ko sakamakon wani yanayi yakan dogara da shi pH Laraba. Don kiyaye wata ƙimar pH a cikin tsarin amsawa, lokacin gudanar da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko kuma a cikin samarwa, ana amfani da mafificin mafita don kiyaye darajar kusan kullun pH lokacin da aka narkar da shi ko lokacin da aka ƙara ƙaramin acid ko alkali a cikin maganin.
Manunin Hydrogen pH sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don bayyanar da kaddarorin ginin acid na wurare dabam dabam.
Don halayen nazarin halittu, acidity na amsawa matsakaici cigaban tsarin rayuwa yana da matukar mahimmanci. A maida hankali ne kan abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarin hydrogen a cikin wani bayani sau da yawa yana shafar kaddarorin kimiyyar halittar jiki da kuma ayyukan kwayoyin halitta na sunadarai da kwayoyin nucleic, sabili da haka, don aiki na yau da kullun, kiyaye lafiyar acid-baseostasis aiki ne mai mahimmanci. Daidaitawa da ingantaccen aiki pH ana samun ruwa mai rai ta hanyar ayyukan rago jikin mutum.
A cikin jikin ɗan adam a cikin gabobin daban-daban, ma'aunin hydrogen ya bambanta.
Wasu ma'anoni pH