Turai ko Common Grayling wani reshe ne na dangin salmon na gidan mai launin toka. Sunan ya fito ne daga mazaunin wannan nau'in. Abun launuka na Turai, wanda ke zaune a cikin kwarin kogunan arewacin koguna, ya zama ruwan dare musamman daga Faransa da Burtaniya har zuwa Yammacin Siberian Plain.
A cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa ana kiyaye shi saboda ƙarancin nau'in halitta.
Takaitawa daga bita:
Yanayin rayuwa
Ana samun ruwan turancin Ingil a cikin kogunan ruwa masu tsafta tare da ƙarshen dutse. Zazzabi ruwa a cikin hunturu da bazara kada ya wuce digiri goma sha bakwai. Da wuya a same su a cikin manyan tafkuna.
A lokacin rani suna kashewa a kan ragowar kogunan ruwa, kuma a lokacin hunturu shiga ruwa mai zurfi. Greyling ba ya jure wa mazaunan gurbata - wannan shine abinda ke haifar da raguwa a yawan su.
A cikin manyan jikkunan ruwa, suna nesa da bakin tekun, kuma suna iyo kusa da sanyin safiya ko a faɗuwar rana. A tsayawa, launin toka yana tsayawa a ƙarƙashin rassan bishiyoyi an jingina cikin ruwa ko a ƙasa tsakanin duwatsun da tsire-tsire.
Yana motsawa zuwa ga buɗewa a yayin farauta don farauta don farauta.
Bayyanar
Yawancin masanan ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun yi imanin cewa launin toka na Turai ya fi kyau ga kyau ga kowane wakilin dangin salmon. Hoton yana nuna kyakkyawan kyakkyawan ɗakunan launuka, waɗanda aka rufe da tatsuniyoyi, gami da saman baya.
Bayyanar waɗannan kifayen suna shafar yanayin da yake girma: fasali na tafki, zazzabi da jijiyar oxygen.
Idan yanayin rayuwa ba shi da kyau, babban ɗan shekaru bakwai da haihuwa zai iya isa kilogram ɗaya. Misalin Transbaikal na irin wannan misalin yake.
A cikin yanayi masu dacewa, kifin zai iya yin nauyin kilo shida kuma ya kai tsawon fiye da rabin mita. Akwai irin waɗannan ƙattai a cikin Ordinary da Mongolian.
Mahalli kuma yana shafar launi na kifin da fasalin jikin mutum.
Dabaru da kuma cikakken bayani game da Turai launin ruwan kasa (gama)
Greyling na Turai ko Babban Greyling (Thymallus thymallus) - ruwan kifi na ruwa mai zurfin ruwa na dangin salmon, wani nau'in halittar dabi'ar halittar mutum ne tare da babban sikeli da ƙananan hakora. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙasƙanci ta hanyar babban bakin sa; ba shi da sikeli a wuya da kuma na yanki na fin. Kamar sauran subfamily, an shirya gangar jikin kwalin da dorsal tare da duhu duhu da ratsi. Launi launi ne mai ƙura da azurfa, tare da duhun duhu a ɓangaren dorsal da launin ruwan hoda a tsaye a ɓangarorin. Wani lokaci, Sikeli sami launin kore ko launin shuɗi. Fins - daga launin toka mai launin toka zuwa shunayya, wani lokacin ma launin ja.
European Grayling an jera su cikin Red Book a wasu yankuna na Rasha (Chelyabinsk, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Orenburg yankuna da Yankin Moscow) da wasu ƙasashen Turai, a matsayin nau'in haɗari, yaɗuwa ko mara sa'a, ya dogara da yanki da ƙasar. Matsayin mazaunin Turai launin toka: daga Faransa, Ingila, Jamus da ƙasashen Scandinavia zuwa dutsen Ural na Rasha. Ana samo shi a kusan dukkanin koguna, alal misali, a cikin Dniester, Urals, Danube, Neman, da Volga. Ana iya samunsa a tafkunan Onega da Ladoga. Greyling zaune a cikin Arctic Ocean (a cikin kwari na Baltic, Kara, Farin Teku). Ana samun yawancin jama'a a cikin yankuna na Leningrad, Murmansk da Karelia. Greyling fi son wuraren yin tsabta mai sanyi tare da gudana mai sauri, zaɓi wuraren da ke kusa da rapids da ramuka, yana son dutse mai zurfi.
Girgiza kai
Turaren Turai - maharbi mara misaltuwa. Yana cin duk abin da ya kama gabansa: daga crustaceans, larvae, mollusks, qwai da kuma toya zuwa kwari. Zai iya zama gizo-gizo, daskarewa, kowane irin matsakaitan kwari da ciyayi. Dabbobin suna ciyar da shekara-shekara, tushen abincin shine crustaceans, invertebrates, aquatic, a kusa-ruwa da kwayoyin. Manya na iya kamun kifi don ƙananan kifaye, kuma idan sun yi sa'a, ba za su bar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka shiga ruwa ba. Azarten, a cikin neman ganima, yana bin wanda abin ya shafa, yana iya tsalle sama da rabin tsayi a saman saman ruwa.
Mafi kyau / mummunan cizo da yanayi
Ana daukar launin toka na Turai a matsayin jinsin maraice - ya fi son farauta da wayewar gari da maraice. Da rana, yana iya ɓoyewa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, saboda yana ƙaddamar da maganin ɗorewa zuwa hasken rana mai haske. Zai fi kyau a je fara neman wannan kifayen mara ƙyallen maraice da yamma. Hakanan za'a iya kama ruwan sanyi a cikin yanayin idan ruwan bai cika girgije ba. Yana pecks mafi kyau daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani, musamman a watan Yuni. A wannan lokacin, ana samun kamayen kayan abinci a lokacin farin dare, daga tsakar dare zuwa 5 na safe. A watan Yuli-Agusta, yana da kyau a kama kifi da maraice, da faɗuwar rana. A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, lokacin da tafkunan sun zama turbid, nemi wannan kifin a bakin tekun, inda silt da yashi suke da lokacin da zasu sauka. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, ana iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako ta hanyar kama hanyar da igiyoyin. Mafi qarancin aiki yana ciji a cikin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Mafi sanyi a yanayin, lazier yana ɗaukar koto - kuna buƙatar gwada sa'ar ku a ƙasa, haɓaka kwari mai haske da haƙuri.
Bayanin Ruwa
A zahirin gani, “kifin da ba a san irinsa ba” gaba ɗaya ba kamar irin kifin kifi ba ne, kodayake sun fito ne daga ganima. Yawancin masunta masu ƙwarewa suna ɗaukar launin toka a Turai ya zama mafi kyawun kifi a cikin giyan salmon. Saboda wannan, yana ƙaruwa da darajar launin toka da mahimmancinsa a yanayi.
Abun launuka na Turai ya sha bamban da na 'yan uwanta - shi ne mafi kyawu kuma mafi kyawu duka.
Kifi
A Burtaniya, ana iya kama kifin a duk lokacin kamun kifi (daga Yuni 16 zuwa 14 ga Maris) a kowace tashi. An kama mai launin toka akan waɗannan ƙudaje kamar haka: mayya mai haske, klinkhamers, czech nymphs da 'ja alamun'.
A Faransa, yanayi yana iyakancewar dalilai da yawa. Kogin Allier yana daya daga cikin 'yan wurare a kudancin Turai inda Turai mai launin toka ke zaune a cikin muhalli na halitta. Wannan kifin yana jin daɗin Faransawa sosai, kuma an fi ci shi da ruwan giya mai sauƙi.
A cikin Karelia, launin toka muhimmin kifi ne na kasuwanci. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, mazauna karkara suna kama shi a kan “jirgin ruwa”, da masunta-masu wasa - a kan yin fesar tare da taimakon masu zubarwa. Kamawar an iyakance kawai ga hana fita na fita. Greyling, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana cin ɗanye, a cikin wani nau'in salted (abin da ake kira stroganina).
Lokacin balaga na launin gilashi na Turai.
Girki na Turai ya kai ga balaga tun farkon (idan aka kwatanta da na Sirenian guda ɗaya): mace - a shekaru 2, maza - a shekaru 3-4. Maza sunfi girma fiye da mace, ana rarrabe su da kasancewar launuka masu haske da kuma wasu mahimman abubuwan fin finfin. Babban hukuncin ƙura na launin toka na Turai ba shi da wata ma'ana kawai irin adon kifi. Kwararru da masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa yayin yin nono, namiji yakan samar da ruwa mai karfi ta hanyar fin, wanda hakan ke sa madarar da yanzu bata kwashe ta ba, kuma hakan yana kara adadin kwai.
Spawning na Turai launin toka.
Turai ta launin toka ta hau kan tebur da kogunan dutse ko ƙasan dutse. Wannan yawanci yakan faru ne a watan Afrilu-Mayu, kuma a arewacin latitude da kuma a watan Yuni, lokacin da ruwan yayi zafi har zuwa 8-10 ° С. Ya danganta da shekarun mace mai launin toka, ikonta na iya bambanta daga 3-6 dubu ƙwai zuwa 30-35 dubu ƙwai. Dalilin da ya sa haka ne ƙarshen magana: ta hanyar ɗaukar manyan kuɗaɗen ruwa daga tafki, kuna cutar da lalacewar mafi ƙarancin jama'a fiye da lokacin da kuka kama ƙananan lambobin. Bayan mace ta Turai mai launin ruwan kasa, caviar ya faɗi ƙasa, inda namiji ya fara taka rawa: ya yayyafa caviar da yashi. Makonni biyu ko uku daga baya, kananan kanana kan hadu da ƙwai.
Cin Turai launin toka.
Greyling shine maƙiyin faɗakarwa. Idan launin toka na Turai ya zama a cikin ƙananan rafuffuka da rafuffuka, inda wadataccen abinci yake da wuya, yana ciyar da kwari da ruwa, ƙwari, kwari na iska da ke faɗa cikin ruwa, ba sau da yawa - soyayyen kifi. Idan caddies suna zaune a cikin kogi, to za su iya yin kashi 80% na abincin kifin. Hakanan za'a iya samun ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin abincin cin abinci na Turai: ɓarke da mice waɗanda suka faɗa cikin kogin ko ƙetaren rafi da koguna yayin ƙaura. Don haka kamun kifi "a cikin linzamin kwamfuta" ba lallai ba ne a kama kifi a planten, amma kuma zai yiwu akan launin toka.
Lokacin ciniki
Wannan kifin maras salo yana haifar da rayuwar dabbobi, kawai yara dabbobi (har sai sun girma) ko kuma mutane daban daban suna shiga ƙungiyoyi. Lokacin kiwo don launin toka na Turai yana buɗewa a watan Afrilu-Mayu, kuma a cikin yankuna na arewacin - a watan Yuni a zazzabi a cikin tafkin na kimanin 4-10 ° C. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran 'yan uwan dangi a cikin gida (ɗaya rakodin na Siberian), launin toka yana farfadowa don jin daɗinsa da farko: mace - yana da shekaru 2, maza - yana shekaru 3-4. Amma a arewa, ripening na iya ɗaukar shekaru 7. Kifi ya tsallake cikin magudanan ruwa, ruwan saman ruwa da kuma rafukan koguna, a wuraren da bai zurfafa ba zuwa 30-60 cm, inda yanzu yake matsakaici kuma kasan ya zama ruwan lemo ko yashi. Wakilan jama'ar tafkin suna gudanar da wasannin matsi da kuma tsalle-tsalle cikin rairayin bakin teku.
Hali da halaye na launin toka.
Girgiza kai zaune a cikin koguna da kõguna. Kasancewar ruwa mai gudana, mai wadatar iskar oxygen kuma tare da saurin gudana, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yanayi don rayuwar ƙasashen Turai. Babban mazaunin sune yankuna masu kwari da ramuka. Girki na Turai kusan ba ya faruwa a cikin tabkuna. Turaren launin toka na Turai shine kifi mai kaɗaici, kuma daga haihuwa. Lokaci-lokaci ne kawai zai iya yin ɓarna a cikin kananan garken kifaye na 7-10, har ma sannan, akasarinsu a kan tsageran. Amma akwai ban da wannan dokar. A Vishera a kan tsararrun kansu a lokacin zhora, makarantu na adadin launin ruwan daruruwan kifaye! Greyling ya shahara saboda taka tsantsan game da zaɓar abin farauta, ana ɗaukarsa kifayen maraice ne da suke son farauta da sanyin safiya da maraice. Mafi lokacin da aka fi so don kamun kifi shine lokacin ciyar da maraice, lokacin da sauro da sauran kwari suka sauka ga ruwa sannan kifin ya fara “narke”. A ranakun girgije ana iya cin shi duk rana, amma yana da mahimmanci cewa babu ruwan sama, kuma ruwan da yake cikin kogin ya tabbata. Greyling mai ƙarfi ne sosai har ma da tsoro maɗaukakin sarki wanda yake kama kwari da sauri kuma cikin sauri. Wani lokacin ma zaka iya kallon yadda launin toka cikin tsananin son kudan zuma ko tashi ya tsallake daga ruwan rabin rabin ko sama da haka!
Girki na Turai a dafa abinci
Ba a iya tabbatar da dangantakar da launin toka ta Turai tare da kifin kifi da kifin kifi ba, ba kawai ta hanyar kitse mai a baya ba, har ma da kyawawan naman da ke da firam mai ruwan hoda. Ya ƙunshi kayan sunadarai, fats da ruwa, babu carbohydrates - carcasses da steaks na wannan kifayen suna da wadataccen abinci, ƙona-kalori kuma basa haifar da rashin lafiyar jiki. Akwai bonesan ƙasusuwa, matsanancin kitse ba zai yiwu ba. Naman ba ya wuce gona da iri, “amber” mai kauri, wanda abincin da ake jin darajarsa a gidajen abinci ana yaba shi sosai. Kusan komai an shirya daga gare ta - miya, mirgine, steaks, marinades, pickles, salads da abun ciye-ciye. Danshi mai laushi yana ba ku damar haɗuwa da launin toka tare da yawancin 'ya'yan itace, kayan yaji, kayan lambu da hatsi. Yana da kyau soyayyen, stewed, salted da kyafaffen. Faransawa suna ba da shawarar bauta masa da ruwan inabi.
Girman matsakaici da samfuran gwaji na launin toka
An bambanta kifin ta hanyar yin tsayi da yawa - da ƙyar ya yi girma fiye da 10 cm a farkon shekarar, bayan shekaru 5 ya shimfiɗa zuwa 20-25 cm kuma nauyin 200-500. Matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin lokutan kamawa: 20-30 cm tare da ɗimbin da bai wuce kilo 0.3-2 ba. A wasu yankuna, kifin manya zai iya isa har kilo 3 tare da wadataccen abinci da abinci mai yawa. Manyan mutane sun kai cm 60 a tsayi, na iya nauyi sama da kilo 6.5, amma wannan ba ƙaramin nasara ba ne. Jita-jita tana da labari cewa wasu masunta sun zo wasu wurare har zuwa tsawon mita, amma ba a tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba.
Kifi na Rasha - launin ruwan kasa na Turai (gama gari), dangin salmon