Arsanyen wake masu banƙyama masu kare gandun daji. Wannan kyakkyawar dabba ana daukarta alama ce ta Rasha, kodayake ana iya samun yawancin ɗakunan ta a duk kusurwar duniyarmu. Tunda berayen launin ruwan kasa suna cikin haɗari na rushewa, an jera shi cikin Red Book. Wannan dabba galibi tana zaune ne a cikin Rasha, Amurka da Kanada. Smallan bea kaɗan ne suka tsira a Turai da Asiya.

Rayuwar wannan muhimmin “mai taiga” tana da ban sha'awa. Yaya tsawon lokacin da launin ruwan kasa yake da rai? Nawa nauyi zai iya kaiwa? Abubuwan ban sha'awa mafi ban sha'awa game da rayuwar ƙwallon ƙafa mai launin ruwan ƙasa wanda zamu fada a cikin wannan labarin.

Brown bear: bayanin bayyana

Wannan dabbar tana da ƙarfi sosai. An rufe jikin mai iko da kauri sosai, kuma mayun a bango sun fito daban. An tara tsokoki da yawa a ciki, waɗanda ke ba da izinin bear don isar da murƙushewa da dabbobin sa, saukar da bishiyoyi ko tono ƙasa.

Kansa yana da girma babba, yana da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan, idanu mai zurfi. Wutsiyar bears yayi gajarta - kimanin 2 cm, ba kasafai ake ganinsa ba a ƙarƙashin wani ulu. Hannun paws suna da ƙarfi sosai, tare da manyan yatsun ƙafafunsu sun kai tsawon cm 10 Lokacin tafiya, beyar ta ɗauka nauyin jiki zuwa duka tafin kafa, kamar mutum, sabili da haka yana cikin jinsin dabbobi masu motsawa.

Mayafin sanannen "mai mallakar taiga" yana da kyau kwarai - kauri, a ko'ina a canza launin. Brown bears suna da hali na molt - a cikin bazara da damina suna sabunta mayafin gashinsu. Canjin farko na gashi yana faruwa ne bayan fitowar fata kuma yana da zafin gaske. Musamman ma bayyanannu ne lokacin bayyanawa. Autumn molt yayi jinkiri kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa lokacin hutawa.

Peungiyoyi da mazaunan gemu masu launin ruwan kasa

Sau ɗaya, mazaunin bera mai launin ruwan kasa ya tafi kudu, har zuwa Arewacin Afrika da Tsakiyar Mexico. A Tsakiyar Tsakiya, dabbar ta zauna kusan duk Turai, gami da Bahar Rum da kuma Italiyan Burtaniya. Yau, saboda mamayewa, lalata wuraren zama da gina hanyoyi, yawan jama'a ya ragu sosai.

A yau, bera mai launin ruwan fata sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Rasha, a kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, a cikin Scandinavia, Japan. Ana samun su a cikin yankuna na kudanci na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai, China, Mongolia, Himalayas, har ma a cikin tsaunukan wasu ƙasashe na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ko da akwai ƙarami a cikin duwatsun Dutsen Mongolian Gobi. Koyaya, wuraren da aka fi so da bera mai launin ruwan kasa sune mai yawa, nesa daga ƙauyuka, gandun daji, inda akwai yalwar iska da shukoki. A cikin Amurka, suna zaune a tsaunukan dazuzzuka.

A baya can, nau'in ya kasance mai canzawa da yaduwa har zuwa rarrabuwar ƙasashe da dama (wasu daga cikinsu sun mutu), wasunsu an ɗauke su jinsin. Koyaya, yanzu dukkaninsu suna da haɗin kai a cikin jinsin mutum ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin biyan kuɗi. Mafi shahararrun su sune masu zuwa.

Talakawa (Turai)

Ana samun wannan tallafin a Turai, Caucasus da Russia gaba ɗayan gandun daji, ban da kudancin ɓangaren Turai na ƙasar. Yana da matsakaici a girma.

Arewacin Amurka grizzly

Wannan babban reshen launin ruwan bera ya bazu cikin Alaska da yammacin Kanada.

Kodiak

Daya daga cikin mafi girman tsinkaya a duniya. Yana zaune daga tsibiran Kodiak da Shuyak zuwa Alaska.

Siriya

Ofaya daga cikin ƙananan nau'ikan bears mai launin ruwan kasa. Ana samunsa a tsaunukan Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma a cikin Turkiyya, Siriya da Iran.

Tien Shan

Wannan karamar bera na daya daga cikin karami. An samo shi a duwatsun Tien Shan, Himalayas, Pamirs.

Bayanin launin fata Brown

Girman dabbar beyar mutum ne sosai kuma ya dogara da farko a kan mazaunin yankin. Tsawon jikin dabbar yana daga mita 1.5 zuwa 2.8, tsayinsa a cikin mayun yana 0.9-1.5 m, yawan maza shine 135-545 kg. Wasu lokuta akwai maza wadanda tsawon jikinsu ya kai mita uku, kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 700. Manyan mutane suna zaune ne a tsibirin Kodiak (Amurka), a bakin tekun Alaska, da kan iyakar Rasha - akan Kamchatka. A cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, beyar launin ruwan kasa mai nauyin kilogram 250-300 galibi suna zuwa. Matan sun fi kankanta: nauyinsu ya kai 90-250 kg. Nauyin waɗannan dabbobin suma sun dogara da lokacin shekara - a cikin kaka sune suka fi ciyar da su, saboda cin nasarar samarwa suna buƙatar cike fat mai ƙima iri-iri.

Jikin bera mai launin ruwan kasa yana da ƙarfi sosai, ƙishirwa masu tsayi, tsoka, kai yana da girma tare da goshi mai fadi, idanun su ƙanƙane, kunnuwa suna zagaye, wutsiya 5-20 cm tsayi kusan kusan ba a ganuwa a ƙarƙashin wani ulu. Jawo dabbar yana da kauri, gashi mafi tsayi gashi ya bushe a ƙusoshin ƙashi da baya na jiki, kan kai da kafafuna sun gajarta.

Kodayake ana kiran gwarzonmu launin ruwan kasa, kullun ba a zanensa da wannan launi. A dabi'a, zaku iya haɗuwa da baƙi, launin toka mai haske, bambaro mai rawaya har ma da azama (grizzly a Arewacin Amurka) mutane. Cubs na lilin ɗin ɗaya na iya zama launuka daban-daban.

Tsarin dabbar beyar yana da nauyi, ya yi jahili, kuma don ya kiyaye taro mai yawa, ƙafafunsa suna tsayawa-da motsawa (lokacin tafiya, gabaɗaya an matse shi har ƙasa). Wannan fasalin yana ba shi damar tashi da yardar kaina a kafafunsa na baya. A kan kowace paw yana da yatsu 5 dauke da makamai tare da mai lanƙwasa marasa iya juyawa, tsawonsu zai iya kaiwa 10 cm.

Yanayinta bai saka ladan ƙafafunku da ɗimbin ji da gani ba, amma ya rama wannan da kyakkyawan wari. Lokacin da dabbar ta tsaya a kan kafafunsa na baya, da taimakon ƙamshin turare, yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarin bayani game da yanayin.

Yaɗa

Da zarar launin bera ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ciki har da Ingila da Ireland, a kudu iyakar sa ya kai arewa maso yammacin Afirka (Atlas Bear), kuma a gabas ta hanyar Siberiya da China har ya kai Japan. Wataƙila ya zo Arewacin Amurka ne kusan shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata daga Asiya, ta hanyar Bering Isthmus kuma ya zauna cikin yankin yammacin yammacin daga Alaska har zuwa arewacin Mexico.

Yanzu bears mai launin ruwan kasa ya ɓace saboda yawancin kewayon, a wasu wurare ba shi da yawa. A Yammacin Turai, jama'arta masu rarrabe sun rayu a cikin Pyrenees, Mountains Cantabrian, Alps da Apennines. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Scandinavia da Finland, wanda aka samo a cikin gandun daji na Tsakiyar Turai da Carpathians. A cikin Finland, aka ayyana dabba na kasa.

A Asiya, ana rarraba shi daga Yammacin Asiya, Falasdinu, arewacin Iraq da Iran zuwa arewacin China da Koriya ta Koriya. A Japan, an samo shi a tsibirin Hokkaido. A Arewacin Amurka an san shi da sunan "grizzly bear" (kafin yankin ruwan Amurka ta Arewa ya zama ruwan dare), yana da yawa a Alaska, a yammacin Kanada, akwai ƙarancin yawan mutane a arewa-maso yammacin Amurka.

Yankin bera mai launin ruwan kasa a Rasha ya mamaye kusan dukkanin yankin daji, ban da yankuna na kudanci. Yankin arewa na yankin ya yi daidai da iyakar kudu na tundra.

Ta yaya beyar launin ruwan kasa suke rayuwa cikin yanayi?

A preferan Bears sun fi son salon rayuwar mutum ɗaya. Suna neman abinci, suna yawon manyan ɗimbin littattafansu. A ɓangaren duniya, waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon na iya zama 200-2000 sq Km ga maza da 100-1000 sqm Km ga mace. Ana kiyaye yankin yanki sosai daga mamayewar baƙi, kuma idan wasu fan kwancen kafa suka rufe kan wasu kadarorin mutane, to ba za a iya guje wa lalacewa ba. Maza manya yayin yaƙin yanki na iya haifar da mummunan rauni ga juna.

Abincin

Bears mai launin ruwan kasa, sabanin berarsa mai ɗaukar nauyi, fararen bears, ba za a iya kiran shi maƙiyi ba a cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar. Akasin haka, kusan 75% na abincinsa shine abincin shuka. Waɗannan kwayoyi ne, berries, tubers da mai tushe na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tsaba, itacen oak, da dai sauransu.

Saboda ƙ theƙasassun ƙwayoyin tsoka da manyan maganganunsa, kwancen kafa ya fi dacewa da narke ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari da sassan tsirrai na ƙasa. Musclesarfin muƙamuƙi masu ƙarfi kuma suna bawa dabba damar jimre wa abincin fiber cikin sauƙi kuma ta rayu akan abincin abincin da aka shuka.

Gabaɗaya, menu na beyar ya dogara da kakar da kuma wadatar abinci iri-iri. Abincinsa ya hada da jijiyoyi, kwaro, tsutsotsi, masu haɗari. Ya yarda ya ci abinci.

A wasu wuraren, beyar launin ruwan kasa suna yin bukukuwan ainihi lokacin da suka sami manyan ofan kwari ko kuma suka tafi gabar ruwa lokacin salmon.

A wasu wuraren suna cin ganyayyaki. Ta wani dunƙulen ƙarfi na dabba, dabba zata iya kashe kashin igiyar. Wani lokacin bear yakan sami barewa, boars daji, barewar daji, awakin dutse. Sau da yawa kwancen kafa yana da iyakance adadin wadannan dabbobin, masu yin farauta.

Lokacin tattara abinci, dabbar tana dogara da ƙarfinta, kuma ba kan sauri ba. Koyaya, duk da bayyanar m, fan kwancen kafa na iya wuce gona da iri idan ya cancanta - a hanzarta zuwa kilomita 50 / h. Ya yi iyo yadda yakamata, kuma matasa kan hau itatuwa sosai.

Hijabi

Tun da bears ɗin ya sauko daga kwari, ya kuma taso zuwa wuraren kiwo, sun ci karo da matsala - rashin abinci a cikin hunturu. Ofaya daga cikin yanke shawara na yanayi shine damar su ta hibernate don hunturu.

Yawancin lokaci dabbobi masu hibernating suna adana makamashi mai yawa saboda mahimmanci, wani lokacin kusan zuwa sifili, raguwa cikin zafin jiki. Yanayin jikin bear da ya hau cikin kogon ya ragu kaɗan (daga 38 zuwa 34 ° C), amma yawan zuciya da numfashi a cikinsu yana raguwa da kaɗan.

Brown bears ne dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suke da damar rayuwa har zuwa watanni 6 ba tare da abinci, abin sha da shakatawa cikin yanayin bacci ba. Dabbobin da suke bacci suna samun kuzarin su ne musamman daga kantunan mai: mafi girman beyar, idan ya ta'allaka ne cikin yanayin iskanci, karancin nauyin jikin da yake rasawa yayin bacci. Wannan tsari yana da tasiri sosai cewa bears ba sa mutuwa yayin lokacin hunturu: mutuwa daga matsananciyar yunwa yakan faru a cikin bazara, lokacin da matakan metabolism ya tashi.

A cikin kaka, ana ɗaukar beari don ba da kogon. Mafi sau da yawa, don rookery na hunturursu, sukan zabi wurare a gefen karkarin marshes mara wuya ko kuma gefen bankunan koguna da tabkuna. Da ake bukata wani canjin abubuwa ne daga ƙauyuka. Rookery yana ƙarƙashin tushen manyan bishiyoyi, a cikin kwari, kogo, rami, rami, raunin iska. A kasan ramin, dabbar tana da zuriyar dabbobi na rassan tsiro, gansakuka, haushi, ciyawa, bushewa da dai sauransu.

The bears hibernate a watan Oktoba - Disamba, kuma bar shi a Maris-Mayu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun dogara da dalilai da yawa, amma akasarinsu akan mazaunin yanki ne. A cikin yankuna daban-daban, bacci na iya wuce kwanaki 70 zuwa 195.

Kiwo

Lokacin damuna a cikin bera mai launin ruwan kasa ya fadi a Mayu-Yuli. Namiji da mace suna zaune tare tsawon makonni, amma da zarar dabbar ta yi canjin, sai dabbobin suka watse.

Haihuwa tana da sifofi na kanta: kwai da aka hadu da ita a jikin mace ta sami ci gaba zuwa yanayin furuci, sannan ta daina girma, kuma kamar a watan Nuwamba ya shiga cikin mahaifa. Lokacin hurawa, ciki ya ci gaba da sauri, tayin ya zama yayi girma kuma bayan mako shida daga 8 zuwa hudu ana haihuwar. Don haka, jimlar shekarun haihuwa shine watanni 6.5-8.5.

Aarsan bears suna buƙatar zafin jiki sosai don haɓakar sanyen da aka haife su a tsakiyar hunturu. Haihuwar san sandar a lokacin hunturu kuma mahaifiyarsu ta ciyar da su gaba wajen hibernation wani lamari ne mai ban mamaki.

Cubs an haife su tare da buɗe idanu da gashi sosai. A gwargwadon yawan mahaifiyar, suna kanana kadan (kasa da 1%), wanda yafi kasa da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Koyaya, ciyar da cuban sanduna tare da madara a cikin kogon yana ɗaukar makamashi mai yawa daga mahaifiyar, a sakamakon hakan mace tayi asarar kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jikinta yayin hijabi.

Yawan kiwo na bears yayi kadan kuma ya dogara ne akan yankin da yawan abinci. A matsayinka na mai mulki, beyar ta kawo dantaccen danta tun tana da shekaru 5 zuwa 10, kuma matsakaici tsakanin haihuwar yayan daga shekaru biyu zuwa biyar. Matan sun sami damar haifuwa har kimanin shekaru 20 da haihuwa.

A dabi'a, bears mai launin ruwan kasa suna rayuwa a matsakaita kimanin shekaru 25. Akwai shari'ar da aka sani lokacin da dabbar da ke cikin bauta ta rayu tana da shekara 43.

Matsayin jama'a

Saboda yawan rarraba da mazauninsu a cikin yankuna masu nisa, yana da matukar wahala a tantance ainihin adadin bears mai ruwan fata a yau. Dangane da ƙididdigar marasa ƙarfi, akwai 200-250 dubu na waɗannan dabbobi a duniya. Da alama wannan babban adadi ne, amma kada mu manta cewa yawancin alƙalum sun yi yawa kuma ana fuskantar barazanar rugujewa. 'Yan tsirarun mazauna sun bazu ko'ina cikin Spain, Italiya, Faransa, da Girka. An kawo berayen launin ruwan kasa zuwa wasu sassan Faransa, Austria, da Poland daga wasu wurare. Mayar da ƙananan isan Adam yana da wahala saboda ƙarancin haihuwa.

Rikici tsakanin mutane, enemyaya daga cikin abokan gaba na bera mai launin ruwan kasa, yana ƙaruwa da gaskiyar cewa kowane bera yana amfani da ƙasa sosai. A Rasha, Japan da wasu ƙasashen Turai masu farautar bera masu launin fata an yarda. Misali, a ƙasarmu, ana kashe dabbobi 4-5,000 a shekara. Wannan matakin harbi na shari'a ana daukar shi yarda ne, amma har yanzu akwai matsalar matsalar satar jama'a.

Mafi yawan mutanen an jera su cikin CITES Shafi na II; Yawancin Sinawa da Mongolian an jera su cikin Shafi na 1 CITES. Yawan jama'ar Amurkawa da ke zaune a Alaska an jera su a matsayin jinsin IUCN da ba kasafai ake samun su ba.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da launin ruwan kasa da mazauni

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa (Ursus arctos) na dangin bear ne kuma shine na biyu kawai ga takwarorin Arctic a girman. Bayanin launin fata Brown kuna buƙatar fara da haɓakar da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Mafi girma launin ruwan kasa bears zauna a yankin Alaska kuma ana kiransu Kodiak. Tsawonsu ya kai mita 2.8, tsayinsa ya bushe - har zuwa 1.6 m, yawan giantsan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa zai iya wuce kilo 750. Mafi yawa babban bera, An kama shi don Gidajen Zoological na Berlin, wanda aka auna kilo 1134.

Bamu Kamchatka a zahiri ba su bambanta da su da girma. Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar bera mai launin fari daga 1.3-2.5 m, nauyi - 200-450 kg. A matsayinka na mai mulki, maza sunada 1.5 sau da yawa kuma sun fi ƙarfin mace.

An rufe jikin gwarzon gandun daji da ulu mai yawa, wanda ke kare shi daga kwari masu zafin rai a lokacin zafi, kuma daga sanyi a lokacin kaka-damina.

Mayafin ya ƙunshi gajerun launuka masu ɗorewa don kiyaye ɗumi da tsayi daga danshi. Gashi yana girma ta wannan hanyar wanda a cikin ruwan sama saukad da aka mirgine sama da ulu, kusan ba tare da soaking shi.

Launi - duk tabarau na launin ruwan kasa. Bea Bean wake daban-daban na yankuna masu sauyin yanayi sun bambanta: a cikin wasu, rigar tana kama da zinare, yayin da a wasu kuma kusan take da baki.

Dabbobin da ke zaune a cikin Himalayas da Duwatsu Duwatsu ana bambanta su da hasken gashinsu kusa da bayansu, mazaunan Siriya galibi masu launin shuɗi ne. Gemunmu na Rasha galibi suna launin ruwan kasa da launi.

Bears molt sau ɗaya a shekara: yana farawa a cikin bazara a lokacin fitowar, kuma ƙare kafin hunturu. Lokacin kaka yana wucewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, fur ɗin ya canza gaba kaɗan jim kaɗan kafin kwanciya a cikin kogon.

A launin ruwan kasa a cikin hoto sanannen santsi yana bayyane - wannan dutsen tsokoki ne a yankin ƙeƙasassu, da barin dabbobi su haƙa ƙasa. Jikin tsokoki na sama ne wanda ya ba beyar babban ƙarfin rawar jiki.

Shugaban yana da nauyi, babba, yana da ingantaccen goshi da kuma rami a yankin gada na hanci. A cikin launin ruwan kasa bears ba shi da girma kamar fari. Kunnuwa sun yi kankanta, kamar kuma idanu masu zurfi. An ba da bakin dabbar da haƙora 40, ƙyallen da incis ɗin suna da girma, ragowar ƙanana ne (masu cin ganyayyaki).

Strengtharfin launin ruwan bera mai ci yana da ban mamaki. Tsarin musamman na kwanyar, wanda ake kira sagittal crest, yana ba da ƙarin yanki don haɓaka da haɗewar tsokoki muƙamuƙi.Fanarfe huɗu na beyar suna cizo da ƙarfi da wuta na sama-sama da ƙarfi kuma suna iya lalata tsokar nama.

Allumai suna da iko da ban sha'awa. Kowannensu yana da yatsu 5 da manyan yatsu (har zuwa 10 cm) wanda beyar ba shi da ikon zanawa. Kafafu an rufe shi da fata mai kauri da tauri, yawanci duhu launin ruwan hoda.

Ba a shirya maƙallan farauta ba, tare da su bera da ke tono Tushen, kwararan fitila, kwararan fitila waɗanda ke cikin abincinsa. Toari ga ɗan adam, bea onlyan bears kawai suna iya tafiya kai tsaye, suna jingina da gwiwar ƙashinsu.

Gwargwadon kurar da aka ambata a cikin ba tatsuniyar tatsuniya ce ba wacce aka yi bayani ta hanyar cewa yayin tafiya, beyar tana ɗaukar matakan tafin hannun hagu biyu, sannan a kan haƙoran dama biyu, kuma da alama dai ana jujjuya daga gefe zuwa gefe.

Daga dukkan hankalin, beyar ita ce mafi rauni a gani, ji ya fi kyau, amma yanayin wari yana da kyau (sau 100 fiye da na ɗan adam). Gwajin yana iya jin ƙishin zuma mai nisan mil 8 daga hive kuma jin karar kudan zuma na tsawon kilomita 5.

Yankuna ina launin ruwan kasa yake zama - babba. Suna zaune kusan dukkanin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, ban da yankuna na kudanci. Duk inda aka ɗauki waɗannan dabbobin da wuya, ɗumbin jama'a suna cikin jihohin arewacin Amurka, da Kanada, kuma a cikin Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Brown bear - dabba da dazuzzuka. Sun fi son busasshen katako na gandun daji taiga tare da yankuna masu peat da ƙananan koguna. A cikin wuraren da ke da dutse, kwancen kafa yana zaune a ƙarƙashin rufin cakuda gandun daji, kusa da gorges da kogunan dutse.

Dangane da mazauninsu, masanan kimiyya sun bambanta yawancin launuka na bera mai launin ruwan kasa, da bambanta da girma da launi iri iri. Ba kowa ba ne ya san cewa bear grizzly ba wata halitta ce dabam ba, amma kawai launin ruwan kasa ne wanda ke rayuwa a sararin Arewacin Amurka.

Mene ne halayyar mutum, mafi kusantar kusurwa, bears mai launin ruwan kasa sun fi girma. Ana iya bayanin wannan cikin sauƙaƙe - a cikin mawuyacin yanayi yana da sauƙi ga manyan dabbobi su yi ɗumi.

Halin Brown da hali da kuma salon rayuwa

Brown bears sune yankuna yanki. Gidajen maza na iya zama har zuwa kilomita 400 ², a cikin mata masu haihuwar 7 sau ƙasa. Kowane bera yana nuna iyakokin kayansa tare da alamomin mara kyau da tarkace a kan kututtukan bishiyoyi. Dabbobi suna yin rayuwa mai ma'ana, suna yawo kawai a cikin shugabanci na yankin tare da wadataccen abinci mai wadatarwa, ko kuma daga mutane.

Daya daga cikin halayen beyar shine dagewarta. 'Ya'yan tsufa an bayyana su ta hanyar samun abinci mai yawa, da kuma amfanin wani kayan alheri.

Don haka, a ƙarshen kaka, ganin 'ya'yan itace da aka rataye a jikin bishiyar apple, beyar zai fara ƙoƙarin isa, sannan yayi ƙoƙari ya hau, kuma ya kasa kan rassan da ke da sauƙin, zai fara girgiza itacen har sai ya mallaki tuffa.

Wani fasalin da aka sanya a cikin beyar shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki. Suna da sauƙin koya, musamman ma a ƙarami kuma suna da wayo. Dayawa daga cikin mafarautan sun lura cewa kukan, wadanda suka riga sun ga tarko da aikinta, suna jefa manyan dutsen ko kuma sandunansu, kuma kera shi kuma ku ci ƙarar.

Arsudan wake suna da matukar son sani, amma suna ƙoƙarin guje wa haɗuwa da mutum. Amma idan hakan ta faru, halayen dabbar ya dogara ne lokacin da ya lura da mutumin da kuma wanda ya gabata.

Yana iya kallon mutanen da ke ɗebi berries ko namomin kaza, sannan ya bayyana a cikin dukkan ɗaukakarsa, fushin wani ko ihu mai ban tsoro. Bayan wannan, yawanci yakan yi ƙaramin cizo amma mai kaifi, gaba da ƙaiƙayi, amma ba ya kaiwa hari.

Bayan minti daya, mai mallakar gandun daji ya juya a hankali ya fita, yana duban lokuta da yawa kuma ya tsaya. Canjin yanayi mai sauri ga bears shine tsari.

Wani misali, lokacin da beyar ta sadu da mutum ta hanyar kwatsam kuma ba zato ba tsammani, jin tsoro, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana fitar da hanjin. Shi ke nan inda sunan cutar “bears cuta” ya fito.

Ba asirin bane cewa launin ruwan kasa yana ɗaukar hibernate. Kafin fara zama don hunturu, suna da ƙarfi musamman a cikin cin abinci don tara wadataccen mai. Brown kai nauyi kaka wani lokacin yana ƙaruwa da kashi 20%. Tafiya zuwa wurin kogon (wani ɓacin rai, cike da iskar iska ko wani wurin da ba a rufe shi a ƙarƙashin gindin bishiyar), da beyar yana ta kewayawa, yana tatsa da hanyoyin sa.

A cikin rayayyar motsin rai, beyar ya tsaya daga watanni 2.5 zuwa 6, ya danganta da yankin da alamomin yanayin ke ciki. A cikin mafarki, ana kiyaye zafin jiki a 34 ° C. Maza da mata masu jiran zuriya suna barci daban. Beauna tare da ƙwararrun shekara - suna kwance tare. Paw tsotsa ne na hali ne kawai ga jarirai.

Mafarkin beyar yana da hankali sosai. Idan kun tashe shi a tsakiyar hunturu, ba zai sake yin barci ba kuma zai yi yawo cikin daji mai dusar ƙanƙara, da ƙarancin abinci, abinci da fushi.

Abin da ya fi munana shi ne haduwa da beyar da yake haɗa ta. Ba kamar sauran lokuta ba, tabbas zai kai hari. A lokacin rashin himma taro na launin ruwan kasa bear an rage shi da kimanin kilogram 80.

Brown kai abinci

Brown bears suna cin komai. A cikin abincinsu akwai tushen daban-daban, berries, kwararan fitila, harbe matasa. Abubuwan da aka shuka shine kashi 75% na abincin kwancen kafa.

Zasu ziyarci gonakin gona, masara, masara da sauran hatsi. Sun kama kwari: kwari, barkono, lalata anthills. Brown bears a lokutan farauta masu haɗari, kwaɗi, ƙananan ƙwayoyin wuta, da kifi.

Ana lura da bears kusa da koguna a lokacin salmon. Suna iyo da kyau kuma suna iya kama kifayen da suka mamaye. Carrion wata hanya ce ta abinci.

Kodayake farauta ba dabarun abinci bane na bera, suna iya kai hari ga barewa, deer, har ma da masara. Su ne musamman aiki a cikin faɗakarwa - kafin alfijir ko yamma, duk da cewa suna iya yawo cikin dazuzzuka da farin ranar.

Bayanin da fasali

Bayyan bear yana matukar buwaya, fasalin maharbi na gaske. Yawan mazaunin gandun daji ya kai kilogiram 350-400, tsawon tsayin jikin mutum kimanin mita 2 ne. A cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya akwai ƙattai masu mita uku. Kamchatsky launin ruwan kasa bear nauyi sama da kilogiram 500.

Mai ɗaukar nauyi mai rikodin nauyi a cikin gidan katolika na Berlin yakai kilo 780. A tsakiyar layin, wakili na wakilin beyar ya ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan da dangi - nauyinsa ya kai kilogram 120-150. Maza sun fi girma fiye da mace sau ɗaya da rabi.

Jikin mai ganga mai kafaɗa tare da busassun 'yatsun kafa yana riƙe da manyan yatsunsa biyar masu girma waɗanda ba su iya juyawa zuwa santimita 12. feetafa biyar na yatsa suna da faɗi. A kusan babu wutsiya, tsayinsa yayi kadan kadan dangane da jiki, kawai cm 20. .aramin kunnuwa da idanu suna kan manyan shugaban. Babban goshi. A mucks ne elongated.

Launin gashi mai laushi yana da kyau dangane da mazauninsu: daga fawn zuwa launin sautin-mai launin shuɗi. Mafi na kowa sune beyar launin ruwan kasa. A Siriya, beyar mai launin ruwan kasa-zaune. Ana samun hare-haren launin toka tsakanin mazaunan Himalayan. Shedding yana gudana daga bazara zuwa kaka, kafin a kwano cikin kogon rami. Wasu lokuta lokacin ya kasu kashi biyu:

• da wuri - m, a lokacin rutting,
• latti - jinkirin, a lokacin sanyaya.

Lokaci mai mahimmanci a rayuwar magabaci shine hunturu. Nawa launin ruwan bera yake ciyarwa cikin nutsuwa - ya dogara da dalilai na waje. Barcin hunturu yana daga watanni 2 zuwa 6, amma a yankuna masu ɗumi tare da girbin albarkatun ƙasa da na berries, berriesa bean bears ba su yin barci ko kaɗan.

Bear ya shirya tsaf don lokacin sanyi a lokacin bazara - yana neman wuri, sanyaya shi, tara dumbin kitse. Garkunan mafaka galibi suna cikin ramuka tsakanin asalin itacen al'ul, baƙi, a wuraren bishiyoyin da aka murƙushe, a ƙarƙashin rijiyoyin.

Dabbobi masu cin amintaccen tsari amintattu ne marasa izini waɗanda suke zurfafa zuwa cikin ƙasa. Mafarautan sun gane irin waɗannan wuraren ta hanyar launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi akan bishiyoyi da shishiyoyi a kusa da kogon. Da zafin rai na beyar ya zauna da iska mai zafi a jikin rassan.

Labulen da ke ciki an ƙarfafa su da rassa da aka shirya. Waɗannan dabbobi iri ɗaya sun cika ƙofa, rufewa daga waje zuwa na bazara. Kafin mafaka ta ƙarshe, waƙoƙin sun rikice sosai.

Brown bear a cikin taiga masu sanyi, suna birgima. Da ƙafafunsa na huɗa suna matsawa zuwa ciki, kuma tare da ƙafafunsa na gaba ya rufe makarkarin. Masu juna biyu Bears hibernate tare da cubs, shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa.

Kowace shekara, masu farautar suna neman canza matsayin su na farauta, amma a cikin yanayin karancin “gidaje” sukan koma zuwa shekarun da suka gabata. Suna hibernate galibi daya bayan daya. Amma launin ruwan kasa na tsibirin Kuril da Sakhalin na iya haɗu cikin rami ɗaya.

Rashin rauni na dabbar yana da damuwa, thaws ya rikita masu dabbobin da tilasta su barin gidajen su. Wasu dabbobi ba za su iya shiga cikin rami a cikin faɗo ba saboda rashin abinci.

Bea bean sandar da ke haɗawa suna da matsananciyar zafi a cikin hunturu - yunwar tana sa dabbobi suyi tsoro. Ganawa tare da shi suna da haɗari sosai. Rodarancin haɗin yana da ɗan kaɗan damar tsira har zuwa lokacin bazara. Rashin rauni na dabba, rashin wadatar abinci da sanyi yasa dabbar ta zama mai rauni.

Brown bears bai zo da tsarin zamani kai tsaye ba saboda yawancin bambance-bambancen jama'a. A yau, jinsi ɗaya da tsere-tsaren ƙasa guda ɗaya (ragi) an rarrabe su, sun bambanta launi, girma, da kuma yanki rarraba.

Mafi shahararrun bears masu launin ruwan kasa sun haɗa da waɗannan manyan masu biyan kuɗi:

Bera mai launin fata na Turai (Eurasi ko talakawa). Yawancin mutane sun kirkiro maigidan mai iko a cikin wani allahntaka. Wani mazaunin dazuzzuka masu dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka sun zauna har zuwa ga mafi yawan juzu'in tundra a arewa kuma ya tashi zuwa mita 3000 a cikin tsaunuka a kudu don neman sanyi.

Yana da aiki dare da rana, lokacin da a yanayi akwai yalwar berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Mai son kudan zuma. Launi ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai ruwan hoda.

California bear (grizzly). Theasashen da ke ciki tare da isowar fararen fata ana nuna su a tutar California. Ya kasance muhimmin sashi na yanayin kasa na yankin. Tersungiyar mafarauta ta kare wannan adadin. Ya rage alamar jihar.

Beber brown bear. Wannan tallafin ana kiran shi mai shi taiga ta Rasha. Halin hali mai launin shuɗi mai duhu tare da farin gashi mai kauri a ƙafafu. Ubangijin yankin gabashin Siberiya, wanda aka samo a Mongolia, Kazakhstan.

Atlas bear. Inarancin masu tallatawa. Kasancewar yankuna na tsaunukan Atlas, daga Maroko zuwa Libya. Gashi yana da inuwa mai launin ja. Ya ci tushen tsirrai, ciyawa, kwayoyi.

Gobian bear (masalay). Baƙon ɗan mazaunin tsaunukan Mongolia ne. Haske launin ja mai launin shuɗi, akwai kullun ɗan farin dutsen a kirji, kafadu da makogwaro. Brown bear a cikin hoto m da ganewa.

Kasar Mexico (grizzly). Rare dabba hadari. Girman launin ruwan kasa babba. Mai ɗaukar hoto tare da gumi mai sauƙin faɗakarwa a cikin yanki na ruwan wukake na kafada. Ana kiyaye shi a gindin tsaunuka, a cikin gandun daji na tsawan tsawan kilo mita 3000. Sabon ingantaccen bayanin game da grizzlies shine a shekarar 1960.

Tien Shan Kawa Bear. Rarearancin da ba a sani ba wanda ke zaune a tsaunukan Himalayas, Pamirs, Tien Shan. Babban fasalin shine alamun hasken goshin. Kariyar Kazakhstan tana kiyaye shi.

Ussuri (Himalayan) bear. Dabba karami ne idan aka kwatanta da dangi. Weight bai wuce kilogiram 150 ba, tsawonsa yakai kimanin cm 180 Launi yayi duhu, akan kirji wani yanki mai launin fari ko launin shuɗi.

Mahalli na gandun daji na Primorsky da Manyan Biranan Khabarovsk, Tsibirin Japan, Pakistan, Iran, Korea, China, Afghanistan. Hawan bishiyoyi masu hawa daidai, iyo.

Kodiak. Daya daga cikin mafi girman tsinkaya akan filaye. Yawan ƙattai ke biyan rabin tan. Yawancin abinci, gajeren lokacin sanyi sune halayen mazauninsu - tsibirin Kodiak tarin tsibiri. Kamshi mai cike da wauta da ji na kwarai suna ba da gudummawa ga maharbin a farauta. Dabbar tana da iko koina. Baya ga kifi da nama, karka damu da cin berries, kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itaciya mai tsami.

Bear Tibet (pimento-ci ne). A cikin yanayin cin ganyayyaki da pikas na Tibet plateau sunanta. Rarearancin wahalar da ba a bayyana ba a cikin karni na 19. Yana yiwuwa a kula da ƙananan rago a cikin tsaunuka. Siffar yeti. Wani yanki na Jawo, wanda aka samo shi a matsayin tabbacin labarin, ya kasance na bera mai launin ruwan kasa.

Wurin zama ruwan kasa

Tun zamanin da, bera mai launin ruwan kasa yana zama a Rasha.

Brown bear yaɗu sosai a cikin gandun daji zuwa tundra dajin zuwa arewa. Tun da farko, ya isa kudu har zuwa matattarar, amma saboda tsananin tsanantawa dan Adam, iyakar kudu da kebancin dabbar yanzu ta tashi zuwa arewa, musamman a yankin Turai na Tarayyar Rasha. Bugu da kari, ana samunsa a cikin Caucasus, Transcaucasia, a cikin tsaunukan Tien Shan da Pamirs.

An yi imani da cewa bears mai launin ruwan kasa suna zaune a cikin kasarmu tun daga lokacin Ice Ice. A farkon karni na XX. akwai daruruwan su a cikin Rasha. Yawancin sun rayu ne a cikin dazuzzukan daji na arewa maso gabas. A shekara ta 1934, aka dauki wannan dabbar a karkashin kariya. Yawan bea ya fara girma. Wannan lambar rakodi ne, duk da cewa asalinsu na asali a shiyyar arewa maso gabashin Estonia sun zama karami a yankin saboda ci gaban masana'antu. Gwajin ya koma kudu, cike dazuzzukan daji a gabar yamma da Kogin Lake. Peipsi kuma a cikin yankin Rakvere. Yanzu ana ganin alamunsa ba wai kawai a cikin gandun daji mai yawa ba. Da rana, yakan tsayawa a cikin 'yan kananan gawarwakai, daga inda bashi da nisa da gonar dabbobi ko kuma gonar da aka watsar da ita. Ana ƙara samun gemu a wurare da yawa, kusa da inda ake share ko hanyoyi. Idan ba wanda ya dame dabbar a cikin irin wannan wuri, zai yi hunturu a can tsawon shekaru a jere.

Brown kai

Brown Bears Face

Arsaƙƙarfan launin fata sune wakilai mafi girma na umarnin tsinkaye. Suna ciyar da ciyawar da kuma abincin dabbobi. Abincin tsire-tsire - berries, namomin kaza, kwayoyi, itacen oyu, tushen da ƙwayayen tsire-tsire daban-daban, ciyawar matasa, hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kuma musamman beyar yana son berries, hatsi da zuma. Hakanan yana cin kwari iri-iri, katantanwa, tururuwa da pupae, kwaro, lizards, kifi, da dai sauransu. Abincin dabbobi don bera mai launin ruwan kasa ba shine na farko ba, amma bayan ɗanɗanarsa, sai ya fara farautar bera, lemu, kukan daji, don cizon tumaki da dawakai. Ana kiran sunayen mutane masu ƙuna na bears ƙasa da ƙasa: tare da karuwar adadin waɗannan masu farautar sun fara haifar da lahani ga gonar, kai hare-hare kan dabbobi, lalata apiaries da amfanin gona na hatsi, har ma da orcards.

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa ya fi son manyan gandun daji tare da kwari, fadama, da kuma gullies, masu arziki a cikin berries. A cikin tsaunika, galibi yakan kasance nesa da gandun daji kuma yakan tashi a kan filayen masarufi zuwa kan dusar ƙanƙara, yana yin ƙaura na lokaci. Ya ci abinci mai ɗan bambanci, akasarinsu 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa, sassan kore da ƙananan dabbobi. Abun da ke ciki na abincin ya bambanta gwargwadon lokacin shekara da ƙasa. Yana cin ganyayyaki na daji a cikin adadi mai yawa, mai tushe na manyan tsire-tsire, irin su bututu na beyar, da sauransu, hatsi (ƙoshin itacen da ba su da kyau), 'ya'yan itaciya, ƙwayayen itacen lemo, gyada na lemo, gyada, da sauransu. Yana yawan cin tururuwa mai yawa, gwoza da ƙwayayen su. , Kudan zuma. A wani lokaci, beyar ya ci kifi, frogs, lizards, rodents, tsuntsaye da qwai. Yana ci da yardar rai da cin abinci. Wannan dabbar da wuya ta kaiwa manyan dabbobi hari, waɗannan halayen sun zama ruwan dare a arewa kuma a lokacin yunƙurin yunwar a farkon bazara da ƙarshen kaka. Arsudan zuma suna ɓoye abincin da suka wuce haddi, suna jefa irin waɗannan wuraren tare da rassa, gansakuka ko turm. Zuwa Oktoba - Nuwamba, sun yi mara nauyi da kwanciyar hankali a cikin dare. Dabbobi masu jin yunwa ko marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su tara isasshen kitse na zama suna yawo a cikin hunturu ba. Irin waɗannan sandunan haɗin haɗari suna da haɗari ga dabbobi da mutane.

Ramin beyar yana cikin busassun wuri a ƙarƙashin iska, guguwar tushen, tsakanin duwatsun, da sauransu. Ramin da aka rufe dusar kankara yana da ɗan ƙaramin rami mai gefuna mai sanyi. Gwajin yayi bacci mai nauyi - daskarewa, naman dabba babu komai a cikin hunturu, kuma a cikin dubura akwai abin toshe kwalaba wanda aka yi da feces da gashin dabba. Udan zuma barin ramin a watan Afrilu - Mayu (a kudu sosai a baya).

Halin launin berayen yana da matukar kyau. Dabbar da take jin tsoron hatsari tana ta yawo, tana karya kututture, mirgine duwatsu da karya rassan. A filin oat, sai ya zaɓi ɗan fata (zaune ko kwance), saboda ya fi dacewa ya ɗan ɗebo da dabbobin. Halin sa na wari da ji yana da kyau. Ganin hatsarin, bear ya hau kan kafafunsa na baya. A filin oat, shi ma ya fara tashi zuwa kafafunsa na kafaɗa don duban, kawai sai ya fara ciyarwa.

Lokacin saduwa da mutum, bears mai launin ruwan kasa yawanci yakan gudu: babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya kaiwa mutum hari. Koyaya, akwai wasu lokuta idan beyar ta ji rauni ko beyar ta jefa wa mutum, idan mutumin yana tsakanin ta da san sandunan.Yawancin lokaci, beyar ta kira cuban tsinke don yin oda, bouncing da rumbling. Gwajin ya hau bishiyoyi da kyau: zai hau kan itacen apple kuma ya girgiza shi har ta mutu.

A farkon shekarun 60s. a cikin dajin Lobusk tare da ɗaya daga cikin gandun daji akwai irin wannan yanayin. Ya gama tafiyarsa a cikin daji, ya yanke shawarar tafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar ciyawar ciyawar da ciyayi, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya hau kan dabbar beyar. Ma'aikacin gandun daji yayi mamaki: menene zai iya tayar da dabbar daga hibernation a farkon wannan lokaci, saboda dusar ƙanƙara shima bai sauko ba. Bai kamata yayi dogon tunani ba. Dabbar da beyar, cikin fushi da kamannin ta, ta tashi daga gefen ramin kuma ta gangara zuwa cikin duhun itaciyar dajin. Lokacin da ya juya daga baya, ma'aikatan sa suka farka a safiyar gobe da safe. A bayyane yake, dabbar ta shiga neman wurin da yai huɗa don kwanciya a cikin sabon kogon, amma wani ƙaramin leɓen ƙafa ya haye shi. Za'a iya bayanin dual ɗin su ta hanyar abubuwan da suka bari kawai.

Saniya ta yanka ta da karfin ta duka: ta harbi jaki a cikin ciki da karfin halin har ya kwantar da hanjin ta. Yawancin lokaci, bayan rashin hankali, beyar yana iya yin wannan kawai bayan cin abinci mai yawa na cranberries. Dandalin da yakin baiyi rayuwa ba amma na mutuwa yakai girman 15 X 20. Ba'a san tsawon lokacin da wannan yaƙin ya ci gaba ba, amma beyar ta fito ta yi nasara a kanta. Nan da nan ya gamsu da yunwar sa kuma ya kula da rayuwa ta gaba: ya ja gawa na gwiwar a cikin ramin da yake kusa. Ya juya gawa tare da guntun tsintsiyarta a ƙasa, ya rufe shi da gansakuka, ciyawar bara, ganyen da ya faɗo, sannan ya bushe da rassa. Na yanke shawarar rufe ganima da birch ma a tafin hannuna, amma ba zan iya karya shi ba. Bayan ya yi aiki, sai dabbar ta kwanta don da safe, washegari wani dan gandun daji ya gamu da shi.

Magana ta biyu kuma ta faru ne a arewa, a cikin dajin Porkuni. A farkon shekarun 70. a wadannan bangarorin da yawa Beari sun rayu. Ofayansu - babban mai sukar lamiri - an kai shi ga lalata apiaries. Ban tsere daga gare shi ba: Na ja kudan zuma 16 daga gonaki daban-daban, sannan na gano cewa ba za a iya kirga su a cikin gidan gona kusa da tsakiyar gandun dajin ba. Sai ya zama sun yanke shawarar faɗaɗa apiary, an kawo sabbin amya, a hankali sanya su a filin ciyawa, a hankali aka ɗaure da karfe mai ƙarfe mita 2. Tsohon yadudduka an ajiye su kusa da ginin gandun daji a ƙofar sosai. A dare, beyar, yana shiga ƙofar, ya kama raguna na kudan zuma, amma babu ƙudan zuma ko zuma, kuma barawo yana fushi sosai har ya karya da yawa kafin ya gwada sa'arsa a filin. Bayan ya murkushe shinge, sai ya kama kudan zuma daga filin, ya zazzage shi daga cikin matiary na tsawon mita dari sannan ya kwashe shi. Ba da daɗewa ba aka kashe wannan ɓarawo. A karkashin fata na mai ƙaunar zuma wani yanki ne mai mai na kauri mara nauyi - 10 cm.

A cikin lokacin sanyi, launin ruwan kasa yana ɗaukar hibernate, wanda, ya danganta da yanayin yanayi, har zuwa watanni da yawa. Mafi nisa kudu da bears suna zaune, ƙasa da barci. Idan kwanciyar hankalin dabbar a cikin kogon hunturu yana damuwa, zai canza matsayinsa ko da wurinsa. Yawancin wake-wake suna yin gado na ganye da rassa wa kansu, wasu suna shirya ramin a kusa da wani ɓoyayyen da aka tono don ɓoyewa daga iska. Kwanan nan, sun zama marasa hankali: suna kwance a cikin kurmi kusa da kututture ko itace kuma suna barci a can har sai lokacin bazara.

Bearan ƙwallon ƙafa

Gudun tare da bera mai launin ruwan kasa yana faruwa a watan Yuni - Yuli. Ciki yakan kai kimanin watanni 7. Cubs (yawanci biyu) za'a haife shi cikin lambobi a cikin lokacin daga ƙarshen Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. Cubs an haife shi makaho, marasa taimako, masu nauyin 600-700. Suna girma cikin kwanaki 30. Ciyar da ɗan madara yana kimanin watanni 5.

Tare tare da abincin abincin dare da maraƙi na bebi, pestoons na bara na wani lokaci suna zama. Ursa bear yana kawo san sanduna a shekara. Bears ya kai ga balaga a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.

Shedding yana faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara, yana farawa a ƙarshen watan Afrilu - Yuni kuma zai ɗauki kimanin watanni 2. A cikin kaka, beyar ya girma fur.

Ba'a iya ɗaukar bera mai launin ruwan kasa a matsayin mai cutarwa. A lokacin yunwar ne kawai yake kaiwa dabbobin gida hari a wasu wuraren kuma ya kwace amfanin gona da masara, haka kuma yana lalata ƙudan zuma.

Brown bear farauta

Yawancin lokaci ana farauta bears daga bakin kwarya a gefen filin oat. Kula da lambobi mafi kyau duka yana yiwuwa godiya ga tsarin harbi a hankali, shirya mahimmancin tsaro da ƙarin ciyarwa. Feedingarin ciyar da beyar ba ana yinsu ko'ina ba, amma a cikin Tudusky leshoz, alal misali, kusan shekaru 10 aka kwashe jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren da galibi bears suke zaune, kuma sukan ci shi da son rai. A cikin ra’ayinmu, wannan yana bayanin yiwuwar ci gaba da bears a cikin waɗannan sassan.

Tsarin jikin bera mai ruwan kasa

Girman gemu mai launin ruwan kasa yana ƙarƙashin babban mutum da bambancin ƙasa. Tsawon jikin mazan na kudanci na kudu ya kai 140-150 cm, nauyin jikin ya kai 190 kg, maza daga Yankin Far na Rasha sun fi girma yawa: tsayin jikin mutum shine 245-255, tsayin daka a zahiri shine 120-135 cm, nauyin jikin ya kai 500-520 har ma kilo 640. Gemun mata masu launin ruwan kasa sun fi ƙanana.

Jikin bears mai launin ruwan kasa, mai dan elongated, hump-like da aka tashe a yankin kafada, wuyan gajere ne kuma lokacin farin ciki. Shugaban yana da girma, yana da manyan goshi, bayanin mucks kai tsaye zuwa concave a ɗan yanki na orbits. Auricles na matsakaici mai tsayi (har zuwa 155 mm), keɓaɓɓen, ɓarkewa daga huhun hunturu. Hannun gaba da baya suna da ƙarfi, kusan daidai suke da tsayi, tare da yanki mai tallafi guda. Hannun yatsun suna da girma, da ɗanɗana kaɗan (har zuwa tsawon cm 8), a goshinsu kusan sun fi 2 sau da yawa fiye da akan ƙafar baya. Hannun hannaye da kafafu ba su da kyau, tare da dunkule na dogon gashi. Carpal matashi yana raguwa (kawai an bar rabin abincinta na waje). Wutsiyar bears mai launin ruwan kasa gajere (0.6-2.1 cm).

Brown Kayar Gashi

Gashi na da wuya, sau da yawa shaggy. A cikin hunturu, abu ne mai yawa, wanda ke ɗauke da farin ciki (cm 6) da tsayi (har zuwa 10-15 cm) gashi na waje; Jawo lokacin rani ya fi guntu da yanayin ruwa. Tsawon gashi da launin fur, suna da yawa sosai. Launi mafi yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, kuma a keɓaɓɓen yanki kuma daban-daban ya bambanta daga kusan baki zuwa launin ruwan kasa, na zinariya ko datti fari, a lokacin rani fur yana ƙonewa. A kirji, musamman ma a lokacin karami, wani lokacin akwai karamin tabo mai haske. Tushen gashi sunyi duhu. Bishiyar launin ruwan kasa daga sassan kudu da wannan ya fi sauki a launi, furcinsu ya yi karanci kuma ya fi wanda ya fi na arewa da na bears. Abun yadudduka duhu ne, wasu tallafin suna da sauƙi.

Bayyanar

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa ya samar da wasu ƙasashe masu yawa (launin jinsi), ya bambanta a girma da launi. Ana samun babban bears mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin kudu a Alaska, da kuma Eurasia - a Gabas ta Tsakiya (da farko a Sakhalin da Kamchatka). Matsakaicin matsakaita da tsawon jikin bear a cikin Kamchatka sun kasance kilogram 268.7 da 216.7 cm na maza masu shekaru (da suka wuce shekaru 7) da 174.9 kg da 194.5 cm ga mata masu girma, bi da bi, wanda ya fi na sauran yankuna na Eurasia (ban da, watakila, Primorye, inda aka yi imanin cewa bears mai launin ruwan kasa ya isa iri ɗaya). Ganin cewa an dauki nauyin ne a farkon lokacin bazara, yawan lokacin kaka na Kamchatka bears shine yafi girma. Binciken a Kudancin Kamchatka Reserve ya lura da babban mutum yana da shekaru 8, wanda nauyinsa yakai kilo 410, tsayin jikinsa - 249 cm, kewaye kirji - 155 cm. Idan akayi la’akari da cewa an kama shi ne a farkon watan Yuni, lokacin da ajiyar mai ke da kadan, a cikin kaka, wannan beyar na iya nauyin sama da kilogiram 450. Kasancewar giya mai nauyin kilogram 400 a Kamchatka da kuma kasancewar manya-manya maza masu nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 600 (kodayake mutane masu nauyin wannan masaniyar dabbobi ba su auna su). A Sakhalin, girman bear ya yi dan kadan fiye da na Kamchatka, amma ya fi yadda yawancin sauran yankuna ya ke.

Maza manya na dusar ƙanƙara sun fi girma fiye da mace a ko'ina cikin kewayon (na manyan kudade, bambanci cikin taro shine sau 1.5-1.6). Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin samari matasa ba haka ba ne ake faɗi ba.

Bayyanar launin ruwan bera alama ce ta wakilan gidan beyar. Jikinsa yana da ƙarfi, tare da babban bushewa, kansa yana da girma tare da ƙananan kunnuwa da idanu. Wutsiya takaice - 65-210 mm, a tsaye yana fitowa daga ulu. Batun mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, maƙalar baƙaƙewa 8-10 cm tsawo, yatsa biyar, tsayawa-tafiya. Mayafin yana da kauri, ko'ina a launuka.

Launin launin ruwan bera yana da matukar canji, kuma ba wai kawai cikin sassa daban-daban na kewayon ba, har ma a cikin wannan yanki. Launin Jawo ya bambanta daga walƙiyar haske zuwa ruwan sama da kusan baki. Mafi na kowa shine launin ruwan kasa. Rocky Mountain grizzly gashi a bango na iya zama fari a ƙarshen, yana ba da alama na inuwa mai launin toka ko launin toka. Ana samun launin farar fata mai launin shuɗi-baki a cikin Himalayas, da kuma shuɗi mai launin ruwan hoda cikin Siriya. Cuba cuban bear suna da alamun haske a wuyansu da kirjin su, wanda ya ɓace tare da shekaru.

Shedding a cikin berayen launin ruwan kasa yakan faru sau ɗaya a shekara - yana farawa ne daga bazara da kuma kafin kaka, amma ana rarraba shi sau biyu cikin bazara da kaka. Lokacin bazara yana daɗewa kuma yana tafiya sosai lokacin damuna. Lokacin kaka yana tafiya a hankali ba tare da iyawa ba, yana ƙarewa da lokacin abin da ya faru a cikin kogon.

Rayuwa & Abinci

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa dabba dabba ce. Gidajen sa na yau da kullun a Rasha - ci gaba da gandun daji tare da iska mai ƙonawa tare da ƙonewa tare da girma na bishiyoyi masu lalacewa, bishiyoyi da ciyawa, suna iya shiga cikin tundra da tsaunukan tuddai masu yawa. A cikin Turai, ya fi son gandun daji; a Arewacin Amurka, an fi samun sa a wuraren buɗe ido - a cikin tundra, a cikin makiyaya ko a bakin teku.

Gashi wani lokacin ma yakan ci gaba da zama shi kaɗai, mace - tare da 'ya'yanta masu shekaru daban-daban. Maza da mata ƙasa ne, yanki na mutum akan matsakaiciyar mallaki daga 73 zuwa 414 km and, kuma a cikin maza ya kai kusan sau 7 fiye da na mace. Iyakokin shafin suna alama da alamun ƙanshi da "ba da dariya" - ƙira akan bishiyoyi masu bayyane. Wani lokacin yana yin ƙaura na lokaci, don haka a cikin tsaunuka ya zama bera mai launin ruwan kasa, farawa daga bazara, ciyar a cikin kwaruruka inda dusar ƙanƙara ta narke kafin, sannan ya hau kan char (makiyaya mai tsayi), sannan sannu a hankali ya gangara zuwa cikin gandun daji, inda berries da kwayoyi suka girma.

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa yana da mutuƙar yawo, amma abincinsa shine shuka 3/4: berries, acorns, kwayoyi, Tushen, tubers da ciyawa mai tushe. A cikin shekaru masu laushi don berries a yankuna na arewacin, Bears suna ziyarci amfanin gona oat, kuma a cikin kudu - albarkatun masara, a cikin Gabas mai nisa a cikin kaka suna ciyar da gandun daji na Pine. Abincinta kuma ya hada da kwari (tururuwa, barkono), tsutsotsi, ƙwararraki, kwaɗi, ƙwayoyin jiji (mice, marmots, squirrels, chipmunks) da kifi. A lokacin rani, kwari da lardin su a wasu lokuta sukan kai 1/3 na abincin bear. Kodayake tsinkaya ba dabara ba ne don bears mai launin ruwan kasa, suma suna farautar ungulates - deer, deil fallow, elk, deer, caribou (galibi hakan yana faruwa a farkon bazara, bayan beyar ya fita hibernation, lokacin da har yanzu akwai ƙarancin abinci mai shuka). Grizzlies wani lokacin yakan kawo karnukan kyarkeci da bear na bari, kuma a Gabas ta Gabas, bears mai launin fata a wasu lokuta na iya kama bears da bera na Himalayan. Gwanin bera yana son zuma (saboda haka sunan), yana cin abinci, kuma, cinye girman sa, yana kama ganima daga wasu masu farauta - kyarkeci, cougars da damisa. Abinda ake amfani dashi na lokacin abinci shine kifi a lokacin tsallakewa (salmon mai ƙaura), a farkon bazara - rhizomes, grizzlies da ke zaune a kusa da Dutsen Rocky, a lokacin rani - ɓarawon burodi wanda ke ɓoye cikin tsaunukan tsakanin duwatsu daga lokacin zafi. Lokacin da kifin kawai ya fara ɓoye, bears suna cinye duk kifin da aka kama, to, kawai ƙananan sassan jiki - fata, kai, caviar da madara - fara ci.

Gari mai launin ruwan kasa yana aiki kullun, amma mafi sau da yawa a safiya da maraice.

An bayyana rayuwar cyclical na zamani. Da sanyin hunturu, beyar ta ciyar da mai kitse mai tsayi (har zuwa kilogiram 180) kuma a lokacin bazara ya ta'allaka ne cikin kogo. Dens suna cikin wuri mai bushe, a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ramuka ƙarƙashin karɓar iska ko a ƙarƙashin tushen itacen da ya murƙushe. Oftenarancin lokaci, kukan bera sun haƙa tsari a cikin ƙasa ko sun ɓoye cikin kogwannin dutse. Beudarar wake suna da wuraren wuraren damina, inda suke tarawa kowace shekara daga ɗaukacin lardi. A yankuna daban-daban, barcin hunturu yana gudana daga kwanaki 75 zuwa 195. Ya danganta da yanayin zafi da sauran yanayi, bears suna cikin lambobi daga Oktoba - Nuwamba zuwa Maris - Afrilu, wato, watanni 5-6. A Beayar bishiyoyi tare da 'yan ƙwai suna da tsayi a cikin tsawon shekaru. A kudu na kewayon, inda bazara ba ta da dusar ƙanƙara, bears ba sa hibernate kwata-kwata, amma kuma tara ajiyar mai, tunda a waɗannan wurare adadin abinci yana raguwa a cikin hunturu. A lokacin hunturu, beyar ya yi asarar kilogram 80 na mai.

Akasin yarda da mashahurin imani, bera mai launin ruwan kasa yana da tsananin sanyi lokacin hunturu, zafin jikinsa a mafarki yana sauka tsakanin digiri 29 da 34. Idan kuma akwai hatsari, dabba ta farka ta bar kogon, sai ya tafi neman wani sabo. Wasu lokuta yakan faru cewa beyar bashi da lokacin da zai iya ƙoshin lafiya daidai lokacin faɗuwar rana, saboda haka shi ma yana farkawa a tsakiyar lokacin hunturu (kuma wani lokacin baya kwance a kogon kwata-kwata) kuma yana fara yawo ko'ina cikin neman abinci, ana kiran waɗannan bears suna haɗa sanduna. Ranan matattara suna da haɗari, yunwa tana sa su zama masu farautar mutane - har ma suna kaiwa mutane hari. Irin waɗannan beyar suna da ɗan kaɗan damar tsira har zuwa lokacin bazara.

Duk da bayyanar m, bera mai launin ruwan kasa na iya wasu lokuta da sauri - a saurin har zuwa 50 km / h, yana iyo sosai kuma yana hawa bishiyoyi da kyau a samartaka (yana sa ba da jinkiri a cikin tsufa). Da bugun kaɗa ɗaya, be da yake daɗaɗaɗɗe na iya kakkarya tekun, barewa ko ƙage, amma daga gwiwoyi da kaho shi kansa yana iya rauni ko ya mutu.

Halittu

Tsohon magabacin ruwan kasa da bera na bera sun rayu ne a Siberiya kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata. Arsan Amurka da Tibet sune farkon waɗanda suka bambanta da magabata na yau da kullun, sannan an rabu da bears kogon, an raba polar bears kusan shekaru dubu 700 da suka gabata, sannan kuma dukkanin bears mai launin ruwan kasa.

An kiyasta lokacin rarrabuwar kai tsakanin layin Himalayan da layin bears mai launin ruwan sama da shekaru 658 da suka wuce (amintacciyar kafa ta kashi 95%: shekaru 336 - 1258 zuwa yau).

Rayuwa & Habitat

Mazaunin gandun daji ya fi son taro-hawan iska tare da tashin iska, yalwar ciyawa da ciyayi a wurare masu ƙonewa. Yankunan tsaunuka, tundra, bakin teku su ma sun kasance masu haɓaka. Da zarar an rubuta berayen bera daga Ingila zuwa Japan.

Amma canji a yankuna masu amfani, zubar da dabbar ya haifar da matsananciyar matsawa game da kewayon. Yankunan gandun daji na yammacin Kanada, Alaska, Rasha ta Gabas sune manyan yankuna na mazauninsu.

Kowane beyar yana da yankin kansa, wanda yake girmansa daga 70 zuwa 140 km², alamu da ƙamshi, marassa kyau akan bishiyoyi. Wurin maza yana da girma sau 7 fiye da na mace. Yankuna sun kare ƙasa. Rarrabe kananan dabbobi don neman abokin tarayya na iya yawo da iyakar iyakokin shafin.

Maharbi yana nuna aiki da rana, sau da yawa a sanyin safiya da maraice. Neman abinci, dabba da ke zaune a wasu lokutan tana yin motsi na lokaci, biyo zuwa wuraren da ciyayi da ƙwayaye ke girma.

Duk da girman dabbar da bayyanar da bai dame shi ba, maharbin yana gudu da sauri. Matsakaici launin ruwan kasa bear gudu sa 50-60 km / h. Aikin jiki da filastik na dabba an nuna shi a cikin ikon hawa bishiyoyi, iyo iyo kogunan ruwa, don shawo kan mahimman nesa.

Gwafin yana da ikon isa wurin ganima a hankali, tare da motsin haske. Tare da karfi mai ƙarfi na paws yana da ikon karya lagon barewa, boar daji.

Ellingamshi ya ba da damar dabbar ta ɗanɗana zub da naman don 3 km. Ji yana da kaifi. Gwajin yakan tsaya akan kafafunsa na baya kuma yana sauraren abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, yana kama da wari. Wani mawuyacin cikas ga beyar shine murfin dusar ƙanƙara.

Rayuwar mai ƙaddara tana da zagayowar yanayi. A lokacin rani, bea bean bears mai kyau suna hutawa a ƙasa, a cikin ganyayyaki, bashine a rana, kula da zuriyar. A cikin kaka, suna aiki neman mafaka ta hunturu, tsarinta, tarin kitse mai ƙyalƙyali.

A cikin hunturu, akwai nutsewa cikin barcin mara nauyi, wanda yakan ƙare daga wata ɗaya zuwa shida, dangane da dalilai da yawa. Abin ban sha'awa ne cewa sigogi na dabba na dabba (bugun jini, zazzabi, da sauransu) a zahiri ba su canzawa, sabanin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Ruwan bazara na farkar da dabbobi masu rauni.Rage nauyi a lokacin hunturu yana da matukar muhimmanci - har zuwa kilogiram 80. Rarraba sojojin yana farawa ne don sabon tsarin rayuwa.

Yaya tsawon lokacin da launin ruwan kasa yake da rai?

Tsawon kwancen kafa yana dogaro da mazauninsa. A cikin daji, bera mai launin ruwan kasa na iya isa shekaru 20 zuwa 35. Idan an sa dabba a cikin gidan zomo, wannan adadi kusan ya ninka ninki biyu. A cikin zaman talala, beyar na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru 50. Lokacin balaga ya fara ne tun yana da shekaru 6 zuwa 11.

Girman girma da nauyin dabbar

Matsakaicin tsayin jikin mai kwancen kafa yana daga tsayi zuwa mita biyu. Manya mafi girma suna zaune a Alaska, Kamchatka da Far East. Waɗannan su ne ƙyalli, ƙwararrun masu gaskiya, waɗanda girma lokacin da suke tsaye a ƙafafunsu ya kai mita uku.

Matsakaicin nauyin bear (launin ruwan kasa) na iya zama kilogiram 600. Waɗannan ƙattai ne masu nauyi masu nauyi. Matsakaicin nauyin mazan da ya manyanta shine matakin 140-400 kilogram, kuma nauyin mace shine 90-210 kg. An gano mafi girman maza a tsibirin Kodiak. Jikin jikinsa yayi yawa - 1134 kg. Ko yaya, dabbobi da ke zaune a tsakiyar Rasha suna da nauyi kaɗan - kimanin kilo 100.

Da kaka, wannan dabbar ta tara babban kitsen ajiyar kitse don zuwan fitowar gashi, saboda haka nauyin bera (launin ruwan kasa) ya karu da kashi 20%.

Habitat

Yawancin wake suna zaune a cikin gandun daji mai yawa, a cikin yankunan marshy. Sau da yawa ana iya ganin su a cikin gandunan tundra ko tsaunuka. A cikin Rasha, wannan dabba ta mamaye yankuna na arewa masu nisa. Bishiyar launin ruwan kasa suna da yawa a cikin Siberia. Kurmin kwantar da hankula na taiga ya ba da kwancen kafa ya ji fili da kyauta, kuma babu abin da zai iya hana su zama.

A cikin Amurka, bears suna zaune ne a wuraren buɗaɗɗen fili - a kan iyakoki, makiyaya mai tsayi. A Turai, galibi suna zaune ne a cikin dazuzzukan tuddai masu yawa.

A cikin Asiya, ana samun wadataccen bera mai launin ruwan kasa. Yankunan su ya ƙunshi ƙananan yankuna na Palestine, Iran, arewacin China da tsibirin Hokkaido na Japan.

Me wake wake ke ci?

Omnivore da juriya su ne manyan halaye waɗanda ke taimaka wa dabbar ta tsira a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. A cikin abincin bera mai launin ruwan kasa, kashi 75% shine abincin shuka. Kwancen ƙwallon ƙafa na iya ciyar da 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, berries, ciyawa mai tushe, tushen da itacen ɓaure. Idan wannan bai isa ba, beyar na iya zuwa amfanin gona na hatsi ko masara, a ciyar da dazuzukan itacen al'ul.

Manyan mutane suna da ƙarfin gaske da kuma ganima akan ƙananan dabbobi. Da bebi daya kawai na babban abin sa, beyar na iya kashe kashin daka ko ciyawar. Ya yi farauta daga barewa, boars daji, barewar kwari, awakin dutse. Babu matsala, bears mai launin ruwan kasa na iya ciyar da jijiyoyi, larvae, tururuwa, kwaɗi, tsutsotsi da masu shayarwa.

Masunta masu fasaha da masai

Sau da yawa Bears suna ciyar da abinci. Amintaccen abu yakan rufe ragowar dabbobin da ke da itace tare da itacen goge-goge kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya kasance kusa da har sai ya cinye "bincikensa" gabaɗaya. Idan beyar ya ci kwanannan, zai iya jira a 'yan kwanaki. Bayan wani lokaci, naman dabbar da aka yanka za ta zama mai laushi, kuma zai more da shi.

Mafi shahararren kayan tarihin bears shine kamun kifi. Suna zuwa Kogunan Farisancin da ke juyawa, inda kifin salmon ya tara. Musamman sau da yawa a nan bears Bears farauta tare da zuriyarsu. Inna ta kware wajan kama kifin salmon kuma ta kwashe ta har zuwa cuban ta.

A lokaci guda a kan kogin zaka iya ganin bea 30, waɗanda galibi suna shiga yaƙi don ganima.

Halayyar

Gashi ya sami bunkasa sosai game da wari. A bayyane ya ke jin warin naman da ya yanke, ko da yana nesa da nisan kilomita 3 daga gare ta. Jin sa kuma yana da haɓaka sosai. Wani lokaci beyar yakan hau kan kafafunsa na sauraron sauti ko don jin ƙanshin abinci.

Ta yaya beyar take nuna hali? Launin ruwan kasa “maigidan taiga” ya fara kewaya kayan sa da yamma ko da sanyin safiya. A cikin mummunan yanayi ko a lokacin ruwan sama, zai iya yawo cikin daji gaba ɗaya don neman abinci.

Asalin da juyin halittar bears mai launin ruwan kasa

Yawancin masu binciken sun yarda cewa launin ruwan kasa da aka kawo da launin ruwan kasa ya samo asali ne daga Eurasia daga U. etruscus. A tsakiyar Pleistocene, ya shiga cikin Afirka; a cikin yarjejeniyar Pleistocene, ya zauna a Arewacin Amurka. Bayanai game da ilmin halitta sun nuna cewa kogon dutse da berayen da aka watsar ba su wuce miliyan 1.2. An kiyasta bambancin lokaci tsakanin berayen ruwan kasa a Yammacin Turai da Gabashin Turai ana kiyasta daga miliyan 0.85 zuwa 0.35 miliyan.

Bearan fari bear mai launin fata mallakar jinsin U. dolinensis ne daga wurin da ke yankin Trincher Valley, Atapuerca a Spain, wanda ya samo asali daga farkon zamanin. Pleistocene (0.78-0.9 miliyan). Marubutan bayanin sun lura cewa U. dolinensis yana da ilimin hakora na asali kusa da wanda ake zargi da sunan mahaifin U. deningeri da launin ruwan kasa. Halin da ke tattare da bera mai launin ruwan ƙasa yana da mahimmanci: ƙananan gefen kashin mandibular yana madaidaiciya, tsarin articular yana kwance a matakin ɓangaren abin tauna hakoran hakora, akwai alveoli na premolar na gaban, da kuma haƙoran ƙarancin ƙanana. Daga cikin abubuwanda suka bambanta U. dolinensis daga bera mai launin ruwan kasa, ana lura da masu zuwa: kasancewar ƙanƙancin haƙoran na uku akan metaconid m1 da ƙarin haƙori na wucin gadi akan metaconid m2. Dan haƙoran haƙora na sama sama da na bera mai launin shuɗi mai kama ɗaya (U. Arctos), gefen gaba na aikin coronoid yana tashi sama, kamar bears. Arsaƙarar kogon Turai ta asali kamar U. rodei daga UntermaBfeld, U. savini daga Bacton (Bacton Cromer Forest Bed), U. deningeri suevicus daga Jagsthausen da U. d. deningeri daga Mosbach, hakora a kan matsakaiciyar girma ya fi girma. Lowerarancin haƙori na haƙora na m1 a cikin U. dolinensis yana da ƙima sosai, dangane da matsakaicin matsakaicin girman girman wannan haƙori zuwa tsawonsa (40%, n = 4), samfurin daga Atapuerca yana ƙasa da waɗanda daga Untermassfeld (44%, n = 6), Bacton (50.5%) , n = 11), Jagsthausen (47%, n = 28) da Mosbach (48%, n = 20). A cikin Pleistocene da berayen launin ruwan kasa (U. Arctos) da U. etruscus, ƙananan ƙarancin haƙori yana da faɗi sosai (a kan matsakaici sama da 49%). Marubutan bayanin sun lura cewa sabon nau'in ya yi kama da bera mai launin ruwan kasa (U. Arctos) a cikin rabo na tsayin tsayi da tsayin daka. Da yawa kasusuwa metatarsal daga Trincher Valley suma sun yi kama da ƙasusuwa na beyar launin ruwan kasa. Don haka, U. dolinensis yana da peculiarity, amma ta mafi yawan halayensa yana cikin bera mai launin ruwan kasa (U. Arctos).

Starfin yanayin Stratigraphic da yanayin jujjuyawar launin ruwan ƙasa (U. Arctos) a sassa daban-daban an san shi ne kawai a cikin mafi yawancin sharuɗɗansa, kuma ba a haɓaka tsarin ayyukan Pleistocene ba. Tsarin farko wanda aka kirkira don Turai ya hada da ƙananan hukumomi 4: babban bea of ​​subspepe U. wanda ya rayu a arewa. kamiensis Verestchagin (Pleistocene) da U. a. priscus Goldfuss (Pleistocene), karamin beran masu karamin karfi U. a. prearctos Boule (Pleistocene) da U. a. bourguignati Lartet (Pleistocene).

Brown yana ɗaukar launin fata a cikin yankuna na arewacin Turai yayin shekarun kankara da ke zaune a cikin taiga da wurare masu faɗi iri daban-daban kuma tabbas sun kasance ƙaura daga Siberiya. Yawan mutanen Kudancin suna da alaƙa da dazuzzuka marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ke ci gaba da zama a tsaunin Iberian, Apennine, da Balkan. A cikin interglacial, bears daga refugiums ya bazu zuwa arewa, kamar yadda aka kafa don bera mai launin ruwan kasa (U. Arctos) a cikin Holocene.

Brown Kaya

Abincin ƙoshin bera mai launin ruwan ƙasa ya bambanta, tare da yawancin abincin shuka. Ya ci kore sassan tsirrai (musamman ganye mai kyau), har da Tushen, tubers, kwararan fitila, fure, berries, kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, cones, namomin kaza, gansakuka. Ya zo ƙasar noma, inda yake ciyar da mai. Brown bear da yardar rai ya ci nama, wanda adadin da yaci a rana zai iya wuce abincin asalin shuka. Yana ci kwari da yawa, musamman tururuwa, har da ƙananan ƙananan beraye, tsuntsayen ƙwai da ƙoshinsu, zuma, .aura. Tana farautar dabbobi harma da haɗe da gwiwar hannu, musamman dabbobi masu rauni daga masu zafin rai, cututtuka ko raunuka, da ƙananansu, wanda wari ke kama su. A lokacin bazara, muzurai suna samun hayar jingina, yayin da mahauta ke jira don garken ya tsallaka kogin kogin kogi. Matan dabbobi da suka farauto a lokacin da kuma bayan haihuwa, lokacin da basu da waya kuma suna kokarin kare yaransu. Yana kai hari kan dabbobi, galibi garken shanu ko dabbobin kiwo a wuraren da beyar take ciyar da su, yana kashe su ta ciji a wuya ko kai, yana harba kogon ciki.

Haɗin abinci ya bambanta ta kakar da yankin yanki. A cikin yankuna na arewacin a cikin bazara, bera mai launin ruwan kasa preys a kan mose, ba sau da yawa akan reindeer, ci tururuwa da larvae, lingonberries bara da cranberries, shuka rhizomes, haushi da kore kore na Aspen, ash dutse. A cikin abincin rani, abincin tsirrai ya mamaye, galibi ma ciyayi, har da kwari da larvae, ƙwai tsuntsu, da ƙananan dabbobi. A cikin kaka, yakan ci shudin fure, lingonberries, cranberries, rowan 'ya'yan itace, ziyartar albarkatun oat, a cikin Urals da Siberiya, suna cin abinci a kan lemun tsintsiya na Pine. A cikin Caucasus, yana ciyar da ganyaye masu tsayi, musamman laima, gami da tururuwa, kwari da lardin su, kusa da kaka - kabeji, kabeji, itacen oak da kudan zuma, gandun daji, filawoyi, a cikin yunwar lokaci tana iya farautar chamois, boars daji, kuma tana ɗaukar kaya. A cikin tsaunuka Asiya tana cin 'ya'yan itacen apple, apricot, hawthorn, ganye iri-iri, suna samun kujerun filaye da ganyen ƙasa, suna tono ramukarsu. A Sakhalin da Kamchatka, ta tafi gaɓar tekun, inda take ɗaukar hayaki a cikin teku (kifi, mollusks), a lokacin bazara ta kama kifin kifin salmon da ke kwarara cikin koguna. Hanyar kamun kifi sun banbanta da yanayin siffofin kogin da yawan kifayen. A Alaska, tana kama kifin salmon a cikin ruwa mara zurfi ko cikin rafukan kogi da magudanan ruwa, sai kifi mai tsalle daga ruwan ya kama bakinsa. A cikin Kamchatka, malamin kamun kifi na iya daskarewa zuwa wani lokaci.

Kawa Brown Kaya

Don lokacin hunturu, bera mai launin ruwan kasa ya ta'allaka ne cikin kogo kuma ya shiga barci, yana tara wadatar kitsen kaka, har zuwa kashi 30% na adadin. Adadin nama yana kiyaye kariya daga sanyi kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen kuzari mai mahimmanci don lokacin lokacin hunturu da kwanakin farko bayan farkawar bazara. Maza manya da mata masu ciki suna kwana a cikin ɗaki kaɗai, amma wani lokacin dabbobi sau 2-3 a cikin kogo ɗaya. Kafin a kwanta, yana dakatar da ciyarwa, narkewar narkewar abinci daga tarkace abinci, ana yin wani nau'in kwalaba a cikin dubura daga tarkace na shuka da gashi. A lokacin bacci, bugun bugun zuciya yana raguwa daga bugun 40-50 a minti daya a lokacin bazara zuwa 8-10 yayin hijabi, zafin jiki, canzawa a cikin yanayin aiki daga 36.5 zuwa 38.5 ° C, yana raguwa da 4-5 ° C a cikin dabba mai bacci. Mata, saboda ciyar da yaransu a lokacin hunturu, sun rasa adadinsu na kaka (40%) fiye da maza (22%). Yawan lokacin faruwa ya dogara da yawan abinci, yanayin yanayi. Brown bears, bayan tara wadataccen wadataccen mai, a baya yana kwance a cikin kogo, yayin da mutane masu ƙarancin ajiyar abubuwa ke ci gaba da ciyarwa har zuwa farkon lokacin sanyi. Matan da ke da sanduna galibi a gabansu fiye da maza masu balaguro suna barin hutun hunturu kuma daga baya barin ramin. Matsakaicin lokacin bacci na hunturu ya tashi daga 75-120 (Caucasus) zuwa kwanaki 180-185 (Kola Peninsula). Yana barci mara nauyi, idan akwai haɗari, ya bar kogon. Matsalar bacci na hunturu yana da haɗari ga manya kuma galibi ga mayu. Lokacin fita daga kogon ya dogara da ƙarancin dabbar da yanayin yanayi. Awakens a cikin Caucasus a cikin Maris, a cikin Leningrad Yankin. - a ƙarshen Maris - Afrilu, kan Kola Peninsula - a ƙarshen Afrilu - Mayu. Bayan ya fita daga kogon, ba ya ci har tsawon kwanaki 10-14. A cikin shekarun wadataccen girbi na abinci a Kudancin Caucasus, yawancin bears ba sa hibernate. A Siberiya, akasin haka, bayyanar "haɗa sanduna" an haɗa shi da gazawar berries da tsaba na itacen al'ul, bears mai fama da yunwa suna lalata masse da bera, ana lura da shari'ar dabbobi. A lokacin suna wucewa daga 2 zuwa 13, wasu lokuta har zuwa kilomita 30.

Yankin hunturu yawanci suna cikin bushewa a ƙarƙashin ɓarnawar iska, a tsibiran tsakanin marshes, a gefen rafin taiga, a cikin rami na kankara, matattarar manyan duwatsu, ramuka, ƙarƙashin lalatattun tushen ko rami na manyan bishiyoyi. Arancin gama gari, ,a bean bears suna mamaye kwatancen filaye na kwance-dabi'u. Cases of haystack An san. A cikin tundra, kogwannin ruwa ana haƙa ruwa tare da gangarawar kogi ta amfani da abubuwan da aka ambata na halitta. Wani lokaci Bears yana buɗe don hunturu, a kan babban dutsen ko a cikin rami na kasa, a kan tsaunin tuddai. A arewa, inda yanayin hunturu ke da wuya, ramuka yawanci suna cikin tsaunuka a kan rafin kudu, a yankuna na kudu, akasin haka, a arewa, wanda ke kare su daga ambaliyar lokacin narkewa. A cikin Caucasus, an saita ɗakuna a duk bangarorin tsauni, a cikin ƙananan tsaunuka galibi ana rufe su sau biyu (wani ɓacin rai a cikin ƙasa wanda aka rufe da tushen bishiyoyi ko bushes), a cikin tsaunukan tsakiya suna rufe (suna cikin rami na bishiyoyi, abubuwan fashewa na dutse, matattarar karst). Girman da siffar kogon ya bambanta. Wannan na iya zama mai sauƙin tire tare da gado wanda aka yi da gansakuka da rassan rassan, ko gida tare da mashigar ciki 60-90 cm a diamita wanda ke kaiwa kai tsaye zuwa ɗakin ciki ko zuwa rafin ƙofar. Dakin da yake zaune yana da turɓayar ƙasa ko an yi shi da gansakuka, rassan itace, ciyawa mai bushe. Ana amfani da densin hunturu na shekaru da yawa.

A lokacin bazara, yakan shirya masauki na wucin gadi kusa da wuraren kiwo. Suna kasancewa a cikin busassun wurare, wurare masu shinge tare da hangen nesa mai kyau, yawanci tsakanin tsaunukan ciyawa masu tsayi, a gefen kogunan gandun daji, a kan tsiron tururuwa, ƙarƙashin wani rijiyar dutse, wani lokacin cikin kogo.

Sauri da tasirin gaske - halaye ne na dabbar

A duban farko, wannan babban dabbar da alama yana da m da jinkirin. Amma wannan ba haka bane. Babban bera mai launin ruwan kasa yana da matukar tsuma kuma yana da sauƙin motsi. Don bin wanda aka azabtar, zai iya isa da saurin zuwa 60 kilomita / h. Gashi shima babban danshi. Zai iya shawo kan nesa ta 6-10 kilomita ta ruwa kuma ya more iyo lokacin rani mai zafi.

Matasa suna ɗaukar bishiyoyi cikin sauri. Tare da shekaru, wannan ikon ya zama dan kadan mara nauyi, amma baya ɓacewa. Koyaya, dusar ƙanƙara babbar matsala ce a gare su, tunda beyar tana motsawa tare da babban wahala akan ta.

Lokacin kiwo

Dawo da ƙarfi bayan dogon bacci, bears mai launin ruwan kasa sun shirya don mating. Gasar yana farawa daga bazara, a watan Mayu, kuma zai dauki kusan wata guda. Mace suna ba da labari game da shiri don mating tare da sirri na musamman, wanda ke da wari mai ƙarfi. Dangane da wadannan alamomin, maza suna nemo zaɓaɓɓun su kuma suna kare su daga abokan hamayya.

Wani lokacin ga mace tsakanin bears biyu akwai takaddama mai lalacewa wacce a ke yanke hukunci game da abin da ya faru, wani lokacin kuma rayuwar ɗayansu. A yayin da ya mutu daga ɗayan namiji, wanda ya ci nasara zai iya cinye shi.

A cikin lokacin matsewa, bears suna da haɗari sosai. Suna jefa hayaniyar daji kuma suna iya kaiwa mutum hari.

Sake bugun zuriya

Daidai watanni 6-8 bayan haka, ana haihuwar sa inan a cikin kogon. Yawancin lokaci mace tana kawo cuba 2-4an 2-4, cike da gashin kai, tare da gabobin da ba a samu ci gaba ba na ji da gani. Koyaya, wata daya bayan haka, 'yan zakuna sun bude idanunsu, ikon karban sauti ya bayyana. Nan da nan bayan haihuwar, 'ya' yan zakuna kimanin 500 g, kuma tsayin su ya kai cm 25 Bayan watanni 3, an yanke duk hakoran jariri a cikin yayan.

Monthsan watanni shidan farko na rayuwar su, jarirai suna cin madarar uwa. Sannan an ƙara berries, kwari, ganye a abincinsu. Daga baya, mahaifiyar ta kawo musu kifi ko kuma ganima. Kimanin shekaru 2 kenan, yaran suka zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu, suna koyon halaye, da dabarun farauta, suna kwance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Rayuwar mai zaman kanta na karamar beyar tana farawa ne da shekaru 3-4. Babbar mahaifa ba ta taɓa yin ɗaukar ciki.

Me yasa ake haɗa sanda?

Kafin rashin jituwa, beyar dole ne ya sami adadin adon da yake bukata. Idan ya zama kasawa, dabbar za ta yi yawo cikin neman abinci. Daga wannan ne sunan ya - haɗa sandar.

Motsi a cikin lokacin sanyi, bear bears ya mutu daga sanyi, yunwa ko bindigar mafarauci. Koyaya, a cikin hunturu zaka iya haɗuwa ba kawai sandar haɗin ba. Yawancin lokaci bacci na beyar mutane na iya damun su. To wannan dabban dabe an tilasta shi neman sabon mafaka domin ya sake shiga cikin rashin walda.

Bincika Lair

Gwajin ya zabi wannan mafaka ta hunturu tare da kulawa ta musamman. Ana dogara da wuraren da ba za a amince da su ba, wadanda ke bakin iyakar ruwa, a hanyoyin iska, a bakin koguna, a cikin kogon da aka kebe. Tsarin yakamata ya bushe, dumi, filin sarari da lafiya.

Gwayar ta shirya kayanta da motsi, kuma tana kwance kwanciya mai laushi. Itatuwan bishiyan tsari da masko. Sau da yawa ana amfani da kogon rago mai kyau shekaru da yawa.

Rayuwar bera mai launin ruwan sanyi shine neman abinci, musamman ma kafin asha. Kafin dabbar ta fada cikin mafarki, dabbar tana ta rikice-rikice da gano lamuran: tana ratsa cikin fadama, iska da ma matakai na baya.

A hutu da annashuwa

A cikin ramin kwanciyar hankali, bears yayi bacci tsawon lokacin sanyi. Maza da yawa sun bar mazauninsu a gaban kowa. Ya fi tsayi fiye da sauran a cikin kogon beyar da zuriyarsa. Haske na launin ruwan bears yana tsawon watanni 5-6. Yawancin lokaci yana farawa a watan Oktoba, kuma yana ƙare a watan Afrilu.

Aan bears ba su nutsar da barci mai zurfi. Suna riƙe hankali da mahimmanci, suna da sauƙin rikicewa. Jikin zafin jiki na beyar yayin bacci yana cikin kewayon 29-34. A lokacin iskoshafawa, karancin makamashi yana cinyewa, kuma kulab din ya isa da kitsen ajiyar da aka samu a lokacin aiki. A lokacin hutu na hunturu, dabbar ta yi asarar kilogiram 80 na nauyi.

Siffar Yanada Kyauta

Duk lokacin sanyi, bear tayi bacci a gefenta, a hankali an harba shi. Lessarancin da aka lura da shi galibi ne akan baya ko zaune, tare da sunkuyar da kai. Numfashi da bugun zuciyar su kan sassauta lokacin huturu.

Abin mamaki, yayin baccin hunturu, wannan dabbar ba ta wargajewa. Duk kayan ɓoyayyun da ke cikin jikin beyar ana sake sarrafa su kuma ana canza su zuwa sunadarai masu mahimmanci waɗanda zasu zama dole don wanzuwar su. An rufe dubura tare da abin toko mai yawa, wanda ya kunshi allura, ciyawa mai kaɗa da ulu. Ana cire ta bayan dabbar ta fita ramin.

Shin beyar za ta tsotse da zirin?

Dayawa cikin sauki sun yarda cewa lokacin hura fata, kwancen kafa yana fitar da bitamin masu mahimmanci daga gabar su. Amma wannan ba haka bane. Gaskiyar ita ce a cikin Janairu akwai sabunta fata a kan palon na beyar. Tsohon bushe bushe fata ya fashe kuma yana ba shi rashin jin daɗi. Don wani irin matsakaicin matsakaicin wannan beyar, beyar yacire abincinsa, danshi da sanyaya shi da baka.

Mai haɗari da dabba mai ƙarfi.

Bako shine maƙiyi, mai ƙarfi da damuwa. Kwatsam haduwa da wannan dabbar mai zafin bazai kawo komai mai kyau ba.

Gudun bazara, binciken hunturu don neman mafaka - a lokacin waɗannan lokatai, bears mai launin ruwan ƙasa yafi haɗari. Bayanin kwatancen ko hotunan dabbobi da ke rayuwa a wuraren kiwon lafiya kuma suna da daɗi da mutane bai kamata su yaudare ku ba - a nan ne suka girma cikin yanayi daban-daban. A dabi'a, dabbar da ta yi kamar tana kwantar da hankula na iya zama azzalumi kuma a sauƙaƙe tana girgiza kai. Musamman idan kun yi birgima a cikin yankin.

Yana da Dole a kewaye mata tare da zuriya. Uwar tana motsawa ta hanyar ilhami da tsokanar juna, don haka ya fi kyau kar a sami hanyar ta.

Tabbas, halin ƙwallon ƙafa ya dogara da halin da lokacin shekara. Sau da yawa, bears kansu suna gudu, ganin wani mutum daga nesa. Amma kada kuyi tunanin cewa tunda wannan dabbar tana iya cin berries da zuma, wannan shine abincin da ya fi so. Mafi kyawun abincin beyar shine nama, kuma ba zai taɓa rasa damar samun sa ba.

Me yasa kafa?

Wannan sunan barkwanci yana da ƙarfi a cikin beyar. Kuma duk daga gaskiyar cewa lokacin da yake tafiya, yana tafiya a madadin gefen dama da hagu paws. Saboda haka, daga gefe da alama beyar yana yin leɓe.

Amma wannan jinkirin da rikitarwa yana yaudara. Lokacin da lamari mai haɗari ya taso, wannan dabbar nan da nan sai ta fara zuwa cikin dutsen da sauri ta riski mutum. Siffofin fasalin gaba da kafafunsa na ba shi damar nuna tasirin da ba a taɓa gani ba yayin hawa sama. Yana cin nasara kololuwa da sauri fiye da yadda yake sauka daga gare su.

Ya ɗauki sama da shekaru dubu ɗaya don samar da wannan hadaddun tsarin mazaunin da rayuwar wannan dabbar mai ban mamaki. Sakamakon haka, bears mai launin ruwan kasa sun sami ikon rayuwa a wuraren da yanayin yanayi mai zafi ke ciki. Yanayi yana da ban mamaki, kuma mutum zai iya sha'awan hikimarsa da dokokinsa marasa iyaka, sa komai a wurin sa.