Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin

Gull ɗin yana da girman matsakaici (dan ƙarami fiye da naɗarin gilashin baki da bakin kurciya, kusan 25% ƙanƙan da shuɗar shuɗi). Yana da madaidaicin launin ruwan kasa a cikin kayan matse (yayi kama da baki daga nesa), iyakar launin launin ruwan kasa a wuyan tsuntsu mai tsaye yana da matsala - yana daga ƙyalle har zuwa makogwaro (ga ƙanana da kananun baki, shuwagabannin a cikin kayan ƙaƙƙarfan launin baƙi ne, ciki har da nape, sabili da haka iyakar ta baki ce launuka kusan a kwance). Ofarshen fikafikan baƙaƙen fata ne (ga fararen fata da ƙananan gulls fari), ƙusoshin fikafikan suna da sauƙi mara haske (ƙaramin ƙaramar launin toka mai duhu). Kyakkyawan alama mai kyau a cikin dukkan kayayyaki ita ce kyakkyawar fuskar gaba mai kyau wacce take da reshe, tana fadadawa a wani bangare mai nisa, wanda reshe na farko yake kafawa.

A cikin kayan hunturu, yana da kama da kama da launi zuwa kurciya, amma ya bambanta da ita ta hanyar gajere da ya fi guntu da baki, gindi mai tsayi. Birdsaramin tsuntsaye bisa ga sifofin halayyar sashin saman fikafikan suna da rarrabewa sosai daga tsuntsayen matasa na wasu nau'ikan gulls (a cikin kurciya mai kama da ita, ɓangaren babba yana da wuta). A cikin kowane tsaka-tsalle, ɗan Amurka na ɗanɗano Larus phiiadelphia yana da kama sosai da rakumar tafkin, wanda a tsakanin ƙawayen Amurkawa ke tsaye waje ɗaya a matsayin jiragen da suka fi yawan zuwa Turai (ƙirar duhu mai cike da duhu a cikin kayan ƙaƙƙarfan kwatankwacinsa sun yi daidai da na gul ɗin tafkin, ƙarshen fikafikan suna da haske a ƙasa, yayin da ƙarshen tafkin ke suna da duhu fiye da sauran ƙananan reshe). A Tsakiyar Asiya, ma'anar ya kamata yayi la'akari da kamanceceniyar tare da ɗan ƙaramin launin ruwan gwal mai ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi da kuma gurnar relic.

Bayanin

Canza launi. Namiji da mace a cikin rigunan farauta. Shugaban zuwa nape, chin da makogwaro duhu launin ruwan kasa. Idanun sama da na ƙasa suna ɗaukar taɓar farin yaɗuwa. Sashin gaba da na tsakiya na baya da na sama na reshe suna da launin toka. A cikin sashin nesa na reshe, farar fata mai kamanni wacce ke da fa'ida ta fadada zuwa ƙarshen reshe. IIarshen II - VII na farkon flyworms baƙi ne, a ƙarshen VIII wani yanki mai baƙar fata mai launin shuɗi. Sauran abin rutarwa shine wuya, ƙananan jiki, wutsiya, da hypochondrium fari. Beak, gefuna na gashin ido, kafafu - ja mai duhu, bakan gizo mai ruwan kasa. Namiji maza da mata a cikin kayan hunturu. Kamar yadda yake a cikin rigunan aure, amma, kanshi fari. An rufe ido a baki a gaban. A karkashin ido (wani lokacin a bayansa) da kuma a cikin yankin gashin fuka-fukan kunne, aibobi masu launin toka-toka. Yankunan da ke cikin idanu (aibobi a cikin ramuran kunne ba su da ƙimar magana) ana iya haɗa su ta wani yanki mai duhu wanda ke gudana saman kai. Bill mai haske ja da ƙarshen duhu, kafafu suna haske ja.

Fitar kaya. Ocher-launin ruwan kasa (ya bambanta da yawa) tare da manyan launin ruwan kasa-launin shuɗi daban-daban siffofi. Gefen datti da datti ne mai launi da launin duhu, kafafu suma suna da datti da nama.

Nesting kaya. Shugaban shine launin ruwan kasa mai haske, mai haske a gaba da ƙananan sassan. A kan shi zaka iya bambance wurin duhu mai duhu a gaban ido, tsiri a karkashin ido da tabo a yankin kunne, tabo mai sauki a bayan ido. Gaban wuyan wuyan da gaban ta baya launin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi. Gefen baya yana launin toka tare da canzawa zuwa fari a cikin yanki na supra-mantle. Wutsiyar fari ce mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi pre-apical 15-25 mm, mai kunkuntar kan iyakar bakin ta a ƙarshen ƙarshen gashinta (a matsanancin helmsmen da tabo apical na iya zama a ɓoye ko ƙarami). Gashin gashin gashin ya yi launin ruwan kasa tare da hasken wuta mai haske mai launin shuɗi da launin toka. Oraramar ƙanƙan wuta tare da ƙarshen duhu. Nau'in farko-fari shine launin baƙi mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin fari tare da fari (II - V) da launin toka (VI - VII) fasalin fasalin fasalin fasali, waɗanda suka zama marasa ƙarfi kan tashiwar VIII - XI. Fuka-fukafukan da ke sama da fari fararen fata ne, launin toka da launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa da launin shuɗi. Coan saukar da ƙananan ƙananan launin toka ne, a ƙarshen ƙarshen ɓangaren reshe fari ne. Bodyan jikin kansa yayi fari da fitila mai haske mai launin shuɗi mai haske ko'ina akan kirji. Lissafin datti ne mai datti tare da ƙarshen duhu, ƙafafu suna da datti rawaya.

Farkon hunturu. Kamar kayan hunturu don manya, amma wutsiya da fikafikan, da kuma wasu lokuta kafadu, ana kiyaye su daga kayan da ke fitowa.

Farkon lokacin bazara. Kamar farkon hunturu, amma shugaban yawancin tsuntsaye masu launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen fata, musamman a goshi, makogwaron yana kusan fari. Tsarin na yara kan fikafikan wutsiya da wutsiya sun zama haske saboda lalacewa. A cikin kayan hunturu na biyu, tsuntsaye a wasu lokuta sun bambanta da manya, bisa ga alamun duhu akan fuka-fukan (galibi akan kogunan firam na farko). Tsuntsayen da suke cikin kayan fararen kaya masu farin lullube a kawunan su a bayyane suke shekaru biyu. An ba da cikakkun bayanai dalla-dalla a cikin wallafe-wallafen (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Tsarin da girma

Bayani kan girman tsuntsaye manya yayin farauta don maki uku na kewayon a cikin USSR an tattara su cikin tebur. Na biyu.

Bayanin haraji

Zabi na tsuntsayen gabacin Far a matsayin matsayin babbar dambar Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin, 1911 bisa la'akari da wasu manyan girma girma ana ɗaukar su marasa gaskiya ne (Kozlova, 1932, wanda aka ambata: Dementiev, 1951).

L. ridibundus,. L. cirrocephalus, L. maculipennis suna da alaƙa kuma suna tare da L. hartlaubii, L. novaehollandie, L. buileri, L. serranus, harma da wani ɗan nesa L. brunnicephalus, L. saundersi, L. philadelphia da L. genei form ƙungiya mai kyau (Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Yaɗa

Matsakaicin yankin. Strongarfafa faɗaɗa yaduwar ta fara ne a ƙarni na 19, amma ya bayyana musamman a ƙarni na 20, wanda ake zaton yana da alaƙa da dumamar yanayi, ingantacciyar kariya a ƙasashe da yawa, da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin ciyar da abinci ta hanyar gulls (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Iyakokin zamani a arewa a wajen USSR sun haɗa da tsibiri na Newfoundland (farkon farashi a 1977), kudu maso yamma na Greenland (tun daga 1969), Iceland, tsibirin Faroe, tsibirin Burtaniya, yana gudana a arewacin Arewacin Scandinavian Peninsula da Finland (Glutz V. Bloezheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). A cikin USSR, iyakar arewa na iyakar ta hada da Lake Onega kuma ta wuce kusa da Arkhangelsk (Stepanyan, 1975), ya haɗu da saman Vychegda (Estafiev, 1981a), wucewa a cikin Urals kimanin 60 ° N, kimanin 67 ° N a kan Ob, 65 ° N a kan Yenisei (Stepanyan, 1975), 65 ° N a kan harajin Vilyui - Marche, 68 ° N a cikin Kolyma (Degtyarev et al., 19816, Perfiliev, 1981). Harkokin jinsi a cikin Kamchatka da arewacin tsirai a Koryak Upland, da kuma a tsibirin Karaginsky (Lobkov, 1975, 1981a). Babu bayanai game da farauta a cikin yankuna da yawa a gabar yamma ta Tekun Okhotsk, amma yana da nasa gefen tekun kudu, alal misali, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan kogin Amur (Roslyakov, Roslaya, 1981). Daga G.P. Dementieva (1951), makwabta akan Sakhalin, amma daga baya marubutan basu tabbatar da wannan ba (Gizenko, 1955).

Yankin kudu wanda ke kan iyaka a yamma ya hada da kawunan gida a Spain, a kudu na Faransa, tsibirin Sardinia da Sicily, kwarin kogin. Dangane da Italiya, arewacin Yugoslavia da Bulgaria, wuraren shakatawa na daban a tsakiyar da gabashin sassan Turkiya (GiUtz V. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). A cikin USSR, iyakar iyaka ta haɗu zuwa arewacin tekun Bahar Maliya (ba a cikin Crimea - Kostin, 1983), ya haɗa da jamhuriyyar Transcaucasian, ta haɗu da Caspian daga arewa, ta haye zuwa Volga delta (Lugovoi, 1958), ta hanyar tafkin Kamysh-Samara, Aktyubinsk, ta gangara zuwa Aral Tekun, ya haɗa da yankin arewacin, Syr Darya, ƙananan lafuzzan kudu da gabashin Kazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962), Lardin Issyk-Kul da -an Kel a cikin Kyrgyzstan (Kydyraliev, 1981). Hakanan ana lura da wuraren zama a kan tafkin. Aidar-kule (Mukhina, 1983). A wajen USSR, iyakar kudu ta wuce Mongolia, inda kwari masu kankara ke kan tabkuna da kogunan yamma, arewa, da wasu sassan kasar (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983), a bakin tafkin. Buir-Hyp - da Mongolia ta Gabas, sun hada da arewa maso gabashin China da Soviet Primorye (Dementiev, 1951, Polivanova, 1971).

Hoto na 24. Yankunan rarraba ramin mai launin gemu
1 - kewayon kiwo, 2 - iyakar da ba'a bayyana adadin iyaka ba, 3 - wuraren hunturu

Cin nasara

Yawancin mazaunan arewa da gabas na tsakiyar watan Janairu na 2.5 ° C 'yan ci-rani ne, suna da gida a tsibirin Biritaniya da Bashar Rum, kananan tsuntsaye suna yin ƙaura zuwa tsakiyar yanki a mafi yawan lokuta, kuma a cikin manya sukan yi ƙaura daga gabas zuwa gabas. Yammacin duniya akwai karuwa don fuskantar rayuwa. A cikin adadi masu yawa, suna yin kaura daga kudu da yamma na isocin na 0 ° C (Glutz v. Blotzheim da Bauer, 1982). Don haka, kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Turai suna shiga yankin lokacin hunturu na rafin lake, inda yanayin dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, Bahar Rum, Tekun Baƙi da Caspian, da kuma tekun Indiya da Tekun Pacific, suna wanke kudu da gabashin (kudu na 45 ° N) sun ba da izinin hakan .) bakin tekun Asiya. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Tekuwar teku ta fara yin hunturu a bakin tekun Arewacin Amurka daga Newfoundland zuwa New York, a gabar gabar yammacin Afirka kudu zuwa Najeriya, a Mali da Nijar (a ƙarshen, wataƙila ta haye Sahara), har ma a ƙasashen gabashin bakin tekun Afirka zuwa kudu har zuwa Kenya da Tanzaniya, inda karuwar adadin tsuntsayen hunturu na da alaƙa da haɓaka adadin baƙin da ke jan baki a cikin USSR (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Game da farauta a cikin USSR, an yi nazari sosai game da lokacin hunturu da ƙaura a cikin yankin Baltic na gabas, tare da haɗa tsuntsayen Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania da yankin Kaliningrad. (Schiiz, Weigold, 1931, Taurins da sauransu, 1953, Jõgi, 1957, Viksne, 1961, 1962, 1968a, Shevareva, 1965, Vaitkevicius, Skuodis, 1965, da sauransu). A cikin hunturu, an samo waɗannan tsuntsayen a sararin ƙasa daga tsibirin Canary da arewa maso yamma na Afirka har zuwa gabashin tekun Bahar Maliya (mutum ya ci karo da shi a cikin Bahamas da Caspian), duk da haka, yammacin tekun Bahar Baltic - Kudancin Sweden, ya kamata a yi la'akari da mafi yawan wuraren wuraren hunturu na wannan yawan. Denmark, arewacin GDR, tekun Bahar Maliya, ciki har da arewa maso yamma na Jamus, Netherlands, Belgium, gefen tekun arewacin Faransa da Kudancin rabin tsibirin Biritaniya, tekun Atlantika na Faransa da Iberian Peninsula, tafkuna. da koguna a cikin nahiyar (galibi a Jamus, Switzerland, Hungary), har ma da yammacin Rum, musamman arewacin tekun Adriatic, kwarin kogin. Pau, kudu da ƙasar Faransa.

Ana samun wadatuwar lokacin hunturu ne ta hanyoyi biyu: 1) Tekuran teku suna ƙetare tekun Baltic ta hanyar da tafi can nesa kuma suna faɗuwa zuwa kudancin Sweden da Denmark, daga inda suka isa Tekun Arewa da Atlantika na Turai da Afirka, da tsallaka ɓangaren ƙasa, su faɗi zuwa Switzerland da yammacin tekun Bahar Rum, 2 ) tsuntsaye suna motsawa a gabashin gabar Tekun Baltic, suna wuce yankin Kaliningrad. (suna tashi a hanya ta farko a wancan lokacin tuni a Denmark), suna shiga Poland da GDR, inda suka tsallaka babban yankin suka isa Tekun Adriatic. Seagulls nesting a arewacin yankin Baltic sun fi zama farkon zuwa hanyoyin farko da aka bayyana a sama, suna zaune a yankin kudu - zuwa na biyun.

Seagulls a cikin tsakiyar yankin na Turai na USSR - Moscow, Ivanovo, Ryazan da Yaroslavl - suna faruwa ne a cikin hunturu daga kudu na Faransa a yamma zuwa Caspian a gabas, amma babban lokacinsu lokacin hunturu shine tekun Black da kuma kudu maso gabashin Tekun Azov, tekun Italiya, Yugoslavia, Girka, da gabas Bahar Rum (bakin kogin Nilu, Lebanon, Cyprus, da sauransu), tsakiyar da babba na Danube, Switzerland (Ptushenko, 1948, Sapetina, 1959, 1962, Shevareva, 1965). A lokacin ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ake yin hunturu, waɗannan ɓarna suna kasancewa na tsawon watanni 3 a tsaka-tsaki da ƙasan Dnieper, a cikin ƙananan Don da kuma a Tekun Azov, wanda ya ba da damar rarrabe abin da ake kira tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin yanayi daga gare su (Shevareva, 1965).

Ulasashen fata masu launin baƙi na Kazakhstan da Yammacin Siberiya (Dolgushin, 1962, Khodkov, 1977a) hunturu a cikin Caspian kuma, da alama, har ila yau a gabar Tekun Farisa da Tekun Arabiya. Ingirƙirarin kafa hunturu na tafkin Kamchatka a cikin Japan (Sugawa et al., 1982).

Hijira

Batun barin mazaunan mallaka yana farawa ne nan da nan bayan tashin kananan tsuntsaye zuwa reshe, cikin sharuddan lokaci ya bambanta sosai da yanayin latti da yanayin gida a cikin shekara da aka ba shi kuma yana faruwa ne daga shekaru goma na uku na Yuni zuwa farkon watan Agusta. Gwanayen launin fata mai launin shuɗi yana bayyanar da ƙaura daga bayan gida, wanda a cikin tsuntsaye nesting nesa da kewayon rarraba ba su da shugabanci (Ptushenko, 1948 da sauransu), kuma ana iya bayyanawa a cikin shugabanci kusa da kewayon rarraba (Viksne, 1968a). Gasusu masu launin baƙi suna isa mafi yawan wuraren rina wurarensu a tsakiyar Disamba; a watan Fabrairu adadinsu ya ragu a wurin. A cikin wurare mafi kusa lokacin hunturu (alal misali, Adriatic, kudu maso yamma na Baltic), gulls yana kasancewa daga ƙarshen Oktoba - daga Nuwamba har zuwa tsakiyar Maris. Lokacin isowa ya bambanta da yawa dangane da yanayin bazara, amma gull lake ta sauka, a matsayinka na mai mulki, da wuri a baya fiye da jikin ruwan babu kankara.

Misali, a Estonia daga 1948-1966. tafkin farko na bakin ruwa ya isa ne a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, taron farko shine 23.111 (Rootsmae, Rootsmae, 1976), a Yankin Kalinin. don shekaru 36 na lura a kan 26.III-23.IV, aƙalla 7-8.IV, jirgin sama mai yawa 1-17.IV (Zinoviev et al., 1981), a kan tafkin Mutane Kiyovo na farko 24.Duk - 8.IV, fitowar jama'a 30.111-727. Is (Isakov et al., 1947), mutane na farko a cikin Baraba sun tashi a farkon kwanaki goma na Afrilu, suna tashi zuwa 20 ga Mayu, mafi tsananin a ƙarshen watan Afrilu - farkon Mayu (Khodkov, 1977a). A tafkin Baikal (wani yanki na kudanci), gulln lake yana bayyana a tsakiyar watan Afrilu (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). A cikin ƙananan ƙananan Syr Darya, tsuntsaye na farko sun bayyana a ƙarshen Fabrairu, suna ƙaura yawanci a cikin Maris, a Alma-Ata 10-19.111, kusa da Semipalatinsk 7-17.IV (Dolgushin, 1962).

Lambar

Farawa daga cikin karni na XIX. ci gaba cikin lambobi da faɗaɗa mazaunin Yammacin Turai yana ci gaba a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a halin yanzu. A shekarun 1970, yalwa a cikin kasashen Turai, ban da USSR, an kiyasta a ƙarancin 1,400,000 kiwo nau'i-nau'i (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982). Littattafan da suka biyo baya a kan kasashe daban-daban (Saurola, cikin: Hyytia, Kellomaki, Koistinen, 1983) sun nuna cewa tsakanin 1515 dubu zuwa 1820 nau'i-nau'i na gulls lake a wannan bangare. Daga cikin waɗannan, gidaje dubu 150 a Finland, dubu 270 a Sweden, 210 dubu a Denmark, 67,000 a Jamus, 90,000 a Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus, dubu 84.5 a Poland, da kuma 200-350 dubu a Czechoslovakia. , Hungary - 12,000, Netherlands - 200,000, a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya - nau'i-nau'i 150-300 dubu biyu.

Ya zuwa yanzu dai an aiwatar da shawarar adadin bakin da ke dauke da bakar fata a cikin USSR don yankuna da dama na yammacin duniya. A cikin 1970s ya kasance: don Estonia 80 dubu, Latvia 97 dubu, Lithuania 30 nau'i-nau'i (Viksne et al., 1981), Belarus 104 dubu (Naumchik, 1981), yankin Moscow. 30 -32 dubu biyu nau'i-nau'i (Zinoviev et al., 1981). Hakanan akwai karuwa cikin lambobi a yankuna da aka ambata: a cikin Estonia a shekarar 1960, nau'ikan nau'i-nau'i dubu 20, a cikin 1967-1969. - 30,000 nau'i-nau'i (Oppo, 1966, 1971), a Latvia a ƙarshen 1930s - farkon 1940s - nau'i-nau'i dubu 10 (Berzins, 1946), a cikin 1964-1966. - 30,000 nau'i-nau'i (Vicksne, Baltvilks, 1966), nau'i-nau'i dubu 15-18 wanda aka sanya su a Lithuania a farkon 1970s (Valius, 1974). Increasearin adadin baƙin gashi mai kama da rauni a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya faru kuma a cikin wasu yankuna a cikin arewa maso yamma da kuma tsakiyar yankin na Turai na USSR (Zinoviev et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), har ma da kusa da ƙauyuka a Kamchatka (Lobkov, 1981a )

Abinci mai gina jiki

Yana amfani da bambance bambancen, galibin abincin dabbobi, sauƙin sauyawa zuwa nau'ikan da suka fi araha. A cikin kasashen Yammacin Turai da Tsakiyar Turai (Cramp, Simmons, 1983), a lokacin nesting, earthworms (har zuwa 50% na jimlar taro) da kwari (kusan 15%) sun mamaye, a lokacin bazara da damina darajar tsuntsayen ƙasa suke raguwa, gulls canzawa zuwa wasu nau'in invertebrate, kifi , 'ya'yan itatuwa da. irin shuka, tarkace abinci, kwari basa cinye lokacin hunturu, kifi da tarkace abinci suka mamaye. Sakamakon yanayi mai yawa tsakanin kewayon bakin bakar fata, akwai wasu karkacewa daga wannan tsarin na yau da kullun, wanda mafi yawanci aka yanke su ta hanyar fadada zurfafawa da zurfafa zuriyar jinsin a wani muhimmin sashi na kewayon.

Nazarin abubuwan da ke ciki na ciki wanda aka tattara a watan Mayu - Satumba 1947-1959. a cikin Latvia (Tima, 1961), ya nuna mahimmancin aikin invertebrates a cikin abincin. Musamman, girgizar ƙasa ta mamaye a watan Mayu, dodon-kwari, gwoza, da baƙi - a watan Yuni, Yuli, Agusta, da Satumba, yawan kifin da aka cinye ya ƙaru, amma gaba ɗaya shi ne kawai 3% dangane da abin da ya faru. A cikin abincin kajin na tafkin gull Ingantaccen (bakin tekun na Gabar Riga), abin da ya faru a fili na ciyarwar abinci (rashin abinci, hatsi) da kifi (wanda aka girbe galibi a wuraren saukarwa) an canza kamar haka: 1959 - 0% da 89.5%, 1963 - 23.3 % da 52.0%, 1971 - 52.1% da 35.2% (Viksne, 1975), wanda ke nuna canjin canji a cikin abincin abinci na wannan tafki.

A tsakiyar yankin Turai na USSR, an gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da abinci mai kyau na gulls a cikin 1930-1936. a bakin tabkin Kiyovo (Isakov et al., 1947). A farkon bazara, ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta kamar-ɓoyayyen suna a cikin abincin gulls (galibi voye) - 62,8%, kwari da sauran invertebrates hade da ruwa - 26.1% na abin da ya faru.A lokacin shiryawa, kwari irin ƙwaro (41.9%), kwari a ƙasa (26.2%), ciyawar ƙasa (28.3%), ƙwararrun ƙwaro da suke zaune a cikin ƙasa (34.9%), kuma kwari masu ƙarfi a ƙasa (18, 5%) shima ya rinjayi lokacin ciyar da kajin. Dabbobin da ke cutarwa ga aikin gona (Mayles beetles, larvae, larvae nutcracker, vole da launin toka, da dai sauransu) a lokacin farauta sun kasance 62.2% na abincin a cikin abincin, dabbobi masu amfani - 18,2%. A lokacin ƙaura daga bayan haihuwa, kifi (45.2%), kwari (14.5%) da garkuwa (30.7%) sun mamaye abincin, kuma a cikin hunturu a cikin Caspian da Tekun Bahar, kifayen sun kama da yawa daga masana'antu da wharves. A cikin shekarun 1970, tsarin abinci na gulls a cikin yankin Kiev ya canza sosai, kamar yadda babban wurin ciyar da abinci shine tukunyar sharar gida (Zubakin, Kharitonov, 1978). Don da yawa daga sauran yankunan mulkin tsakiyar turai na USSR, babban rawar idan aka kwatanta da mulkin mallaka na Kiev a lokacin nesting a cikin abincin abincin kifi ne (Zinoviev et al., 1981).

Yawancin kwari a cikin abinci yayin lokacin fara'a an kuma lura da shi a cikin yankin Novosibirsk. (Borodulina, 1960), a cikin Kazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962) a cikin bazara a adadi mai yawa suna cin ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta, a lokacin rani - kwari iri iri, ciki har da Prus, a cikin kaka, yawan kifin yana ƙaruwa. A tafkin Baikal, tafkin mai sanyi yana cin abincin dabbobi ne, wanda tushensa ake yake (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). A cikin bazara, 50.3% na abubuwan ciki na ciki ta hanyar girma sun kasance gammarids, 30% - kwari, mollusks, 11.8% - kifi. A lokacin rani, kwari (mayflies, dragonflies, caddis kwari, diplomasiyya, da sauransu) sun lissafa kashi 94% na ƙarar, kifi - 3.9%.

Gul mai kankara na samun abincin su ta hanyoyi da yawa: yayin iyo da tafiya, da gudu - daga ruwa, ƙasa ko tsirrai, ana kama su cikin iska.

Yawan kewayon jirgin don abinci ya dogara da adadin tsuntsayen da ke cikin mazauna (gungun mazauna) da kuma adadin abinci a cikin kusanci. Tana daga 'yan kima zuwa kilomita 70; ga yawancin tsuntsayen da ke cikin manyan yankuna ba su wuce kilomita 40 (Isakov et al., 1947, Viksne, Yanaus, 1986).

Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa

Babban haɗarin shine tarin kwai wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a da, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da ɓacewar ma manyan lardunan (Berzins, 1946, da dai sauransu), da kowane aiki na tattalin arziki (waje kiwo, da sauransu) a cikin wuraren mallaka yayin lokacin farauta.

Abokan ƙabilar halitta iri ɗaya ne da na sauran magudanan ruwa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da haɗari musamman - dawakai, karen raccoon, mink na Amurka, kare na gida, boar daji, da sauransu, duk da haka, rukunin wuraren zama mafi yawan lokuta ba sa samun galibinsu. Daga cikin tsuntsayen fuka-fukan, hankaka, gull na azurfa, hankaka, bero, dabbar mujiya, goshawk, da dai sauransu suna haifar da lahani ga gadar tafkin .. Haka kuma, nasarar tsinkayar hankakan da hankalinta yana karuwa sosai yayin da 'yan adam ke damun mulkin mallaka.

Tushewar ruwa a cikin ruwa (alal misali, a lokacin hadari, a tasoshin wutan lantarki) zai iya lalata duk masarar da ke yankin. Babban dalilin mutuwar kajin shi ne karancin abinci, wanda ke faruwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, yayin tsawan lokacin ruwan sanyi. Tare da damuwar daular, mutuwar kajin na iya kaiwa ga mummunan sakamako sakamakon halayen tsokanar manya da suka shafi kajin na kasashen waje. Littattafan littattafai (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982) suna ba da bayani game da karuwar mutuwar kajin sakamakon lalacewa ta hanyar pasteurellosis, botulism, salmonellosis, da kuma kan wasu hanyoyin helminthiases.

Baƙin kai

Baƙin kai , ko gama gari (kogi) gull (lat. Larus ridibundus ) Shin karamin tsuntsu ne na dangin da ke rayuwa a cikin yankin Eurasia, da kuma gabar tekun Atlantika na Kanada. Ya zama ruwan dare game da ƙasar Rasha - ana iya lura da shi a lokacin rani akan koguna da tabkuna, inda ya kewaya kan jiragen ruwa don neman abin sayarwa. A cikin mafi yawan kewayon, tsuntsu mai ƙaura, kodayake a wasu yankuna na Yammacin Turai suna haifar da yanayin rayuwa mai tsayi.

Manyan akasari a cikin kananan tafkuna na ruwa a cikin mazauna, girman wanda zai kai dubban nau'i-nau'i. Sau da yawa yakan zauna kusa da manyan biranen da ginin abinci. A cikin kayan matsi, tsakanin sauran nau'ikan gulls, an bambanta wani shuɗi mai launin ruwan hoda da fararen fari. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi amfani dasu a duniya - adadin su ya wuce miliyan biyu.

Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya

A matsayin nau'ikan taro, yana da yuwuwa sosai a masana'antu daban-daban. Yana taka rawar gani a tattalin arzikin farauta, tunda a cikin mazaunan mulkin mallakar guguwar, yawan yawaitar duck da adana su ya fi girma a cikin yankuna masu kama da juna a wajen yankuna (Fabricius, 1937, Haartmann, 1937, Mihelsons et al., 1976, Bergman, 1982, and wasu). Sauƙaƙe sauyawa zuwa yawancin nau'ikan ciyarwa da babban radiyo na yaduwa don abinci yana ƙayyade aikin aiki mai saƙar fata a cikin lalata da iyakance adadin ƙwayar shuki - kwari da voles - lokacin da suka bayyana a fili (Isakov et al., 1947, Dolgushin, 1962, da dai sauransu) . Ba a tabbatar da yiwuwar yin amfani da kwalliya da kwalliya don ciyar da kananun wurare ta hanyar sanya ƙira (Kharitonov, 19806), wanda ke buɗe yiwuwar yin amfani da gulls don murƙushe barkewar kwari na gida. Yana da ƙima kamar ma'aikaciyar jinya, tattara sharar abinci a gonakin dabbobi, da dai sauransu. A Denmark, an ba da izinin tattara ƙwai na farin gull a kan lokaci (Bloch-Nielsen, 1975); a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ana ɗaukar tsuntsayen farauta (a Denmark, Jamus, Belgium, da kuma wani bangare a Ostiryia - Lampio, 1983).

Tare da rawar da ke da kyau, yana da mahimmanci a lura da haɗarin da aka haifar da manyan abubuwan tarawa don tashin jiragen sama (Jacobi, 1974), kazalika da mummunan tasirin ƙaramin gida da gajere na gulls akan kamun kifi (halakar yara) (Koubek, 1982). Ko ta yaya, cutar da ake yi wa kamun kifi tana da matukar ƙari.

Idan ya zama dole don tsara yalwa, ana ba da shawarar cewa an taƙaita damar ciyar da abincin anthropogenic, kuma ya kamata a canza tsarin samar da ruwa don kawar da damar buɗe ido (Glotz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982).

Babban matakan kiyayewa shine tabbatar da gaskiya a cikin mazaunan yankuna a lokacin kiwo.

Bayyanar

Agan ƙaramar teku m m tare da kai zagaye da kuma bakin bakin ciki. Length 35-39 cm, fuka-fuki 86-95 cm, nauyi 200-350 g. Mahimmanci (game da na uku) ya fi girma ƙarami ƙarami, amma ɗan ƙaramin girma fiye da kurciya kurciya da kuma launin toka mai saƙo. Daga cikin fasalin launi akwai farar fata mai tsayi a cikin sashin gaban reshe na reshe da kuma bakin baki a bayansa, wanda kuma halayyar kurciya ce da kuma Bonaparte gull, amma ba a samo shi a cikin sauran jinsunan ba. Yana nufin ƙungiyar gulls tare da sake zagayawa na shekaru biyu.

A cikin kayan dabbar, canjin launin duhu ne, amma ba gaba daya ba, kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'in (alal misali, karamin ko Aztec gulls), amma zuwa bayan kai, inda akwai takamaiman iyaka tsakanin duhu da haske. Wani farin bakin bakin sanan ya bayyana a sarari a idanunsa. Gefen ya yi dan kadan ya fadi, ba tare da wani kayan ado ba (kamar lanƙwasa a ƙarshen ko ja a kan baki), maroon. Brown launin ruwan kasa. Yankuna, wuyansa, kirji, ciki, wutsiya, da kuma wutsiyar wutsiya farare ne, wani lokacin kuma da ɗan ƙaramin ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. Mantle da reshe na sama sune launin toka. An fika fikafikan, kamar terns. A gefen reshe kuma akwai farar fata mai fadi, wacce take da fadi-kamar fadada zuwa ƙarshen, kuma a ƙarshen ƙarshen akwai baƙar fata, kafaɗɗun fuka-fukai na farkon fariwheels. Lowerarshen ɓangare na reshe shine mafi yawan launin toka tare da iyaka mai duhu akan reshe na farko. A cikin hunturu, a cikin tsuntsaye manya, shugaban ya zama fari tare da bayyane bayyane-mai launin toka a yankin kunnuwa kuma a gaban idanun, beak yana da haske ja tare da ƙarshen duhu, ƙafafu suna da haske ja. A cikin hunturu, launin gull yana kama da kurciya, yakan bambanta da shi ta gemu da wuya.

Thewararrun tsuntsayen matasa akan kai da na sama ana mamaye saututt masu launin shuɗi da launin toka-mai-haske. A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, tsuntsun yayi kama sosai da mazaunan ruwa mara zurfin ruwaArearia ta shiga) fiye da gulls. Fikafikan suna hawa biyu daga sama, tare da yalwar launin ruwan kasa, ja da launin toka mai haske, farin gaba da baki na gaba. A ƙarshen farin wutsiya akwai fitila mai fili wacce take fili mai haske. Gindi da kafafu su ne duller, rawaya mai laushi.

Matsakaicin yankin

Yana da fadi a cikin yanayin yanayi mai kyau na Bahar Maliya har zuwa yamma daga gabas zuwa gabas. A Yammacin Turai, Kudancin da Arewacin Turai a cikin ƙarni na 19 zuwa 20, yankin ya bazu sosai, galibi saboda ci gaban aikin gona da masana'antar abinci. A cikin yankin Turai, iyakar kudu ta kewayon ta wuce ta kudu Faransa, kwarin kogin. Ta hanyar arewacin Italiya, Serbia, Bulgaria, arewacin tekun Bahar Maliya, Transcaucasia da Tekun Caspian. Aka samo shi a tsakiyar yankin Iberian Peninsula da kuma arewa maso yamma na Bahar Rum. Yanki a cikin Corsica, Sardinia da Sicily. A arewacin Turai, a kan birni na tsibirin Biritaniya da Faroe, a cikin Scandinavia a bakin tekun.

A cikin Rasha, ta haura zuwa arewa zuwa Kandalaksha Bay a Tekun White, babban kogi. Vychegda a cikin yankin Arkhangelsk, 60 ° C. w. a cikin Urals, 67 ° C. w. a cikin kwandunan Ob, 65 ° C. w. a kan Yenisei, 68 ° C. w. a cikin kwari na Lena, 69 ° C. w. a cikin Kolyma da 61 ° C. w. a bakin Tekun Bahar Maliya. Iyakar kudu a Asiya yana wuce 40 ° C. w. a yankin Tekun Caspian, kudu maso gabashin Tekun Aral, kwaruruka na koguna da tafkuna Syr Darya, Son-kul, Issyk-Kul, Zaysan, Markakol, Ubsu-Nur, Tola da Buir-Nur. Hakanan ana samun shi a gabas a Kamchatka, a cikin Primorye, Sakhalin da kuma lardin Heilongjiang na arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin.

A karni na 20, ya fara zuwa kusa da kan iyakar kasa: a Iceland (tun 1911), a kudu maso yamma na Greenland (tun 1969) da kuma a kan Fr. Newfoundland (tun 1977) bakin tekun Arewacin Amurka.

Habitat

A lokacin kiwo, galibi yana zaune ne a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tare da jijiyoyi da mayukan daji na daji - tafkuna, ambaliyar ruwa da tafkin kogi, tafkunan ruwa, kwari, raƙuman peat, inda yake da girma a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da tsibiran da suka cika girma. Kadan akan yawanci a kan tekun bahar a cikin wadatattun ruwayoyi, lawns da dunes. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya zama ƙara yawan siye, a cikin neman abinci, sarrafa filayen birane, tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kifi, masana'antun masana'antar hasken wuta da jikin ruwan birane. A kan ƙaura da kuma wuraren hunturu ana samunsa ne a bakin teku da kuma a cikin layukan babban koguna.

Kiwo

Ulan gwal mai kan gashin kai yana fara haifuwa yana da shekaru 1-4, kuma mace tayi haihuwar tun farko. Gida a cikin mazauna, sau da yawa gauraye, girman wanda zai iya bambanta tsakanin iyaka mai yawa daga dubun zuwa dubun dubata nau'i-nau'i. Ba kamar ƙananan ɗanɗar buɗe ido ba, mazauna na dindindin a inda suke kuma, in babu dalilai masu illa, na iya dorewa shekaru da yawa. Tsuntsaye suna isa wuraren da ake farawa da wuri, da zarar gawarwakin ruwa ta fara buɗewa kuma wuraren farko da aka girke suna bayyana a ƙasa - galibi a ƙarshen Maris - a tsakiyar Afrilu. Nau'in wata kabila guda ɗaya kafin su isa wuraren girke-girke ko kuma nan da nan. Yana faruwa cewa haɓaka ta ƙarshe ta kasance ta canji na abokan tarayya da yawa. Bayan isowa, tsuntsayen, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna kiyaye kusa da mazaunin kuma suna yawo cikin neman abinci. A wannan lokacin, yanayin nuna yanayin halayen ne - tsuntsayen da ke yin kuka suna bin juna a sararin sama, suna kaɗa kawuna sama da gaba, suna yin kuwwa da ƙarfi kan abokan gaba, “Meow”, “cluck” da kuma zube ƙasa. Lokacin yin ma'aurata, mace zata kange kai, tana neman abinci, namiji kuma yana ciyar da ita.

Don gida mai zuwa, an zaɓi wurin da ba zai isa ga masu farautar ƙasa ba - a matsayin ƙa'ida, rafin marshy ko karamin tsibiri mai ciyawa. Wani lokacin ma yakan yi birgima a cikin peat bogs, a cikin fadama (mafi yawancin ƙananan ƙasa), ƙasa da sau a cikin dunes ko cikin makiyaya na bakin teku. Yankin da yake da kariya shi ne 32 - 47 cm a kusa da gida, nisan da ke tsakanin kusoshin nisan nisansa ya kai 50 cm a cikin ƙauyuka masu tarin yawa zuwa dubun mita a cikin mashigan wurare. Gida - wani karamin yanki mai ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na tsire-tsire masu ruwa na bara, ba tare da rufi ba. A matsayin kayan, ciyawa, cattail, Reed, sedge ko horsetail stalks yawanci ana amfani dasu. Kwancen sun haɗa da kwancen 1-3 (galibi sau 3), idan akwai asara, maimaitawa kwanciya ya saba. Launi na qwai na iya bambanta ta fannoni daban-daban daga shuɗi mai haske ko buffy ba tare da tsari ba zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da ɗimbin adadi masu yawa, amma galibi yana da launin kore-mai launin shuɗi ko ruwan zaitun. Girman kwai (41-69) x (30-40) mm. Dukkan iyayen suna sakawa; lokacin yin ciki shine kwanakin 23-24. Idan baƙon da ba a gayyata ya bayyana a cikin masarauta, za a fara hargitsi mai yawa, a lokacin da tsuntsaye ke zagaye, suna kururuwa zuciya-da kulawa kuma suna shayar da mai laifin tare da tsummoki. Kajin an rufe su da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da aibobi launin ruwan kasa-ƙasa, suna haɗa su da mahalli. Iyaye suna ciyar da kawunansu kai tsaye daga baki, ko jefa abinci daga goiter zuwa cikin gida, inda kajin ke bugu dashi. Karnuka sun fara tashi yana da shekaru 25-30.

Seagull mai kamun kifi (a baya - Seagull na gaggawa)

Dukan yankin Belarus

Iyalin Gull - Laridae.

Tsarin halittar Monotypic, baya samar da tallafi.

Wani nau'in da ya yaɗu cikin jamhuriyar. Matsakaicin kiwo na yau da kullun, ƙaura a hankali kuma a cikin ɗan ƙaramin nau'in hunturu. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an lura cewa an sami karuwar adadin tabarbarewa kusan a cikin Turai.

Girman babban tattabara a cikin kayan mating ya bambanta da sauran gulls a canza launin launin ruwan kasa-da-kai. A baya da saman fikafikan tsuntsu tsoho suna da launin toka haske, saman fikafikan sun baki tare da wasu fararen fararen, shugaban cakulan ne da damina da damuna, sauran kuma sune farin. Gashinan mafi dadewa farare ne da firam baki. Primary kuma duk qaramin tashi tayi. Beak ne ceri ja, kafafu suna da ja. Bakan gizo mai launin ruwan kasa, gefuna ƙusoshin ja ne. Theanƙanun kananan tsuntsaye sun bambanta, fuka-fukan launin shuɗi hade da launin toka da fari. A cikin gulls matasa, saman kai, gashinsa da na kafada sune launin shuɗi-baki tare da geffy gefuna. Rufin fikafikan yana da launin toka mai launin shuɗi. Steering fari tare da baki band a karshen. Isasan fari fari. Beak da kafafu suna ruwan hoda. Girman namiji shine 265-343 g, mace ita ce 215-310 g .. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 34-43 cm, mace ita ce santimita 40 zuwa 40. Tsuntsu (duka jinsi) shine 90-105. Tsawon jikin namiji shine 34-40 cm, fuka-fukan sune 31-31. , 5 cm, wutsiya 12-12.5 cm, baki 3-3.5 cm. Tsawon reshe na mata shine 28-29.5 cm, wutsiya 11-11.5 cm, beak 3-3.5 cm.

Mafi yawan abubuwan da muke amfani da su ana samun su a cikin tafki iri iri. Yana aiki yayin rana. An kafa kololuwa biyu na yau da kullun: safe da maraice. Kogin tafkin yana jagorancin rayuwar zamantakewa duk shekara.

Hijira lokacin bazara yana farawa a cikin rabin Maris na biyu kuma yana ɗaukar watan Afrilu duka. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, tsuntsaye na gida sun riga sun mai da hankali ga wuraren farautowa.

Ya fi son a zauna a cikin manyan ruwaye masu ruwa da tsaka-tsaki (wuraren ajiyar ruwa, tafkuna, tafkuna, ƙasa da koguna) idan akwai tsibiran tsibirai, rakuman ruwa ko manyan wurare masu wuya da ke kusa da bakin tekun inda tsuntsaye suke samun yanayi mai kyau don farawa. Sau da yawa yakan zauna tsakanin marshes, wani lokacin a cikin ƙananan ruwa, watsar da hakar ma'adinai, idan akwai manyan tafkuna a kusa da inda wannan tsuntsu yake samar da kayan abinci. A cikin lokacin ƙaura daga bayan haihuwa, yana faruwa a cikin ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a iri-iri.

Yankuna a cikin mazauna cikinsu waɗanda daga dubunnan zuwa dubun dubansu nau'i-nau'i. Manyan larduna a yankin Brest suna da dubban mutane da yawa suna zaune a cikin Brest (nau'i-nau'i dubu 5-7, Brest Fortress - 0.8-2.5 dubu nau'i biyu). Lokaci-lokaci yakan samarda dauloli masu jujjuya tare da tern kogin (wasu gulls, wasu nau'ikan gilasai da duwatsun, da yardar kansu a cikin mazaunin tafkin gull). Single nesting nau'i-nau'i wasu lokuta ana lura. Tsuntsu yana haɗe zuwa wuraren adon furanni, sabili da haka mazauna sun kasance akan shafuka iri ɗaya tsawon shekaru a jere.

Sarakunan, a matsayin doka, suna cikin wurare masu wuya - a tsibiran tsibirai, tsakanin tsirrai masu gabar ruwa a tafkuna da tafkuna, kan hakar ma'adinan gyada da kuma tsakanin rafuffukan rami. Tsuntsaye a wuraren da suke zaune suna nuna hayaniya, suna yawan fashewa da kukan kururuwar “kyarrr” ko “kirra”, da kuma gajere “mai, kamar”.

A tsakanin kwanaki 10-15 ko sama da isowa, tsuntsayen suka yi yawo a kusa da wuraren da ake kewaya. A cikin shekarun farko da na biyu na Maris, yawancin kwalliya suna zaune a cikin wuraren da suke rayuwa a nan gaba. Turawan mulkin mallaka suna girma yayin da sabbin tsuntsaye ke tashi sama. Wannan tsari yawanci yakan ƙare a farkon shekarun Afrilu. A wannan lokacin, bakin teku na maida hankali kan wuraren daulolin, yin jiragen sama na yanzu, samun abinci a wannan ƙasa ko tashi zuwa ciyar da shi ta kan iyakokin ta.

A watan Afrilu da daga baya, wasu daga cikin ɓarna suna ci gaba da ƙaura, yawancinsu ƙananan tsuntsaye ne (ɗan shekara daya da shekara biyu). Tun da yake waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa cinikin kiwo, suna ƙaura duk lokacin bazara da bazara don neman abinci.

Gulls mai zurfin ruwa ya zama balagagge a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 1 zuwa 4, mace - a 1-2, maza biyu 2-3 (mafi yawa) da shekaru 4. Yin haifuwa yana farawa jim kaɗan bayan isowa. Tsuntsaye suna zaɓar wuri don na'urar kewaya. Dukansu mamatan sun gina shi.

Siffar mazaunin ya dogara da yanayi da laima na yankin da mallaka ta mallaka. A kan tsibiran bushewa, yana da bayyanar karamin rashin damuwa a cikin ƙasa kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar ruɗani, wanda zai iya kasancewa ba ya nan lokacin da yake daidaitawa a kan yashi mai kwance. A kan wuraren da ke bakin teku, rafts, ƙaramin hummocks, gida yana kama da ɗakin kwana, kuma a cikin quagmire ko ruwa mara kyau shine babban tsari a cikin siffar mazugi mai narkewa. A ƙarshen batun, shi ne mafi girma, mafi girma da kuma saukad da ciyawar da ke kewaye da ita, kamar yadda tsuntsu masu kyankyasar ke buƙatar lura da kewayen gidan. Daga cikin ɓoyayyun lokacinn, za ta ɗora shi a kan mayukan ciyawar, katako ko ciyawar da aka ambaliya. Idan yankin da mazaunin ya mallaka bai da fadi, tsuntsun yana neman wurin da yake da mazaunin a wurare da yawa, da kuma wasu manyan wuraren kiwo, da kwarangwal, da kango.

Kayan gini daga gida yana bushe mai tushe, ganyayyaki da rhizomes na tsire-tsire masu bushewa, galibi gutsattsarin busassun ciyayin katako, tsirrai da sauran tsirrai masu-wuya, gami da rassan itace. Manyan yanki na kayan gini ana jera su da ka, saboda haka kuranan sun zama sako-sako da ƙato. A wasu halaye, ana samun wadatattun wuraren girke-girke daga ƙananan tsire-tsire masu saurin m. Tare da maimaita clutches, wanda aka lura a kwanan wata, da nests kusan kunshi hay. A tire na lake gull ne ko da yaushe a liyi tare da daban-daban kayan abu. Tsawon gida shine 1.5-35 cm, diamita shine 19-70 cm: zurfin akwati shine 2.5-5 cm, diamita shine 11-15.5 cm.

A cikin kammala kama, a matsayin mai mulkin, 3 qwai. Wani lokaci akwai kawai 2 ko 4-5 (suna cikin mata biyu). Harsashi mai kyau-grained, kusan ba tare da mai sheki ba. Fuskokin sa na asali na iya bambanta daga shuɗi mai haske, shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ko shuɗi mai ruwan toɗi zuwa ruwan zaitun mai duhu, shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi. Bayan haka, qwai da aka kwankwasiyya suna da karin launuka masu launuka, kuma wadanda aka yanyanka basu da launin ruwan kasa. Spotsanana da matsakaici-sized aibobi da shanyewar jiki, ko, a sake, babba, haɗaɗɗar juna da launuka daban-daban na launi launin ruwan kasa na iya rufe gaba ɗaya harsashi, ko mai da hankali a ɗan sanda ko kuma a sa shi a cikin murhun. A lokuta da dama, fasalin kan kwasfa yana jujjuya layuka biyu. Haske mai zurfi ana ba da haske sosai kuma, a matsayinka na doka, wakilci ne da launin toka-mai-launin toka-shuɗi, da launin ruwan hoda-launin toka da rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Tsarin kwai 36 g, tsawon 51 mm (46-70 mm), diamita 36 mm (34-38 mm).

Lokacin nesting yana tsawaita - farkon kamawar ya bayyana daga tsakiyar watan Afrilu, mai girman gaske a watan Mayu, ɗayan clutches yakan faru har Yuli. A cikin batun mutuwar farkon kama, a matsayin mai mulkin, akwai maimaita masu. Akwai kawai brood a kowace shekara. Dukkan mambobin ma'auratan suna yin kwana 22 zuwa 22, amma galibi mace, namiji ce ke kawo abincin ta.

Lokacin bayyana kajin ba iri daya bane a cikin masarautu daban daban, kuma a daya lardin daya. Kajin da aka harba zai iya tsayawa. Chickks nau'in brood ne (kamar duk baƙin ciki), amma kwanakin farko na rayuwa ana cinye su a cikin gida. A lokacin yana da kwanaki da yawa (farawa daga rana ta takwas bayan kyankyasar ko ma a baya), kajin daga inda yake zuwa matsakaitan ciyayi, yayin da yake riƙe da zaman lafiya. Gulls na tsofaffi waɗanda ke bayyana kusa da su, gulls na manya ana kashe su ta hanyar busa ɗan baki ga kai.

A ranakun kwanaki 18-20, kajin sun fara yawo daban-daban kusa da gida, gulls mai girma sun daina zama m zuwa ga kananan tsuntsayen kasashen waje. Tsuntsayen manya sun ciyar da su daga baki har zuwa makonni 6 da haihuwa. Lokacin da shekarun 30-35 suka cika, yarinyar jingina ta fara tashi, sun zama gaba daya tashi bayan kwana 10. A wannan lokaci, duk kananan tsuntsayen mazauna ƙasar suna barin wurin zama inda zasu fara rayuwa mai kyau. Tsuntsaye masu yawanci yawanci suna fara barin mazaunin a ƙarshen Yuni - rabin farkon Yuli, tsuntsayen matasa - tare da su ko bayan kwanaki 5-10. Lokacin karewar ya ƙare, ƙaura daga bayan gida suna farawa, wanda sannu a hankali ya juya zuwa ƙaura na kaka.

Hijira ta kaka tana farawa a cikin rabin na biyu na watan Agusta, yawan tashin hankali yana faruwa ne a shekaru na biyu zuwa na uku na Satumba, sabbin ranakun sun faɗi a ƙarshen Nuwamba, wani lokacin kuma. Daga tsakiyar watan Agusta a kan Dnieper da Sozh akwai garken garkuna 5-10, a ƙarshen watan kuma a watan Satumba, daruruwan garkuna. A cikin shekaru 3 na Satumba, kuma, ƙarami (5-10 mutane) garken. A cikin manyan jikin ruwa, tsuntsaye suna faruwa a wasu shekaru a cikin Disamba, har zuwa daskarewa. Mutane daban-daban ko kungiyoyi suna ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin don lokacin hunturu, gami da kogin Mukhavets da Kogin Western Bug a cikin birnin Brest, waɗanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba su yi sanyi ba.

Mutane daban-daban daga wuri guda har ma da ɗan tsintsiya zai iya tashi don hunturu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma yawanci yayin lokacin tashi jirgin akwai gulls daga wannan yanki a cikin garken. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye sukan tashi a gaban tsofaffin. A wuraren yin hunturu, za su kasance har zuwa lokacin balaga, i.e., kusan har zuwa shekara 2 na haihuwa, ko kuma yin rayuwa mai yawo.

Gan maraƙin gemu mai saurin nunawa ne, yana amfani da ƙasa da abinci, wanda zai iya canza amfani da ciyar da taro guda zuwa wani lokaci guda. Ganyayyakin abinci na wannan nau'in sun bambanta sosai, amma abincin dabbobi shine mafi ƙarancin: kwari na ruwa da ƙasa, kwari na ruwa, ciyawar iska, mollus, da ƙananan kifi. A cikin ƙarancin adadin, ana cin tsaba. Yawancin lokaci suna ciyar da gona, filayen magudanan ruwa, har ma da kayan girke-girken birane, inda suke cin kayan sharar abinci.

A Belarus har zuwa shekarun 1960. tafkin gull wasu 'yan halittu ne, a wasu lokutan nesting kuma suna gama gari akan ƙaura. Sannan, adadin wannan nau'in a cikin jumhuriya ya fara ci gaba a hankali; a cikin 1978, an yi rijistar masarautuka 488 da adadinsu yakai 104,000 nau'i-nau'i. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an sami ƙarin ƙaruwa a yawan adadin tabkuna masu yawa, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 1996, ya kai adadin dubu biyu zuwa dubu biyu da biyu zuwa dubu biyu da biyu.

Yawan ci gaba da yawa a cikin tafkin na tafkin a Belarus a cikin shekarun 1990s. An kiyasta a matsayin ƙara haɓaka, kuma adadin shine nau'i-nau'i biyu na 180-220 dubu biyu; daga mutane 200 zuwa 400 suka rage don yin hunturu. A cikin yankin Brest, mutane 180-250 ne ke kasancewa domin hunturu.

A yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ana ɗaukar gull lake kamar nau'in farauta.

Matsakaicin shekarun da aka yi wa rajista a cikin Turai shine shekaru 32 watanni 9.

1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Duniyar dabba ta Belarus. Vertebrates: littafin rubutu. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399с.

2. Nikiforov M.E., Yaminsky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Tsuntsayen Belarus: Littafin Jagora don Bayyana Gidaje da Kwai" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.

3. Gaiduk V. ye., Abramova I. V. "Lafiyayyen tsuntsaye a kudu maso yamma na Belarus. Kada fox-kamar: monograph." Brest, 2009. -300s.

4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. “Tsuntsayen Belarus”. Minsk, 1967. -521s.

5. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) LITTAFIN jerin bayanan tarihin rayuwar tsuntsayen Turai.