Ofayan mafi girma ga masana'antar mai da masana'antar makamashi shine masana'antar mai.
Koda a zamanin USSR, Rasha ta zama jagora sananne a fagen hakar ma'adinai da aiki. A nan, adana kayan kwalliya suna da kusan 1/3 na ajiyar duniya, gami da launin ruwan kasa, da kwal, da anthracites.
Federationungiyar Rasha tana matsayi na shida a duniya dangane da samar da mai, 2/3 wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da makamashi da zafi, 1/3 - a cikin masana'antar sinadaran, ƙaramin sashi ne jigilar kaya zuwa Japan da Koriya ta Kudu. A matsakaici, sama da tan miliyan 300 a shekara ana haƙa bututun mai na Rasha.
Alamar Field
Idan ka kalli taswirar Rasha, to, sama da kashi 90% na adibas ɗin suna cikin gabashin ƙasar, galibi Siberiya.
Idan muka kwatanta girman ma'adinan kwal, adadinta, adadin fasaha, da yanayin yanki, mafi mahimmancin su ana iya kiransu tafkin Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Tunguska, Pechora da Irkutsk-Cheremkhov.
Kuzbass
Kudin Kuznetsk, in ba haka ba Kuzbass, shi ne babban kwandon shara a Rasha, kuma mafi girma a duniya.
Tana can a yammacin Siberiya a cikin wani kwari mai zurfi. Babban yanki daga cikin kwari nasa ne zuwa ga ƙasashe na yankin Kemerovo.
Muhimmin ramin shine nisan ƙasa daga manyan masu amfani da mai - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, yankuna na ƙasar. Tana samar da kashi 56% na kwal da kimanin kashi 80% na murhun matatun mai, kimanin tan miliyan 200 a shekara. Nau'in ma'adinai a buɗe yake.
Adadin duniyan duniya
Mafi yawan adadin baƙin ƙarfe ana haƙa a cikin Amurka a adibas a cikin Kentucky da Pennsylvania, a Illinois da Alabama, a Colorado, Wyoming da Texas. Yana samar da kwal da lignite, haka kuma anthracite. Wuri na biyu a cikin hakar waɗannan ma'adanai na Russia ne ya mamaye shi.
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Na uku mafi girma a masana'antar mai shine China. Manyan adana mafi girma na kasar Sin suna cikin yankin kwari na Shanxin, a cikin Great Plain na China, da Datong, da Yangtze da sauransu.Wannan ana kuma hakar ma'adinai a Australia - a jihohin Queensland da New South Wales, kusa da birnin Newcastle. Indiya babban kamfanin hako mai ne kuma adibas a cikin arewaci na gabashin kasar.
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An yi amfani da daskararren kwal da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin adon Saar da Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia da Brandenburg na Jamus sama da shekaru 150. A cikin Ukraine akwai kwandunan kwanduna uku: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky. Anthracite, man gas da kuma wani yanki mai ma'ana an haƙa a nan. Yawancin adadi mai yawa na wadatar suna a cikin Kanada da Uzbekistan, Kolombiya da Turkiya, Koriya ta Arewa da Thailand, Kazakhstan da Poland, Jamhuriyar Czech da Afirka ta Kudu.
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Kanshin-Kansan-Achinsk
Tana yada zango a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Trans-Siberian har zuwa iyakar yankin Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo da Yankin Irkutsk. Kashi 12 cikin 100 na daskararren launin ruwan koko na ƙasar Rasha ce, a cikin shekarar 2012 adadinta ya kai tan miliyan 42.
Dangane da bayanin da binciken kasa ya bayar a 1979, jimlar tanadin mai sunada tan biliyan 638.
Ya kamata a sani cewa masana'antar kwalliya ta gida ita ce mafi arha dangane da hakar ma'adinan sa, tana da ƙarancin jigilar kayayyaki kuma ana amfani da ita don samar da makamashi ga kamfanonin cikin gida.
Coals ajiya a Rasha
Kashi uku na ajiyar arzikin duniya suna cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Adadin mafi yawa ana adana su ne a gabashin ƙasar, a Siberiya. Babban adibas na ƙasar Rasha kamar haka:
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- Kuznetsk - wani yanki mai muhimmin tushe ne a yankin Kemerovo, inda kimanin kashi 80% na matatun mai da kashi 56% na aikin kwal,
- Kansk-Achinsk basin - kashi 12% na ma'adinan launin ruwan kasa ake haƙa,
- Tunguska Basin - wani ɓangare ne na gabashin Siberiya, anthracites, launin ruwan kasa da kwal suna haƙa,
- Basin Pechora - mai wadatar ma'adinai ne,
- Basin na Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - tushen tushen kwal ne ga kamfanonin Irkutsk.
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Haɗin ma'adinan ƙasa masana'antu ne mai matukar ƙarfafawa a yau. Masana sun ce 'yan Adam na kashe mai mai da yawa, saboda haka akwai hadari cewa nan da nan za a iya amfani da ajiyar duniya, amma a wasu kasashen akwai manyan tanadin wannan ma'adinan. Yawan amfani da shi ya dogara da aikace-aikacen, kuma idan kun rage yawan amfani da mai, to zai daɗe.
Tunguska mai kwandon shara
Ofayan mafi girma da kwastomomi masu ban sha'awa a cikin Rasha, sun mamaye yankin Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk Territory da Yankin Irkutsk.
Idan ka kalli taswirar, zaka ga cewa wannan ya fi rabin gabashin Siberia.
Kayan kwal na cikin gida ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 2345. Anan kwance kwal da launin ruwan kasa, karamin adadin anthracite.
A halin yanzu, aiki a cikin kwari ba shi da kyau (saboda mummunan bincike na filin da mummunan yanayi). Kimanin tan miliyan 35.3 ake haƙa ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin kwandon shara na Tunguska a cikin shekara.
Basalin Pechora
Kasancewar yana kan gangaren yamma na Pai-Khoi Ridge, wani bangare ne na Tsarin Nenets mai cin gashin kansa da Jamhuriyar Komi. Babban adibas sune Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye.
Adireshin galibi yana wakilta da babban ingancin kwal, wanda aikin hakar ma'adinai keɓaɓɓe ta hanyar ma'adanan.
Ana hakar tan miliyan 12.6 a shekara a kowace shekara, wanda shine kashi 4% na jimlar. Masu amfani da iskar gas mai ƙarfi na Pechora sune masana'antar yanki na arewacin-Turai na Rasha, musamman Itace Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.
Yankin Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky
Tana daga saman Sayan daga Nizhneudinsk zuwa tafkin Baikal. An rarrabu cikin rassan Pribaikalskaya da Prisayanskaya. Volumearar samarwa shine kashi 3.4%, hanyar samarwa a buɗe take. Kudaden ya yi nisa da manyan masu sayen kaya, isar da wahalarwa, sabili da haka, ana amfani da kwal na gida a cikin masana'antar Irkutsk. Kamfanin jari yakai kimanin tan biliyan 7.5 na kwal.
Maganar masana'antu
A yau, ana gudanar da aikin hakar kwal a yankin Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora da kwandunan Irkutsk-Cheremkhov, an shirya ci gaban yankin Tunguska. Babban hanyar hakar ma'adinai a bude take, wannan zabin ya kasance saboda kusancinsa da aminci ga ma'aikata. Rashin ingancin wannan hanyar shine ingancin kwal yana fama da wahala.
Babban matsalar da ke tattare da kwandunan da muka ambata a sama ita ce wahalar isar da mai a yankunan da ke nesa; a cikin wannan dangane, yin canjin sabbin hanyoyin jiragen kasa na Siberiya wajibi ne. Duk da wannan, masana'antun kwastan na ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin da suka fi ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin Rasha (a cewar ƙididdigar farko, asusun adanawa na Rasha ya kamata ya fi shekaru 500).
(1 ma'auni, matsakaici: 3,00 daga 5)
Babban adon mai a Rasha da duniya
Duk da cewa a yau ana ƙara yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi, hakar mai shine ainihin yankin masana'antu. Ofayan mafi mahimmancin wuraren aikace-aikacen wannan nau'in man shine aikin tsirrai. Kudaden kaduna suna cikin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya, kuma 50 daga cikinsu suna aiki.
Mafi yawan adadin baƙin ƙarfe ana haƙa a cikin Amurka a adibas a cikin Kentucky da Pennsylvania, a Illinois da Alabama, a Colorado, Wyoming da Texas. Yana samar da kwal da lignite, haka kuma anthracite. Wuri na biyu a cikin hakar waɗannan ma'adanai na Russia ne ya mamaye shi.
Na uku mafi girma a masana'antar mai shine China. Manyan adana mafi girma na kasar Sin suna cikin yankin kwari na Shanxin, a cikin Great Plain na China, da Datong, da Yangtze da sauransu.Wannan ana kuma hakar ma'adinai a Australia - a jihohin Queensland da New South Wales, kusa da birnin Newcastle. Indiya babban kamfanin hako mai ne kuma adibas a cikin arewaci na gabashin kasar.
An yi amfani da daskararren kwal da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin adon Saar da Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia da Brandenburg na Jamus sama da shekaru 150. A cikin Ukraine akwai kwandunan kwanduna uku: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky.
Anthracite, man gas da kuma wani yanki mai ma'ana an haƙa a nan. Yawancin adadi mai yawa na wadatar suna a cikin Kanada da Uzbekistan, Kolombiya da Turkiya, Koriya ta Arewa da Thailand, Kazakhstan da Poland, Jamhuriyar Czech da Afirka ta Kudu.
Kashi uku na ajiyar arzikin duniya suna cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Adadin mafi yawa ana adana su ne a gabashin ƙasar, a Siberiya. Babban adibas na ƙasar Rasha kamar haka:
- Kuznetsk - wani yanki mai muhimmin tushe ne a yankin Kemerovo, inda kimanin kashi 80% na matatun mai da kashi 56% na aikin kwal,
- Kansk-Achinsk basin - kashi 12% na ma'adinan launin ruwan kasa ake haƙa,
- Tunguska Basin - wani ɓangare ne na gabashin Siberiya, anthracites, launin ruwan kasa da kwal suna haƙa,
- Basin Pechora - mai wadatar ma'adinai ne,
- Basin na Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - tushen tushen kwal ne ga kamfanonin Irkutsk.
Haɗin ma'adinan ƙasa masana'antu ne mai matukar ƙarfafawa a yau.
Masana sun ce 'yan Adam na kashe mai mai da yawa, saboda haka akwai hadari cewa nan da nan za a iya amfani da ajiyar duniya, amma a wasu kasashen akwai manyan tanadin wannan ma'adinan. Yawan amfani da shi ya dogara da aikace-aikacen, kuma idan kun rage yawan amfani da mai, to zai daɗe.
Manyan adana kudade 10 mafi girma a duniya
Rasha tana alfanun adana wadataccen mai, amma galibi suna cikin yankuna masu nisa, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su.
Bugu da kari, ba duk adibas za'a iya dawo dasu ba saboda dalilan ilimin kasa.
Mun kawo muku ambaton kwandunan kwal na duniya, dauke da kansu a cikin wadatattun albarkatun kasa, wanda mafi yawansu zasu ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin duniya, ba a fitar da su zuwa saman.
Tunguska basin, Russia (tan din kwal - tan-tan 2.299 tiriliyan)
Theasashen duniya da ba a tantance su ba ta hanyar ƙididdigar yawan adon ƙasa na cikin tukunyar Tunguska na Rasha, wanda ya mamaye yanki mai nisan mil kimani miliyan da kuma mamaye yankin yankin Irkutsk, Yakutia da Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Tashin bakin ya tanadar kimanin tiriliyan 2.299 na kwal da launin ruwan kasa. Ya yi daidai ne a yi magana game da ci gaban cikakken ɗimbin ajiya, tunda galibin wuraren samarwa na samarwa har yanzu ba a karance su ba saboda yanayin su a yankuna masu nisa.
A waɗancan wuraren da an riga an bincika, ana gudanar da hakar ma'adanan ta hanyar hanyoyin ɓoye da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Mayer na Kayerkan, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Lensky bas, Russia (tan tiriliyan tiriliyan 1.647)
A cikin Yakutia kuma wani sashi a cikin yankin Krasnoyarsk, na biyu daga cikin manyan rijiyoyin ƙasa suna zama - Lensky - tare da ajiyar tan dubu tiriliyan 1.77 na launin ruwan kasa da baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Babban ɓangaren katangar yana cikin kogin Lena, a cikin yankin Yakut Lowland ta Tsakiya.
Yankin kwandon shara ya kai muraba'in kilomita dubu 750. Kamar ramin Tunguska, Lensky ba a yi binciken da ya dace ba saboda rashin yankin. Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinai a cikin ramuka da kuma buɗe ramuka.
A mahakar Sangarsky, wacce aka rufe a cikin 1998, shekaru biyu bayan haka, wata wuta ta tashi, wanda har yanzu ba a kashe ta ba.
Rashin ma'adanin "Sangarskaya", Yakutia
Kansk-Achinsk bas, Russia (tan biliyan 638)
Matsayi na uku a cikin jerin manyan kamfanonin tonon silin a duniya ya tafi cibiyar Kansk-Achinsk, wacce ke da adadin tan biliyan 638, wanda yawancinsu launin ruwan kasa ne. Tsawon kwandon nisan mil 800 ne a gefen titin Jirgin Trans-Siberian.
An toshe katangar ne a cikin lardin Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk da Kemerovo. Kimanin dozin adadi uku aka gano a yankin sa. Harsashin yana da yanayin yanayin al'ada na ci gaba.
Sakamakon yanayin da ya faru na yadudduka, ci gaban makircin ya faru a cikin hanyar aiki.
Borodinsky mai haƙar ma'adinai, yankin Krasnoyarsk
Illinois Basin, Amurka (tan biliyan 365)
Babban tanadi na biyar mafi girma a duniya shine yankin Illinois wanda ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 122 dubu 122, wanda yake a cikin wannan sunan, haka kuma a yankuna na yankuna na kusa - Kentucky da Indiana.
Aikin haƙar ma'adinan ya kai tan biliyan 365, wanda daga tan biliyan 18 don samun haƙar ma'adinai. Matsakaicin zurfin ma'adinai yana tsakanin mita 150. Har zuwa kashi 90% na ma'adanan da ake hakar ma'adinan ana samar da guda biyu ne kacal daga cikin magunan da ake samu - Harrisburg da Herrin.
Game da adadin adadin baƙin ƙarfe yana buƙatar bukatun masana'antar zafi da masana'antar wutar lantarki, ragowar kundin ana coked.
Crown III Coal Mine, Illinois, Amurka
Ruhr basin, Jamus (ton biliyan 287)
Shahararren malamin nan na Ruhr ɗin yana cikin tudun kogin suna iri ɗaya, wanda shine aikin da ya dace na Rhine. Wannan shi ne ɗayan tsoffin wuraren hakar ma'adinan, waɗanda aka sani tun ƙarni na sha uku. Masana'antu na masana'antu na baƙin ƙarfe sun faɗi akan yankin 6,2 dubu.
kilomita murabba'in kilomita, zurfin zuwa kilomita biyu, duk da haka, gabaɗaya, yanayin ƙasa, jimlar nauyin da ke tsakanin tan biliyan 287, ya kai kilomita shida. Kusan kashi 65% na adibas ɗin shine baƙin ƙarfe. Mining ne da za'ayi na musamman ta karkashin ƙasa ma'adinai.
Matsakaicin zurfin ma'adinai a yankin kamun kifi shine mita 940 (ma'adanin Hugo).
Ma'aikatan Coal ma'adinai Auguste Victoria, Marl, Jamus
Bashin Appalachian, Amurka (tan biliyan 284)
A gabashin Amurka, a cikin jihohin Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky da Alabama, mashigin kwal din Appalachian wanda ke da tan na tan tan biliyan 284 na burbushin mai. Yankin kwari ya kai dubu 180.
kilomita murabba'i. Akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinan kusan ɗari uku a cikin toshe. A cikin Appalachians, kashi 95% na ma'adinan ƙasar suna mai da hankali, kazalika da kusan kashi 85% na mahaɗan. A kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai, kashi 78% na ma'aikatan masana'antu suna aiki.
Fitar kashi 45% na gawayi ana gudanar da shi a hanyar da take buɗe.
Cire Duwatsu masu Tsakani domin hakar ma'adinai, West Virginia, Amurka
Barin Taimyr, Rasha (tan miliyan 217)
Wani bututun kwal na Rasha ya shiga saman duniya goma - rafin Taimyr, wanda ke kan iyakar yankin ruwan sunan shi ya mamaye yanki mai murabba'in kilomita dubu 80.
Tsarin seams yana da rikitarwa, wani ɓangare na adib ɗin mai ya dace da coking, kuma mafi yawan ajiyar ajiyar kayayyakin makamashi ne. Duk da mahimmancin tanadin mai - tan tan biliyan 217 - a halin yanzu, ba a bunkasa ɗimbin bashin ba.
Abubuwan da ake sa ran bunkasa togiyar ba su da wata ma'ana saboda rashin cancantar su daga masu amfani da ita.
Yan uwan kwandon shara a gefen dama na Kogin Shrenk, Taimyr Peninsula
Donbass - Ukraine, Tarayyar Rasha, DPR da LPR (tan biliyan 141)
Ta rufe kimar manyan rijiyoyin mai na Donbass tare da adon adana dala biliyan 141, wanda ya mamaye yankin yankin Rostov na Rasha da kuma wasu yankuna na Ukraine.
A gefe na Yukren, wani ɓangare na yankin gudanarwa a cikin yankin kwari yana fama da rikice-rikicen makamai, hukumomin Kiev ba sa iko da su, yayin da suke ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin da ba a san su ba - DPR da LPR a cikin yankunan Donetsk da Lugansk, bi da bi. Yankin kwari shine murabba'in kilomita dubu 60,000.
Hanyar toshe tana kunshe da manyan nau'ikan kwal. Donbass an daɗe da ƙwarewa sosai - tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
Maina "Obukhovskaya", g.
Zverevo, Yankin Rostov
Darajar da ke sama ba ta kowace hanya tana nuna ainihin halin da ake ciki tare da alamun ci gaba na adibas ba, amma kawai yana nuna sikelin mafi girman asusu na duniya ba tare da yin la’akari da ainihin matakan bincike da haɓakar albarkatun ma'adinai a cikin wata ƙasar ba. Adadin dukiyar da aka tabbatar a duk ajiya a cikin jihohin da ke shugabanni a masana'antar hakar ma'adinan ƙasa da ƙasa da ɗimbin ɗumbin ajiya na ƙasa koda a manyan rijiyoyi ɗaya.
Daga zane mai kyau a bayyane yake cewa babu wata ma'amala ba kawai tsakanin manyan abubuwan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma duka rabe-raben ƙasa ba.
Hakanan babu wata dangantaka tsakanin girman manyan kwastomomi da kuma tabbataccen adadin arzikin mai a cikin kasashen da suke ciki.
Misali, duk da cewa Rasha tana da manyan filaye hudu a duniya, kasar tana da karanci ga shugabancin Amurka dangane da tabbatattun yankuna.
Rididdigar ƙididdigar suna nuna d ofkiyar ribar Russianyan Rasha, amma ba kwata kwata yiwuwar ci gaban su ba. Bi da bi, yawan samarwa ya dogara da wasu dalilai. Misali, mu tuna cewa "Phedra" ya rubuta a baya cewa Russia a 2017 za ta kara fitar da mai daga mai.
An yanke shawarar irin wannan ana yin la’akari da halaye da dama waɗanda ba su da 'yancin kan hannun jari. Muna magana ne game da hadadden aiki a fagen, fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita, yiwuwar tattalin arziki, manufofin hukumomi da matsayin masu gudanar da masana'antu.
Manyan adana baƙin ƙarfe a Rasha, ba mahimmanci ba ne ga ƙasarmu, har ma da daukacin duniya
Ofayan mafi girma ga masana'antar mai da masana'antar makamashi shine masana'antar mai.
Koda a zamanin USSR, Rasha ta zama jagora sananne a fagen hakar ma'adinai da aiki. A nan, adana kayan kwalliya suna da kusan 1/3 na ajiyar duniya, gami da launin ruwan kasa, da kwal, da anthracites.
Federationungiyar Rasha tana matsayi na shida a duniya dangane da samar da mai, 2/3 wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da makamashi da zafi, 1/3 - a cikin masana'antar sinadaran, ƙaramin sashi ne jigilar kaya zuwa Japan da Koriya ta Kudu. A matsakaici, sama da tan miliyan 300 a shekara ana haƙa bututun mai na Rasha.
Haɗa Kai
Haɗa Kai wanda ake kira dutsen kwantar da hankali, wanda aka kirkira lokacin lalacewar tsirrai (ferns bishiya, dawakai da amarya, da kuma kayan motsa jiki na farko).
Babban abubuwan ajiyar ma'adanan da aka hako yanzu an kirkiresasu ne a lokacin Paleozoic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300-350 da suka gabata. An hakar ma'adanan tun ƙarni da yawa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin ma'adanai.
Ana amfani dashi azaman man fetur mai kauri.
Coal yana ƙunshe da cakuda babban adadin ƙwayoyin tsoka mai ƙanshi mai nauyi (carbon da yawa), kazalika da ruwa da abubuwa masu canzawa tare da ƙaramin ƙazanta. Ya danganta da abin da keɓaɓɓen baƙin ƙarfe, yawan zafin da aka saki lokacin haɗuwarsa, da kuma adadin ash da aka kafa, shima yana canzawa. Darajar daskararre da wadatarta ya dogara da wannan rabo.
Don samuwar ma'adanai ya kuma zama dole a lura da yanayin da ake ciki: kayan da ke jujjuya abubuwa su tara da sauri sama da rushewar sa.
Wannan shine dalilin da yasa aka kirkiro kwal a cikin tsoffin peat, inda ake tara tarin carbon, kuma iskar oxygen din babu shi. Tushen abin da ke haifar da fitowar baƙin ƙarfe shine, a hakika, peat kanta, wanda kuma aka yi amfani dashi na ɗan lokaci don man fetur.
Ba a samar da kwalba idan an samo yadudduka na peat a ƙarƙashin wasu layu. Peat an matsa, gas ɗin da aka rasa, a sakamakon abin da aka kirkiro baƙin ƙarfe.
Coal yana faruwa lokacin da gadaje na peat suna faruwa a zurfin zurfin, yawanci fiye da kilomita 3. A mafi zurfin zurfin, anthracite an kafa - mafi girman daraja na kwal.
Koyaya, wannan baya ma'anar cewa duk adon mai na wadatar ƙasa mai zurfi.
A tsawon lokaci, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ayyukan tectonic na fuskoki daban-daban, wasu yadudduka sun ɗanɗani tashin hankali, sakamakon hakan ya kasance kusa da saman.
Hanyar haƙar ma'adinan ya dogara da zurfin inda duwatsun ɗauke da baƙin ƙarfe suke. Idan gawayi ya ta'allaka ne da zurfin har zuwa mita 100, to, a hakar ma'adinan ana yin sa ne a wata hanya a buɗe.
Wannan shine sunan cirewar babban saman duniya sama da filin, wanda ma'adinin yake saman ruwa.
Don hakar ma'adinai daga zurfafan ruwa, ana amfani da hanyar ma'adinai, wanda ake amfani da damar yin amfani da ma'adinai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wurare na musamman na karkashin ƙasa - ma'adinai. Yankunan ma'adanai masu zurfi a Rasha suna can nesa da kusan mita 1200 daga doron ƙasa.
Babban adon mai a Rasha
Filin Elginskoye (Sakha)
Wannan jarin na mai, wanda yake a kudu maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Sakha (Yakutia) kilomita 415 gabas da birnin Neryungri, shi ne mafi alƙawarin ma'adinai a buɗe. Yankin filin shine 246 km2. Filin yanki ne mai laushi mara nauyi.
Carboniferous ajiya sune Babban Jurassic da ƙananan Cretaceous. Babban bututun kwal suna cikin abubuwanda ke cikin Neryungri (tekuna 6 tare da kauri 0.7-17 m) da Undyktan (butuna 18 da kauri 0.7-17 m) suite.
Coals a nan galibi sune rabin-mai haske tare da babban abun ciki na kayan ƙoshin gaske - vitrinite (78-98%), matsakaici- da ash-ash, low-sulfur, low-phosphorous, good-zunubi, tare da babban adadin kuzari.
Ta amfani da fasaha na musamman, za a iya wadatar da wadatar Elgin, wanda zai ba da damar samun samfuri mafi inganci wanda ya dace da ka'idodin ƙasa.
Searfin bututun mai mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi suna mamaye da adibas mai ƙarancin wuta, wanda yake da matukar muhimmanci ga ma'adanan rami a buɗe.
Babban filin (Tuva)
Located in Republic of Tuva. Wannan filin yana da tan miliyan 20 na tan. Yawancin wuraren ajiyar (kusan 80%) suna cikin yanki ɗaya tare da kauri daga 6.4 m. Haɓaka wannan filin a halin yanzu yana ci gaba, saboda haka, hakar kwal a nan ya kamata ya isa matsakaicin ikonsa a 2012.
Babban adibas na mai (yankin wanda yake dubunai kilomita2) ana kiran su kwandunan kwal. Yawanci, waɗannan adibas suna cikin wasu manyan tsarin tectonic (alal misali, ƙararrawa).
Koyaya, ba al'ada bane a hada dukkan adon ajiya a kusa da juna a cikin wuraren waha, wani lokacin ana daukar su azaman ajiya daban.
Wannan yawanci yakan faru ne bisa ga gaskatawar tarihi (an gano adibas a lokuta daban-daban).
Basin kwal na minusinsk wanda yake a cikin ɓarna na Minusinsk a cikin Jamhuriyar Khakassia. Ma'adinan kwal a nan ya fara a cikin 1904. Babban adadi sun hada da Chernogorskoye da Izykhskoye. A cewar masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu, tanadin kwal a yankin shine tan biliyan 2.7.
A cikin kwari, dogon wuta mai wuta tare da babban zafi na konewa ya mamaye. Coals suna tsakiyar ash. Matsakaicin abin da ke cikin ash shine halayyar coals na ajiya na Izykh, ƙarami - don murhunan ɗumbin ajiyar Beisk.
Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinan a cikin kwari ta hanyoyi daban-daban: akwai duka ramuka buɗe da ma'adanan gwal.
Bas ɗin ƙarfe Kuznetsk (Kuzbass) - daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan adana kayayyaki a duniya. Kuzbass yana cikin kudu maso yammacin Siberiya a cikin rami mara iyaka tsakanin tsaunukan Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria da Salair Ridge.
Wannan ita ce yankin yankin Kemerovo. Matsakaicin "Kuzbass" shine sunan na biyu na yankin. Asalin ajiya na farko a cikin yankin Kemerovo an gano shi ne a cikin 1721, kuma a cikin 1842 an gabatar da kalmar "Kuznetsk coal bas" daga masanan ilimin kimiya na kasa Chikhachev.
Hakanan ana hakar ma'adinai ta hanyoyi da yawa. Akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinan 58 da fiye da 30 a cikin kwari. Dangane da inganci, garwashin Kuzbass sun bambanta kuma suna daga cikin mafi kyawu.
Starfin baƙin ƙarfe na kwandunan Kuznetsk ya ƙunshi kimanin baƙin ƙarfe 260 na baƙin ƙarfe daban-daban, wanda ba a rarraba shi a kan sashin. Kafaffen bututun mai yana daga 1.3 zuwa 4.0 m, amma akwai wasu madafan iko kamar 9-15 har ma da 20 m, kuma a wasu wuraren har zuwa 30 m.
Matsakaicin zurfin ma'adanan kwal baya wuce 500 m (matsakaicin zurfin kusan 200 m). Matsakaicin kazamin bututun mai ya haura 2.1 m, amma magudanar sama da tan 6.5 ta kai kimanin kashi 25% na hakar ma'adanan.
Babban wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Rasha
Shekaru da yawa, cinikin daskararre ya kasance kuma ya kasance har zuwa yau ɗayan mafi mahimmancin man.
Thearancin ƙasa na ƙasar Rasha ya ƙunshi biliyoyin tan na albarkatu daban-daban - baƙin ƙarfe, kwal mai ƙarfi, anthracite, saboda abin da aka san Rasha a matsayin ɗayan shugabannin duniya a cikin haƙoran mai.
Adadin danyen mai da ke kasarmu ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 200, wanda a cikin sharuddan kashi kashi 5.5% na adon duniya.
Babban rijiyoyin mai na ƙasar
Ayyukan kwandon kwal a cikin matatun mai da na makamashi na ƙasar an ƙaddara su da ƙimar kwal, da yawan ajiyar, babban alamomin ma'adanai, abubuwan da ke tattare da wurin ajiya da sauran yanayi. Ta hanyar duka abubuwan, manyan wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Rasha ke jagoranta:
- Yanayin ƙasa na Krasnoyarsk tare da haɗawar ɓangarorin Kemerovo da Irkutsk (asusun ajiya na Kansk-Achinsk da Kuznetsk), wanda ya kai kusan kashi 70% na wadataccen mai a cikin ƙasar,
- Uwar Ural (Pechora bas),
- Rostov, Lugansk da Donetsk yankuna (Donbass),
- Kudancin lardin Irkutsk (kwari mai zurfi (Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky)),
- Neryungrinsky gundumar Yakutia (basin ta Kudu).
Takamaiman abubuwan hakar kwal a cikin masana'antu daban-daban a Rasha
Daidai ne da Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass) da aka amince da shi a matsayin yanki mafi mahimmancin ma'adinan ƙasa a Rasha - ya kai kashi 50% na duk abin da Rasha ta samar. Babban adibas mai arzikin mai, da suka hada da murhunan wuta, suna da yawa anan.
Abun ajiya na yankin Kansk-Achinsky suna samar da wadataccen mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin ƙasa, tunda ana sarrafa ma'adinai ta hanyar buɗe ma'adinai.
Idan za mu yi magana game da yankunan Turai na hakar ma'adinan a Rasha, mafi girma a cikin wadannan yankuna shi ne ginin Pechora, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi 4% na ingantaccen samar da mai a Rasha.
Kwandunan Kuznetsk da Donetsk suna dauke da babban ajiyar anthracite - mai daɗaɗɗen burki mai wuta: saboda daɗin da ke tattare da carbon, anthracite yana iya ƙonewa ba tare da harshen wuta ba, yana haifar da zafi.
Mining Anthracite
Kamfanin Kudancin Kudancin LLC ƙwararre kan samarwa da ƙwayar cuta ta anthracite a cikin yankin da ke da arzikin ma'adinai a Rasha - Donbass na Gabas.
Babban ingancin kwal da babban ɗakunan ajiyar anthracite mai inganci a cikin masana'antar SUE ya kirkiro tushen nasarar ci gaban kamfanin da manyan nasarori.
Domin hadin kai, tuntuɓi tel. +7 (495) 721 37 40, e-mail: [email protected].
Kudaden ma'adinai - yanayin Rasha
Kofin launin ruwan sanyi ana kiransa dutsen sedimentary dutsen, wanda aka kirkiro shi ta hanyar lalacewar ragowar tsoffin tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi kamar ferns, horsetails da tsintsiya, da kuma wasan motsa jiki na farko). Tsarin ƙirƙirar da abun da ke ciki na launin ruwan kasa yayi kama da dutse, amma launin ruwan kasa bashi da mahimmanci.
Kodayake, akwai wasu adadi mai launin ruwan kasa a duniyar tamu, kuma ya ta'allaka ne a wani zurfin zurfin. Cocin launin ruwan kasa yana ƙunshe da cakuda babban adadin ƙwayar mai guba ta jiki (galibi carbon - har zuwa 78%), kazalika da ruwa da abubuwa masu canzawa tare da ƙaramin ƙazanta.
Ya danganta da abin da keɓaɓɓen baƙin ƙarfe, yawan zafin da aka saki lokacin haɗuwarsa, da kuma adadin ash da aka kafa, shima yana canzawa.
Kadai mai yalwa a cikin Altai. An kiyasta ajiyar kuɗin da aka kimanta a tan miliyan 250. Ana haƙa kwal a nan ta hanyar buɗe ma'adinan rami.
A halin yanzu, tabbataccen tanadin launin ruwan kwalba a wasu wuraren hakar ma'adinan biyu yakai tan miliyan 34. A shekara ta 2006, an haƙa ma'adanan tan dubu 100 a nan. A cikin 2007, ƙirar masana'antu ya kamata ya kai tan 300,000, a cikin 2008 - riga 500 dubu tan.
Wurin kwal ɗin yana da nisan mil ɗari da gabashin gabashin Kuznetsk yankin a cikin yankin iyakar Krasnoyarsk kuma a wasu ɓangarorin Kemerovo da Irkutsk Yankuna.
Wannan tsibirin Siberian ta Tsakiya yana da mahimmancin ajiyar kuzari mai ƙarfi.
Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinai musamman a wata hanya mai buɗewa (ɓangaren buɗeffen kwandon shine 45,000 km² - tan biliyan 143 na kwandunan kwal wanda ke da ƙarfin 15 - 70 m.) Hakanan ana samun kudaden kaduna.
Jimlar ajiyar kusan tan biliyan 638. Lokacin farin ciki yadudduka masu aiki daga 2 zuwa 15 m, matsakaicin shine 85 m Coals wanda aka kafa a cikin lokacin Jurassic.
Yankin basuss ya kasu kashi 10 na masana'antu da ilimin ƙasa, a cikin kowanne fanni ɗaya ana bunƙasa filin:
Located in Jamhuriyar Sakha (Yakutia) da Territory Krasnoyarsk. Babban ɓangarenta yana cikin Yakut Lowland ta Tsakiya a cikin kwarin Kogin Lena da wuraren aikinta (Aldan da Vilyuya). Yankin kusan 750,000 km².
Gabaɗayan yanki na yanki zuwa zurfin 600 m - fiye da tiriliyan 2 tiriliyan.
Dangane da tsarin yanayin kasa, an raba yankin kwal din kwal zuwa kashi biyu: bangaren yamma, wanda ya mamaye Vilyui syneclise na dandalin Siberian, da kuma gabashin, wanda aka haɗa a cikin yankin sashi mai faɗi na yankin Verkhoyan-Chukotka mai ninkaya.
Gilalle na bututu suna haɗuwa da duwatsun dutse daga Jurassic na Yankin zuwa Paleogene. Abinda ya faru da duwatsun baƙin ƙarfe yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar ɗaga murya mai sauƙi da damuwa.
A cikin tebur na Priverkhoyansk, ana tattara daskararren kwal ɗin a cikin ɗayoyi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ruptures; kauri shine 1000-2500 m.
Adadin da kauri na matatun man Mesozoic a wasu bangarorin na kwari suna da bambanci: a sashen yamma daga 1 zuwa 10 seams 1-20 m lokacin farin ciki, a gabas har zuwa seams 30 mm 1. Ba wai kawai launin ruwan kasa ba ne, har ma ana samun daskararren kwal.
Coals mai launin ruwan kasa ya ƙunshi danshi daga 15 zuwa 30%, daskararren kayan ash shine 10-25%, ƙimar adadin kuzari shine 27.2 MJ / kg. Kayan launin fata launin ruwan fata sune lenticular a cikin yanayi; kauri ya bambanta daga 1-10 zuwa 30 m.
Yawan adana baƙin ƙarfe galibi suna kusa da kwal. Don haka, ana kuma haƙa shi a cikin mashahuran kwanduna kamar Minusinsky ko Kuznetsk.
Yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Rasha
Yankin amfani da shi yana da faɗi sosai. Ana amfani da wuta don samar da wutar lantarki, a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa na masana'antu (Coke), don samar da hoto mai hoto, don samar da ruwa mai ruwa ta hanyar hydrogenation.
Rasha tana da ɗakunan ajiya mai yawa da kwandunan kwal.
Tushen kwal shine yanki (galibi sama da kilomita dubu 10) na haɓaka abubuwan ajiya, wanda aka kirkira a wasu yanayi a cikin wani lokaci. Kudin mai yana da ƙaramin yanki kuma yanki ne daban.
A cikin ƙasar Rasha akwai dandamali, ninka da wuraren waha.
An gano mafi yawan adadin baƙin ƙarfe a Yammaci da Gabashin Siberiya.
Kashi 60% na ajiyar baƙin ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe humus ne, ciki har da murhun waje (Karaganda, Yuzhno-Yakutstky, Kuznetsk bas). Hakanan ana samo garwashin launin ruwan kasa (Ural, gabashin Siberia, Yankin Moscow).
An watsad da ajiyar samar da abinci zuwa gaɓaɓɓun ƙarfe 25 da adibas guda 650.
Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinan a cikin hanyar rufe ko buɗe. Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinai a cikin ma'adinai, buɗe - cikin abubuwan nema (yanke).
Rayuwar ma'adanai tana a shekaru 40-50. Ana cire kowane rukunin kwal daga cikin haƙar ma'ana na kimanin shekaru 10, tare da haɓakar wani yanki mai zurfi ta hanyar sakewa. Sake gina mahallin ma'adanan sharadi ne da ake bukata don adana muhalli da tabbatar da amincin ma'aikata.
A cikin bude ramuka ana amfani da kwal a bututun mai nasara.
A tsawon shekarar 2010, an yi hakar ma'adinai a Rasha a cikin mahakar ma'adinai 91 da ma'adinan bulo 137. Matsakaicin ƙarfin shekara-shekara shine tan miliyan 380.
Bayan hakar ma'adinai a cikin ma'adanai ko buɗaɗɗun talla, yana zuwa kai tsaye ga mabukaci ko kuma yana shiga masana'antar haɓaka kwal.
A cikin masana'antun masana'antu na musamman, ana rarraba dunbum mai daga girman sai a wadatar da su.
Tsarin samar da wadata shine tsarkakakken mai daga dutsen da sharar gida.
A yau, ana hakar ma'adinan ƙasa a cikin Rasha musamman a cikin yanki da manyan tankuna 10. Babban tanadin hada-hadar baƙin ƙarfe da haɗin cocin shine Kuznetsk basin (yankin Kemerovo), ana amfani da kwalba mai launin ruwan ƙasa a cikin kwanciyar Kansk-Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Gabas ta Siber), Anthracites - a cikin kwarin Gorlovsky da kuma cikin Donbass.
Coal a cikin waɗannan wuraren waha yana da inganci mafi inganci.
Sauran sanannun kwandunan kwal a cikin Rasha sun haɗa da layin Pechora (Arctic), yankin ruwan na Irkutsk-Cheremkhov a yankin Irkutsk, da kuma kwarin Yakut ta kudu a Gabashin Far.
Yankunan Taimyr, Lensky da Tunguska suna haɓaka aiki sosai a Gabashin Siberiya, da kuma adibas a cikin Yankin Trans-Baikal, Primorye, da Yankin Novosibirsk.
Babban masana'antu (dangane da yawan ma'aikata da farashin samar da ƙayyadaddun kadarorin) na masana'antar mai shine hakar ma'adinai a cikin Rasha.
Kamfanonin masana'antun ƙarfe, haɓaka (wadatarwa) maƙas, baƙin ƙarfe da anthracite.
Yaya kuma nawa ake samar da gawayi a cikin Federationasar Rasha
Wannan ma'adinan da aka haƙa yana dogara da zurfin wuri: buɗe (a cikin ɓangarori) da hanyoyin ƙasa (cikin ma'adanan ƙasa).
Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, samar da ƙasa ya karu daga tan 90.9 zuwa tan miliyan 103.7, kuma buɗe ayyukan da aka buɗe ya karu da fiye da tan miliyan 100 daga tan miliyan 167.5 zuwa tan miliyan 269.7. Yawan burbushin kayan abinci da aka hako a cikin kasar a wannan lokacin, ta hanyoyin samar da abubuwa, duba. 1.
Hoto 1: hako ma'adinai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha daga 2000 zuwa 2015, rarrabu tsakanin hanyoyin samarwa, a cikin miliyan
A cewar Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC), an hako tan miliyan 385 na ma'adanai baƙar fata a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a cikin 2016, wanda ya kai kashi 3.2% fiye da shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan yana ba mu damar kammalawa game da kyakkyawan tasirin masana'antar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da kuma game da makomar, duk da rikicin.
Nau'in wannan burbushin da aka haɓaka a ƙasarmu ya kasu zuwa makamashi da kwal domin haɗawa.
A cikin jimlar girma na zamani daga shekarar 2010 zuwa ta 2015, rabon arzikin samar da makamashi ya karu daga shekarar 197.4 zuwa tan miliyan 284.4. An nuna girman samar da kwal a Rasha ta nau'ikan da aka nuna a cikin siffa. Na biyu.
2: Tsarin karafa mai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ta nau'ikan 2010-2015, a cikin tan miliyan miliyan
Nawa burbushin baƙi ne a cikin ƙasar kuma a ina ake haƙar ma'adinai?
A cewar Rosstat, Federationungiyar Rasha (biliyan 157 biliyan)
t.) yana a matsayi na biyu bayan Amurka (biliyan 237.3 biliyan) a duniya a cikin ajiyar arzikin mai. Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha tana asarar kusan 18% na duk ajiyar duniya. Duba hoto na 3.
Hoto 3: Asusun Duniya ta Hanyar Kasashe
Bayanai daga Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tarayya don 2010-2015 sun nuna cewa samarwa a cikin kasar ana aiwatar da su a cikin batutuwa 25 na Tarayya a cikin gundumomi 7 na tarayya.
Akwai kamfanonin masana'antu na 192. Cikin su 71 na ma'adinai, da kuma buɗaɗɗen bututun mai guda 121 Adadin aikinsu duka shine tan miliyan 408. Fiye da 80% na shi ana haƙa a Siberiya. Yankin ma'adinai a Rasha ta yanki an nuna shi a cikin tebur 1.
Yankin Tarayyar Siberiya (Yankin Kemerovo, Yankin Krasnoyarsk, Yankin Trans-Baikal) | 83,60%, | 83,90% | 83,80% | 84,50% | 84,50% | 83,50% |
Yankin Gabashin Tarayya (Yakutia) | 9,90% | 9,60% | 9,90% | 9,40% | 9,50% | 10,80% |
Gundumar Tarayyar Arewa maso Yamma (Komi Republic) | 4,20% | 4,00% | 3,80% | 4,00% | 3,70% | 3,90% |
Sauran yankuna | 2,30% | 2,50% | 2,50% | 2,10% | 2,30% | 2,80% |
A shekarar 2016, dubu 227,400
an fitar da tan a yankin Kemerovo (irin waɗannan biranen da ke da masana'antu ɗaya ana kiransu biran masana'antu guda ɗaya), wanda kusan tan dubu 125,000 aka fitar dashi.
Kuzbass yana da kusan kashi 60% na aikin kwal na cikin gida, akwai kimanin ma'adinai 120 da budewa.
A farkon Fabrairu 2017, an fara sabon rami a Yankin Kemerovo - Trudarmeysky Ta Kudu wanda ke da damar ƙirar 2,500.
A shekarar 2017, ana shirin samar da burbushin tan dubu 1,500 a cikin rami a bude, kuma bisa ga hasashen za a fitar da karfin da aka tsara a shekarar 2018. Hakanan a shekarar 2017 ana shirin fara sabbin masana'antu a Kuzbass.
Shigo da kaya
Federationungiyar Rasha ita ce ɗayan manyan masu fitar da baƙin ƙarfe uku bayan Ostiraliya (ƙimar fitar 390 miliyan
ton) da Indonesia (tan miliyan 330) a shekarar 2015. Rabon Rasha a cikin 2015 - an fitar da tan miliyan 156 na ma'adinan baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan manuniya ga kasar tayi girma da tan miliyan 40 a cikin shekaru biyar. Baya ga Tarayyar Rasha, Australia da Indonesia, kasashe shida masu jagoranci sun hada da Amurka ta Amurka, Columbia da Afirka ta Kudu.
Tsarin fitarwa na duniya an gabatar dashi a cikin siffa. 5.
Hoto 5: Tsarin fitarwa na duniya (kasashen da suka fi fitarwa).
Sashen Tsakanin Yankuna da ke hadaddun man fetur da makamashi ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekarar 2016 jimlar fitar da kayayyaki daga kasar ta karu, yayin da shigo da kayayyaki ke raguwa.
Bayanai game da shigo da kaya a cikin 2016 an gabatar dasu a cikin tebur 2.
Shigo | 20,46 | -10,6% |
Fitar da kaya | +9% |
Shugaban sashen bayanai da na nazari na sashin masana'antu na peat da peat na ma'aikatar makamashi ta kasar V.
Grishin ya annabta karuwar fitar da kaya zuwa kashi 6% a shekarar 2017, girmanta zai iya kaiwa tan miliyan 175, wato ya ninka da miliyan 10.
Wadanne kamfanoni ne manyan masana'antun
Manyan kamfanonin manyan man fetur na kasar Rasha sanannu ne, kuma manyan kamfanonin samar da kwal a cikin kasar a shekara ta 2016 sune: SUEK OJSC (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-coal (28.6) ), Vostsibugol (13.1), Kuzbass ta Kudu (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), wanda aka nuna a cikin baka yawan ci da aka samar a miliyoyin tan, gani
Hoto 6. Manyan masana'antu a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a cikin 2016, a cikin miliyan
Kamfanonin OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol da SDS-Ugol sun kasance jagora a cikin samarwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.
Manyan masana'antu don 2014-2015 an gabatar dasu a cikin Fig.
7. Daga cikin su, ban da shugabannin masana'antu guda biyu da aka ambata a sama, akwai kuma kamfanoni masu sarrafa kansu: Kamfanin Kuzbass Fuel Company, Holding Sibuglement, Vostsibugol, Coal na Rasha, EVRAZ (ita ce ɗayan manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙasa), Mechel Mining, SDS-koko.
7. Babban masana'antun da ke cikin Federationungiyar Rasha don 2014-2015, a cikin tan miliyan miliyan
A Nuwamba 2016, ƙungiyar Evgeny Kosmin na sashin No. 1 na ma'adanai mai suna V.D.
Yalevsky JSC "SUEK-Kuzbass" ya kafa sabon rikodin samarwa na Rasha don shekara daga fuska ɗaya - tan dubu 4,810.
Takaitawa da Kammalawa
- Cocin hadadden rukunin Rasha yana haɓaka aiki tare.
- Fitowar shigo da kayayyaki ya ragu kaɗan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yayin da fitarwa da samarwa ke ƙaruwa.
- Ta hanyar fitarwa, Tarayyar Rasha ita ce ɗayan manyan kasashe uku bayan Australia da Indonesia.
- A shekaru masu zuwa, ana shirin bude sabbin ma'adinai da sarrafa kamfanonin.
- Shugabannin ukun sun hada da kamfanoni a yankin Siberiya, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 80% na yawan kayayyakin da kasar ke samarwa.
Kalamunda Poberezhny, 2017-03-29
Kwandunan kwalba na Rasha
Matsayin aikin kwandon kwal a yankin yanki na kwadago ya dogara da ingancin kwal, girman ajiyar ajiya, alamu na fasaha da tattalin arziki na samarwa, gwargwadon shirye-shiryen reshi don gudanar da masana'antu, girman girman samarwa, da fasalin sufuri da kuma yanayin ƙasa.
Gabaɗaya waɗannan yanayin suna fitowa sarai rikodin kwandon shara na cikin ƙasa - Kasuwancin Kuznetsk da Kansk-Achinsk, wanda yakai kashi 70% na aikin samar da kwal a Rasha, da kuma kwandunan Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhov da Kudan Yakut.
Babban mahimmancin samar da kwal a cikin Rasha shine Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
Gidan kuznetsk
Ana kimanta ma'aunin kuzbass A + B + C1 nau'in tan 57 biliyan, wanda shine kashi 58.8% na rukunin Rasha.
A lokaci guda, murhun ma'adinai ya kai tan miliyan 30.1, ko kuma kashi 73% na yawan ajiyar ƙasar.
A Kuzbass, kusan duka ma'adinan ma'adanan ƙasa an haƙa su. Thearancin Kuzbass yana da wadata a wasu ma'adanai, irin su manganese, baƙin ƙarfe, phosphorite, nepheline ores, shale oil, da sauran ma'adanai.
Coals na Kuznetsk suna da inganci mai kyau: abun da ke cikin ash na 8-22%, sinadarin sulfur na 0.3-0.6%, takamaiman zafi na konewa - 6000 - 8500 kcal / kg.
Matsakaicin zurfin ma'adanan karkashin kasa ya kai 315m. Kusan kashi 40% na ma'adinan kwal ana cinyewa a yankin Kemerovo da kanta kuma ana fitar da kashi 60% zuwa wasu yankuna na Rasha kuma ana fitar dashi.
Kuzbass ya kai sama da kashi 70% na adadin kuzarinsa a tsarin jigilar dakon mai daga Rasha. Anan akwai kwaro mai inganci, gami da aikin coki.
Kusan 12% na samarwa ana yin su ne a hanyar da take buɗe.
Yankin Belovsky yana daya daga cikin tsoffin goman ma'adanan kwal a Kuzbass.
Shugabannin Kasashe Masu hako ma'adinai
A cikin wannan labarin za mu san jerin ƙasashe waɗanda ke kan gaba wajen hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da kari, za mu yi la’akari da manyan ayyukan wannan tsari da kuma matsalolin da ke akwai a masana'antar hakar kwal, da kuma gano inda ake hakar ma'adinan a Rasha.
Siffofin hakar ma'adinai
Coal ma'adinai ne, wanda shine ɗayan manyan albarkatun mai a duniyarmu. An samo shi ne a cikin kwarin ɓawon buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa saboda gaskiyar cewa tsawon lokaci ragowar tsoffin tsirrai da ƙananan abubuwan da aka tara a ciki ba tare da iskar oxygen ba. A halin yanzu akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don cire wannan ma'adinan.
Na farko hakar ma'adanan ya faru ne a farkon karni na 18. Bayan karni na ƙarshe, ƙirƙirar ƙarshe da haɓaka masana'antu na masana'antu sun kasance.
Na dogon lokaci, masu hakar gwal sun fitar da kwal daga bututun qasa da taimakon kayan masarufi na yau da kullun, sun kuma yi amfani da sikeli. A nan gaba, an maye gurbin hammers mai sauƙi ta hanyar guduma masu guduma.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da duk kayan aikin yau da kullun a cikin ma'adanan, wanda ke ba da damar hakar ma'adinai a cikin iyakar gudu da dacewa.
Kudaden Coal
Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don haƙar ma'adinan sune:
Hanya mafi arha zuwa ga kwalba ita ce rami a buɗe. Wannan hanyar ita ce mafi sauki, mafi arha kuma mafi aminci. Manyan rijiyoyin sun sare saman duniya, wanda hakan ke toshe damar samun adon mai. Sannan an fitar da kwal a cikin yadudduka kuma a ɗora shi cikin kekuna na musamman.
Karatun karafa
Karkashin kasa (maina). Ba kamar na farkon ba, wannan hanyar tana cin lokaci sosai kuma tana da haɗari. Dole a yi amfani da hanyar hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa saboda adadi da yawa na ɗakunan ajiya suna cikin ƙasa mai zurfi. Don hakar ma'adinai, an haƙa ma'adanan mitutu masu yawa daga abin da ake hako bututun mai.
Haɗin ma'adinai a cikin ma'adinai
Ana amfani da hanyar hydraulic sosai, wanda ya danganta da gaskiyar cewa ana samar da wani rafi na ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsanancin matsin lamba, wanda ke fasa bututun mai kuma ana ciyar dashi ta bututun musamman zuwa shagunan samarwa.
Shugabannin Kasashe Masu hako ma'adinai
Jagoran da ba zai yuwu ba shi ne kasar Sin. Kusan rabin rarar arzikin kwal a duniya ana hakar ma su a kasar nan, suna da adadin kuzarin kusan shekara miliyan 3.700. Sauran ƙasashe suna ba da baya ga China.
Ungiyar haƙo wuta a duniya kuma tana da alamun masu zuwa:
- Kasar Sin - tan miliyan 3.700
- Amurka - ton miliyan 900,
- Indiya - tan miliyan 600,
- Ostiraliya - tan miliyan 480,
- Indonesia - tan miliyan 420.
Rasha ba ta cikin shugabannin guda biyar kuma tana a matsayi na 6 tare da nuna alamar tan miliyan 350 a shekara. Bayan sa, bayan an yi asara kadan, ya zo Afirka ta Kudu, sannan Jamus da Poland, da Kazakhstan, da Ukraine da Turkiya, su ke kan gaba.
Haɗin ma'adinan ƙasa a cikin duniya, tan miliyan ɗari
Wadanne kasashen Turai ne ke da babban ajiyar arzikin mai?
A Turai, yawancin ma'adanan baƙin ƙarfe ana haƙa a Jamus da Poland. Adadin arzikin ma'adinai a cikin Tarayyar Turai ya wuce tan miliyan 500 a shekara. Adadin yawan masana'antar duniya baki daya shine tan miliyan 9,000. A matsakaita, kowane mazaunin duniyar yana da kilogiram 1000 na mai a shekara.
Wannan adadin wanda shugabannin kasashe ke bayarwa don hakar ma'adinai, ya isa sosai don samar da makamashi da mai ga duniya baki daya, tunda tare da mai da iskar gas, ana samar da isasshen albarkatun da zasu iya biyan bukatun jama'a. A halin yanzu, an fi mai da hankali kan ƙarin ƙawancewar muhalli da hanyoyin ma'adinai mai aminci don kar su cutar da muhalli.
Ma'aikatar hakar ma'adinai a Rasha
Haɗin ma'adinai a Rasha, tan miliyan ɗari
Kasarmu tana da wadata a ma'adanai da fitar da su duka don bukatunmu da kuma fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje. Rasha tana daya daga cikin manyan kasashe goma da ke kan gaba wajen samar da arzikin mai kuma a kowace shekara tana samar da tan miliyan uku. Ta hanyar ajiyar wannan ma'adinan, kasarmu tana a matsayi na biyu, ta biyu kawai ga Amurka.
Kashi 70% na mai yana hakar ma'adinai a buɗe. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yana da aminci kuma karancin lokaci. Amma akwai babban rashi ɗaya, wanda yake mummunan lalacewar yanayin. Tare da buɗe ma'adinai, mahaukaci masu zurfi ya kasance, an keta mutuncin ƙasa, ginin dutse ya bayyana.
Sauran ukun kuma sune masu hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa a mahakar ma'adinai. Wannan hanyar tana buƙatar ba kawai farashi na zahiri daga masu hakar gwal ba, har ma na zamani, fasahar ci gaba Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa rabin dukkanin kayan aikin da kayan haɗin suna daɗaɗɗun tsufa kuma suna buƙatar zamani.
Coals ajiya a Rasha
Entungiyoyi masu zuwa sune shugabanni a ma'adinan mai:
- Sasar Krasnoyarsk, wani ɓangare na Irkutsk da Yankin Kemerovo,
- Ural
- Yankin Rostov,
- Yankin Irkutsk
- Yakutia.
Babban yankin da ake hakar ma'adinan ana ɗaukarsa Kuzbass. Sama da rabin adadin wadataccen mai a Rasha ana haƙa a can. Babban adadi da adibas na mai sun fi mai da hankali a wannan yanki.
Kammalawa
Miliyoyin tan na baƙin ƙarfe ana haƙa kowace shekara a duniya. Kasashen da ke kan gaba a jerin kuma suke kan gaba a kasashe cikin sharuddan ajiyar albarkatun mai, ba wai kawai suke amfani da ma'adanai ba ne don bukatunsu, har ma suna fitar da kayayakinsu zuwa wasu kasashe, ta yadda za su inganta yanayin tattalin arzikinsu da samun ribar dala biliyan daya.
Aikin hakar kwal wani tsari ne mai wahala da wahala wanda yake bukatar wani ilimi da kwarewa.
Saboda wannan, ana kuma buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman da kayan fasahar zamani, waɗanda zasu iya rage lokacin da za'a fitar da ma'adanai daga bututun ƙasa da kuma ƙara haƙo baƙin ƙarfe.
Kasashe daban-daban suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na hakar ma'adanan. Wani ya fi son hanyar aminci, saurin sadaukarwa, yayin da wasu ke dogaro da ƙarar da aka fitar.
Manyan kasashen da ke hakar ma'adinai a shekarar 2017 ba su canza ba. Wannan fim ɗin bai canza shi tsawon shekaru ba. Matsayi na gaba shine kasar Sin, kuma kasarmu tana a matsayi na 6, amma kasarmu tana cikin manyan kasashe uku dangane da tanadi. Rasha ta samar da bututun mai ga ƙasashe da yawa, tare da samar musu da wadataccen mai.
A Daular Rasha
Peter I ya fara haduwa da kwal a cikin 1696, yana dawowa daga yakin Azov na farko a cikin yankin Shakhty na yanzu (kafin juyin juya hali Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsk). Yayin da yake hutawa a bakin Kalmius, an nuna sarki wani yanki na baƙi, mai ƙoshin lafiya.
Ma'aikatar ma'adanan mai, Grigory Kapustin, mai cinikin bayi, a cikin 1721 ta gano ciwan kusa da lardin Seversky - Kogin K Washuchey kuma ya tabbatar da cancantarsa don amfani da inzali da kera baƙin ƙarfe. A cikin Disamba 1722, Peter I ya aika Kapustin da izinin yin rijista don samfuran kwal, sannan kuma aka rubuta kayan balaguro na musamman don binciko baƙin ƙarfe da mai.
A shekara ta 1722, Kwalejin Berg ta gayyaci V. I. Gennin, wanda ke kula da masana'antar Ural da Siberian, "suyi ƙoƙarin samo mai kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran ƙasashen Turai don waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe na iya taimakawa".
Ofungiyar S. Kostylev a cikin 1720-1721 An gudanar da bincike game da ma'adinai a cikin tsaunukan arewacin Altai. A watan Fabrairu 1722, M.Volkov ya yi aikace-aikacen don baƙin ƙarfe da ya samu a Tomsk Uyezd, da baƙin ƙarfe da ya gano a cikin “dutsen da aka ƙone” mai nisan mil bakwai daga kurkukun Verkhotomsky a yankin Kemerovo na zamani.
Kafuwar masana'antar kwal a Rasha ya koma farkon kwata na ƙarni na 19, lokacin da manyan hanyoyin kwastan suka kasance a buɗe.
Coals ya tanadi a Rasha
A Rasha, kaso 5.5% na ajiyar arzikin duniya yana mai da hankali, wanda yakai fiye da tan biliyan 200. Wannan bambance-bambance tare da adadin tabbatattun haƙƙin haƙƙin kwal na 2006 ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mafi yawansu ba su dace da ci gaba ba, tunda yana cikin Siberiya a cikin yankin ƙasan ruwa. Kashi 70% ya fadi a ajiyar launin ruwan kasa.
Babban adon kuɗi
Elga ajiya a kudu maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Sakha (Yakutia), kilomita 415 gabas da birnin Neryungri. Yana ga Mechel OAO. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don buɗe ci gaba.
Yankin ajiya shine 246 km², amintaccen brachisynclinal mai ladabi ne. Babban bututun kwal yana da nasaba da abubuwanda ke faruwa na Neryungri (tekuna 6 waɗanda ke da kauri 0.7-17 m) da Undyktan (ƙarfe 18 tare da kauri 0.7-17 m) ɗakuna. Yawancin albarkatun mai suna mai da hankali ne a cikin shimfiɗa guda huɗu y4, y5, h15, h16 yawanci hadadden tsari. Coals suna kasancewa da ƙananan lenticular-mai haske tare da bandeji mai mahimmanci tare da babban abun ciki na mafi mahimmancin bangaren - vitrinite (78-98%). Da digiri na metamorphism, coals suna cikin matakin III (mai). Coal daraja Ж, rukuni na 2Ж. Coals suna matsakaici-da-ash-15 (15-24%), low-sulfur (0.2%), low-phosphorus (0.01%), mai aikata zunubi (Y = 28-37 mm), tare da ƙimar adadin kuzari (28 MJ / kg).
Za a iya wadatar da wadatar Elgin zuwa mafi girman matsayin duniya kuma a samar da daskararren ƙungiyar fitarwa a duniya. Filin yana da wakilci mai ƙarfi (har zuwa mita 17) filayen ruwa mai zurfi tare da adibas cike da ƙananan kauri (ragi mai nauyin kusan 3 m³ a kowace tan na albarkatun ƙasa), wanda ke da amfani sosai don buɗe ma'adanan rami.
Adadin Elegestskoye (Tyva) yana da tan miliyan 1 na tanƙkin hadin bakin "C" (ana ɗaukar adadin ajiyar kuɗaɗen biliyan 20). 80% na ajiyar suna cikin yanki ɗaya mai kauri na 6.4 m (mafi kyawun ma'adinai na Kuzbass suna aiki a cikin yadudduka na kauri daga 2-3 m, a Vorkuta ci an daga ƙananan yadudduka fiye da 1 m). Bayan cimma burin sa na ƙarshe a shekarar 2012, ana sa ran Elegest zai samar da tan miliyan 12 na baƙin ƙarfe a shekara.
Lasisin don bunkasar Elegest gawayi na kamfanin Yenisei Masana'antu, wanda ya kasance ɓangare na Industrialungiyar Masana'antu ta United (OPK). A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Zuba Jari na Tarayyar Rasha ta amince da aiwatar da ayyukan don gina layin dogo na Kyzyl-Kuragino tare da haɓaka ginin cibiyar ma'adinai na Jamhuriyar Tuva.