(daga Girkanci. zafi-zafi, zafi), cakuda mai hadin na stoichiometric yawan karafa ko allon karfe (wanda ake kira man fetur) tare da sinadarin oxides na karafa masu aiki (waken oxidizing), wanda yake konewa lokacin da aka kunna shi da sakin dumbin zafi. DOS man fetur-Al, Mg, Ca-Si, Cu-Al, Fe-Mn allo, masu amfani da iskar shaka - Fe 2 O 3, Fe 3 O 4, CuO, NiO, Pb 3 O 4, MnO 2. Tare da exothermic. oxidizes.-mayar. r-tions shine raguwar baƙin ƙarfe ƙarfe, samfuran samfuran r-tions (galibi ruwa slag) mai zafi ne don t
2000 ° C Hadin T-ra T. 2000-2800 ° C, t. > 800 ° C (don mafi yawan T.-cakuda na A1 tare da Fe 3 O 4 -1300 ° C). Yawan zafin da aka saki lokacin konewa ya dogara da abun da ke ciki na T., alal misali, a cikin yanayin ƙarfe-aluminum T.: 8Al + 3Fe 3 O 4 :: 4A1 2 O 3 +9 Fe + 3478 kJ.
T. an samar dashi ta hanyar foda ko checkers. Domin kunna wuta yi amfani da cakuda BaO 2 da Mg ko kuma matatun na musamman.
Aiwatar da T. as inciguary mahadi don walƙatar zazzabi, cikin karin ƙarfe don samar da Mn, Cr, V, W, ferroalloys da decomp. baƙin ƙarfe mara ƙarƙo da kuma baƙin ƙarfe na ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe don murƙushe ma'adinai. Don walda ayyukan (walwalar-muffle waldi na wayoyi, walda da katakowa da walda, walda na filayen kwastomomi zuwa ginin karfe, walda bututu, da sauransu), ana amfani da alama sosai. kalmomin ƙira - CuO, ferromanganese, alloy Cu - Al, Fe 3 O 4, Al, Mg, ferromanganese, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Al, da sauransu Don samun ferrovanadium, ferrochrome, da sauransu, ana amfani da T. ɗauke da Fe 3 O 4 da oxides na waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe.
Lit. Shevchenko G. D., Welding, brazing da yankan zafin karfe, M., 1966, Borovinskaya I. P., Merzhanov A. G., a cikin tarin: Tsarin yanayin zafi a cikin sunadarai da karafa, Novosib., 1971, Shidlovsky A. A., Asali na Pyrotechnics, 4 ed., M., 1973, K. Brauer, littafin Jagora na Pyrotechnics, NY, 1974, Barbour RT, Pyrotechnics a masana'antu, NY, 1981. H. A. Silin.
Encyclopedia Kemikal. - M.: Encyclopedia na Soviet. Ed. I. L. Knunyantsa. 1988.
Termite
Termite wani lokacin ana kiranta farin tururuwa. Ya karɓi wannan sunan barkwanci saboda kamannin bayyanar da farin tururuwa. Termites suna ciyar da kayan shukar da ya mutu, yawanci a nau'in itace, ganyayyaki ko ƙasa .. Termites manyan kwari ne, musamman a yankuna masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa itesan tsarurruka suna amfani da itace don abinci - suna haifar da babbar illa ga gine-gine da sauran tsarin katako.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Termite yana nufin ƙungiyar baranda da ake kira Blattodea. Shekaru da yawa, an san cewa ma'adinan suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da baranba, yawancin nau'ikan halittar baka. Har zuwa 'yan kwanan nan, ma'adinan suna da ƙungiyar Isoptera, wanda yanzu yanki ne. Wannan sabon motsi na zamani yana da goyan baya ne ta hanyar bayanai da kuma nazarin da akasarin su ke zama zakara ta al'umma.
Asalin sunan Isoptera shine Girkanci kuma yana nufin nau'i biyu daga madaidaiciya fuka-fuki. Shekaru da yawa, an kiraiteite a matsayin fararen kwari kuma yawanci an rikita shi da ƙuraje ta gaske. Kawai a lokacinmu da lokacin amfani da microscopes sun sami damar ganin bambance-bambance tsakanin sassan biyu.
Mafi tsoffin sanannen dadaddun halittu ya samo asali ne shekaru sama da miliyan 130 da suka gabata. Ba kamar tururuwa ba, wanda ke fuskantar cikakkiyar metamorphosis, kowane ɗanɗanar kalmomin yana ɗaukar metamorphosis wanda bai cika ba, wanda ya ci gaba ta matakai uku: kwai, nono, da kuma manya. Turawan mulkin mallaka suna da ikon sarrafa kansu, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake kiran su sauƙaƙe.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sarakunan Termite suna da tsinkayen rayuwa mafi tsayi a tsakanin dukkanin kwari a cikin duniya, tare da wasu sarakunan da ke rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30-50.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Innect Termite
Yawancin lokaci yawanci a cikin girma ne - daga 4 zuwa 15 millimeters tsayi. Mafi girman rayuwar har zuwa yau ita ce sarauniyar maza masu tsinkaye a cikin 'Macrotermes bellicosus, wanda tsawonta ya wuce cm 10 Wani mahimmin shine kalmar halittar Gyatermes styriensis, amma har yanzu bai wanzu ba. A wani lokaci, ya bunƙasa a cikin Ostaria a cikin zamanin Miocene kuma yana da fikafikan of mm mm 76. da tsawon jiki 25mm.
Yawancin ma'aikata da sojoji na lokaci-kullun makafi ne, saboda sun rasa nau'ikan idanu. Koyaya, wasu nau'in, irin su Hodotermes mossambicus, suna da idanu masu rikitarwa, waɗanda suke amfani da su don daidaitawa da bambance hasken rana daga hasken duniyar wata. Maza sama da maza suna da idanu da kuma idanu na gewaye. Idanunsa na gefe, duk da haka, ba a samun shi a cikin nau'ikan gasu.
A ina suke da zaune tsaye?
Hoto: Tsararren Harara
Ana samun Termites a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Ba'a samun yawancin su a Arewacin Amurka da Turai (an san nau'ikan 10 a Turai da 50 a Arewacin Amurka). Termites suna da yawa a Kudancin Amurka, inda aka san nau'ikan nau'ikan 400. A cikin halittu 3000 na zamani da ake kira yanzu, ana samun 1000 a Afirka. A wasu yankuna suna gama gari.
A cikin Arewacin Kruger National Park shi kaɗai, ana iya samun matsakaitan motsi miliyan 1.1. A cikin Asiya, akwai nau'ikan halittu 435 da ke zaune a cikinsu, wadanda galibi suka zama ruwan dare a China. A kasar Sin, nau'in halitta mai iyaka yana iyakance ga mazaunan wurare masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi da ke kudu da Kogin Yangtze. A Ostiraliya, dukkanin rukunin yanayin tsaran yanayi (rigar, bushe, ƙasa) suna da wadata ga ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in 360
Saboda yankansu masu taushi, tururuwa basa zaune cikin mazauna masu sanyi ko sanyi. Akwai rukuni na halittu guda uku: turmi, busasshe da ƙasa. Ana samun dutsen Dampwood ne kawai a cikin dazuzzukan daji, kuma ana amfani da drywood a cikin dazuzzukan daji, karkashin gandun karkashin kasa suna zaune a yankuna da yawa. Speciesaya daga cikin jinsuna a cikin ƙungiyar bushe bushe shine Westite na asali na fata (Cryptotermes brevis), nau'in jinsi ne a Ostiraliya. A cikin Rasha, ana samun yankuna a cikin yankin kusa da garuruwan Sochi da Vladivostok. A cikin CIS, an samo kusan nau'ikan 7 na magargaje.
Me ma'anar 'yan tari suke ci?
Hoto: Dabbobin daji
Termites gurbatattun abubuwa ne wadanda ke cinye matattun tsire-tsire a kowane matakin lalata shi. Hakanan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin halittu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin ƙura kamar itacen katse, feces da tsire-tsire. Yawancin jinsuna suna cin cellulose tare da hanjin musamman na tsakiya wanda ke rushe fiber. Matsayi yana haifar da rushewar methanelose methane wanda aka saki a cikin yanayin.
Termites galibi suna dogaro ne da maganin symbiotic protozoa (metamonades) da sauran microbes, irin su masu amfani da fitsari a cikin hanzarinsu, don narke cellulose, yana basu damar ɗaukar samfuran karshe don amfanin kansu. Protoa na ciki kamar Trichonympha, bi da bi, ya dogara ne da kwayoyin cutar symbiotic da aka sanya a saman farjinsu don samar da wasu mahimman enzymes masu narkewa.
Yawancin kwayoyin halitta masu girma, musamman a cikin iyalin Termitidae, na iya samar da enzymes cellulose nasu, amma sun dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Flagella aka ɓace a cikin waɗannan garatuttukan. Amincewar masana kimiyya game da alakar dake tsakanin narkewar kwayar halitta daga cikin abubuwan ci gaban kwayoyin halitta da microbial endosymbionts har yanzu tana cikin jariri, duk da haka, abin da yake gaskiya ne ga kowane nau'in ma'adinai shine ma'aikatan ke ciyar da sauran mambobin mulkin mallaka tare da abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar narkewar kayan shuka daga bakin ko dubura. .
Wasu nau'ikan kalmomin suna amfani da al'adun fungi. Suna riƙe da “wani lambu” na musamman fungi na halittar Termitomyces, wanda ke ciyar da tsutsa tsutsa. Lokacin da aka ci namomin kaza, kodar tasu ta lalace ta cikin hanjin ma'abotanta don kammala sake zagayowar, suna fitowa a cikin manya-manyan ƙwayoyin feces.
Ya danganta da yanayin cin abinci, an rarraba halittu zuwa rukuni biyu: ƙananan keɓaɓɓu da na sama. Termananan ƙananan galibi suna ciyar da itace. Tunda itace yana da wahalar narkewa, ma'adinai sun fi son amfani da itace da aka cutar da fungi saboda yafi sauki a narke, kuma akwai furotin mai yawa a cikin namomin kaza. A halin yanzu, mafi girman kwayoyin suna cinye abubuwa da yawa, gami da fears, humus, ciyawa, ganye da asalinsu. Kwayar cikin jijiyoyin suna dauke da nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta iri daban daban tare da protozoa, yayin da mafi girman kudirin suna da wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta ba tare da protozoa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Termites za su tauna itace, kwalta, filastar, ko turmi don samo itace.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Manyan manufofin
Abu ne mai wahala ka ga timites, tunda suna tafiya cikin duhu kuma basa son haske. Suna tafiya tare da motsawar da kansu suka gina a itace ko ƙasa.
Termites suna zaune a cikin gida. Za a iya rarraba filayen cikin gida cikin manyan fannoni guda uku: karkashin kasa (sama da kasa), sama da kasa (ci gaba sama da kasa) da cakuda (gina akan itaciya, amma koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙasa ta hanyar mafaka). Gida yana da ayyuka da yawa, irin su samar da ingantaccen filin rayuwa da mafaka daga mafarauta. Yawancin tururuwa ƙasa suna gina mazaunan ƙasa, maimakon dunƙule gidaje da shinge. Tsarin ƙasa na zamani galibi a cikin ginin katako, kamar katako, ƙyallen itace, da sassan jikin bishiyoyi, kamar yadda termaruruwan shekaru suka shude.
Har ila yau ana gina matsakaitan motsi, wani lokacin har ya kai tsayin 2.5 - 3. Wurin yana samar da tururuwa tare da kariya iri ɗaya kamar gida, amma yafi ƙarfinsa. Yankunan da ke cikin yankunan da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ci gaba ke haifar da lalacewa saboda ginin da suke da yumɓu.
Sadarwa. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta makafi ne, saboda haka sadarwa tana faruwa ne da taimakon sinadarai, na inji da kuma alamun sakonni. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin ayyukan daban-daban, ciki har da bincika abinci, bincika gabobin haihuwa, gina gida, sanin mazaunan gida, matattara, ganowa da yaƙi maƙiyansu, da kuma kare mazaunan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don sadarwa ita ce ta eriya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Innect Termite
Termites suna da tsarin zama:
- Sarki,
- Sarauniya,
- Sarauniya ta biyu
- Sarauniya babba
- Soja,
- Aiki.
Ma'aikata na lokaci-lokaci suna ɗaukar mafi yawan ma'aikata a cikin mazaunan, suna da alhakin samo abinci, adana abinci, da kuma adon ɓoye. An sanya ma'aikata don su narke cellulose a cikin abinci, don haka sune manyan masu sarrafa itacen katako. Tsarin aiki tsubbu na ciyar da sauran mazaunan gida an san shi da trophollaxis. Trofallaxis ingantaccen dabarar abinci ne don juyawa da aiki da abubuwanda aka gina a jiki.
Wannan yana 'yantar da iyaye daga ciyar da dukkan yara ban da na farkon, da barin ƙungiyar su girma cikin adadi da yawa da kuma tabbatar da canjin abubuwan da ke cikin hanji daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wasu nau'in kwayoyin halitta bashi da kashin kai na ainihi, maimakon haka, suna dogaro ne da sinadarai wadanda suka yi wannan aikin ba tare da tsayawa a matsayin wani kashin daban ba.
Sojan 'yan' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' in dai an sami manufa ce ta kare mulkin mallaka. Sojoji da yawa suna da manyan kawuna da ingantattun jujoji masu ƙarfi, manya-manyan har ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ba. Saboda haka, kamar su orsan ƙarami, ma’aikata ke ciyar da su. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da sauƙin ganewa; sojoji suna da shugaban da ya fi girma da duhu da babban tsari.
Tsakanin wasu kalmomin, sojoji na iya amfani da kawunansu na sifa don toshe hanyoyin da ke kunkuntar. Don nau'ikan yarjeniyoyi daban-daban, sojoji na iya zama babba ko ƙarami, kazalika da hancin da suke da kaho mai kalar fuska tare da tsinkayen gaba. Waɗannan sojoji na musamman suna iya fesa abubuwa masu lahani, masu daskararru, waɗanda ke ɗauke da diterpenes akan maƙiyansu.
Casan asalin haihuwa na al'umman da suka manyanta sun haɗa da mata da maza, waɗanda aka sani da sarauniya da sarki. Sarauniyar mazaunan ƙasar ita ce ke da alhakin samar da ƙwai don mazauna. Ba kamar tururuwa ba, sarki yana aure da ita har tsawon rayuwarta. A wasu nau'in, ciki na Sarauniyar tana kumbura sosai, yana ƙara yawan haihuwa. Ya danganta da nau'in halittar, Sarauniyar ta fara samar da mutane masu karko ga haihuwa a wasu lokatai na shekara, kuma manyan ganyayyaki suna fitowa daga mazaunan lokacin da ma'aurata suka fara.
Abokan gaba na ma'abotan halitta
Hoto: Termite na dabbobi
Dabbobi da yawa masu cinyewa suna cinye filaye. Misali, nau'in kwayar halitta “Hodotermes mossambicus” an samo shi a ciki tsuntsaye 65 da dabbobi masu shayarwa 19. Yawancin arthropods suna ciyarwa akan tururuwa: tururuwa, centipedes, karnuka, crickets, dodon biri, kunama da gizo-gizo, dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar lizards, amphibians kamar kwaro da toads. Akwai wasu dabbobi da yawa da suke cin ciyawar: aardvarks, dabbobi marasa lafiya, jemagu, beyar, adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye, echidna, foxes, mice da lizards. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: gwal mai amfani da ƙasa zai iya ɗaukar dubunnan lokaci a cikin dare ɗaya ta amfani da harshensa mai tsayi, mai santsi.
'Ya'yan tururuwa su ne manyan maƙiyan ma'abotanta lokaci. Wasu halittun tururuwa na musamman akan farauta ta lokaci. Misali, Megaponer wani nau'in halitta ne wanda yake ciyarwa akan amfanin gona kawai. Suna kai hare-hare, wasu kuma suna ɗaukar awanni da yawa. Amma tururuwa ba shine kawai abubuwan da ke haifar da ta'addancin ba. Yawancin spheroid, ciki har da Polistinae Lepeletier da Angiopolybia Araujo, an san su da tayar da motsi a cikin jirgin lokacin tashi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Gidajen tarihi sune ɗayan ƙungiyoyin kwari masu nasara a duniya waɗanda ke ƙaruwa da yawan jama'a a duk rayuwarsu.
Ya mallaki yawancin ƙasar, sai dai Antarctica. Garuruwansu sun samo asali daga ɗaruruwan mutane zuwa manyan mutane masu yawan mutane miliyan da yawa. Kimanin nau'ikan halittu 3,106 ne a halin yanzu an bayyana su kuma wannan ba duka bane; akwai wasu ƙarin ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan da ake buƙatar kwatantawa. Yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta a duniya na iya kai biliyan 108 ko fiye.
A halin yanzu, yawan katako da ake amfani da shi a gona da samar da matattarar abinci don ma'adinan yana raguwa, amma duk da wannan, yawan adadin su yana ci gaba da haɓaka. Wannan haɓaka yana haɗuwa da karbuwa na abubuwa zuwa yanayin sanyi da bushewar rayuwa.
Har zuwa yau, an san iyalai 7 na madaurin:
- Mastotermitidae,
- Damansara,
- Hodotermitidae,
- Kalotermitidae,
- Rhinotermitidae,
- Sawan kannan,
- Termitidae.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: masa a Duniya ta fi yawan mutane a duniya, kamar tururuwa.
Kwaro lokaci Yana da matukar illa ga ɗan adam, kamar yadda suke lalata tsarin katako. Rashin bambance bambancen na ma'ana yana da alaƙa da tasirinsu a kan da'irar duniya da carbon dioxide, a kan maida hankali kan gas a cikin sararin samaniya, mai mahimmanci ga yanayin duniya. Suna da ikon sakin gas mai methane da yawa. A lokaci guda, mutane 43 ne ake cinye 'yan ciyawar daga dabbobi kuma dabbobi ke ciyar da su. Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya suna sarrafa yawan jama'a, wanda suke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don bin tsari na lokaci-lokaci.
Yankin amfani
Ana amfani da Termites don masana'antu da dalilai na soja. Ana amfani da su azaman abubuwan ɓoye tare da haɓaka tasirin zafi. Hakanan suna samun amfani a cikin abubuwan gaurayawar zafi a cikin pyrotechnics - don samar da fitilun siginar ko hanyoyin sinadarai na haske mai haske.Mafi sau da yawa, ana amfani da wordite yayin waldi - don haɗa sassan ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin zafi.
Kayan fasaha
Dukiyar kowane cakuda thermite babban zafin jiki ne na konewa, wanda yake a cikin kewayon digiri na 2000-4000, gwargwadon tsarin sunadarai da nau'in wakilin oxidizing. Termite yana ƙonewa a zafin jiki na digiri 800-1500 kuma yana da ikon kiyaye konewa idan babu isashshen oxygen, wanda ke haɓaka ikon aikinsa. Tunda baza'a iya kashe wutar ba tare da ruwa ba, ana amfani da gaurayawan thermo don walda na ruwa. Sakamakon tsananin zafi na konewa, ƙwanƙwaran ƙwanƙwasa ƙone ta ƙare da zanen baƙin ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe ko buɗaɗɗen kwano, ya zama kayan yankan.
Tsarin hadewa
Abubuwan daban-daban na abubuwan haɗin gauraya sun ba da tsarin rarrabuwa don abun da keɓaɓɓen manufa. An shirya ma'anar gargajiya ta daga sawun aluminum ko foda da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin rabo na 1: 3. Don rage ƙimar konewa, ana amfani da fatar ƙarfe a cikin abun da ke ciki. Tare da raguwa a cikin guntun ɓangaren aluminum har zuwa jihar foda, ƙimar ƙonawa yana ƙaruwa. Ana amfani da cakuda baƙin ƙarfe na gargajiya don walɗa karfe.
Cakuda Pyrotechnic yana ƙonewa da ƙarancin zafin jiki, amma ya ba da haske mai haske. Ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar fitattun abubuwan wuta da keɓaɓɓu flares na ƙarya. Sulfur yana aiki azaman kayan haɗin cakuda wannan cakuda, kuma potassium chlorate yana aiki a matsayin wakili na oxidizing. Don hanzarta konewa, an ƙara carbonate strontium, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai tabbatar da halayen.
An shirya cakuda zafin jiki na farin ƙarfe daga farin ƙarfe, wanda adadin shine 70% na ɓangaren taro, 10-12% na aluminium mai tsabta da adadin adadin tagulla, 8% ferromanganese. Wannan abun da ke ciki yana da yawan zafin jiki na konewa - kusan digiri 4000, kuma an yi niyya don ɗaukar nauyin mahimmancin ƙarfe, alal misali, bututun gas ko dogo.
Fom ɗin saki
Masu kera kayan gaurayawan motsa jiki suna samar dasu ta fuskoki daban-daban. Gaurayawan bushewa da aka yi nufin ci gaba da samuwar su a cikin kayan masarufi ana samar da su ne ta foda, cike da gilashi mai tsafta tare da giram 1000. Ana samar da ƙananan wurare waɗanda ke dace da sifofin murhun wutan lantarki a cikin irin katun da ke da siffar sikelin tare da rami mai tsayi. Don walda tsarin ƙarfe tare da gaurayawar zazzabi, ana amfani da fennensen fensir wanda baya buƙatar ƙarancin magana kafin amfani, kuma ana amfani da matatun ƙone wuta.
Yi da kanka
Farashin 1 kilogram na termite daga 3000 dubu rubles, ya dogara da masana'anta da kuma dalilin cakuda. Sanin abubuwanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan zafi, zaka iya dafa shi da kanka a gida kuma amfani dashi azaman walƙiya don wayoyi da ginin ƙarfe. Yin amfani da siminti, ana samun fensir na zazzabi don dacewa da ƙarfe walƙiya idan babu injin wutan lantarki ko carbon dioxide. Samun lokaci yana faruwa a matakai da yawa cikin bin ka'idodin aminci.
Hanya mafi sauƙi don yin cakuda ma'ana tare da hannuwanku shine shirya kayan gargajiya na baƙin ƙarfe oxide da foda na aluminium, wanda zaku iya sayowa a cikin kantin sayar da kayan sunadarai.
Iron oxide
Iron Oxide Fe3O4, babban abun da ke tattare da tsarin gargajiya, al'ada ne. Amma don shirye-shiryen cakuda na zazzabi za ku buƙaci sikelin ingantaccen chemically daga Fe oxide2O3.
Don samar da Fe2O3 Kuna buƙatar wutar lantarki ta 12 V DC ko mai gyara tare da mai sauyawa da juyawa zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar sadarwa ta 220 V. Tushen baƙin ƙarfe ƙarfe ƙusa ko farantin karfe, wanda aka sanya a cikin gilashin gilashi tare da cikakken bayani na sodium chloride. Saltarin gishiri a cikin bayani, mafi girman tasirinsa da kuma mafi girman adadin samar da baƙin ƙarfe oxide Fe2O3.
Tabbatacciyar ƙarshen murɗaɗɗen waya an haɗa shi da ƙusa na ƙarfe, farantin ko sanda kuma an saukar da su cikin tukunyar turmi. An sanya ƙarshen na biyu a cikin mafita don babu hulɗa tare da sandar ƙarfe.
Bayan ranar aiki da na'urar da akayi da ita, sakamakon tokar baƙin ƙarfe tana toshe sandar ƙarfe. Actionsarin ayyuka shine kara sakamakon abin da ya haifar a cikin babban tafarnuwa zuwa gari mai tsabta. Matsakaicin girman barbashi kada ya wuce 0.5 mm. Don yin sakamako na reagent wanda ya dace da shirye-shiryen cakuda ma'adinan kalmomin, dole ne a sanya shi cikin babban abu kuma a sanya shi a ja. Tushen kayan aikin Fe3O4 shirye.
Cookingarin dafa abinci
Don haɗuwa da haɗin, an zaɓi kwanon filastik mai zurfi wanda aka sanya ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe da foda na aluminum a cikin rabo na 75 da 25%, ko 3: 1. Don rama tsarkakakken maganin baƙin ƙarfe da aka samu, adadinsa zai iya ƙaruwa. Ya fi dacewa a haɗu da masu jujjuyawar daidai gwargwado na sassan 8 na oxide zuwa sassa 3 na foda na aluminum waɗanda aka saya a cikin shago. Don ƙara tsawon lokacin ƙonawa, ya zama dole don amfani da sawdust, wanda aka samo ta hanyar share sandar aluminum ko waya tare da fayil. A wannan yanayin, adadin sashin sawdust da foda ya kamata ya zama sassan 3 ɗaya. Ta hanyar yin gwaji da adadin ɗanɗano da ke ƙara, ana iya samun yawan kwarin da aka yarda da shi ba tare da canza abubuwan da za su daidaita ruwan zafin jiki ba.
Yin alkalami na lokaci
Rubutun kalmomin rubutu kalmomin katon karfe ne wanda aka rufe da murfin kare na lokaci. Ana amfani dashi don walɗa kayayyakin ƙarfe daban-daban. An yi shi a cikin nau'i na silinda na diamita daban-daban, dangane da kauri daga ƙarfe da ake walƙiya. Ana amfani da iri ko igiya don kunna ruwan.
A gida, fensir mafi sauƙin ma'anar ana yin sa ne daga cakuda gargajiya na baƙin ƙarfe da kuma aluminium da aka haɗe da manne. An shirya abun da ke ciki azaman mai tsattsarkan kullu na yau da kullun. A sakamakon taro ana amfani da wani karfe waya na tsawon da ake so kuma an birgima zuwa da ake so diamita. Don yanayin gida, ya isa ya samar da silinda 2-3 mm lokacin farin ciki.
A ƙarshen sililin da aka haifar, ana amfani da manne don gyara zuriyar daga cakuda gishirin Berthollet tare da foda na aluminum. Bayan bushewa, fensir ɗin tana shirye don amfani kuma baya buƙatar rubutun farko.
Idan ya cancanta, ana iya yin fensir daga sikarin foda na baƙin ƙarfe. Farashin cakuda zafin jiki na farin ƙarfe ya fi na kwalin kwalliyar ƙarfe, kuma daga kilogram na siyan foda da yawa an tara sanduna don ɗaukar bututun ƙarfe ko sasanninta tare da kauri fiye da 5 mm. Tsarin masana'anta na alƙalami na baƙin ƙarfe an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗawa da manne tare da foda da aka gama da kuma samar da silili.
Ana amfani da injin magnesium ko kuma filastik mai zafi tare da zafin wuta na kimanin digiri 1600 don kunna fensir na tagulla. Tare da hannuwanku, ana iya yin filastik daga kwalabe na filastik ko polystyrene ta hanyar narke su a cikin acetone har sai an sami daidaituwa, haɗin taut.
Aminci da adanawa
Lokacin da tambayar yadda ake warware cakuda thermite, wata matsala ta taso - amincin kerawa da adana abubuwan da aka samo. Abun gargajiya na cakudawar na zafi yana buƙatar zazzabi mai ƙonewa a cikin kewayon digiri 1000-1500, kuma kayan aikin sunadarai ne marasa ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, don haka shiri na ma'anar bashi da haɗari.
Ya kamata a adana foda a cikin kwandon polypropylene daɗaɗɗa a ƙarshen ɗumi mai zafi wanda bai wuce 80% ba. Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki shine +30 digiri, don haka ana ajiye gaurayawan a cikin ɗakuna mai sanyi da sanyi daga kayan ɗumi. Foda yana da wuta mai wuta, kodayake yana da zafin zafin wuta. Ajiyayyen ajiya na thermoset bashi da hadari, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yuwu a yanayin gidan yau da kullun.
Bayanin bayyanar
Daban-daban nau'in ma'anai suna da wasu bambance-bambance masu alaƙa:
- Tare da launi na jiki.
- Chitin mai rufi.
- Tare da kasancewar yankin thoracic, kodayake an sami ci gaba.
- Tare da babban kai dauke da makami mai ƙarfi na kayan aiki na baka.
Dangane da nau'in, da matsayin zamantakewa, kwari suna girma cikin tsayi daga 2 zuwa 15 mm. Ma'aikata da sojoji ba su da idanu kwata-kwata, ko kuma suna da, amma ba su da wani ci gaba. A kai zaka iya ganin eriya na bakin ciki, kamar dai an haɗa su da ɓangarori da yawa. Tsawonsu ya dogara da shekarun kwari, don haka yawansu ya zama cikin sauki.
Girman kwari kuma ya dogara da dalilin daidaikun mutane. Mutane masu aiki ba sa bambanta cikin manyan girma, amma sojoji na iya samun tsawon santimita 2. A lokaci guda, suna da isasshen kai babba da ƙarfi masu ƙarfi. Saboda wannan, basa iya cin abinci da kansu kuma mutane ne ke aiki dasu. Wasu nau'ikan sun bambanta da cewa an ƙirƙiri fitina ta musamman akan kansu. Wannan fitowar tana taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sojoji zasu iya harbi maƙiyansu da wani abin sha na musamman.
Winged termites suna dauke da kayan biyu nau'i biyu na faceted da idanu biyu masu sauki. Bayan mutane sun sami mazauninsu na abin karɓa, sai su karɓi fikafikan su wani keken. Kodayake fuka-fukan su manya ne, ba su da ƙarfi, ba a yin niyyar jirgi mai nisa ba, kodayake a gaban iska za su iya zuwa da su nesa. Saboda haka, ba sa tashi kamar yadda suke shirya. Thean uwan ker ɗin ana ba su kayan mallakar haihuwa, wanda ba a baiwa mutane aiki da sojoji ba, tunda ba su da gonad.
Yana da mahimmanci a sani! Winged termites sami damar maye gurbin matattun sarakuna da sarakuna. Lokacin da suka fara shekaru, ana iya ɗaukar su ta hanyar iska a cikin mafi nisa. A wannan yanayin, sabon motsi na zamani suna bayyana nesa kusa da ƙasan 'yan ƙasa. A farkon matakin, kawunansu da kansu suna tsunduma cikin aikin gini, da kula da ƙwai, sannan kuma larvae. Bayan 'ya' yansu sun girma kuma suka zama mutane masu aiki da sojoji, nan da nan suka fara aikinsu kuma suka fara kula da iyayensu.
Tsar, kuma musamman sarauniyar shekaru, ana bambanta su da girman su, wanda shine sifofin wasu nau'ikan "ci gaba", wanda mutane ke aiki sau goma ƙanwa da Sarauniya. A bayyanar, sarauniyar 'yan taadda tayi kama da sarauniyar tururuwa. Sarauniya a koyaushe tana cikin ayyukan cewa tana tare da sarki kuma tana saka ƙwai. Sakamakon wannan, wuyanta yana kwance saboda ta daina motsi da kanta. Idan ya cancanta, to aiwatar da aiki lokaci kawai zai canza shi zuwa dakunan makwabta.
A cikin mafi jinsunan gargajiya, sarauniya, kodayake ta banbanta da girma, ba ta da girma. Sarauniyar shuru na iya rayuwa aƙalla shekaru 10, godiya ga enzymes na musamman waɗanda ke da tasirin antioxidant.
Sarauta ta lokaci daidai take da ta masu aiki. Haka kuma, sarki koyaushe yana gaba da sarauniya. Babban aikinta shine takin zamani.
Wakilan wasu iyalai suna da fitina ta musamman a kan kawunansu, a gaban su, wanda sauran yan uwan mamacin ke kama su.
Kowane nau'in yana da nasa rabo na ma'aikata da sojoji. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawan sojoji bai wuce kashi uku cikin dari ba, kodayake akwai nau'ikan shuruka da ba su da sojoji kwata-kwata ko adadinsu ya kai matakin kusan kashi 15 ko kuma kaɗan. Godiya ga masana kimiyya na Jafananci, an gano cewa chromosomes X suna da alhakin ƙarancin jima'i na irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin zamantakewa. Saboda kasancewar wannan kwayar, duk mace ko namiji sun bayyana, haka kuma mutane masu aiki ko sojoji. Wannan fasalin shine sifofin wasu '' ci gaba '. Amma ga ƙarancin '' ci gaba '', halin zamantakewar su larvae ya dogara ne da ferromones na musamman, da kuma yanayin abincinsu.
Termites, kamar kowane nau'in kwari, suna da nau'i biyu na gabar jiki. Launin launi iri daban-daban har ma a tsakanin lokaci guda. Saboda haka, a cikin mound na tururin tururuwa, a cikin tsararren sasanninta, zaka iya samun kwari, duka biyu masu duhu da hasken launi.
Tsarin haifuwa da tsarin haɓaka
Aƙalla aƙalla shekaru 10 na rayuwa, sarauniyar masu son gwanaye tare da sarki sau da yawa. Tare da zuwa lokacin bazara, mutane masu aiki suna yin fasa a jikin bango na bututun dutse, wanda daga ciki mutane daga baya suka tashi daga baya.
Sarakunan gobe suna jan hankalin sarakunan nan gaba tare da sirrin glandon musamman. Bayan wannan, ma'auratan sun yi ritaya zuwa wani rami da aka haƙa, inda ake yin canjin. A cikin wasu nau'in, mace na iya sa ɗaruruwan ɗari, wani lokacin kuma dubbai, na ƙwai a cikin mako guda.
Akwai wasu nau'ikan da mace take sanya sama da qwai dubu 80 a rana, haka kuma nau'in wanda mace takan iya yin ƙwai miliyan 10 a shekara. A cikin hoto zaku iya ganin sarauniya tare da timites.
Tun da Sarauniyar ba ta iya motsawa ko ci a kashin kanta, mutane ke amfani da ita, kuma sojoji su tsare.
Mai ban sha'awa don sani! Ana tattara sirri na musamman tare da pheromones a jikin sarauniyar. Ana ciyar da su ta hanyar kwari, kuma suna ɗaukar ta ta hanyar maan matan. A cewar masana kimiyya, wannan sirrin yana hade dangi. Masana ilimin kimiyya kuma sun yi imani da cewa ta wannan hanyar suna sarrafa bayyanar mutane masu fuka-fukai. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, sun bayyana ba a baya ba bayan shekaru 2-3, lokacin da masarautar ta girma.
Sojoji da ma'aikata suna larvae ne mai tasowa, saboda haka basu da gabobin haihuwa. A lokaci guda, sirrin da sarauniyar 'yan matattarar maza ta basu damar barin kowane mutum ya zama kwari na fuka-fukan da suke shirye don canjin. Lokacin da Sarauniyar ta tsufa kuma ba ta da isasshen asirin don duk maci amana, to, mutanen da ke aiki, bayan ɗan lokaci, su ma sun manyanta.
Larvae waɗanda aka haife sun wuce matakai da yawa na ci gaba. Misali:
- Ma'aikata da sojoji bayan yawo suna zama kwari.
- Bayan molt na biyu, rarrabuwa ya shiga cikin ciwan ciki.
- A cikin nono yana da ɗan girma, kuma a ɓangarorin sa na thoracic zaka iya ganin farkon fuka-fuki.
- A matsayinka na mai mulki, tsutsa ya wuce matakai 3 zuwa 4 na ci gabansa.
- Har ila yau, wasan kwaikwayon na Nymphs yana tafiya da yawa matakai na ci gaba A matakin karshe, tana da fikafikai.
Mutane masu aiki suna ciyar da larvae tare da ɓoye abubuwa na musamman, tare da ɓarkewar ƙwayoyin namomin kaza, wanda suke girma a kan tsire-tsire a cikin itean tazara. Tsarin haihuwa yana da alaqa da tsarin hadi, amma in babu maza, mata sun sami damar haihuwa ba tare da su ba. Bayan haihuwa, dukkan mutane mata ne.
Mai ban sha'awa don sani! Idan kuwa Sarauniyar ta mutu ba tsammani, to kodai za su iya kasancewa a kan matsayinta, duk da cewa sun riƙe dukkan alamu na rashin wayewa.
Idan kalmomin sunada girma, to ana iya samun sarakuna da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da kullun. A cewar masana kimiyya, kasancewar mutane masu aiki suna karfafa tsarin haifuwa.
A wasu halaye, sharuɗan na aiki na iya ninkawa, kodayake suna buƙatar aƙalla wata guda don yin wannan don su zama cikin mutane masu haihuwar. Ana kiran waɗannan mutane ergatoids. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masanan kimiyya sun ƙetare ergatoids tare da nymphs da ergatoids. A wannan yanayin, sakamakon ya kasance zuriya, inda yawan kasusuwa suka banbanta.
Sakamakon irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen an taƙaita su a cikin tebur:
Mata | Maza | Nau'in kiwo | Zuriya |
---|---|---|---|
nishax | - | sankara | 100% matan kwayoyi |
ergatoids | - | sankara | 50% ya mutu, 50% nymphs mace |
nishax | nishax | jima'i | 50% mata ma'aikata, 50% maza ma'aikata |
nishax | ergatoids | jima'i | 50% yombhs na mata, ma'aikata 50% |
ergatoids | nishax | jima'i | ¼ ya mutu, ¾ daidai - mata masu yawan nono, maza da mata masu aiki |
ergatoids | ergatoids | jima'i | A cikin daidai sassan mata da maza na yara, mata da maza - ma'aikata |
Sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa mutane masu fuka-fuki ba sa haifar har sai mulkin mallaka ya kasance a matakin ci gaba. Sabili da haka, duk kuzarin da aka kashe akan ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin kwari waɗanda ke aiki a cikin gini, kulawa da tarin datti, da sauransu.
Haramcin kalma, wanda yake nau'in halitta ne ko na huhun ciki, bashi da aiki mai aiki, kuma an sanya aikinsu ga masu aikata kuskure. Wannan caste kuma ana kiranta ma'aikatan "arya". A larvae molt na dogon lokaci, amma kasance aiki termites. Ya faru bayan wani lokaci waɗannan mutane suka zama sojoji.
Abincin
Kusan dukkan nau'in halitta na ciyar da kwayar halitta ta cellulose. A cikin tsarin narkewa na mutane masu aiki, nau'in na musamman na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta yana rayuwa, wanda ke lalata cellulose. Saboda haka, kawai sun sami damar ciyar da Sarauniya, har ma da sojoji. Tushen abincin waɗannan kwari shine bishiyoyi da suka mutu da ciyayi, ganye mai ganye da humus. Wasu nau'in suna cinye sarari, suna lalata filayen shayi da hatsi.
A lokaci guda, akwai nau'in cigaban "Termitidae", wanda babu wasu ƙananan halittu da ke ba da izinin sarrafa cellulose. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya har yanzu basu san hanyar rarrabuwar sel ba, yana aiki a cikin wannan jinsin.
Termites, kamar yadda kuka sani, cin kawai cellulose, tunda sun girma wani nau'in naman gwari a cikin mound na ɗan lokaci. Suna jan ganyayyaki da guntu na itace zuwa cikin shugabansu, suna yanyanka su, suna dasa bishiyoyin namomin kaza a kansu.
Namomin kaza ana lalacewa ta hanyar lignin inedible, bayan da abincin ya sami wasu kaddarorin kuma ana samun saukin sa shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, magunan da ke cike da nishadi suna cin dukkan lambunan naman kaza, da sauran abinci masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. Gidajen namomin kaza sune babban tushen abinci don larvae.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa! Wani A. Brem ya ba da labarin gaskiya tare da abokan aikinsa. Da zarar wani Arab ya yi bacci kusa da wani lokaci, kuma idan ya farka, ya juya ya zama tsirara ne, tun daga lokacin da itesabilar ke cin duk tufafinsa. A cikin karni na 18, ma'anar bazata ta bayyana a St. Helena ba, daga baya kuma suka ci gaba da cin garin Jamestown.
Yankunan da ake samunsu a yankunmu basu bambanta da irin wannan maye ba. Haka kuma, an yi imanin cewa lalacewar girgizar Ashgabat ta kasance ba ta da matukar mahimmanci idan ma'adinan ƙasa ba su lalata kashi 25 na gidaje ba.
Termites kwari ne masu matukar lura da yanayin zazzabi, gumi, da kuma haske. Don haka, galibi suna cinikin katako daga ciki kuma da wuya su bayyana a waje. A wannan batun, koyaushe yana kama da kututturen itace ba amintattu kuma suna da amo. Aiki mai mahimmanci a kowace shekara yana haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arzikin ƙasashe da yawa. Daban-daban nau'ikan kalmomin sunada mazauni daban-daban a siffar.
Daban-daban nau'ikan nests
Termites kwari ne na zamantakewa waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin manyan iyalai. Furanninsu na iya zama a cikin ƙasa, a cikin kututturen bishiyoyi, a cikin tushen bishiyoyi, har ma da wasu motsi, waɗanda suka bambanta da ƙirar injiniya mai rikitarwa. An san shi game da mafi girman tururin tururi, wanda ya tashi mita 13 sama da ƙasa. Haka kuma an sani cewa a Indiya, an gano wata mummunar girgije mai ƙwanƙwasawa, ɗimbinsu masu ban mamaki ne, tunda giwa zai iya dacewa da shi.
An yi imani da cewa babban sashin gida shine karkashin kasa. Theirƙirar mazaunin ya ƙunshi tasoshin tunyoyi, galleries, kyamarori, yayin da kawai keɓaɓɓun manufofin za su iya buɗewa a cikin gida. Lokacin da abokan halitta suka shiga cikin tarko, sai suka rasa hanya kuma sojoji ne ke kaiwa su hari. Ana bayar da komai a cikin gida, saboda haka akwai ɗakuna inda ake adana abinci, inda aka ciyar da larvae kuma inda sarauniyar ke ƙwai ƙwai.
Mai ban sha'awa don sani! Ga sarauniya tare da sarki, ana ba da mafi kariya, rigar, ɗumi da iska mai iska. Gidajen suna kusa don ɗakunan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cikin cibiyar. Sarauniya a cikin ɗakinta tana cikin hanyar da kanta ke kai wa gabas, ciki kuma zuwa yamma. Masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin saka sarauniyar a wata hanya dabam, amma koyaushe tana ɗaukar matsayi guda.
Kayan gini don ginin tsawa a kai shine yau da kullun, gishirin itace, yumbu da shakatawa. Lokacin da wannan fili ya bushe a ƙarƙashin yanayin halitta, yana da wuya a lalata shi tare da kayan aiki kamar su goge ko pickaxe. Inda tururuwa suke zaune, galibi ana iya lura da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya. Don yin tsayayya da ma'ana, dukkan bango kusan ba su da wata ruwa ba, kuma ana amfani da rumfunan da ke da nau'in naman kaza da kololuwa. Ta wata ma'ana, mai yin tsari na zamani wani tsari ne mai injiniya mai rikitarwa inda ake tunanin komai game da mafi karancin bayanai.
Bugu da ƙari da gaskiyar cewa an kare ƙirar daga wuraren shawa, yana da tsarin samun iska mai rikitarwa, saboda ya yiwu a kula da zafin jiki da zafi a wani matakin. Za'a iya kiyaye microclimate a cikin gida a kowane yanayi kuma a kowane lokaci na rana godiya ga ayyukan masu aiki, wanda ko kunkuntar ko fadada bututun iska.
Ruwan kwayar halitta na ruwa zuwa zurfin ƙasa kuma ya fitar da ƙasa mai laushi. Termites da ke rayuwa a Ivory Coast na iya shiga zurfin sama da mita 10, kuma turɓayoyin da ke rayuwa a Afirka ta Kudu suna ɗaukar ruwa daga zurfin zuwa mita 40.
A matsayin tsakiyar tudun tururuwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, "farfaɗiya ce", wadda aka yi layi tare da kayan taushi. Akwai larvae, yayin da "gandun daji" yana wurin tsawan kusan 30 cm sama da matakin ƙasa. A bangarorin "gandun daji" akwai kyamarori inda aka ajiye ƙwai, kuma a ƙarƙashin "gandun daji" kyamarar Sarauniya ce. A ƙananan matakan, an haɗa su da duka tsarin rafin da sassa, akwai wadatattun wuraren da ake adana hanyoyin abinci, gami da tsiron namomin kaza.
Wasu nau'ikan Afirka suna ba da izuwa gajerun iska mai tsayi tare da tsarin iska mai rikitarwa. Godiya ga wannan, sabo ne kullun yana kasancewa koda a mafi ƙasƙanci matakin. Moarin matsanancin Ostireliya yana da ma'anar daidaitacce daga kudu zuwa arewa, wanda ke hana su yawan zafi.
Yayin halakar da wani yanki na tudun tururuwa, kwari da yawa nan da nan suka fara “tashi” zuwa wurin da jirgin ya fadi don rufe bakin da wuri-wuri.
Dukkanin aiki a kan maido da tsarin ana aiwatar da su ne daga ciki, yayin da ba adadi mai yawa na sojoji suke kokarin kare ƙofar daga waje daga masu haɗari, tururuwa da sauran abokanan halitta ba. Mutane masu aiki suna shawo kan matsalar cikin hanzari, yayin da wasun su ke waje don su cika aikinsu.
Mai ban sha'awa don sani! Yawancin rubuce-rubuce game da rubutun kalmomin tarihi kamar marubuci irin su S. Lemoy, Mine Read, J. Verne, da dai sauransu. Haka kuma, bayanai game dasu ba gaskiya bane. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, an bayyana ma'adinan a matsayin kwari masu kwari tare da manyan jaws wadanda ke lalata komai ta hanyarsu. A zahiri, wannan ba haka bane kuma a mafi yawancin lokuta a cikin mounds motsi; kusa da wadannan kwari suma '' baƙi ne '- magunan-lokaci, a cikin irin ƙwaro, ƙananan dabbobi da tsuntsaye. "Masu sufurin" suna samun mafaka a cikin matsakaiciyar makoki daga makiya ko daga mummunan yanayi.
Akwai sauran ayyuka waɗanda ke ba da labarin abubuwan ban mamaki na waɗannan rayayyun halittu. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tunda kuka karantu game da halitta, da yake ku fara tunanin su a matsayin halittu masu hankali, duk da cewa basu banbanta da girma, amma kananan halittu ne.
A ƙarshe
Yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan kwari suna iya gina mazaunin matakan da yawa, da ɗan tunannin babban birni, tare da duk hanyoyin sadarwa masu mahimmanci. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da kuma hanyoyin a ciki wanda zaku iya rasa rai da gangan, musamman tunda kwari ba su da idanu ko sauran gabobin musamman hangen nesa a cikin duhu.
An yi imani da cewa har yanzu sunadarai masu cutarwa ne, kodayake suna taka rawa a cikin yanayin halittar duniyarmu. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawancin nau'ikan suna shiga cikin lalata itace mara rai.
Hoto da bayanin nau'in halittu
Abubuwan da tururuwa suka yi kama ya danganta da nau'ikan su, mazaunin su da kuma wurin da suke zama a cikin tsarin casan mulkin mallaka. Hoto da kwatancen jinsuna daban-daban a kowane yanayi na dan kadan daban-daban, amma ga ma'adinan da ke rayuwa a tsakanin kasashen tsohuwar USSR, ana iya bambance sifofi na waje.
- Girma na tsawon mita yana daga 4 milimita zuwa 1.3 santimita.
- Jiki na gani ya ƙunshi sassa biyu - babba mai zagaye wanda ke da gashin baki mai tsawo, da kuma sirikin jiki mai tsawon rai tare da ƙarewar farin ciki.
- Ginin gidan sa'a na ma'aikata suna da fararen fata kuma suna kama da larvae a matakan karshe na ci gaba.
- Sojojin Termite masu launin shuɗi masu launin shuɗi suna da manyan kawuna, waɗanda aka yi musu alƙawarin biyu-manyan abubuwa, waɗanda suke amfani da shi don kare mulkin mallaka.
- Sarakuna da sarakunan sarauta suna kama da larvae mai kauri tare da shugaban ƙaramin kwari kuma ana mamaye su da haifuwar mazaunin mazauni a cikin gida.
- Mutane masu haifuwa suna da tsayayyen jiki, na iya zama kusan baki cikin launi kuma a wani lokaci su sami fuka-fuki don kafa sabuwar mulkin a lokacin tashin jirgin.
A yau, ilimin kimiyya ya san fiye da nau'ikan 3,000 nau'ikan gasu, kawai 3 daga cikinsu ana samo su a Rasha.
Rawaya mai launin shuɗi
- Sunan Latin na jinsunan (kimiyya) shine Kalotermes flavicollis.
- Madadin sunayen sune launin shudi-gasassun launin, shuganin fuskoki masu launin shuɗi, launin shuɗi-woody.
- A cikin Rasha, ana samun ta a bakin Tekun Bahar Maliya a yankin Sochi da kuma kudu a gefen tekun.
- Yawancin lokaci suna rayuwa cikin itace mara kyau da bushewa, rami na bishiyoyi da kututturewa a cikin mazauna daga ɗaruruwan mutane ɗari da dubu biyu.
- Zasu iya yin zama a cikin gidaje na katako da gine-gine idan yanayin katako ya cika bukatun farfaɗo.
- Jirgin yana faruwa a watan Yuli-Satumba.
Tsarin gabashin Gabas
- Sunan Latin na jinsunan shine Reticulitermes Speratus.
- Shi ɗan asalin Jafananci ne.
- Ana samun wasu lokuta a cikin Rasha a cikin yankin Vladivostok, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ya sami sunan Rasha.
- Ana samun mafi yawan lokuta a wuraren da ke kusa da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa kwari galibi suna shiga birni tare da kayayyaki daga China, Japan da wasu ƙasashe, waɗanda sune asalin wannan ɗabi'a.
- Sun zauna a cikin bishiyoyin da suka faɗi, kututture, gine-ginen katako, allon katako, gida yana cikin ɗan yanki cikin itace, jera a cikin ƙasa.
- Lokacin tashiwar ya kasance a watan Mayu-Yuli.
Photophobia termite
- Sunan Latin shine Reticulitermes lucifugus.
- Hakanan ana kiranta 'Turaiite', ma'anar cutarwa.
- A cikin Rasha, yana zaune a cikin yanki tsakanin Bahar Rum da Caspian Seas, Volgograd da Arewacin Caucasus.
- Ana yin firam a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin rabin mitir, a ƙarƙashin tushen kututture, bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da ciyawa, sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin gidajen katako.
- A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, dauloli da yawa na gandun daji wadanda ke rayuwa kusa da su na iya haifar da bayyanar guda, samar da manyan gatanan motsi.
- Jirgin zai fara a cikin watan Afrilu kuma yana ƙare a ƙarshen Mayu.
A cikin Moscow da Yankin Moscow, ba a samo matattarar bayanai, bisa ga bayanan da muke dasu a halin yanzu. Idan kun sami kwaro mai kama da ƙuruciya, ko dai da gangan ya shiga gidan ku - tare da samfurori daga yankin da aka samo shi, ko a cikin kaya bayan hutu, ko, wataƙila, kuna rikice shi da wasu ƙwayar. Idan kana buƙatar tantance nau'in kwari, zaku iya kama shi kuma ku karɓe shi da rai don kuɗin ku don bincike ga Cibiyar Tsabtacewa da Cutar Kwayar cuta ta Moscow ko rassanta.
Gidajen nm
Abin da kama da kuma inda nisa ta shude suke dogara da nau'in kwari. Manya mafi girma, masu kama da stalactites, suna girma daga ƙasa zuwa sama, ƙasashen Afirka ne suka gina su daga macrotermes bellicosus. Al'adun su na iya kaiwa tsawan kusan mita 13 kuma yana da nisan murabba'in zuwa 30 a gindi. Maƙancin theiran uwan nasu na iya yin kama da daskararren dutse ko laka, ko kuma ma su kasance ƙarara a cikin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, termites kansu zasu iya yin sheƙan yumɓu, yumbular cellulose da kansu, suna amfani da lalatattun tururuwa da bishiyoyi don wannan, ko tono abubuwan motsi na tururuwa a ƙasa, haɗasu tare da ɓangaren huhun mashigar gida.
A dabi'a, tururuwai ba kwari ba ne, amma suna iya zama irin na ɗan adam idan suka fara amfani da gine-ginen gona da gidaje a matsayin tushe don shirya gida. A wannan yanayin, ana iya samun magudanar ƙasa a wuraren da akwai ruwa mai ɗumi:
- Ruwa da bututu da bututun ruwa
- A gidan wanka
- A cikin kayan daki mai dumi
- A karkashin bene
- A cikin ɗaki mai ɗaki tare da rufin yanzu
- A kasan ganuwar da katako
- A cikin drawers karkashin kwatami da kuma a dafa abinci
- A karkashin itacen katako
- A farfajiyar, baranda ko gazebo
Hakanan za'a iya bayyana moads na motsi a cikin lambun, musamman a cikin gidaje da greenhouses. Neman wuri don mazauni, ma'adinan ƙasa suna zaɓar wani wuri inda katako mai dausayi zai kasance kusa da bushewa, don haka damar samun su a duk wuraren da suka dace da waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi yadda sauran yankuna suke.
Shin tari na cizo?
Kadai lokaci kawai wanda zai ciji shine sojoji. Idan ka kalli girman hoto na wakilin sa, zaku ga manyann jaw-ja masu tsinkaye masu kama da rikicewa. Koyaya, magaryar 'yan tsarurruka (medites) suna amfani dasu don kare gida daga tururuwa kuma lokacin warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa tare da sauran magina. Lokaci na iya cizo muku kawai idan kun lalata farjinta a cikin hannayenku. A matsayin tushen abinci, mai cike da jini, da kuma duk wasu halittu masu rai, wadannan kwari basu da sha'awa.
Shin kwayoyin halitta suna dauke da wata cuta?
Dangane da bayanan kimiyya na yanzu, ma'adinai basu iya isar da wani cuta ga mutane ba. Koyaya, kyakkyawar hulɗa da kwari, farjinsu, moult, itaciyar da ƙasa inda suke zama, na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyar fatar jiki. Bugu da kari, matattarar dabbobi, kamar karnuka, suna rayuwa cikin tsaftataccen yanayi, don haka zasu iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da kwayar cuta, a jikinsu.
Wani batun dake da nasaba da kwayoyin halitta shine rubari. Kwayoyin suna rayuwa cikin itace mai laushi, wanda a lokaci guda yanayi ne ingantacce don girma da haɓaka naman gwari. Canja wurin jayayya a jikinsu, kwari suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar su. Tare da tsawan inhalation na matattara mai narkewa a cikin mutane da dabbobi, matsaloli tare da tsarin numfashi na iya farawa ko cututtukan fata na iya ƙaruwa.
Abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar
Inda tururuwa suke rayuwa
Termites basu iya jure yanayin mummunan yanayi da hunturu ba, saboda haka ana rarraba su galibi a wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, yayin da mazauninsu ke rarrabu tsakanin jinsuna daban. Yawancin nau'in nau'in halitta ana iya samunsu a Afirka (kusan 1000), Asiya (kimanin 435), Kudancin Amurka (kusan 400) da Ostiraliya (360). Mafi karancin nau'in nau'in halitta na zaune ne a Arewacin Amurka (bai wuce 50) da Turai (kusan 10). A cikin kasashen tsohuwar USSR, 7 jinsunan suna rayuwa, a cikin Russia akwai 3 kawai, sannan tare da shimfiɗawa, tunda ba za a iya kiran matsayin ƙungiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya a Vladivostok ba. Matsakaicin wuri a duniya wanda tururuwan duniya basa rayuwa shine Antarctica.
Gidajen nm
Abin da kama da kuma inda nisa ta shude suke dogara da nau'in kwari. Manya mafi girma, masu kama da stalactites, suna girma daga ƙasa zuwa sama, ƙasashen Afirka ne suka gina su daga macrotermes bellicosus. Al'adun su na iya kaiwa tsawan kusan mita 13 kuma yana da nisan murabba'in zuwa 30 a gindi. Maƙancin theiran uwan nasu na iya yin kama da daskararren dutse ko laka, ko kuma ma su kasance ƙarara a cikin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, maguna na iya yin gida daga yumbu, aka sarrafa cellulose daban-daban, yi amfani da lalatattun, busassun ganyayyaki da bishiyoyi don wannan, ko tono rami a cikin ƙasa, hada su da ɓangaren wofin gidan.
A dabi'a, tururuwai ba kwari ba ne, amma suna iya zama irin na ɗan adam idan suka fara amfani da gine-ginen gona da gidaje a matsayin tushe don shirya gida. A wannan yanayin, ana iya samun magudanar ƙasa a wuraren da akwai ruwa mai ɗumi:
- Ruwa da bututu da bututun ruwa
- A gidan wanka
- A cikin kayan daki mai dumi
- A karkashin bene
- A cikin ɗaki mai ɗaki tare da rufin yanzu
- A kasan ganuwar da katako
- A cikin drawers karkashin kwatami da kuma a dafa abinci
- A karkashin itacen katako
- A farfajiyar, baranda ko gazebo
Hakanan za'a iya bayyana moads na motsi a cikin lambun, musamman a cikin gidaje da greenhouses. Neman wuri don mazauni, ma'adinan ƙasa suna zaɓar wani wuri inda katako mai dausayi zai kasance kusa da bushewa, don haka damar samun su a duk wuraren da suka dace da waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi yadda sauran yankuna suke.
Me ma'anar 'yan tari suke ci?
Abinda ma'anar 'ya'yan tsirrai ke ci gaba ya danganta ga kasancewarsu mafi girma daga cikin gandun daji. Manyan ciyayi na ci kowane irin humus, itace, ciyawa, ganye, tsirrai, tsinke. Babban abincin ƙananan farfajiya shine cellulose. Yawancin lokaci suna samun cellulose daga bishiyoyin da suke rayuwa, amma idan tururuwai parasitic ne, to duk abin da ya ƙunshi wannan fili yana cikin haɗari. Baya ga itace, yana iya zama:
- Auduga da dukkan kayayyakin sa
- Takarda
- Hankali
- Takarda takarda
- Littattafai
- Katin kwali
- Manne
- Wasu kwayoyin
- Emulsifiers, lokacin farin ciki da masu karko a abinci
- Takarda tushen gini
- Fim din Cellophane
Tsarin ƙasa na Afirka daga cikin ƙasa mai zurfi na Macrotermitinae shine ke haifar da gonakin naman kaza gaba ɗaya a cikin kewayon su, suna haɓaka abubuwan da ake kira mycoses termite - fungi waɗanda suke cikin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da kwari kuma basa haɓaka daban da su. A wannan yanayin, ba muna magana ne game da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba, kamar sura, amma game da namomin kaza, girman huluna wanda ya kai mita 1 a diamita.
Termites: yadda kiwo ke faruwa
Termites suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗumi, don haka haihuwa tana faruwa shekara ɗaya. Lokaci na kwari kawai ke ajali cikin lokaci kuma galibi yakan faɗi akan yanayi mafi dacewa ga kowane nau'in.
- Maza da mata da maza masu haihuwar juna suna cikin jirgin yayin neman jirgin kuma suna neman sabon wurin zama.
- Suna tono ɗaki inda suke sauran tsawon rayuwarsu na haihuwar 'ya'ya, suna rufe ƙofar ta.
- Matar ta sanya ƙwai a cikin ɗakin.
- A farkon matakin samuwar mazauna, zai iya kwantawa kimanin kimanin 2040 a kowace rana, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa har zuwa qwai 1,000 a rana; mace daga cikin nau'in halittar Afirka ta Macrotermes michaelseni sun sami damar yin layya dubu 40 a rana.
- A wannan yanayin, girman jikin 'yar sarauniyar shura tana ƙaruwa sosai har ta daina motsa kanta, mutane masu aiki suna taimaka mata a wannan.
- Larvae ƙyanƙyashe daga qwai kama da manya, amma fari da karami a girma.
- Larvae ya shiga cikin matsakaicin 7 matakai na tsinkewa, juya farko zuwa cikin lig sannan daga baya suka zama mutum daya, wanda ya danganta ne akan yanayin tsaran kwayoyin halitta ko mafi yawan lokuta akan menene ke ciyar da tsutsa a lokacin ci gaban kuma wanene pheromones suke asirce.
- Cikakken sake zagayowar lokaci girma da canji, gwargwadon nau'in da yanayin, na iya ɗaukar daga watanni da dama zuwa shekara.
Bayan sun zama manya kashinsu, kowane kwari yana yin ayyukansa. Sarki da sarauniya, ma'aikata da sojoji ba sa barin tudun mun tsira. Abubuwan da mutane masu iya haifuwa suke maimaita duk lokacin sake zagayowar cigaba yayin da lokacin tashi ta yi.
Bayanin kula
Abokan gaba na ma'abotan halitta
Wanene a cikin yanayin cin 'yan madaidaitan halitta ya dogara da asalin ƙasar da yanayin da suke magana akan su. A cikin tsibirai da Afirka, akwai nau'ikan gizo-gizo, zuriya, kwari, har ma da dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda abincinsu kusan gaba ɗaya ke mayar da hankali ne akan gandun daji. Irin waɗannan dabbobi ana kiransu termitophages. Astsudan zuma wanda wadataccen abincin menu ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin jita-jita, ƙari mai yawa. A cikin kudu na Rasha yana iya zama:
Koyaya, mafi sharrin maƙiyan ofan tururuwa sune tururuwa. Don kare su daga garesu ne ana yin abin da sojoji suka kirkira. Dabarar kai hare-hare ta tururuwa da kare filayen fadace-fadace za a iya yin tunani da dabarun da, idan karanta game da wannan, yana da wuya a yarda cewa kwari suna da ikon haɓaka irin wannan yaƙin. A cikin adalci, ya dace a ambaci akwai wasu ire-iren wadannan abubuwan tarihi wadanda da kansu suke farautarsu akan tururuwa kuma suke lalata halayensu ta hanyoyin da ba na adana su ba.
Termites: yadda suke da haɗari ga mutane
Idan aka fara amfani da tururuwa a cikin gida ko kuma lambun, to babu makawa tambayoyi game da yadda suke haɗari ga mutane da dabbobi, ko cizo ko menene begen lalacewar da ke gabanka.
Shin tari na cizo?
Kadai lokaci kawai wanda zai ciji shine sojoji. Idan ka kalli girman hoto na wakilin sa, zaku ga manyann jaw-ja masu tsinkaye masu kama da rikicewa. Koyaya, magaryar 'yan tsarurruka (medites) suna amfani dasu don kare gida daga tururuwa kuma lokacin warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa tare da sauran magina. Lokaci na iya cizo muku kawai idan kun lalata farjinta a cikin hannayenku. A matsayin tushen abinci, mai cike da jini, da kuma duk wasu halittu masu rai, wadannan kwari basu da sha'awa.
Shin kwayoyin halitta suna dauke da wata cuta?
Dangane da bayanan kimiyya na yanzu, ma'adinai basu iya isar da wani cuta ga mutane ba. Koyaya, kyakkyawar hulɗa da kwari, farjinsu, moult, itaciyar da ƙasa inda suke zama, na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyar fatar jiki. Bugu da kari, matattarar dabbobi, kamar karnuka, suna rayuwa cikin tsaftataccen yanayi, don haka zasu iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da kwayar cuta, a jikinsu.
Wani batun dake da nasaba da kwayoyin halitta shine rubari. Kwayoyin suna rayuwa cikin itace mai laushi, wanda a lokaci guda yanayi ne ingantacce don girma da haɓaka naman gwari. Canja wurin jayayya a jikinsu, kwari suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar su. Tare da tsawan inhalation na matattara mai narkewa a cikin mutane da dabbobi, matsaloli tare da tsarin numfashi na iya farawa ko cututtukan fata na iya ƙaruwa.
Me yasa ma'adinai masu haɗari ga gida?
Naman gwari ba karamar barazana bane ga mutane da dabbobi kawai, harma da gidan da ake shigo da gandun daji. Tunda kwari suna rayuwa a cikin kayan, suna “dasawa” daskararre abubuwa a ciki acikin itace, wanda yasa gaba daya cirewa kusan ba zai yuwu ba.
Abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar
Mulkin mallaka na haifar da mummunan illa ga gine-ginen katako. Babban matsalar ita ce kwari bazai iya bayyana gaban su ta kowace hanya ba har sai sun fara lokacin tashi. Sau da yawa a wannan lokacin kayan sun riga sun lalace ta hanyar kwari. Za a iya nuna kasancewar termites kai tsaye ta ƙananan ramuka a cikin katako da busassun katako, girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi a ƙasa a kewayen wurare da ɗimbin fuka-fukai masu warwatse, amma waɗannan binciken na iya nuna kasancewar wasu kwari, don haka idan magaryar ta bayyana a gidan, to yana da kyau a nemi taimako nan da nan. ga kwararru, in ba haka ba lalacewar kayan daga kamannin su na iya wuce kuɗin kuɗin ɗaya na kwararru sau goma.
Gidaje marassa tsayi
Gidaje na kasafin kuɗi ya zama mafi nema a Rasha a yau, yayin da ƙananan ƙananan rukunin gidaje ke haɓaka cikin sauri. Amfani da isasshen rufin kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya domin ado yayin ginin karamin gini, zai yuwu a rage lokacin gini, farashin kayan gini da aiki.
Gidajen Yankin Gyaran Yankin
Fitar polystyrene kumburi wanda shine kayan da kawai za'a iya amfani dasu don dumama harsashin. Ba ya jin tsoron illolin ƙasan ƙasa (ba ya juya), baya sha ruwa. Amfani da XPS don rubewa da hana ruwa tushe da zamantakewar gine-gine an tabbatar da takaddun Rosstroy na Tarayyar Rasha.
Rufin gida
Ruwan kwantar da hankali da allon ginin sun dace da kariya ta yanayin zafi na benaye na bene na farko da benaye a ƙasa, rufin yanayi da tsaftataccen ɗakuna na benaye masu matsakaici, shimfiɗa “bene mai ɗumi”, inda ya zama dole a sami ruɓaɓɓen rufi, kariya ta matattarar benaye masu ɗorewa: shagunan ajiya, jirgi, hadaddun masana'antu, wuraren kankara.
Wet Room Kayan ado
A cikin ɗakuna masu yawan zafi - gidan wanka, wurin hutawa, gidan ruwa, hammam - kayan gini na gargajiya na iya yin sanyi da lalacewa. Don ƙoshin dindindin, mai dorewa da zamani a cikin ɗakunan rigar, ana amfani da farantin gini, don rufin gidan wanka - ɓullar maƙalar polystyrene.
Ado na ciki
Don daidaita bangon a cikin yanayin "bushe gyara", don dumama bangon daga ciki, don gina bangarori da siffofin ciki ta amfani da farantin gini. Don rufe ganuwar daga ciki, ana amfani da mai hita. A cikin ado na gangara na windows da kofofin, ana amfani da bangarorin sandwich.
Insulation, kayan ado na facade
Don rufin facade na ginin, ana amfani da mai hita, yana rufe daga sama tare da gefe, itace, ƙarfe. Idan kuna son fesa facade bayan rufin, yana da kyau kuyi amfani da farantin gini, wanda shine "rigar facade" a cikin sigar da aka gama kuma a shirye don adon ado.
Shaƙatawa na Loggia
Ruwan yana ba ku damar damuwar daskarewa, daskararre, istimna'i a kan loggia. Kuma don hanzarta gamawa, yi amfani da allon ginin maimakon XPS. Don cikar opaque, gama loggia ko baranda daga waje, ana amfani da bangarorin sandwich tare da murfin takardar PVC.
Rufe rufi
Yin aikin rufin murfin rufin yana ba ka damar adanawa a kan dumama ginin duka, musamman idan sarari da ke ƙarƙashin rufin ana amfani da shi azaman ɗakin kwana (rufin mansard). Fitar polystyrene mai kumburi ba ya samun danshi, wanda ke nufin cewa tsawon rayuwar rufin bai rage kaddarorin kariya ba.
Injiniya na masana'antu
Ruwan kwalliya cikakke ne don ruftawar yanayi na tushe, bene da ganuwar gine-gine na masana'antu, don ginin rufin da yake jujjuyawar, rufin mara nauyi. Kyakkyawan kayan kwalliyar zafi-zafi hade da lightness da durability suna ba da damar adanawa akan aikin gine-ginen kasuwanci. Jirgin gini an yi shi ne don ado irin wuraren kasuwanci tare da yanayin zafi. Kuma don ado ofisoshin, ƙirƙirar katako da tallace-tallace na waje, kwamitin sandwich ya dace.
Kawar da "gadoji mai sanyi"
"Karen gado mai sanyi" katako ne na katako, gidaje mai ƙyalli, raƙuman katako na rufin da aka shimfiɗa, sasanninta na ginin, windows, ƙofofi. Ta hanyar irin waɗannan gadoji, ɗakin ya rasa zafi. Maganin da ya dace zai zama kawar da “gadoji mai saurin lalacewa” ta hanyar rufin zafi tare da kumburin polystyrene kumfa a ciki ko bayan ginin.
Ruwan kwantar da iska na bututun mai
Ana amfani dashi don ruɗe bututun da akayi amfani dashi don jigilar samfuran tare da yanayin zafi har zuwa +75 digiri. An rufe farantin gaba daya a kewayen bututun kuma an tsare shi tare da faifai mai ɗora ko zoben ƙarfe. Ruwan zafi na bututu yana ba da damar haɓaka rayuwar injinan gabaɗaya.
Gina titin
An yi nasarar amfani da ruhun kwantar da hankali a cikin gina hanyoyi, layin dogo da tituna. Godiya ga matsanancin zafi mai rufi a cikin hanyar, an cire daskarewa da kumburin ƙasa, wanda ke ba da izinin ginin da gyara hanyoyi ba tare da ƙarancin tattalin arziƙi ba, lokacin da aiki yake aiki.