Babban matsalolin muhalli na Tekun Caspian

Matsalar muhalli ta Caspian da yankuna sune sakamakon tarihin gabaɗayan cigaban tattalin arzikin ƙasashe na wannan yankin. Duk canje-canjen yanayi na dogon lokaci da kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da na yau suna ɗaukar nauyinsu akan wannan.

Sakamakon matsalolin muhalli ga al'umma za'a iya kasu kashi biyu - kai tsaye da kai tsaye. An bayyana sakamakon kai tsaye, alal misali, a cikin asarar albarkatun halittu (nau'in kasuwanci da kayan abincinsu) kuma ana iya wakilta cikin sharuddan kuɗi. Don haka, asarar ƙasashen yankin na yankin Caspian daga raguwa mai tsauri a hannun jari, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ragewar tallace-tallace, ana iya kirgawa. Hakanan ya haɗa da farashin diyya don lalacewa (alal misali, ginin wuraren kiwon kifaye).

Sakamakon rashin daidaituwa alama ce ta asarar ikon tsabtace kansa ta hanyar tsabtace muhalli, asarar daidaituwarsu da sauye sauye zuwa sabuwar jihar. Ga al'umma, an bayyana wannan ga asarar darajar shimfidar wurare, halittar ƙasa da kwanciyar hankali a yanayin jama'a, da dai sauransu. Bugu da kari, kara asarar asarar yana haifar da, a matsayin mai mulkin, sake jagorantar asarar tattalin arziki (bangaren yawon shakatawa, da sauransu).

Don dalilan aikin jarida na cewa Caspian ta fada cikin "fifikon buri" na wata ƙasa, gaskiyar cewa waɗannan ƙasashe, biyun, sun fada cikin tasirin tasirin Caspian yawanci ana asarar su. Misali, dangane da asalin dala biliyan 10-50 na kudaden kasashen yamma da ake tsammanin zuba jari a yankin na Caspian, ana bayyana sakamakon tattalin arziki da yawan asarar Caspian a cikin dala miliyan “kawai” miliyan biyu. Koyaya, a zahiri, an bayyana wannan lalacewar a cikin adadi na tan 200,000 na abincin furotin mara arha. Rashin tsaro, hadarin zamantakewa da ke haifar da karancin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a yankin na Caspian na iya haifar da babbar barazana ga kasuwannin mai na Yammacin Turai, har ma da haifar da mummunar rikicin mai.

Wani yanki mai mahimmanci na lalacewar dabi'ar ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam ya kasance a waje da ƙididdigar tattalin arziki. Rashin hanyoyin ne don kimanta tattalin arziki da bambancin rayuwa da aiyukan muhalli shi ya sa hukumomin tsara ƙasashen Caspian su fi son ci gaban masana'antu da "masana'antun aikin gona" don lalata amfani da albarkatu masu ɗorewa, yawon shakatawa da kuma nishaɗi.

Duk matsalolin da aka ambata a ƙasa suna da alaƙar haɗin kai sosai wanda wasu lokuta ba shi yiwuwa a raba su da tsarkinsu. A zahiri, muna magana ne game da matsala guda, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi da "lalata lalacewar yanayin ƙasa na Caspian".

1. Ruwan iska

Babban mai hana ruwa gudu a cikin teku, ba shakka, shine mai. Gurɓataccen mai yana hana haɓakar phytobenthos da phytoplankton na Caspian, wanda shuɗi-kore da diatoms suka wakilta, yana rage haɓakar iskar oxygen, da kuma tarawa a cikin ƙasa. Increasearuwar gurɓataccen iska yana cutar da zafi, iskar gas, da musayar danshi tsakanin ruwan da yanayin. Sakamakon yaduwa a wurare masu yawa na fim ɗin man, yawan fitowar yana raguwa sau da yawa.

Mafi kyawun tasiri tasirin gurɓataccen mai a kan ruwa. A yayin hulɗa da mai, gashin fuka-fukan sun rasa kayansu masu tsaftataccen ruwa da ƙone-ƙone, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar tsuntsaye cikin sauri. An yi ta ambatar mutuwar tsuntsaye sau da yawa a cikin yankin Absheron. Don haka, bisa ga latsawar Azerbaijani, a cikin 1998, kusan tsuntsaye dubu 30 suka mutu a tsibirin Gel mai kariya (kusa da ƙauyen Alat). Yawan kusancin wuraren tsafin namun daji da rijiyoyin samar da abinci na haifar da barazana ga wuraren da ke da ruwa a Ramsar a yammacin da kuma gabashin gabar Caspian.

Sakamakon zubar da mai a kan sauran dabbobin ruwa na ruwa yana da mahimmanci, ko da yake ba a bayyane yake ba. Musamman ma, farkon samar da kayayyaki a tekun ya zo daidai da raguwar adadin kwandunan tekun da asarar ƙimar albarkatunsa (wuraren da ke haifar da wannan nau'in ya yi daidai da wuraren samar da mai). Yana da haɗari mafi haɗari yayin da, sakamakon gurɓataccen iska, ba wani jinsi ɗaya ya faɗi ba, amma mazaunin duka.

Misalai sun hada da Soymonov Bay a cikin Turkmenistan, manyan bangarorin yammacin gabar tekun Caspian ta Kudu. Abin takaici, a cikin Kudancin Caspian, wuraren ciyar da kifi na yara sun kasance daidai da wuraren mai da gas, kuma yankuna Marovskie suna cikin kusanci da su.

A yankin Caspian na Arewa, gurbatawa daga haɓakar mai har zuwa 'yan shekarun nan ba su da mahimmanci; wannan ya sauƙaƙe ta ƙarancin bincike da kuma tsarin kiyayewa na musamman a wannan ɓangaren teku. Yanayin ya canza tare da fara aiki a kan ci gaban filin Tengiz, sannan tare da gano giant na biyu - Kashagan. An yi canje-canje ga matsayin kiyaye arewacin Caspian, yana ba da damar bincika da kuma samar da mai (Sanarwar Majalisar Ministocin Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan Lambar 936 da aka sanya ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1993 da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta 317 wanda aka sanya a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1998). Koyaya, a nan ne haɗarin gurɓataccen iska shine mafi girman saboda ruwa mara ƙarfi, matsanancin matattarar ruwa, da sauransu. Ka tuna cewa hatsari daya ne ya faru a 1985 a rijiyar Tengiz. 37 ya haifar da sakin tan miliyan uku na mai da mutuwar kusan tsuntsaye dubu 200.

Outayyadaddun raguwa a bayyane yake a cikin ayyukan saka hannun jari a Kudancin Caspian yana ba da kyakkyawar fata a wannan ɓangaren teku. A bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya samun yawan hauhawar mai a bangarorin Turkmen da Azerbaijani ba. Kadan ya tuno hasashen da aka yi a shekarar 1998, wanda a shekarar 2002 kawai Azerbaijan ya kamata ya samar da tan miliyan 45 na mai a shekara (a zahiri, kusan 15). A zahiri, samarwa da ake samarwa a nan bai isa ba don tabbatar da amfani 100% na matatun mai. Koyaya, abubuwan da aka riga aka bincika za'a iya inganta su, wanda zai kara haɗarin hatsarori da manyan abubuwanda ke kwararawa a teku. Haɓaka adibas a cikin Caspian na Arewa ya fi haɗari, inda samarwa na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru masu zuwa zai kai aƙalla tan miliyan 50 tare da ƙididdigar albarkatu na tan biliyan biliyan 5. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Caspian ta Arewa ta kasance jagora cikin jerin lamurran gaggawa.

Tarihin bincikar mai na Caspian lokaci guda tarihi ne na gurbata shi, kuma kowane ɗayan ukun '' boyon mai 'ya ba da gudummawa. An inganta fasahar samar da kayan masarufi, amma ingantacciyar sakamako ta fuskar rage yawan gurbacewar iska an hana shi yawan karuwar yawan mai. A bayyane yake, matakan gurɓataccen iska a wuraren samar da mai (Baku Bay, da dai sauransu) sun kusan iri ɗaya a farkon (kafin 1917), na biyu (40-50s na karni na XX) da na uku (70s) kololuwa. samar da mai.
Idan daidai ne a kira abubuwan da suka faru na 'yan shekarun nan "haɓakar mai na huɗu", to ya kamata mu ɗauka aƙalla daidai da gurɓataccen iska. Zuwa yanzu, ba a tsammanin an rage raguwar hayaki sakamakon shigar da fasahohin zamani ta hanyoyin kasashen yamma. Don haka, a cikin Rasha daga 1991 zuwa 1998. watsi da abubuwa masu lahani a cikin sararin samaniya a ton ɗaya na man da aka haƙa ya kai kilogiram 5.0. Emissions na Tengizchevroil JV a cikin 1993-2000 ya kai kilogiram 7.28 a kowace gangar mai da aka hako. Kafofin yada labarai da na hukuma sun bayyana adadin shari'o'in da yawa na keta bukatun muhalli da kamfanoni, yanayin gaggawa na rikice rikice. Kusan dukkanin kamfanoni ba sa bin dokar ta yanzu kan batun fitar da magudanan ruwa a cikin teku. A cikin hotunan sararin samaniya, za a ga babban bayyanar mai a cikin Caspian ta Kudu.

Ko da a cikin yanayi mafi dacewa, ba tare da manyan haɗari da yin la’akari da rashi ragewar raguwa zuwa matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ba, tsammanin gurɓatarwar teku za ta wuce duk abin da muka same mu a da. Dangane da ƙididdigar da aka yarda da galibi, ga kowane miliyan tan na mai a duniya, ana samun asarar kimanin ton 131.4 na asara. Dangane da abubuwan da ake tsammani na tan miliyan 70-100, za mu sami aƙalla tan dubu 13 a shekara a cikin Caspian gaba ɗaya, tare da mafi yawan za su je Arewacin Caspian. Dangane da kimantawar Roshydromet, matsakaiciyar shekara ta yawan abubuwan daskararren mai a cikin ruwan Caspian ta Arewa zai ninka ko ninki uku nan da 2020 kuma ya kai 200 mcg / L (4 MPC), ban da zub da hawaye.

Sai kawai a lokacin rijiyoyin matatar mai daga 1941 zuwa 1958 a cikin rijiyoyi 37 da aka sami gryphon na wucin gadi (sakin mai da ba a sarrafa shi ba a bakin teku). A lokaci guda, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna aiki daga kwanaki da yawa zuwa shekaru biyu, kuma adadin man da yake fitarwa ya haɓaka daga tan 100 zuwa 500 kowace rana.

A cikin Turkmenistan, ana iya ganin gurbatar da fasahar kere-kere na tekun ruwa a cikin yankin Krasnovodsk, Aladzha Bay aka gani a cikin shekarun prewar da yakin (World War II 1941-1945), bayan an kwashe matatar mai ta Tuapse anan. Wannan yana tare da yawan kisan ruwa na ruwa. A kan dutsen da ke cike da bakin ruwa da tsibiran Tsibirin Turkmenbashi, daruruwan mitir na "hanyoyin bututun", da aka samu daga mai da aka zubar cikin yashi, ana ci gaba da bayyanawa lokaci-lokaci bayan guguwa ta kwarara wasu yankunan gabar teku daga guguwa.
Bayan tsakiyar shekarun 70s, aka fara kirkirar masana'antar mai da iskar gas mai kusan kilomita 250 na gabar gabar yammacin Yankin Turkmenistan. Tuni a cikin 1979, an fara amfani da filayen mai na Dagadzhik da Aligul akan yankin Cheleken, Barsa-Helmes da Komsomolsky.

Mahimmancin gurbata muhalli a cikin yankin Turkmen na Caspian ya faru yayin ci gaban kwastomomi na LAM da Zhdanov gwangwani: 6 maɓuɓɓugan buɗewa tare da gobara da zub da mai, 2 maɓuɓɓugan buɗe wuta da gas da ruwa, da kuma abubuwan da ake kira da yawa “Abubuwan da suka dace”.

Ko da a cikin 1982-1987, i.e. a cikin lokacin ƙarshe na "lokaci mai tsauri", lokacin da aka aiwatar da ayyukan majalisa da yawa: hukunce-hukunce, hukunce-hukuncen, umarnin, masu ba da shawara, yanke hukunci na hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, akwai babban cibiyar bincike na gida, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Hydromet, Kwamitin Kare Kan Yanayi, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, da sauransu, Halin da ke cikin ruwa a duk yankin da ake samar da mai ya kasance mai matukar wahala.

A lokacin perestroika, lokacin da aka sami koma baya a fannin samar da abinci, yanayin gurbataccen mai ya fara inganta. Don haka, a cikin 1997-1998. abun ciki na mai a cikin ruwan kudu maso gabashin tekun Caspian ya ragu sau da yawa, kodayake har yanzu ya wuce MPC da 1.5 - 2.0 sau. Wannan ya faru ba kawai saboda karancin rijiyoyin ba da kuma raguwa sosai a cikin ruwa, har ma da matakan da aka dauka don rage fitar da mai yayin sake aikin matatar mai ta Turkmenbashi. Ragewa da gurbata yanayi nan da nan ya shafi biota. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, lokacin farin wuta na algae sun rufe kusan dukkanin yankin Gulfmenbashi, wanda ke nuna alamar tsabtace ruwa. Shrimp ya bayyana har a cikin mafi yawan gurbatawar Soymonov Bay.

Bayan mai kanta, ruwa mai alaƙa shine babban haɗarin haɗari ga biota. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, rabuwa (rabuwa da ruwa da mai) yana faruwa ne a bayan kasa, bayanda aka fitar da ruwan cikin abin da ake kira "tafkunan ruwa", wanda ake amfani da shi don agajin halitta na taimako (mashin da gishirin gishiri, galibi yawan bakin ciki da damuwa). Tunda ruwa mai hade yana da babban salinity (100 g ko fiye da g / l), yana da ragowar mai, sinadarin ruwa da ƙarfe masu nauyi, maimakon nutsarwa, zubewa tayi a farfaɗinta, jinkirin guguwa zuwa cikin ƙasa, sannan kuma zuwa tekun a cikin motsin motsi na ruwan ƙasa.
A kan wannan asalin, tasirin gurɓataccen shara yana da ɗan ƙarami Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi ragowar kayan aikin samar da mai da fasali, gunduma da sauransu. A wasu halayen, suna ɗauke da kayan haɗari, irin su mai canzawa, mai nauyi da ƙarfe na rediyo, da sauransu. Samun tarin wadatar da aka samo yayin sake tsabtatawa na Tengiz mai ya sami mafi yawan jama'a (kashi 6.9 cikin ɗari, kimanin tan miliyan 5 aka tara).

Babban girman gurɓataccen iska (90% na jimlar) ya shiga Tekun Caspian tare da kwararar kogin. Ana iya samo wannan jigon a kusan dukkanin alamu (matatun mai na gas, abubuwan da ke faruwa, abubuwan da zasu iya canzawa, abubuwan sarrafa kwayoyin, ƙarfe, da sauransu). A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami raguwar gurɓacewar ambaliyar ruwan koguna, in banda Terek (400 ko fiye da MPC don haɓakar man fetir), wanda ya haɗa da mai da sharar gidaje daga lalata kayayyakin masarufi na ƙasar Checheniya.

Ya kamata a san cewa ragin gurbataccen ruwan kogin yana raguwa, zuwa ƙarancin ƙasa sakamakon hauhawar samarwa a cikin kwarin kogin, zuwa mafi girma saboda karuwar haɓakar haɓakar mai. Ana tsammanin a cikin makomar 2010-2020. rabo daga gurbataccen kogin zai kai 50:50.

Kammalawa. Binciken yanayin gurbatar yanayi ya nuna cewa ba su da wata illa ga ci gaban dokokin muhalli, gabatar da fasahohin zamani, wadatar kayan aiki na gaggawa, haɓaka fasahohi, kasancewar ko rashin hukumomin muhalli, da sauransu. Iyakar abin da kawai alama wanda matakan gurbata yanayin Caspian shine girman girman masana'antar masana'antu a cikin kwanonsa, da farko samar da hydrocarbon.

Myopathy, ko sassauyawar ƙwayar tsoka a cikin Sturgeons

A cikin 1987-1989 a cikin tsayayyun tsauraran matakan tsufa, an lura da babban abin mamakin na zuciya, wanda ya kunshi mawuyacin sassan sassan tsokoki na tsoka, har zuwa cikakken aikinsu. Cutar, wacce ta karɓi suna da keɓaɓɓiyar sunan kimiyya - "tarin siyasa mai guba tare da lalacewar multisystem", ya kasance ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma yanayin taro (ana tsammanin cewa har zuwa 90% na kifayen a cikin "kogi" na rayuwarsu, kodayake ba a bayyana yanayin wannan cuta ba, ana ɗauka cewa an danganta haɗin kai da gurbata yanayin yanayin ruwa gami da fitar da jigilar mahaifa a jikin Volga, gurbatawar mai, da sauransu. Sunan "sunan siyasa mai guba", a namu ra’ayin, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira don boye ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar, da kuma alamun “gurbataccen iska a cikin teku. A kowane hali, bisa ga lura da aka samu a cikin Turkmenistan, bisa ga bayanan da abokan aikin Iran da Azerbaijani suka bayar, a zahiri ba a bayyanar da cutar ta myopathy ba a cikin halin tashin hankali na Caspian ta Kudu .. Gabaɗaya, ba a taɓa samun alamun cutar ta tabo a Kudancin Caspian ba, gami da “cuta mai gurbata” ta gabar teku ta yamma. cutar ta shahara tare da masu bincike a cikin Caspian: daga baya an yi amfani da ita ga duk lamurran da suka shafi yawan dabbobi (adon da aka yi a cikin bazara na 2000, ya fashe a cikin bazara da bazara na shekara ta 2001).
Yawancin masana suna ba da tabbataccen bayani game da daidaituwa game da adadin tsutsa na Nereis a cikin abincin tare da tsananin cutar a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan Sturgeon. An jaddada cewa Nereis yana tara abubuwa masu guba. Don haka, stellate sturgeon, wanda ya cinye mafi nereis, shine mafi saurin kamuwa da cutar sankara, da kuma beluga, wanda ke ciyar da akasari akan kifi, ba a taɓa shafar sa ba. Don haka, akwai kowane dalili don yin imani da cewa matsalar cutar ta mama ta hanu na da alaƙar kai tsaye da matsalar gurɓar kogin da kuma kai tsaye ga matsalar nau'in baƙi.

Mutuwar sprats a bazara da kuma bazara ta 2001

Yawan wadanda suka mutu lokacin bazara-damina na 2001 ana kiyasta akan tan 250,000, ko 40%. Ganin an ba da bayanai game da yawan adadin kuɗin ichthyomass kilk a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yana da wuya a yarda da ƙididdigar waɗannan alƙalumman. Babu shakka, ba 40% ba, amma kusan duka sprat (aƙalla 80% na yawan) sun mutu a cikin Caspian.Yanzu a bayyane yake cewa sanadin mutuwar yawan cutuka ba cuta, amma rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Koyaya, yanke shawara na hukuma ya ƙunshi "rage rigakafi saboda" tarin guba na siyasa ".

Caspian hatimi carnivore annoba

Kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai suka ruwaito, tun a watan Afrilun 2000, an gano mummunan mutuwar asarar a yankin Caspian ta Arewa. Siffofin halayyar matattu da raunana dabbobi sune idanu ja, hanci mai rufe baki. Maganin farko game da sanadin mutuwa shine guba, wanda an tabbatar da wani ɓangaren binciken ta hanyar karɓar ƙwayoyin baƙin ƙarfe mai ɗorewa da kuma gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu mutu. Koyaya, waɗannan abubuwan basu da mahimmanci, dangane da wanda aka gabatar da "cumulative politoxicosis" a gaba. Binciken nazarin halittu da aka gudanar "cikin neman zafi" ya ba da hoto mara fahimta da ma'ana.

Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da bincike na virological da kuma tantance musabbabin mutuwar kai tsaye - carnivore annoba morbillevirus (disineer disineer).

Dangane da matsayin hukuma ta CaspNIRKh, raunin da ke tattare da cutar '' siyasa mai guba 'da yanayin rashin kyakkyawan yanayin hunturu na iya zama tushen ci gaba da cutar. Mafi tsananin sanyi tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin wata a watan Fabrairu, digiri 7-9 sama da na al'ada, yanayin kankara ya shafa. Rashin kankara kankara ya wanzu na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai a ɓangaren gabas na yankin Caspian ta Arewa. Zaman dabbobi bai faru a kan adibin kankara ba, amma a cikin yanayin cunkoson mutane a kogunan ruwa na gabas, ambaliyar ruwa wacce a lokuta da tasirin tasirin ruwa, ta kara dagula yanayin zubin hawaye.

Wani nau'in epizootic (albeit a kan ƙaramin sikelin) tare da zubar 6,000 like na bakin teku ya faru a 1997 akan Absheron. Sannan daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sanadin mutuwar hatimin ana kuma kiranta annobar dabbobi. Wani fasalin bala'in 2000 shine bayyanarsa a cikin teku gaba ɗaya (musamman, mutuwar ɗumbin kuli a bakin Tekun Turkmen ya fara makonni 2-3 kafin aukuwa a Arewacin Caspian).
Yana da kyau a yi la’akari da babban raunin babbar dabbobi da suka mutu azaman mai zaman kansa, daban da ganewar asali.

Mafi yawa daga cikin hatimin mutane suna kitse a lokacin dumama, kuma suna ƙaura zuwa arewa yayin lokacin sanyi, inda kiwo da molting ke faruwa akan kankara. A wannan lokacin, hatim ɗin yana shiga cikin ruwa ba da gangan ba. Yanayi yana nuna bambanci sosai a aikin abinci. Don haka, a lokacin haifuwa da molting, fiye da rabin abubuwan ciki na dabbobin da aka yi nazari ba komai, wanda aka bayyana ba kawai ta yanayin ilimin halittar jiki ba, har ma da talaucin abinci mai ƙanƙara (manyan abubuwan sune bijimai da mahaukata).

Lokacin ciyarwa, har zuwa 50% na yawan nauyin jikin da aka rasa lokacin hunturu ana rama. Bukatar shekara-shekara yawan abinci shine 350-380 tan tan, wanda kashi 89.4% ake cinyewa a lokacin bazara (Mayu-Oktoba). Babban abinci a lokacin rani shine sprat (80% na abincin).

Dangane da wadannan alkalumma, kwafin 280-300 dubu na sprats kowace shekara da hatimin ya ci. Yin hukunci da rage yawan balaguron masarufi, karancin abinci a shekarar 1999 ana iya kiyasta kusan tan dubu 100, ko kuma kashi 35%. Wannan adadin ba zai yuwu a kashe shi ta sauran kayan abinci ba.

Ana iya ɗauka cewa mai yiwuwa ne cewa epizootic a cikin hatimin a cikin bazara na 2000 ya tsokani da rashin abinci (sprats), wanda, sakamakon, shine sakamakon yawan ciyarwa kuma, mai yiwuwa, ƙaddamar da cneophore Mnemiopsis. Dangane da raguwa mai gudana a hannun jari, ana iya tsammanin sake maimaita adadin taro na hatimin a shekaru masu zuwa.
Haka kuma, da fari, yawan jama'ar zasu rasa 'ya'yansu gaba ɗaya (dabbabin da ba ya ciyar da mai ko ba zai shiga haihuwa ba, ko kuma zai rasa sa cuban su nan da nan). Mai yiyuwa ne wani sashi na mace mai iya haihuwar zai mutu (na ciki da lactation - ci, da dai sauransu). Tsarin yawan jama'a zai canza sosai.

Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan game da yawan 'bayanan bayanan bincike' a cikin dukkanin maganganun na sama. Kusan babu bayanan da aka samo game da jima'i da abin da ya mutu na dabbobi, hanyar da ake bi don tantance jimlar, bayanan akan samfuran da aka karɓa daga waɗannan dabbobin basu kusan halarta ko ba a sarrafa su. Madadin haka, ana ba da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta don kewayon abubuwa da yawa (haɗe da karafa masu nauyi da abubuwa na kwayoyi), yawanci ba tare da bayani game da hanyoyin samfurori ba, aikin nazari, ƙa'idodi, da sauransu. Sakamakon haka, “gama-gari” cike suke da abubuwan rashin sani da yawa. Misali, a ƙarshen Cibiyar Bincike ta Duk-Rasha don sarrafawa, daidaituwa da kuma Takaddun Magungunan dabbobi (waɗanda Greenpeace suka buga a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa) akwai "372 mg / kg na polychlorobiphenyls" (.). Idan ka maye gurbin milligrams tare da micrograms, to wannan shine babban abun ciki, halayyar, alal misali, ga madarar breastan adam a cikin mutane masu cin abincin kifi. Bugu da kari, bayanan da aka samu akan epizootics na morbillevirus masu dangantaka da nau'ikan hatimi (Baikal, White Sea, da sauransu) an yi watsi da su gaba daya, da kuma yanayin yawan mutane a matsayin babban kayan abinci kuma ba a bincika ba.

3. Shiga jikin kwayoyin halitta

Batun mamayewa wasu nau'ikan baƙi har zuwa ƙarshen kwanan nan ba a ɗauka mai mahimmanci ba. Akasin haka, An yi amfani da Tekun Caspian a matsayin ƙasa don gwaji don gabatar da sabon nau'in halittar da aka ƙera don haɓaka ƙifar kifin. Ya kamata a sani cewa waɗannan ayyukan an aiwatar dasu ne bisa tsinkayen kimiyyar kimiyya; a wasu yanayi, an gabatar da kifin da kayan abinci a lokaci guda (alal misali mullet da tsutsa nereis). Bayanan hujjoji na gabatarwar ɗaya ko wata jinsin sun kasance na asali kuma basu yin la’akari da sakamakon da aka samu na lokaci mai tsawo (alal misali, bayyanar da makafin abinci, gasa abinci tare da ƙabilar nativean asalin ƙasa masu tarin yawa, tarin abubuwan guba, da sauransu). Hannun kifayen sun ragu kowace shekara, a cikin tsarin kamun kifaye masu mahimmanci (herring, pike perch, carp na kowa) an maye gurbinsu da waɗanda basu da ƙima (ƙananan sashi, sprat). Daga cikin dukkanin masu mamayewa, mullet kawai ya ba da ƙaramin ƙaruwa (kimanin tan 700, a cikin mafi kyawun shekaru - har zuwa tan 2000) na samfuran kifin, wanda a cikin wata hanya ba zai iya rama lalacewar sanadin gabatarwar ba.

Al'amarin ya faru ne a cikin yanayin ban mamaki yayin da aka fara haihuwar yara daga cikin ctenophore Mnemiopsis (Mnemiopsis leidyi) a cikin Caspian. A cewar KaspNIRKh, an yi rikodin mnemiopsis a cikin Caspian a karon farko a cikin faduwar 1999. Duk da haka, bayanan bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba sun fara zuwa tsakiyar 80s, kuma a cikin tsakiyar 90s gargadin farko sun bayyana game da yiwuwar faruwar hakan da lalacewa mai mahimmanci, dangane da kwarewar Black Sea-Azov .

Yin hukunci da bayanan rarrabuwa, yawan ctenophores a yanki da aka bayar yana batun canje-canje mai kaifi. Don haka, ƙwararrun masana Turkmen sun lura da babban adadin Mnemiopsis a cikin yankin Avaza a watan Yuni na 2000, a cikin watan Agusta na shekarar ba a rubuta shi ba a wannan yankin, kuma a watan Agusta 2001 yawan Mnemiopsis ya kasance daga 62 zuwa 550 org / m3.

Ba daidai ba ne cewa ilimin kimiyya na mutum a cikin KaspNIRKh har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshe ya ƙaryata tasirin Mnemiopsis akan hannun jari. A farkon shekara ta 2001, a matsayin dalilin fadadowar sau 3-4 a cikin fashewar lamura, an gabatar da karatuttukan cewa makarantun 'sun koma wasu zurfafa,' kuma kawai a cikin bazara na wannan shekarar, bayan yawan taron na sprat, an gano cewa Mnemiopsis ya taka rawa a wannan lamarin.

Grebnevik ya fara fitowa ne a Tekun Azov shekaru goma da suka wuce, kuma a lokacin 1985-1990. a zahiri ya lalata ruwan Azov da Black Teas. Ta wata hanyar, an kawo shi tare da ruwa mai zurfi a kan jiragen ruwa daga gabar Tekun Arewacin Amurka; ƙarin shiga cikin yankin Caspian ba shi da wahala. Yawancin abinci yana ciyar da zooplankton, yana cin kusan 40% na nauyin kansa kullun, don haka lalata tushen abinci na kifin Caspian. Saurin haihuwa da kuma rashin makiya na halitta sun fitar da ita daga gasa tare da sauran masu cinikin plankton. Cin abinci ma nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi, ctenophore yana haifar da barazana ga kifin benthophagous mafi mahimmanci (Sturgeon). Tasirin nau'in kifayen masu darajar tattalin arziƙi yana bayyana ba kai tsaye ba, ta hanyar rage abinci, har ma da lalacewar su kai tsaye. A ƙarƙashin babban latsawa sune sprats, braringish herring da mullet, wanda caviar da larvae suke haɓaka a cikin ruwa. Caviar na pike perch, atherin da gobies a ƙasa kuma tsirrai na iya gujewa tsinkaye kai tsaye ta hanyar maƙiyin, amma a kan sauye sauye zuwa ci gaban lardin suma zasu zama masu rauni. Abubuwan da ke iyakance yaduwar ctenophore a cikin Caspian sun hada da salinity (a ƙasa 2 g / l) da zafin jiki na ruwa (a ƙasa + 40 ° C).

Idan halin da ake ciki a Tekun Caspian zai bunkasa kamar yadda yake a cikin Tekun Azov da Black Sea, to cikakkiyar asarar ƙifin mashin zai faru ne tsakanin shekarar 2012-2015, ɓataccen lalacewar zai kusan dala biliyan 6 a shekara. Akwai dalili don yin imani da cewa saboda bambancin manyan yanayin Caspian, canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin salinity, yawan zafin jiki na ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar lokaci da yankin ruwa, tasirin Mnemiopsis ba zai zama mai ɓarna ba kamar yadda a cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya.

Ceton mahimman tattalin arziki na teku zai iya zama gabatarwar gaggawa na maƙiyinta na halitta, kodayake wannan matakin ba shi da ikon sake maido da lalatattun halayen halittu. Zuwa yanzu, ana iya yin takara daya kawai game da wannan rawar - tsefe tsefe. A halin yanzu, akwai manyan shakku game da ingancin beroe a cikin Caspian, kamar yadda yana da hankali sosai ga zafin jiki da kuma salinity fiye da Mnemiopsis.

4. Shaye shaye da shaye shaye

An yi imani da shi sosai tsakanin masana masana'antar kamun kifi cewa sakamakon rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki a cikin jihohin da ke da arzikin al'adun Caspian a cikin shekarun 1990s, hannun jari na kusan dukkanin nau'ikan kifayen masarufin tattalin arziki (ban da sahihanci) ba a amfani da su. A lokaci guda, nazarin tsarin tsufa na kifin da aka kama yana nuna cewa koda a wannan lokacin an sami mahimmancin overfishing (aƙalla, na matattakalar kayan yaji). Don haka, a cikin lokutan kamawa na 1974, sama da 70% sune kifaye masu shekaru 4-8. A cikin 1997, rabon wannan rukunin shekarun ya ragu zuwa 2%, kuma mafi yawan su kifi ne shekaru 2-3.
Yawan kwastomomi ya ci gaba da haɓaka har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2001. Adadin abubuwan da aka yarda (TAC) na 1997 an ƙaddara zai zama tan dubu 210-230, an yi amfani da tan dubu 178,2, bambancin an danganta shi da "matsalolin tattalin arziki". A shekara ta 2000, an ƙaddara TAC a kan tan 272 dubu dubu, wanda aka ƙware - tan dubu 144.2. A cikin watanni biyu na ƙarshe na shekara ta 2000, masifar mashigar ƙasa ta faɗi sau 4-5, amma har ma wannan bai ƙunshi yawan kifayen ba, kuma a shekara ta 2001 An ƙara ODU zuwa tan dubu 300. Kuma ko da bayan yawan kisan da aka samu ta hanyar CaspNIRKh, an rage yawan hasarar abubuwan da aka kama a 2002 (musamman, an rage ƙimar Rasha daga tan miliyan 150 zuwa tan dubu 107). Wannan hasashen ba gaskiya bane kuma yana nuna sha'awar ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun ko da a cikin yanayin bala'i.
Wannan ya sanya mu taka tsantsan game da hujjojin kimiyya na kwasoshin da CaspNIRKh ya bayar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ga nau'ikan kifaye. Wannan yana nuna buƙatar canja wurin ma'anar iyaka don amfani da albarkatun halittu a cikin ƙungiyoyin muhalli.

Har zuwa mafi girman, rashin kuskuren ilimin kimiyyar reshe ya shafi yanayin Sturgeons. A bayyane yake rikicin baya a cikin 80s. Daga 1983 zuwa 1992, kamun katun Caspian din ya ragu sau 2.6 (daga tan 23.5 zuwa tan tan 8.9), kuma a cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa - wani lokaci 10 (sau 0.9 dubu tan a 1999 .).

Ga yawan jama'ar wannan rukunin kifaye, akwai ɗumbin dalilai na hanawa, daga cikinsu mafi mahimmancin abubuwa guda uku ne: Cire filayen yanayi na lalata, aikata laifi da kuma bautar. Binciken da ba na nuna bambanci ya nuna cewa ba ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan masu mahimmanci ba har kwanan nan.

Dalili na ƙarshe akan rage yawan alƙaluma yana buƙatar bincike mai zurfi musamman. Imididdigar yawan kamun da ke kamun hauren sun girma cikin hanzari a gaban idanunmu: daga 30-50% na kamawar hukuma a 1997 zuwa 4-5 sau (1998) da 10-11-14-15 sau lokacin 2000-2002. A shekara ta 2001, an kiyasta girman hakar ma'adinai ta CaspNIRKh a 12-14 dubu tan na sturgeon da tan dubu 1,2, adadinsu daya bayyana a kimantawar CITES, a cikin kalaman Kwamitin Kula da Fishery na Tarayyar Rasha. Ganin babban farashin caviar baƙar fata (daga dala 800 zuwa 5,000 a kowace kilo a cikin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai), jita-jita game da "mafia caviar", da ake zargin ba wai kawai kamun kifi ba, har ma da hukumomin tabbatar da doka a yankuna na Caspian, sun bazu ko'ina cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Tabbas, idan yawan ayyukan inuwa ya kasance miliyoyin miliyoyin - dala biliyan da yawa, waɗannan adadi suna daidai da kasafin kuɗi na ƙasashe kamar Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan da Azerbaijan.

Zai yi wuya a iya tunanin cewa sassan kudi da kuma tsarin karfin wadannan kasashe, kazalika da Tarayyar Rasha, ba su lura da irin wadannan kudade da kayayyaki ba. A halin yanzu, ƙididdigar yawan laifuffukan da aka gano suna da yawa umarni na girman mafi girman su. Misali, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha kimanin tan 300 na kifaye da tan 12 na caviar ana kama su kowace shekara. Ga dukkan lokuta bayan rushewar USSR, 'yan' yan ƙoƙari ne kawai aka yi don fitar da baƙar fata ta baƙi zuwa ƙasashen waje.

Bugu da kari, da wuya a iya aiwatar da hikimar aiwatar da tan 12,4 dubu na sturgeon da tan dubu 1,2 na caviar. A cikin 80s, masana'antu gaba ɗaya sun kasance don sarrafa kundin iri ɗaya a cikin USSR, sojojin ofisoshin kasuwanci sun shiga cikin samar da gishiri, kwano, kayan tattarawa, da sauransu.

Tambayar marine Sturgeon masunta Akwai wariya cewa ita ce haramcin kamun kifi a shekara ta 1962 wanda ya maido da nau'ikan halittu. A zahiri, haramcin abubuwa biyu daban ne anan. Dokar hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da kifayen kamun kifi da ake yi a yankin, wanda ya lalata rayuwar kananan yara, ya taka rawa sosai a cikin adana rayuwar. A gaskiya ma, dokar hana kamun kifin teku ba ta taka rawar gani ba. Daga mahangar ilimin halitta, wannan haramcin ba shi da wata ma'ana, amma yana da ma'ana ta kasuwanci. Samun kifayen da ke cike da tsabta suna da ƙima a zahiri kuma yana ba ku damar samun ƙarin caviar fiye da ko'ina (10%). Haramcin kamun kifin ya ba da damar mayar da hankali wajen samar da kayan a bakin Volga da Urals da kuma saukaka sarrafa shi, gami da amfani da adon bakin.

Binciken jerin gwanon yaki da masu farautar namun daji a cikin Caspian, za'a iya bambance ranaku biyu masu mahimmanci. A watan Janairun 1993, an yanke shawarar haɗa sojojin kan iyaka, 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya da sauran jami'an tsaro don wannan matsalar, wanda, duk da haka, yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi ga ƙimar kifin da aka kama. A 1994, lokacin da aka aiwatar da ayyukan waɗannan tsarukan don aiki a Volga delta (Operation Putin), adadin kifayen da aka kama ya ninka har sau uku.

Kifayen teku suna da rikitarwa, basu taɓa ba da 20% na Sturgeon kama ba. Musamman, a gefen tekun Dagestan, wanda yanzu ake ganin shine watakila babban mai siyar da kayan saida masu farauta, a lokacin da aka ƙetare kamun kifin, ba fiye da 10% da aka haƙa. Samun Sturgeon a cikin bakin kogin ya zama mafi yawan lokuta mafi inganci, musamman a cikin ƙananan ƙarancin jama'a. Bugu da kari, "mafi mashahurin" garken garke ana buge shi a cikin koguna, yayin da kifaye tare da rikice rikice suna tarawa a tekuna.

Abin lura ne cewa Iran, wacce ke gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifin teku, ba wai kawai ta ragu ba, har ma ta kara kamun kifayen, ta zama babban mai ba da kaya ga kasuwar duniya, duk kuwa da cewa ya kamata a wargaza dabbobin Kudancin Caspian daga masu ba da labari na Turkmenistan da Azerbaijan. . Don kiyaye ƙananan yara, Iran ma ta ci gaba don rage gargajiya na kamun kifi na wannan ƙasar.

Babu shakka, kama kifin ruwan teku ba abu bane mai yanke hukunci game da raguwar alurammar jama'a.Babban lalacewar kifayen ana yin sa ne inda babban abin da aka kama shine - a bakin Volga da Urals.

5. Dokar kwararar kogin. Canza yanayin haɓaka na biogeochemical

Gina ruwa mai zurfi akan Volga (sannan akan Kura da wasu koguna) tun daga shekarun 30s. Karnin karni na XX suna hana dangin Caspian yawancin filayen wasa na asalinsu (na beluga - 100%). Don rama wannan lalacewar, an girka katunan farashi kuma ana gina su. Yawan soya da aka saki (wani lokacin takamaiman akan takarda) yana ɗaukar matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan ƙaddara adadin abubuwan kamun kifi. A halin da ake ciki, lalacewar asarar kayayyakin ruwan teku ga duk kasashen Caspian, da fa'idodi daga samar da ruwa da ban ruwa - kawai ga kasashen da tsarin mulkinsu ya gudana. Wannan halin ba ya tursasawa ƙasashen Caspian su maido da filayen yanayi, don adana sauran wuraren zama - filayen ciyarwa, sanyin hunturu, da sauransu.

Kayan aikin kifin akan madatsun ruwa yana fama da aiyukan fasaha da yawa, kuma tsarin kirga kifin da ya ƙoshi kuma bai zama cikakke ba. Koyaya, tare da mafi kyawun tsarin, kwanon buɗe a kan kogin ba zai koma teku ba, amma zai haifar da ƙirar mutane a cikin wuraren gurɓataccen shara Rashin ruwa ne, kuma ba gurbataccen ruwa ba tare da zubar da ruwa ba, wanda ya zama babban dalilin rage garken dutsen. Abin lura ne cewa bayan rugujewar tsarin kariyar ruwa na Kargaly, an hango dutsen a cikin matsanancin rufin Terek.
A halin yanzu, gina madatsun ruwa ya shafi manyan matsaloli. Caspian ta Arewa ta kasance yanki mafi arziki a cikin teku. Volga ya kawo phosphorus na ma'adinai a nan (kusan kashi 80% na yawan kudin shiga), yana ba da mafi yawan kayan farko na ilimin halittu (photosynthetic). Sakamakon haka, an samar da kashi 70% na abubuwan adana a wannan ɓangaren teku. Yanzu yawancin phosphates suna cinyewa a cikin Wuraren Volga, kuma phosphorus ya shiga cikin teku tuni cikin yanayin rayuwa da matattu. Sakamakon wannan, sake zagayowar nazarin halittu ya canza sosai: gajarta sarƙoƙi na sarƙoƙi, yawaitar ɓangaren lalacewa na sake zagayowar, da sauransu. Yankunan da ake samarwa na abubuwan da ake samarwa a halin yanzu suna cikin yankuna masu hawa zuwa gabar tekun Dagestan da kuma ɓoye cikin zurfin Kudancin Caspian. Babban wuraren ciyar da kifaye masu mahimmanci sun canza zuwa waɗannan yankuna. Kafa “windows” a cikin sarƙoƙin abinci, yanayin da ba a daidaita shi ba yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don shigarwar halittar baƙon halitta (ctenophore mnemiopsis, da sauransu).

A cikin Turkmenistan, lalacewar wuraren shakatawa na kogin Atrek mai lalacewa ya haifar da wasu dalilai masu rikitarwa, ciki har da raguwar wadatar ruwa, da kwararar kwarara cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, da lalata tashar. Tsallake kifayen masu wucewa ya dogara da ruwan da ke cikin Kogin Atrek, wanda ke haifar da yanayin yanayin kasuwancin atlantar garken Atrek na Caspian roach da kifin kifi. Ba dole ba ne a bayyanar da tasirin dokokin Atrek akan lalatawar filayen wurare ba saboda karancin ruwa. Atrek yana daya daga cikin kogunan laka a duniya, sabili da haka, sakamakon janye ruwa na lokaci-lokaci, hanyar tashe tana faruwa cikin sauri.
Urals din kadai ne ba a jujjuya shi ba na manyan koguna na kwarin Caspian. Koyaya, yanayin filayen kogi akan wannan kogin shima basuda wahala. Babban matsalar yau shine lalata tashar. Da zarar an kiyaye kasa a cikin kwarin Ural ta hanyar gandun daji, daga baya an yanke wadannan gandun daji, kuma an yi hujin ruwan har kusan gefen bakin ruwa. Bayan "dakatar da kewayawa a cikin Urals don adana masu tsauraran ra'ayi", aikin tsabtace titin ya daina aiki, wanda yasa yawancin filayen juyawa akan wannan kogin bazasu yiwu ba.

Babban matakin gurbacewar iska da kogunan da ke tawo da shi ya daɗe yana nuna damuwa game da ƙirƙirar yankunan da ba su da iskar oxygen a cikin Caspian, musamman ma yankunan da ke kudu maso gabashin Tekun Turkmenistan, kodayake ba a lissafa wannan matsala a matsayin fifiko.
Koyaya, sabon abin dogara game da wannan batun shine tun farkon 80s. A halin yanzu, babban rashin daidaituwa a cikin hadaddiyar halitta da lalatawar kwayoyin halitta a sakamakon gabatarwar cneophore na Mnemiopsis na iya haifar da mummunan canje-canje har ma da mummunan bala'i. Tun da Mnemiopsis ba ya haifar da barazana ga aikin hoto na siliki na bututun unicellular, amma yana shafar ɓangaren lalata (zooplankton - kifi - benthos), mutuwa kwayoyin halitta zasu tara, haifar da kamuwa da sinadarin hydrogen na ɓoye ƙananan ruwa. Guda ragowar benthos zai haifar da yaduwar cibiyoyin anaerobic. Mutum na iya amincewa da tabbaci da samuwar sararin yanki mai ƙoshin oxygen a duk inda akwai yanayi na tsaftataccen ruwa, musamman a wuraren da ruwa da gishiri suke hade, da kuma samar da wadataccen kayan haɓaka. Wa] annan wurare sun yi daidai da wuraren da phosphorus ke yawo - a kan zurfin zurfin Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Kudancin (yanki mai hawa) da kan iyakar Arewacin da Caspian ta Tsakiya. An kuma lura da wuraren da ke dauke da karancin iskar oxygen domin Arewacin Caspian; matsalar ta kara kazanta ne sakamakon kasancewar kankara a cikin hunturu. Wannan matsalar za ta kara dagula yanayin nau'ikan kifayen kasuwanci masu kima (kisa, cikas ga hanyoyin ƙaura, da sauransu).

Bugu da ƙari, yana da wuya a hango ko hasashen yadda tsarin haraji na phytoplankton zai kasance ƙarƙashin sabon yanayi. A wasu halaye, tare da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, samar da "jan tides" ba a yanke hukunci ba, alal misali, tsari a Soymonov Bay (Turkmenistan).

7. Kammalawa

1. A halin yanzu, barazanar da aka yi da kuma haɗarin mutum ba shi da alaƙa ta kowace hanya tare da ribar kowace ƙasa da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun halittar mutanen Caspian. Misali, a karkashin tsarin yanzu don tantance kwastomomi na kamun kifi, lalacewar abin da ya haifar da fashewar mai, da aikin samar da ruwa, da lalata, da gurbacewar kogin da ruwan teku ana ɗauka abu ɗaya ne ga dukkan ƙasashe, wanda ba gaskiya bane kuma baya motsa ɗaukar matakai masu inganci don gyara yanayin.
2. Babban lalacewar yanayin halittu da albarkatun halittar ruwa na teku yana faruwa ne ta hanyar lalatattun mazaunai na gida (gami da gurɓataccen sinadarai), haɓakar wuce haddi da shigar ɗan adam daban-daban. Cutar cututtukan fata cuta ce ta biyu wacce ta ukun uku da ke sama.
3. Tsabtace teku shine galibi saboda ingancin ruwan kogin. Rashin ci gaban masana'antu da aikin gona a cikin yankin Volga ya nuna cewa ingancin ruwan kogin ba zai tabarbare a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma za a dakatar da fitar da gaggawa cikin gaggawa saboda kasancewar wuraren ajiye ruwa.
4. Sabanin haka, gurbataccen ruwan teku daga aikin mai zai haɓaka sosai, galibi a cikin Caspian ta Arewa, tare da yaduwa sannu a hankali zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin tekun. Hanya guda daya tilo da za'a iya magance wannan gurbata shine kawai a takaita samar da mai, wanda bashi yiwuwa.
5. Halin lalacewar albarkatun kifin wanda ya haifar da wuce gona da iri shine sakamakon kai tsaye na yawan ayyukan amfani, saka idanu da sarrafa albarkatu a hannun sashen guda (kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin tsarin tsohuwar Soviet Rybprom). Institutionungiyar kimiyya ta Caspian mafi girma - CaspNIRKh yanki ne na masana'antar kamun kifi. Abin da ake kira International Commission on Aquatic Bioresources na Tekun Caspian an kafa shi ne a cikin 1992 dangane da kungiyar masu aiki a Kaspryba JSC. Ma'aikatan muhalli na jihohin Caspian ba su da wakilci a cikin Kwamitin, wanda ke haifar da gaskiyar cewa takaddar da aka sanya a wasu lokuta ta ninka abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin cibiyar ta CaspNIRKh.
6. A cikin makomar mai zuwa, mahimmancin tattalin arzikin albarkatun halittar teku za su ragu zuwa kusan sifili, in ban da wuraren da aka ambata a kusa da Volga da Urals, buƙatar daidaita ayyukan amfani da albarkatun kifaye za ta shuɗe da kanta. Babban matakin rashin daidaituwar yanayin muhalli (ma'adanar ruwa, ma'adanan masaniyar masarufi, kankara a arewacin yankin teku, da dai sauransu), da kuma karbuwa ga yanayin rayuwar Caspian don canje-canjen ya ba mu damar fatan cewa halittun Caspian za su riƙe ikon dawo da su.
7. Yiwuwar dawo da yanayin yanayin Caspian ya dogara ne akan ayyukan hadin gwiwar jihohin Caspian. Har yanzu, tare da ɗimbin yawa da aka yanke shawara game da shawarar "muhalli" da tsare-tsaren, babu wasu tsare-tsare da ka'idoji don lura da ingancin su. Irin wannan tsarin yana da amfani ga duk sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Caspian, gami da hukumomin gwamnati, hukumomin ƙasa da na ƙasa.
8. Tsarin saka idanu a cikin muhalli da kuma bincike na kimiyya a cikin Caspian yana da iko, yana da tsayayye, mai tsada da rashin ƙarfi, yana ba da damar amfani da bayanai da ra'ayin jama'a.
9. Hanya mai yiwuwa daga yanayin da ake ciki na iya zama ƙirƙirar tsarin hulɗa tare da ayyukan saka idanu da bayanan jama'a. Tsarin ya zama mai sauƙin sassauƙa, yadda ake tsara shi, ya dace da aiki tare da kowa a hankali game da gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa.

Timur Berkeliev,
Ecoclub СATENA, Ashgabat

Short Short

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, matsalar kula da lafiyar muhalli na keɓaɓɓen abu, kamar tekun Caspian, ya zama mai matukar muni. Tekun Caspian wani tafki ne na musamman, tushen albarkatun ruwa da wadatar halittu ba su da analogues a duniya.
Caspian shine mafi tsufa mai samar da mai a duniya. A Azerbaijan, da ke lardin Absheron, samar da mai ya fara ne sama da shekaru 150 da suka gabata, kuma an ba da umarnin saka hannun jari ga kasashen waje a karon farko. Kasashen waje sun fara ne a shekarar 1924.

Gabatarwa …………………………………………………. 3
Asalin asali da yanayin yanki na Tekun Caspian. …………. 4
Matsalolin muhalli na Tekun Caspian ……… .. ………………………………. 5
Kwayar mai ta ..... .......... ........
Gurbataccen ruwan kogin .. …………………………………………… 11
Shigarsa daga jikin kwayoyin cuta …………………………………………………………… .. 12
Faci da shayarwa ……………………………………… 13
Cututtuka .......... ........
Rashin Tsarin ƙarfe ………………………………… 15
Maganar rashin daidaituwa ..........
Mutuwar hatimin .......... 17
Matsalolin muhalli na Kazakh na Tekun Caspian…. 17
Matakan da za a tabbatar da zaman lafiya a tekun Caspian …………… 18
Kammalawa ………………………………………………………………………………… .20
Jerin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi amfani da su .......... 21

Kayan mai

A cikin rijiyoyin ruwan Caspian an ɓoye adadi mai yawa na mai da gas, ci gaban wanda ke gudana yau da kullun. Dangane da tanadi, Tekun Caspian shine mafi girma na biyu a duniya bayan Tekun Farisa. Sakamakon warewar tafki, ko da ƙananan gangunan mai suna da haɗari ga yankin ruwan da mazaunanta.

Manyan hanyoyin gurbata ruwa sun hada da masu zuwa:

1. Rashin ruwa. Kusan 90% na gurɓatattun abubuwa suna shiga jikin ruwa ta hanyar kwarara kogin saboda amfani da ruwa don zubar da shara. Daga cikinsu, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai, karafa, abubuwan da ke faruwa, da abubuwan da ake amfani da su sun zama ruwan dare. Ana zubarda ruwa mai tsaftataccen ruwa akai-akai cikin Volga, saboda wannan shine mafi girman izinin tattara kayan mai a cikin kogunan dake kwarara zuwa Tekun Caspian ya wuce matsayin ta hanyar goma.
2. Rijiyoyin mai da gas. Haɓaka ma'adanan ma'adinai daga Rasha, Azerbaijan da Turkmenistan suna ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen tafki. Filayen rijiyoyin sune manyan hanyoyin gurbata Tekun Caspian. Daga wata rijiya a cikin tafki yana karɓar mai daga lita 25 zuwa 100 na mai.
3. Jirgin Sama. Jirgin ruwa shine ɗayan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa sakamakon ambaliyar mai. Yayin jigilar mai ta hanyar ruwa, zubar da mai shima yana faruwa.

Sakin sharar mai ya nuna babbar barazana ce ga flora da fauna na Tekun Caspian. Man, lokacin da ya shiga ruwa, ya shimfiɗa shi tare da fim na bakin ciki kuma yana cutar da rayayyun halittu. Don haka aikin hanyoyin haɗin sarkar nazarin halittu ya rikice.

Rage matakin ruwa

Tekun Caspian, duk da sunan, hakika shine mafi girman tafkin duniya. A shekarun da suka gabata, yawan ruwa a ciki yana raguwa sannu a hankali, wanda hakan ke haifar da barazanar rashin ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun rubuta gaskiyar raguwar shekara-shekara a cikin tafki ta hanyar santimita 6-7. Musamman ma yankunan yankin Caspian da abin ya shafa.

Halin yana haifar da sakamako mara kyau:

1. Matsayin salinity na ruwa ya hau. A sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire waɗanda ba su dace da irin wannan yanayin ba suna mutuwa.
2. Yawan kifayen da ke cikin tafkin yana raguwa.
3. Tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a yankuna marassa galihu suna wahala - ruwa sannu a hankali ya koma daga biranen da ke da tashar jiragen ruwa

A irin wannan raunin na raguwar matakan ruwa, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata yankin arewacin tekun Caspian zai juya zuwa ƙasa.

Akwai dalilai da yawa don rashin girman yankin ruwan.

Da farko dai, sun haɗu da canjin yanayi a yankin, musamman ma yankin Volga, wanda shine babban tushen samar da abinci mai gina jiki. A cikin shekaru 15-20 da suka gabata, matsakaicin iska a cikin Tekun Caspian ya karu da digiri 1.

Tekun Caspian ba shi da hanyoyin gama gari da suke haɗa shi da sauran tekuna da tekun, saboda haka matakin sa yana shafar yawan hazo, adadin kuzarin da kogin kogi. Increasearuwar zazzabi ya haifar da karuwar fitar ruwa daga saman tafki.

A yau, Tekun Caspian yana da ma'aunin ruwa mara kyau - yana ƙafe fiye da yadda yake fitowa daga waje.

Kifi

Caspian an san shi da irin nau'in kifaye masu kima. A nan ne sama da 80% na samarwa na duniya ke aiwatarwa. Yau a cikin Tekun Caspian akwai nau'in kifaye kusan 130. Arewacin rafin da bakin Volga suna da daraja musamman - a cikin waɗannan wuraren akwai mafi yawan taro na sturgeon, zanen dunƙule da beluga. Hakanan a wannan bangare na jikin ruwa akwai like da yawa. A saboda wannan dalili, har ma a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet, an dauki wannan yankin yanki na kiyayewa.

Kifar da kifayen babban kifi na daya daga cikin matsalolin muhalli na Tekun Caspian. Wannan kifin yana da mahimmanci saboda caviar (wasu suna kiransa "black gold"). Caspian yana samarwa sama da 90% na girman duniya.

Rushewar USSR ya haifar da kauda ikon mallakar kifi a Azerbaijan da Turkmenistan. A sakamakon haka, kama waɗannan kifayen sun fara yin yawa. A yau, aluramura suna kan gab da hallaka. Malamai sun lalata sama da kashi 90% na adanannun kayayyaki.

Akwai matakan kiyaye sauran kifayen da suka rage, amma yanayin dabi'a ne kawai zai iya biyan asarar.

Tekun Caspian jiki ne na musamman na ruwa. Kusa da kai a gareshi, magance matsalolin muhalli., Zai taimaka wajen kiyaye yankin ruwan da yanayin kasa.

Rashin daidaituwa game da matakin teku

Wata matsalar ita ce hawa da sauka a matakin teku, raguwar ruwa, da raguwa a yankin da ruwan yake dashi da kuma yankin yanki. Yawan ruwan da ke kwarara daga kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikin teku ya ragu. An sauwaka wannan ta hanyar yin gine-ginen ruwa da kuma sarrafa ruwa kogi zuwa wuraren ajiye ruwa.

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Samfuran ruwa da kwarkwata daga gindin Tekun Caspian sun nuna cewa yankin ya gurbata da abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan karafa da karafa iri iri: Mercury da gubar, cadmium da arsenic, nickel da vanadium, barium, jan karfe da zinc.Matsayin wadannan abubuwan sinadarai a cikin ruwa ya wuce dukkan halayen da aka yarda da su, wanda ke cutar da teku da mazaunanta. Wata matsala ita ce samuwar bangarorin da ba su da iskar oxygen a cikin teku, wanda hakan na iya haifar da sakamako mai muni. Bugu da kari, shigarwar kwayoyin halitta suna lalata yanayin da ke cikin Tekun Caspian. A baya can, akwai wani wuri na horarwa don gabatar da sabbin halittu.

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Sanadin matsalolin muhalli na Tekun Caspian

Matsalolin muhalli na tekun Caspian ya taso ne saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

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• overfishing
• gina abubuwa daban-daban akan ruwa,
• gurbata ruwa da masana'antu da sharar gida,
• barazana daga mai da gas, sinadarai, kayan ƙarfe, makamashi, hadaddun aikin gona,
• ayyukan masu fastoci,
• sauran tasirin tsarin halittar marine,
• rashin yarjejeniyar kasashen Caspian game da kiyaye yankin ruwan.

Wadannan abubuwan lalata masu tasiri sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa Tekun Caspian ya rasa yiwuwar cikakken tsari na kansa da tsabtace kansa. Idan ba ka tsaurara ayyukan da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na teku ba, to hakan zai yi sanadiyyar asarar kifayen kuma ta zama rafin da ke da datti.

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Tekun Caspian yana kewaye da jihohi da yawa, saboda haka, maganin matsalolin muhalli na tafki yakamata ya zama sanadin gama gari ga waɗannan ƙasashe. Idan ba ku kula da kiyaye tsarin halittar Caspian ba, sakamakon hakan ba wai kawai ajiyar albarkatun ruwa kawai zai lalace ba, har ma da sauran nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi.

Babban matsalolin muhalli na Tekun Caspian

Matsalolin muhalli na Caspian sun taso kuma suna ci gaba da haɓaka cikin sauri saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

• ba a sarrafa shi ba, gami da satar dabbobi, kamun kifi,
• gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da madatsun ruwa a kan kogunan da ke ciyar da teku,
• gurbacewar ruwa ta hanyar gurbi da shara,
• fitar da mai,
• shiga cikin tekun sunadarai wanda ake sarrafa filayen,
• rashin yarda da jihohin lafuzzan Caspian kan batun kariya da tsabtace yankin ruwa.

Idan baku inganta ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tsabtace yankin ruwan ba, a cikin 'yan shekaru goman da Caspian zai yi asarar ƙifayen zai zama mai datti mai cike da ƙazanta.

Gurbataccen ruwa

Ruwa na Caspian ba a gurbata ba kawai sakamakon fashewar mai da gangan. Volga da duk sauran koguna, suna ɗaukar ruwayensu zuwa Tekun Caspian, suna zuwa da tarin kayayyakin sharar mutane, da kuma sharar gida.

Yawancin biranen bakin teku ba su da tsirran da ke kula da shara ko magudanar ruwa - duka gidaje da kuma masana'antu - kai tsaye cikin teku.

Ruwa mai tsabta da ke kwarara zuwa cikin yankin Caspian yana haifar da yankuna masu haɗari mara amfani da oxygen - sun riga sun bayyana a kudancin yankin. Waɗannan sassa na teku ne wanda, saboda yawan gurɓatar da iska, duk tsirran ruwan marine da ke samar da iskar oxygen, kuma duk mazaunan ruwa suna mutuwa bayan iskar gas.