Sauropods | |||||||||||||||||||
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Sauropods (lat. Saauropodawanda yake nufin Dinosaur) - wani bambancin kayan cin abinci na dinosaur. Mahalli na sauropods ya kasance ne daga shekaru miliyan 200 zuwa miliyan 85 da suka gabata, yawancinsu sun rayu ne a lokacin Jurassic, amma wasu sun rayu a zamanin Cretaceous, kamar titanosaurus ko alamosaurus.
Shirya Abinci
Sauropods suna da manya-manyan ciki, suna iya sanya ciyayi a baki ɗaya. Suma suna iya hadiyewa yawon shakatawakara ganye a ciki. Wasu nau'ikan, irin su Ankhisaur, sun haɗu da manyan fuka-falle don duba ƙasa da tushen ƙwaya. Sun isa bishiyoyi da wuyoyinsu. Idan tsawo bai isa ba, sauropod ɗin zai iya tsayawa a ƙafafunsa na baya. Amma a cikin madaidaiciyar matsayi, jini a cikin wuyansa ba zai iya harbi zuciyar na dogon lokaci.
Mafi qarancin sauropod
Dinosaurs na farko waɗanda suka rayu shekaru miliyan 220 da suka gabata ba su wuce mita ba. Juyin halitta ya sanya wadannan halittu masu rarrafe girma. Kambin da aka ƙaddamar da wannan aikin ya kasance mafi girma, wanda ya ƙunshi rukuni na sauropods - dinosaurs na herbivorous mai kafa huɗu na tsari, yana rayuwa daga yanayin Jurassic zuwa Cretaceous.
Wanne ne daga cikin sauropods mafi karami
Mafi girma daga cikinsu, irin su Amphicelias (Amphicoelias) - dinosaur mai girma, dabba mafi girma da ta taɓa rayuwa a doron duniya, Brachiosaurus ko Argentinosaurus (Argentinosaurus) sun kasance dubun mita a tsayi kuma suna da nauyin tan-goma.
Brachytrachelopan, Brachytrachelopan
Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - sauropod, wanda ya kai tsawon mita 7-10.
Mai girma dabam
Zauropods yana da babban sigogi tsakanin dukkanin abubuwan cin abinci. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su Indricotherium da Palaeoloxodon (mafi girman dabbobi masu shayarwa) sun kasance kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da manyan sauropods. Kawai kifayen whales na zamani zasu iya gasa tare da girman waɗannan dinosaur.
Daya daga cikin dinosaurs mafi tsayi da danshi da aka sani don ƙarin ko completeasa da ƙasusuwa - Giraffatitan brancai. An gano gawarsa a cikin Tanzania tsakanin 1907 zuwa 1912. Dabbobi sun kai mita 12 a tsayi, tsawonsu ya kai 21.8-22.5, da nauyin 30-60. Daya daga cikin mafi dadewar dinosaurs - Diplodocus hallorumgano a Wyoming a cikin Amurka.
Hakanan an san manyan dinosaur, amma sake gina su ya dogara ne akan burbushin halittu. Ofaya daga cikin manyan sauropods da aka sani shine Argentinosaurus, har zuwa 39.7 m tsawo.
The most theropods sun kasance Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus da Giganotosaurus. Ka'idodin zamani sun ba da shawarar cewa girman jikin mutum ya girma a cikin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata kasancewar su, daga kilo 163 zuwa kilo 0.8, yayin da suka fara canzawa zuwa tsuntsaye.
Shin duk sauropods sunyi girma sosai?
Ba duk sauropods ya kai girman mita goma da ɗimbin nauyin tan. Sizesaramin girma dabam na wasu theropods sun taimaka musu suyi sauri, kuma saboda haka yana da sauƙin kama ganima.
Skull Europasaurus holgeri
Kwanyar shine Europasaurus holgeri, wanda ya kai mita 6 a tsayi.
Mafi qarancin sauropods
- Ohmdenozaur (Ohmdenosaurus liasicus) - 4 m
- Blikanazaur (Blikanasaurus cromptoni) - 3-5 m
- Magyarosaur (Magyarosaurus dacus) - 5-6 m
- Europazaur (Europasaurus holgeri) - kasa da 6.2 m
- Isanozaur (Isanosaurus) - 6.5-7 m
- Vulcanodon (Vulcanodon) - 6.5 m
- Camelotia (Camelotia) - 9 m
- Tazoudazaur (Tazoudasaurus) - 9 m
- Antetonitrus (Antetonitrus) - 8-10 m
- Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - 7-10 m
- Shunosaurus (Shunosaurus) - 9.5-10 m
- Amazonzaur (Amazonsaurus marahensis) - 10-12 m
Szunozaur (Shunosaurus) - kasa da mita 10 a tsayi.
Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.
Katin kasuwanci
Kamewa | Squad | Class | Wani nau'in | Masarauta | Yanada |
Sauropods | Dinosaur | Abubuwa masu rarrafe | Chordate | Dabbobi | Eukaryotes |
Tsawon tsayi har zuwa m | Tsawon zuwa, m | Weight to, t | Ya kasance, M.L. | Habitat | Wanene ya bayyana, shekara |
37 | 17 | 73 | 231.4-66 (p. Triassic - p. Alli) | Dukkanin nahiyoyi | Charles Marsh, 1978 |
Lokaci da kuma wurin zama
Akwai sauropods daga Late Triassic har zuwa ƙarshen Maƙiyanci, shekaru 231.4 - shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata (daga tsakiyar Carnian zuwa Maastrichtian mataki). Sun kasance masu yaduwa sosai: ana samun ragowar wurare a duk nahiyoyin.
Kyakkyawan takaddar janareta da yawa (latsa don faɗaɗawa), wanda kwararren ɗan wasan Spain Raul Martin yayi. Zane: Jen Christiansen An jera sunayen a ƙarƙashin dinosaurs.
Ma'anar da tarihin ganowa
Sauropoda (Sauropoda) - ɓataccen dinosaurs, wanda aka san shi da wuƙaƙen wuyoyi da wutsiyoyi, ƙananan kwano, da kuma wasu haruffan haruffa, waɗanda za a nuna su a ƙasa. A wasu rarrabuwa kamar yadda aka tsara sauropodomorphs (Sauropodomorpha).
Sunan Latin Saauropoda ya fito ne daga wata tsoffin kalmomin helenanci "lafazin dinosaur" kuma yana bayanin tsarin gabobin. Mawallafin shi ne mashahurin ɗan marubucin nan dan ƙasar Ingila Charles Marsh. Ya ba da shawarar sunan a 1978 a cikin takarda ta kimiyya. "Babban jigogi na dikamura Jurassic na Amurka. Sashe na I".
Da yawa manyan wakilai sun yi ta ɗan zane-zane na Rasha Dmitry Bogdanov.
Wataƙila, a zamanin da da na Tsararraki, ana samun ragowar sauropods a cikin duniya koyaushe. Amma sananne na farko da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen sun bayyana ne kawai a 1699. Wannan aikin masanin kimiyyar Welsh ne Edward Lluid "Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium". Dabbobin, wanda aka sani da hakori ɗaya, ya karɓi daga sunansa Rutellum implicatum.
An gano burbushin halittun farko na sauropods a farkon karni na 19 a Burtaniya: ambatonsu ya kasance har zuwa 3 ga Yuni, 1825. Amintaccen yanayin jikin kafaɗar jikin mutum da wasu abubuwa na gabar jiki na cetiosaurus (Cetiosaurus). A cikin 1841 Charles Marsh ya bayyana shi. A lokaci guda, an bayyana sauropod na biyu, Cardiodon.
Tun daga wannan lokaci, binciken abubuwa da yawa. Zuwa yau, kusan daruruwan samar da sauropods an san su, kuma a kowace shekara adadin su yana ci gaba da girma.
Tsarin jiki
Tsawon sauropods ya kai mita 37 (pathagotitan). Tsawonsa ya kai mita 17 (zavroposeidon). Sun auna nauyin tan 73 (Argentinosaurus). Waɗannan sune dinosaur mafi girma da dabbobin ƙasa a cikin duk tarihin duniyar gabaɗaya.
Yawancin manyan sauropods, don kwatankwacin su, mawakin Ba-Amurikan nan Scott Hartman ne ya sanya shi a kan wannan tsarin. Shin girman ba shi da ban sha'awa? Mai riƙe rikodin tsawon, Supersaurus, ya shiga ƙarƙashin wasiƙar E.
Amma ba dukansu manyan-manya bane. Bambancin masu girma dabam yana da girma. Wakilan farko, kamar su Anchisaurus, sun auna kilogram 27 kawai tare da tsawon 2.4 m. Har ila yau, akwai ƙarancin laushi, kamar su Panphagia.
Sauropods yafi motsawa a kan ƙafafu huɗu, amma farkon siffofin yana iya sauƙin tafiya akan biyu. Mafi karancin sauropods sun kasance masu hannu da yawa kuma suna iya tserewa daga abokan gaba. Manyan sun kasance masu jinkirin, kuma a lokacin tsaro sun riga sun kasance suna dogaro da girman su da kayan aikinsu. Shugabannin da ke jikinsu sun kasance kaɗan.
Hoton daga wani labarin daga Michael Taylor da abokan aiki ("Halin kai da wuya a cikin sainopod dinosaurs an taɓo daga dabbobi masu ƙyalli", 2009) yana nuna bambancin kwanyar da kimanin kusurwa na juyawa dangi a wuyan wuka (latsa don faɗaɗa). Gyara: Matta wedel. Genus daga hagu zuwa dama: Massospondylus (Massospondylus), Camarasaurus (Camarasaurus), Diplodocus (Diplodocus) da Nigerosaurus (Nigersaurus).
Hakanan hakoran sun ci karo da juna, amma galibi wadannan sune bakin cokali mai fasali ko fasalin chikin. Vertebrae na mahaifa suna da yawa galibi. Tsawon wuya ya bambanta daga tsayi (diplodocides da mamenchisaurids) zuwa matsakaici (dicreosaurids).
Abubuwan da aka tsara na wuyansa daban-daban ne daga littafin Michael Taylor da abokan aikin sa ("Dogon tsokoki na sauropods bai samo asali ba ta hanyar zaɓi na jima'i", 2011).
Jikin sauropods ya kasance matsakaita mai tsayi ɗaya kuma ya ƙare tare da fizgi mai kama da bulala. Tsawon ƙarshen ya kasance daga matsakaici (alal misali, a cikin brachiosaurids) zuwa manya-manyan (diplodocides). A cikin sauropods daga baya, ya juya ya zama makami mai tasiri wanda ke dogara da gaba.
Abinci da rayuwa
Ta dukkan alamu, sauropods sun cinye abincin dabbobi. Bayan haka, wasu nau'in, da farko farkon su, a zahiri ana iya daukar rabin abincin dabbobi (kananan halittu, daga kwari zuwa kananan dabbobi masu rarrafe).
Girman tsire-tsire da aka yi amfani da shi ya bambanta da girman, tsawon wuya da sauran sifofin fasali. Misali, Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus) na iya aiwatar da tsari ba kawai tsakiya ba, har ma da manyan bishiyoyi. Volan ƙananan volcanodons (Vulcanodon) suna ciyar da ƙananan ƙananan rassan ko siffofin da basu da tushe.
A cikin zanen ta mai zane-zane-zane Sergei Krasovsky, kananan dicreosaurs (Dicraeosaurus) da kuma manyan giraffatitans (Giraffatitan) kuje kusa. Don haka kusa da haka daban. Dinosaurs da aka daɗe suna hakika sun bambanta sosai.
Hanyoyin kariya kuma sun bambanta kuma sannu a hankali sun samu. Earlyaramin sauropods na farko, lokacin haɗuwa tare da babban mai farauta, yana fatan yafi ƙafafunsu. Manyan manya za su iya tsayawa a kan gwiwar mahaifa, da haduwa da abokan gaba da manyan dabbobin da aka zana.
Sauropods na ƙarshen zamani ya ji daɗin iko mafi girma, girman kyanwa da wutsiya mai ƙarfi. Yin amfani da shi azaman babban bulala, sun sami damar cutar da mummunan rauni a kan har ma da mafi girma theropods.
Bambanci tsakanin wakilan iyalai uku daga mai zane-zane na kasar Finland IsisMasshiro.
Ina so in san komai
Muna ci gaba da jawo ra'ayoyi daga posts daga umarni na tebur. Abinda muke sha'awar tsohuwar abokina res_man? Ga kuma abin da: »Dinosaur mafi girma da karami. Kuma a sannan a cikin wannan zaren zaka iya rikicewa. Yana da kyau a yi la’akari da sauropods da theropods (carnosaurs) daban. Da kyau, kuma idan wani mai sha'awar ya zo wucewa) "
Bari mu fahimci wannan batun na doguwar tarihin mahaifiyarmu Duniya.
Amma aikin ba sauki! Da farko, yadda za a kimanta mafi girma dinosaur? A tsayi? Da nauyi? Ta tsaka tsaki? Kuma da yawa ajiyar wurin da cewa wani jinsin ba musamman tabbatar. Kuma ta hanyar, yawancin abubuwan buɗe ido suna da kusan girman ƙididdigar iri ɗaya. Da kyau, bari mu ba da sigogi da yawa akan wannan batun, sannan ku yanke shawara kan kanku wanda za'a iya ɗauka mafi girma ko ƙarami.
“Makaryata mai rauni” - wannan shine yadda aka fassara kalmar "Dinosaur" daga Girkanci ta dā. Wadannan hanyoyin karkatar sun zauna duniya a zamanin Mesozoic sama da shekaru miliyan 160. Dinosaur ta farko ta bayyana ne a ƙarshen zamanin Triassic (shekaru miliyan 251 da suka shude - shekaru miliyan 199 da suka shude), kimanin shekaru miliyan 230 da suka shude, lalata su ya fara a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 145 da suka gabata - shekaru miliyan 65 da suka shude), kimanin 65 shekaru miliyan da suka gabata.
Ragowar dinosaur, wanda aka samo a cikin 1877 a Colorado, har yanzu ana ɗauka ƙasusuwa na dinosaur mafi girma - amphicelia. Amphicelia (lat. Amphicoelias daga Girkanci. amphi “A garesu” da coelos "Babu komai, concave") asalin halittar dinosaurs ne na herbivorous daga kungiyar sauropod.
Masanin burbushin halittar Edward Cope, wanda ya buga labarin akan amphicelia a 1878, ya yanke shawararsa akan yanki guda na vertebra (wanda aka lalata jim kaɗan bayan tsaftacewa kuma bai tsira ba har yanzu - zane kawai ya rayu), don haka girman kuma har ma da kasancewar wannan dinosaur yana da shakka. Idan Amphicelias duk da haka an bayyana shi daidai, to, tsawonsa, bisa ga lissafin, ya kasance daga mita 40 zuwa 62, da taro - har zuwa tan 155 . Hakan yana da alama ba wai kawai dinosaur mafi girma na kowane lokaci ba, har ma mafi girma daga cikin sanannun dabbobi. Amphicelias ya kusan sau biyu tsawon whale mai launin shuɗi da nisan mita 10 fiye da seismosaurus, wanda yake a matsayi na biyu. Sannan mafi girman alamar girman dabbobin za su kasance a matakin amphicelias - 62 m tsawon. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar ra'ayi game da wanzuwar ɗakunan dinosaurs (alal misali, Bruhatkayosaurus, wanda ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous.
Bruhathkayosaurus (Latin Bruhathkayosaurus) yana ɗaya daga cikin sauropods mafi girma. Dangane da ire-iren fassara daban-daban. auna nauyin tan 180 ko 220 (a cewar wasu maganganun - tan 240) . Bruhatkayosaurus a bayyane shine dabba mafi nauyi a rayuwa har abada (a wuri na biyu shine tan 200-shuul Whale, a cikin na uku shine tan-155 amphicelias). Harshen halittar ya hada da kawai nau'in halittun da aka samo a kudancin Indiya (Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu). Shekaru - kusan miliyan 70 (Cretaceous). Babu ƙididdigar guda ɗaya game da tsawon dinosaur; ƙwararrun masana kimiyya sun ƙayyade tsayinsa daga mita 28-34 zuwa mita 40 zuwa 44.
Dannawa
Koyaya, kada kuyi saurin yarda da zato yanzu. Sakamakon yawan ƙasusuwa, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wannan ba. Kawai tsinkayen masana kimiyya da yaduwa cikin kimantawa. Za mu jira sababbin ramuka - domin mun dogara ne kawai da bayanan gaskiya. Kuma idan kun dogara da hujjoji kawai, to, abin da suke faɗi ke nan.
Kodayake masana binciken burbushin halitta suna da'awar cewa sun sami ƙarin ɓarna, girman Argentinosaurus yana da goyan bayan tabbataccen hujja. Vear vertebra ɗaya ne kawai na Argentinosaurus ya fi kauri ƙafa huɗu! Tana da tsawon ƙafafunsa na tsawon rabin 4.5, kuma tsayi daga kafada zuwa hip. 7 m. Idan muka ƙara da sakamakon tsayin dutsen da wutsiya wanda yayi daidai da ragin da aka sani a titanosaurs, jimlar Argentinosaurus zai zama m 30. Duk da haka, wannan baya sanya dinosaur mafi tsawo. Mafi dadewa ana ɗaukar shi seismosaur ne, wanda aka kiyasta tsawonsa daga ƙarshen hanci har zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya yakai 40 m, kuma adadin yana daga tan 40 zuwa 80, amma, bisa ga duk lissafin, Argentinosaurus shine mafi damuwa. Girmansa zai iya kaiwa ton 100!
Bugu da kari, da Argentinosaurus, babu shakka,. mafi girman pangolin game da abin da ingantaccen abu yake tattarawa. Masana masana kimiyya guda biyu, Rodolfo Coria da Jose Bonaparte daga Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi a Buenos Aires, sun haƙa wannan gatan a 1980. A cewar waɗannan masu binciken, Argentinosaurus na mallakar titanosaurs (orderashin sauropod na tsari na dinosaur dinosaurs), wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin Kudancin Amurka a zamanin Cretaceous.
Kwatanta ƙasusuwa da aka samo tare da sanannun sauropod da aka riga aka sani, masana kimiyya sunyi lissafin cewa dabbar da aka tono tana da tsawon ƙafar ƙafafuna kimanin 4.5 m da tsayi daga kafada zuwa hip. 7 m. Idan ka ƙara da wuya da tsawon wutsiya mai dacewa da rayayyun titanosaurs da aka sani a baya zuwa sakamakon, to jimlar ta Argentinosaurus zata zama m 30. Wannan ba shine dinosaur mafi tsayi ba (mafi tsawo shine seismosaur, wanda tsawonsa daga ƙarshen hanci har zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya an kiyasta 40 m , kuma taro daga tanz 40 zuwa 80), amma, bisa ga dukkan ƙididdigar, mafi girman. Kayanta zai iya kaiwa ton 100.
Zauroposeidon (Sauroposeidon) mai suna bayan Poseidon, allahn Girkanci na teku. A cikin girman, ya yi gasa tare da Argentinosaurus, kuma wataƙila zai iya wuce shi, amma nauyinsa ya ragu sosai, a cewar masana binciken burbushin halittu, bai wuce tan 65 ba, yayin da Argentinosaurus zai iya nauyin tan ɗari. Amma Zauroposeidon na iya zama dinosaur mafi tsayi da ta taɓa tafiya cikin duniya, amma menene ɗan taliki mafi tsayi akan duniya gabaɗaya! Tsayinta zai iya kusan mita 18-20
Bayanan sa na zahiri ya nuna cewa a kullun dole ne ya cinye kimanin ton na ciyayi, kusan aikin da ba shi da iyaka. Don aiwatar da wannan “feat, dinosaur yana da hakora masu launin hutu 52 waɗanda suke sare tsire-tsire a ƙasa guda. Shi bai ma dame abinci ba, har ya haɗiye ciyayi mai daɗi, wanda nan da nan ya fadi a cikin tan-tan miliyan 1, girman tafkin. Sannan ruwansa na ciki, wanda yake da ƙarfin gaske kuma yana iya narke baƙin ƙarfe, sauran aikin yayi.Dinosaur shima ya hadiye duwatsun da suka taimaka masa narkewar fiber.
Yana da kyau tsarin narkewa yayi aiki sosai don dinosaur, tunda tare da tsawon shekaru 100 (ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsawo a masarautar dinosaurs) kuma in babu irin wannan tsarin, zai tsufa cikin sauri.
Duk mun tattauna abubuwan da ake kira sauropods (sauropods), kuma wanne ne daga cikin masu hasashen cin abinci mafi girma?
Wataƙila kun yi tunanin cewa a cikin wannan rukunin za a sami Tyrannosaurus Rex. Koyaya, yanzu an yi imanin cewa spinosaurus shine mafi girma dinosaur na annabta. Bakinsa kamar bakin macijin, kuma fitowar da ke bayansa tayi kama da wani babban jirgi. Jirgin ruwan ya yi kama da wannan dajin. Fata "sail" fata mai tsayi ya kai mita 2. Maƙaddara da kanta ta fi mita 17 tsawo kuma ta auna tan 4. Ya koma kan kafafunsa na baya kamar sauran hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. A cikin tsayi na iya zama sama da ƙafa 20. Karanta ƙari game da dinosaur.
Spinosaurus yana da "dutsen safarar" fata wanda ya shimfiɗa a kan hanyoyin cikin jijiya, ya kai mita 2. Maƙaddara da kanta ta fi mita 17 tsawo kuma ta auna tan 4. Ya koma kan kafafunsa na baya kamar sauran hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
Spinosaurus ya farauto shi kadai, yana kwance abincin. A lokaci guda kuma, ya dogara da girman girmansa da ƙarfin ƙarfin jaws, elongated, kamar pliosaurus, kuma dauke da manyan haƙoran haƙora. Wannan maharbin ya ci babban kifi, amma yana iya kaiwa hari koda dinosaur-sauropod na girman sa. Sanya hakora cikin wuyan sauropod, spinosaurus ya ciji makogwaronsa, wanda ya haifar da saurin mutuwar wanda aka azabtar. Hakanan yana iya kai hari yawon kare, dabbobin ruwa da kifayen ruwa.
A tsakiyar rana, spinosaurus na iya juya baya ga rana. A wannan matsayin, “sail” an juya-gefe zuwa hasken rana kai tsaye kuma baya ɗaukar zafi, don haka, spinosaurus, wanda, kamar dukkan dabbobi masu rarrafe, mai sanyi ne, ya guji haɗarin zafi. Idan ya ji zafi ba zato ba tsammani, to zai iya nutsewa cikin kogi mafi kusa ko kogi kuma ya tsamo "sail" cikin ruwa don sanyaya shi. Da sanyin safiya har ma a yanayin dumama mai Cretaceous, yawanci zazzabi bai yi tsayi kamar rana ba. Yana yiwuwa da asuba da spinosaurus ya kasance mai sanyi sosai. Saida ya iya tsayawa domin haskakawar rana ya fadi akan jirgin "sail", kamar yadda aka nuna a kwatancin. Akwai wani ka’idar, wanda aka yi imani da cewa “sail” a cikin lokacin kiwo na iya zama wata hanya ta jan hankalin mata.
A bayyane, spinosaurus ya kasance ɗayan mafi tsananin tsoro na Late Cretaceous. Tsawon jikinsa daga bakin hanci har zuwa wutsiyarsa ya kai kimanin 15m - fiye da tsawon motar bas ta zamani. A cikin kwatancin da ka gani a jere na kashin baya, mafi tsayi wanda ya kai 1.8 m. Waɗannan ratsan ɗin sunyi aiki a matsayin tushen “sail” na spinosaurus. Dogayen tsalle-tsayi sun kasance a tsakiya, kowane juzu'i a tsakiya ya fizge fiye da ƙarshen ƙasan babba. Tsarin jikin spinosaurus yana da goyon baya daga ƙafa biyu masu ƙarfi kamar ƙafa, ƙafafun kuma sun ƙare a cikin manyan kaho uku. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarin yatsa mai rauni a kan kowace ƙafa. Wsarfin maƙalar a ƙafafun spinosaurus na iya zama da amfani a gare shi domin ya bar wanda aka azabtar ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa. Bsarshen tsokoki na kashin baya, amma kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai. Tsarin kwanyar ta spinosaur yayi daidai da tsarin kwanyar wasu abincin dabbobi, fasalin halayyar sa hakora ne madaidaiciya, mai kaifi kamar wukake don yankan nama, wanda zai iya huda koda mafi kaurin fata. Wutsiyar spinosaurus yana da tsawo, babba kuma yana da ƙarfi. Masana kimiyya sun bayar da shawarar cewa a wasu lokuta, spinosaurus na iya rushe ganima ta hanyar harba wasu manyan wutsiya wutsiya.
Anan ga wasu daga cikin masu hasashen da za a iya ambata, wanda zai iya gasa tare da dinosaur mafi girma. Kuma wannan sake ba Tyrannosaurus Rex :-)
Tarbosaurus (Tarbosaurus), asalin abubuwan da ke faruwa na dinosaurs na ƙarancin tsinkaye (supernoamily carnosaurs). Manyan ƙasa masu hasara - tsawon tsayi jikin mutum yawanci yakai 10 m, tsayi a cikin kafaɗun kafa biyu shine kusan 3.5 m.The kwanyar yana da girma (fiye da 1 m), babban, hakoran kamar hakora, waɗanda aka tsara don kai hari kan manyan dabbobi (galibi dinosaurs herbivorous). Hannun goshin T. suna raguwa kuma yana da yatsu 2 cikakke, ƙafar haɓaka na haɓaka sosai, yana haɓaka, tare da wutsiya mai ƙarfi, kayan tallafi na jiki. An samo T. kasusuwa a cikin Babban Cretaceous sediments na Gobi ta Kudu (MPR).
Lit.: Maleev E.A., Giant carnosaurs na Tyrannosauridae, a cikin littafin: Fauna da biostratigraphy na Mesozoic da Cenozoic na Mongolia, M., 1974, p. 132-1
Tarbosaurus na Asiya (Tarbosaurus bataar) ya kasance dangi ne na tsoffin inoancin Amurkan na ƙarshen ƙarshen maƙarƙashiya. Tarbosaurus mai satar fasaha ne. Daga bakin wulakancin zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya - kimanin mita goma. Mafi girma daga cikinsu yana da fiye da 14 m a tsawon kuma 6 m ba ga tsawo. Girman kai ya fi mita nesa. Hakora sun yi kaifi, dagger-like. Duk wannan ya ba da damar Tarbosaurus ya iya jurewa ko da waɗancan maƙiyan da garkuwar ƙarfe ta kiyaye jikinsu.
Da tsayinsa da kamanninsa, ya yi kama da masu mulkin kama-karya. Ya kuma yi tafiya a kan wata gabar jiki mai ƙarfi, ta amfani da wutsiya don ya sami daidaito. An rage kiwo a babban yatsu, yatsu biyu, kuma da alama ana hidimtawa ne kawai don rike abinci.
Daga cikin abubuwan da aka samo na dinosaur a Ingila shine guntun ƙananan muƙamula da hakora da dama. A bayyane yake, ya kasance ga wata babbar rawa ce, wacce daga baya aka yiwa christened kuma
megalosaurus (babban dinosaur). Tunda ba zai yiwu a iya gano wasu sassan jikin ba, ba shi yiwuwa a samar da ingantaccen ra'ayi game da yadda jikin yake da girman dabba. An yi imani cewa pangolin ya koma kan kafafu hudu. A lokutan baya, da yawa daga cikin sauran burbushin halittu da aka haƙa, amma ba a gano cikakkiyar kasusuwan ba. Kawai ta hanyar yin kwatancen tare da sauran abubuwan cin abinci na dinosaurs (carnosaurs), masu binciken sun yanke hukuncin cewa megalosaurus shima ya hau kan kafafunsa na baya, tsawonsa ya kai mita 9 kuma yana nauyin tan. Tare da ingantacciyar daidaito, yana yiwuwa a sake gina allosaurus (wata lafazi). A cikin Amurka, sama da 60 na ƙasusuwarsa masu girma dabam dabam. Babban allosaurs ya kai tsawon mita 11-12, kuma an auna shi daga tan 1 zuwa 2. Dinosaurs masu yawan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sune ganima, hakika, wanda ke tabbatar da samuwar wutsiyar apatosaurus mai cike da alamomin cizo da haƙoran ƙwallon fata.
Har ma ya fi girma, ga dukkan alamu, sun kasance jinsuna biyu da suka rayu shekaru miliyan 80 daga baya a cikin zamanin Cretaceous, wato: azzalumi (azzalumi) daga Arewacin Amurka da kuma tarbosaurus (masharhancin tsoro) daga Mongolia. Kodayake ba a kiyaye kasusuwa ba gaba ɗaya (galibi wutsiyar tana ɓoye), an yi imanin cewa tsawon su ya kai mita 14-15, tsayin 6 mita, kuma nauyin jikin ya kai tan 5-6. Shugabannin sun kuma ban sha'awa: kwanyar ta tarbosaurus tsawon mita 1.45 ce, kuma mafi girman kwanyar ta firam - mita 1.37. Teethaƙƙarfan hakoran kamar hakora masu haɓaka 15 cm suna da ƙarfi sosai har suna iya riƙe dabba mai juriya. Amma ba a san ko waɗannan Kattai za su iya farautar ganima ko suna da yawa ba don hakan. Wataƙila sun ci kayan cin abinci ko kuma ragowar abin da ƙananan dabbobi suke ci, wanda ba shi da wahalar korar. Abin mamaki dinosaur ya kasance gajere kuma mai rauni, yatsunsu biyu kacal a kansu. Kuma an sami babbar yatsa mai dogon zanci 80 cm a cikin mayuka mai siffar-ƙira mai saurin murɗawa amma ba a san ko yatsan ba ce ɗaya da girman girman dabbar ba. Spinosaurus na mita 12 (spinal lizard) shima yana da kyakkyawar gani. A gefen bayansa, fatar jikinsa ta yi rawa kamar ya tashi mita 1.8. Wataƙila wannan ya taimaka masa don tsoratar da abokan hamayyarsa da abokan gasa, ko wataƙila ya zama mai musayar zafi tsakanin jiki da muhalli.
Wanene babbar '' ban tsoro '? Har yanzu, ba mu da wata hanya da za mu iya tunanin yadda dinosaur mai ban sha'awa ke zama, daga abin da, abin ba in ciki, kawai ƙasusuwa na gaba da gabobin baya an samu ya zuwa yanzu, abin takaici, yayin ramuka a Mongolia. Amma tsawon gashin kann shi kadai ya zama mita biyu da rabi, wato, kusan daidai yake da tsawon deinonychus ko kuma sau hudu tsayin goshinsa. Akwai manyan farakoki uku a kowanne hannu, tare da taimakon abin da ya kasance mai yiwuwa ne a samu tsinkewa da tsagewa har da babbar ganima. Masu binciken Poland sun sami wannan lafazin mai suna Dinosaur deinocheyrus, wanda ke nufin "mummunan hannu".
Idan mukayi la'akari da girman dinosaur na jimina, wanda yake da tsari iri iri na forelimbs, amma ya fi girma sau hudu a tsayi, zamu iya ɗauka cewa deinocheyrus ya kasance sau daya da rabi mafi girma daga yanayin zalunci! Versaunata da masu binciken dinosaur a duk duniya suna ɗora sabbin abubuwan binciken ƙasusuwa da kuma bayyana babbar asirin “hannun mai ban tsoro”.
Tarbosaurs, ragowar wanda aka samo a kudancin hamada Gobi, manyan dinosaur ne masu tsinkaye. Jimlar tsayin jikinsu ya kai 10, kuma tsayin mita 3.5. Sun farautar manyan dinosaurs na dabbobi. An bambanta Tarbosaurs ta girman girman kwanyar - a cikin manya sun wuce mita 1.
A cewar masana, dinosaur, wanda kwanyar mutumin da yake garkuwa da shi ke son siyarwa, ya rayu a duniyarmu shekaru miliyan 50-60 da suka gabata.
A kowace shekara, masana binciken ilimin kimiyya na kasar Mongoliya da masu balaguron balaguro na ƙasa da ƙasa suna samu a cikin South Gobi duk sabon ragowar tarbozavra.
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, irin wannan nune-nune nune-nune naku suka fara ratsa cikin hannun mutane. A cewar hukumomin tilasta bin doka da oda na Mongolia, wata kungiyar masu satar mutane da ke yin wannan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, jami'an kwastan da' yan sanda sun dakatar da kokarin da suke yi na fitar da burbushin halittun qwai da wasu sassan kwarangwal din kasar waje.
Don haka, kuma wanne daga cikin masu rikodin za mu iya a cikin darajar Marine Dinosaurs
Kambin nauyi da girma a cikin gidan pliosaurs nasa ne na lyoplervodon. Tana da faifai huɗu masu ƙarfi (har tsayi 3 m) da gajerun wutsiya, a matse ta gefen. Hakora suna da girma, har zuwa 30 cm tsayi (watakila har zuwa 47 cm!), Zagaye a ɓangaren giciye. Ya kai tsawon 15 zuwa 18. Tsawon waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ya kai mita 15. Liopleurodons sun ciyar da babban kifi, ammonites, kuma sun kai hari ga sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe. Sun kasance sune manyan magabatan tekun Lura Jurassic. Karanta ƙari game da dinosaur.
Sanarwa daga G. Savage a cikin 1873 akan haƙori ɗaya daga ɗakunan Late Jurassic na yankin Boulogne-sur-Mer (Arewacin Faransa). An gano kwarangwal a karshen karni na 19 a garin Peterborough, Ingila. A lokaci guda, an haɗu da genus Liopleurodon tare da genus Pliosaurus (Pliosaurus). Liopleurodon yana da taƙaitaccen juyayi na ƙananan muƙamula da ƙarancin hakora fiye da pliosaurus. Dukansu suna haifar da dangin Pliosauridae.
Liopleurodon ferox - nau'in nau'in. Jimlar ta kai mita 25. Tsawon kwanyar shine mita 4. Wurin ajiyar rijiyoyin arewacin Turai (Ingila, Faransa) da Kudancin Amurka (Mexico). Liopleurodon pachydeirus (Kalifoniya ta Kalifoniya), wanda siffar mahaifa tayi. Rakicin Liopleurodon (aka Pliosaurus rossicus). An bayyana shi da kusan kwanyar kwanciyar hankali daga Late Jurassic (zamanin Titonian) na yankin Volga. Kwanyar tana da kusan tsawon 1 - 1.2. Wani yanki na jerin manyan abubuwan da ke ɗaukar pliosaurus daga ɗayan ajiya ɗaya na iya kasancewa ɗaya ne. A wannan yanayin, lyopleurodon na Rasha ba shi da ƙasa da nau'in Turai. An nuna ragowar kayan tarihi a dakin tarihi na Paleontological a Moscow. Liopleurodon macromerus (aka Pliosaurus macromerus, Stretosaurus macromerus). Kimmeridge - Titone na Turai da Kudancin Amurka. Girman girma sosai, tsawon kwanyar ya kai mita 3, tsawonsa ya kamata ya zama daga mita 15 zuwa 20.
Liopleurodons sun kasance kwastomomi na yau da kullun - tare da babban kunkuntar kai (aƙalla 1/4 - 1/5 na jimlar tsawon), maɓallin iko huɗu (har zuwa 3 m tsawo) da ɗan gajeren wutsiya a cikin matsanancin matsi daga bangarorin. Hakora suna da girma, har zuwa 30 cm tsayi (watakila har zuwa 47 cm!), Zagaye a ɓangaren giciye. A tukwicin jaws, hakora suna samar da “rosette”. Hannun kafafen waje ba suyi amfani da numfashi ba - lokacin yin iyo, ruwa ya shiga cikin kafafen hancin ciki (wanda yake a gaban wadanda ke waje) sannan ya fita ta hancin hancin. Kogin ruwa ya ratsa sashin Jacobson, kuma wannan ya sa lyopleurodon ya “shayar” da ruwan. Wannan halittar ta hura masa iska a bakinsa lokacin da ya nitse. Liopleurodons zai iya nutse mai zurfi kuma na dogon lokaci. Sukan yi amare da taimakon manyan manyann fuskoki, wanda suke yawo kamar fuka-fukan tsuntsaye. Liopleurodons suna da kariya mai kyau - suna da faranti mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin fata. Kamar duk masu wanzuwa, lyopleurodons sun kasance masu matukar tasiri.
A 2003, an gano ragowar nau'in ferox na Liopleurodon a cikin Meziko a cikin ƙarshen maganin Jurassic. Ya kai tsawon 15 zuwa 18. Ya kasance wani matashi mutum. An gano halayen haƙoran na wani lyopleurodon akan ƙasusuwansa. Yin hukunci da wadannan raunin, maharin zai iya zama sama da mita 20 a tsayi, tunda hakoransa sun kasance 7 cm a diamita kuma sama da 40 cm tsayi. A shekara ta 2007, an gano ragowar manyan kwayoyin halitta na wani nau'ikan da ba a san su ba a cikin asusun ajiya na Jurassic na babban tsibirin Svalbard. Tsawon waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ya kai mita 15. Liopleurodons sun ciyar da babban kifi, ammonites, kuma sun kai hari ga sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe. Sun kasance sune manyan magabatan tekun Lura Jurassic.
Da kyau, tare da mafi girma tabbas duk abin da, zaɓi wanda kuke so mafi kyau don ginin kafa :-) Kuma yanzu game da ƙarami ...
A shekara ta 2008, Masana kimiya sun gano kwanyar daya daga cikin inoan wasan dinosaur da ya rayu a duniya. Wannan binciken na iya taimakawa wajen samo amsar tambayar da yasa wasu daga cikin dinosaur suka zama tsirrai.
Kwanyar, kasa da inci 2 (kimanin santimita 5), mallakar gawar Hetrodontosaurus ce, wacce ta rayu shekaru miliyan 190 da suka gabata kuma tana da inci 6 (tsayi 15.24) da inci 18 (kusan inci 46) daga kai zuwa bakin wutsiya.
Amma zuwa mafi girma, ba girman dabba bane ya burge masana kimiyya, amma hakora. Ra'ayoyin masana game da ko heterodontosaurus ya ci nama ko tsiro. Dan ƙaramin dinosaur, wanda nauyinsa, a cewar The Telegraph, ya yi kama da wayan hannu, yana da tsarukan gaba da hakora na kamannin dabbobi don niƙa abinci na shuka. Akwai zaton cewa manya mazan suna da tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma sunyi amfani da su don yin gwagwarmayar neman gasa don ƙasa, amma kasancewarsu a cikin thean wasan ya musanta wannan ka'idar. Wataƙila, an buƙaci irin waɗannan kujeru don kariya daga mafarauta.
Yanzu masana kimiyya waɗanda suka gano dabba suna da ka'idar cewa heterodontosaurus yana cikin tsarin canji na juyin halitta daga dabba daga dabbobi zuwa dabbobi. Wataƙila, wata halitta ce mai kowa da kowa, ta ciyar da akasarin tsire-tsire, amma tana rage abincin da kwari, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ko kuma masu rarrafe.
Laura Porro, Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Chicago, USA, ya ba da shawarar cewa duk abubuwan dinosaur suna da dabbobi masu cin nama: “Tun da heterodontosaurus shine ɗayan dinosaur na farko don daidaitawa da tsire-tsire, yana iya wakiltar wani lokaci na canji daga magabata na asali zuwa ga zuriyar herbivorous. Kwanyar sa ta nuna cewa dukkanin dinosaur na wannan nau'in sun tsira daga wannan canjin. ”
Burbushin Heterodontosaurus ba kasafai yake faruwa ba: Abubuwan bincike guda biyu ne kawai daga Afirka ta Kudu wadanda suka kasance sanannu ne.
Laura Porro ta samo wani kashin rami mai kafa guda tare da burbushin mutane biyu yayin aikin rami a Cape Town a cikin shekarun 60s. Dr. Richard Butler, wani kwararre a Gidan Tarihi na Landan, ya bayyana binciken yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda yana ba da zarafin koyon yadda wannan dabba ta canza yayin girma. Abin sha'awa, yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna canza hakora a duk rayuwarsu, yayin da heterodontosaurus yayi wannan kawai lokacin balaga, kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Karo daya karami:
Amma a shekara ta 2011, gano sabon burbushin halittu na iya nuna kasancewar kananan halittu a duniya tsakanin sanannun dinosaur. Girman halittar mai kama da tsuntsu a cikin tsintsiya, wanda ya rayu shekaru sama da miliyan 100 da suka gabata, bai kai inci 15 ba (inci 40).
Burbushin, wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin wani karamin kashin wuyansa, wanda aka samo a Kudancin Burtaniya, ya kai rabin kwatanci inch (7.1 millimita) a tsayi. Ya kasance na wani dinosaur ne wanda ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous Miliyan 145-100 shekaru da suka gabata, a cewar littafin Cretaceous Research na yanzu, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu a Jami'ar Portsmouth Darren Naish.
Wannan gano yakamata ya sanya kananan halittun dinosaur a duniya wani nau'in dinosaur, wanda a yanzu ake kira da Anchiornis, wanda ya rayu a yankin da ake kira China yanzu, shekaru miliyan 160-155 da suka gabata. Bonean itacen da aka samo kwanan nan yana wakiltar maniraptoran, rukuni na dinosaurs naroprop waɗanda ake tunanin magabatan tsuntsaye ne na zamani.
Kasance da burbushin halittar vertebra daya ne kawai a hannu, yana da wahala mutum yayi tunanin ainihin abinda karamin dinosaur yake ci ko ma girmansa da gaske.
Na'urar vertebra bata da suturar zuciya, taushi, layin bude wadda ba ta rufe har sai dinosaur ta zama manya, a cewar Naish da abokin aikinta daga jami'ar Portsmouth, Steven Sweetmen. Wannan yana nuna cewa dinosaur ya mutu tun yana ɗan dabba.
Amma yin lissafin tsayin dinosaur daga kashi daya wani aiki ne mai wahala. Masu binciken sunyi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don tantance yadda babban maniraptoran ya kasance. Hanya ta farko ta hada da gina wani tsarin dijital na wuyan dinosaur, sannan masana kimiyya suka aza wannan wuyan a silsilar wani wakilin maniraptoran.
Wannan hanyar ta fi fasaha nesa ba kusa ba, kamar yadda Naish ya rubuta a shafin sa na Tetrapod Zoology, yana mai hasashen cewa lallai wannan ya fusata wasu masu binciken. Hanyar ilimin lissafi, dan kadan da aka yi amfani da shi, ana amfani da shi wajen kirga rabo na wuyan wuyan wuyan wuyan wucin gadi da sauran abubuwan dinosaurs, don sanin sabon tsararrakin maniraptoran. Dukkan hanyoyin guda biyu sun haifar da lambobi masu zuwa - kusan 13-15.7 inci (33-50 santimita), kamar yadda Naish ta lura.
Sabuwar dinosaur ba shi da sunan hukuma kuma an yi masa baftisma tare da sunan lakabi Ashdown maniraptori don girmama yankin da aka gano shi. Idan aka gano cewa Ashino dino zai zama mafi karancin dinosaur, zai rushe rikodin don karamin dinosaur a Arewacin Amurka wanda yake kusan inci 6 (15 cm) a girma. Wannan dinosaur, Hesperonychus elizabethae, ya kasance magabaci ne da mummunan yatsun hancin yatsun kafa. Tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa da rabi (50 cm) kuma ya auna kimanin kilo 4 (kilo biyu).
A cikin shekarun 1970s a cikin lamuran Babban Triassic a cikin Newfoundland (Kanada) wani ya ragu karamin ya ragu, babu wanda ya fi girma. Tsarin yatsan yazama al'ada ga dinosaurs na carnivours na wancan lokacin. Wannan kwafin mallakar smallestan ƙaramin ofan halittar dinosaur ne da aka taɓa samu a duniya. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a san shekarun da mutumin zai bar alamar ba - tsoho ne ko ɗan rago.
Kuma za mu tuna ɗayan juyi Ta yaya dinosaur suka mutu?, kuma tunawa da wanene Abincin aljihu da aljihu da tambaya wanda ba kai tsaye ba ya shafi batunmu na yanzu - Menene ya fara, kwai ko kaza?
Shirya Bayyanar
Duk sauropods manyan dinosaur ne. Mafi girma ya kai kimanin mita 32 a tsayi, kuma mafi karami har zuwa mita 6. Jikinsu ya yi kama da jikin giwayen fiye da na masu saurin zagi: Manya-manyan kafafu, jiki mai kama da kango, da babban ciki mai rataye, da wuƙaƙƙen wulakanci, da manyan wutsiyoyi. Sauropods sune kwatancen raƙumin raƙumi. Wasu daga cikin sauropods suna da faranti na faranti wadanda suka karade duk jikin dabbar; saboda wannan, sauropods din ba zasu iya daga wuyan wuyan su ba, kuma suna cin ganye daga bishiyoyi da kananan bishiyoyi. Wasu, akasin haka, ba tare da faranti ƙasusuwa na iya isa ga saman bishiyoyi ba. Neckun kanta kanta filastik ne, yana iya jujjuya 40-50. Suna da manyan hanci. Hakora ƙanana ne, putty-like.