Kyakyawan itace daya daga cikin mafiya hatsari, wakilai na masu rarrafe, wadanda ke jagorantar rayuwar rayuwar ruwa mai ruwa-da-ruwa. Duk waɗannan halittu masu rarrafe suna hura tsoro na gaske, amma har ma a cikinsu akwai wakilan masu girman gwargwadon - karban kwayoyi. A cikin Littafin Guinness of Records, an jera su azaman manyan karkara na duniya.
Tsawon tsintsiya madaidaiciya ya kai mita 5 ko fiye, kuma nauyin maza mafi girma shine kilogiram 800. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gabatar a gidan kayan tarihi na Paris akwai wani kwanon ruɓi mai kuncin dogo. Dangane da ma'auninsa, an gano cewa a lokacin rayuwa, maƙallin ya kai mita 7 tsayi, kuma yana nauyin tan 2.
Babban mazaunin manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe shine tekun India, Asiya da Ostiraliya. Saurin rarrabuwa ba ya hana su faduwa ta hanyar magudanun teku, da wucewa manyan nisan ruwa. Saboda haka, kada ka yi mamaki idan an ga hakoran bakin teku a gefen ƙasar Japan.
Manyan macizai na duniya sun sami suna saboda halayyar, ƙananan tutocin kusa da idanu. A cikin mutane da suka manyanta, waɗannan nau'ikan suna jujjuya juzu'an motsi a kan fuska. Kamar duk dangi, ciyayi masu kama suna da babban jiki wanda ke da gajerun gajeran hankula da babban kai da jaja a cike da haƙoran haƙora.
Kututtukan ruwan Saltwater sune kawai wakilan dangi na hakika wanda ruwan teku ya zama wurin zama. Gayyadadden gland na rage yawan gishiri da aka cika shi da ruwan tekun, amma abun da ke ciki ba zai iya zama daidai ba. Yankunan da ba za su iya shan irin wannan ruwa ba, saboda haka, ana samun isasshen ruwa na abinci daga abinci, sauran kuma sun cika ƙasar.
Abincin da aka cakuda yawu ya ta'allaka ne da mazauninsu. A cikin ruwayen bakin teku, manya da dawakai, bijimai sun zama masu fama da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Suna iya jin daɗin danginsu - fadama da karuwa na Ostireliya. A cikin ruwan teku sukan kai hari sharks da manyan kifi. Abin mamaki, bayan bayyanar karnukan kwale-kwale a sababbin wuraren, hanyoyin ruwan teku da kuma biya suna barin sharks nan da nan.
A cikin hanyar rayuwa, crocodiles suna jagorancin salon rayuwa. Penetration zuwa cikin ƙasar maharbi - yana barazanar mutuwa ga wanda ya yi shi.
M maza za su iya samun daidaituwa tare da mace a lokacin lokacin kiwo. Masanan dabbobi (nazarin dabbobi masu rarrafe) sun yanke shawara cewa mutane basa wahala daga "mummunan halin" macen. Kawai suna keta iyakokin kayansa kuma suna barazanar kwanciya da kwanciya.
Bayanin mawuyacin hali
Wani yawu, kuma ana kiranta azaba mai ruwan teku, macijin mai rarrafewa ko kuma tsuntsaye na cikin Indo-Pacific, suna ga zuriyar macijin gaske. Kakannin waɗannan manyan halittu masu rarrafe, da suka bayyana a saman supercontinent na Gondwana, sun tsira daga halakar Cretaceous-Paleogene, wanda ya lalata dinosaur kuma, bayan haɓaka, sun haifar da asalin halittar macijin zamani.
Bayyanar
Yaro wanda aka yiwa katako, yana da gangar jikinsa babba, mai cike da tsiro, wanda ya juya ya zama wutsiya mai tsayi, wanda yakai kusan kashi 55% na tsawon duk jikin jikin mai rarrafe. Saboda babban jikin da ke tallafawa gajeru, gawuyyi da karfi mai karfi, an dauki kuskuren yaren daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan allurai, amma daga baya, bayan binciken da yawa, masana kimiyya har yanzu sun danganta wannan nau'in ga dangi da asalin tsintsiyar gaskiya.
Wadannan halittu masu rarrafe suna da babban kai da karfi da iko mai kaifin girma, yayin da kuma a cikin manya maza irin wannan kashin jaws din suka fi yawa fiye da na samari. Yawan hakora a cikin wannan dabbar zai iya kaiwa guda 64-68.
Wannan macijin ya samo sunansa sau biyu crests da aka samo akan cincirindon dabbobin da suka girma. Ba a san dalilin waɗannan "kayan ado" ba, amma akwai shawarwari da ake buƙata don tatsuniya don kare idanu masu lalacewa daga lalacewa yayin ruwa. Domin kada macijin ya iya ganin ruwa a karkashinsa, idanunsa suna sanye da kayan fitilu na musamman.
Sikeli yana da sihiri mai kyau, ba shi da girma, kuma saboda wannan, macijin da aka hako zai iya motsawa cikin sauri da sauri. Yayin da kukan yake girma, fuskarsa ta rufe da tarin uzazuka da kumburi.
Launin kowane ɗayan wannan nau'in ya dogara da shekarunsu da mazauninsu. Croaukatattun kunnuwa suna da launi na fata na fari, waɗanda akan sami launuka masu launin fari ko aibobi. Bayan wasu 'yan shekaru, wannan launi ya zama rauni, kuma ratsi suna kama da ɗan gani, amma ba gaba daya haske da ɓace. Manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da launi mai haske da launin shuɗi ko launin toka mai haske, ciki kuma yana da haske: fari ko launin shuɗi. Partarshen ɓangaren wutsiyarsu ana yin fentin launin toka tare da ratsin duhu. Hakanan, a cikin wakilan wannan nau'in halittu masu rarrafe, ana samun wasu lokuta kowane mai rauni ko, a takaice, launi mai duhu.
Girma na combed kada
Tsawon jikin mutum zai iya kaiwa mita 6-7, kodayake, galibi, ana samun ƙananan dabbobi waɗanda girman su sune mita 2.5-3 a tsayi. Weight, a matsayin mai mulkin, jeri daga 300 zuwa 700 kg. Musamman manyan luwuguna an samo su, wanda nauyinsu ya kai ton 1.
Kutumɓin ruwan gishiri shine ɗayan dabbobi mafi girma a doron ƙasa. Ba su da girma a cikin girman kawai ga wasu nau'in kifayen kifi da kifayen kifi. Girman nauyin kai kawai na babban ɗayan wannan nau'in na iya zama kilogiram 200.
Can maciji mafi girma da aka kama yana raye kuma ana ci gaba da shi a bauta - wani mai rarrafe mai suna Lolong, wanda aka kama a cikin Filifin a 2011, yana da tsawon mita 6.17 kuma yana nauyin kilo 1075. A lokacin kama shi, ya tsinke igiyoyi 4 na baƙin ƙarfe waɗanda ke iya jurewa tan 6-12, kuma don fitar da shi daga cikin ruwa, kusan mutane ɗari sun cika daren duka.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Ba kamar sauran halittu masu rarrafe ba, crowararrakin haɗi ne dabba mai hankali, wayo da dabba mai haɗari. Mafi yawan lokuta yakan zabi manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma wasu lokuta wasu mutane a matsayin wadanda abin ya shafa.
Saltwater shine kawai Eciyancin Eurasi wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai kyau da gishiri.
Wannan dabba, wacce ta fi son zama ita kaɗai ko a cikin ƙaramin garke, yayin da ake neman ganima ko yin ƙaura zuwa sabon mazauninsu, ana iya cire ta a nesa mai nisa daga bakin tekun. Macijin da aka hako shi irin wannan hadari ne wanda ko ma kifin sharks ne, wadanda sune majinyan abincin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe, suke tsoron sa.
Sau nawa lokacin da aka yi amfani da macijin a cikin teku za'a iya yin hukunci da yawan ofarwan da algae waɗanda ke da lokaci don yayi girma akan fatar sa. Amfani da igiyoyin teku lokacin hijira, waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe kan iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Don haka, wasu mutane daga wannan nau'in sun yi ƙaura zuwa nisan nisan kilo ɗari, galibi suna iyo a cikin teku.
A tsarin tsarin kogin, wadannan halittu masu rarrafe zasu iya yin ƙaura zuwa nesa.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa wadannan halittu masu rarrafe basa jure yanayin zafi, yayin zafi, kukan kunnuwa sun fi so su buya cikin ruwa ko, idan suka zauna a doron kasa, sukan je wuraren da ke da inuwa sosai. Lokacin da zazzabi ya sauka babu walwala, mutanen wannan jinsin suna hawa kan duwatsun da rana take zafi kuma, don haka, suyi ɗumi.
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da muryoyin maɓallin daban. Duk da yake neman mace, maza yakan haifar da ƙarami, gundarin muffled.
Wadannan halittu masu rarrafe basu da zaman jama'a kamar yadda wasu nau'in karnuka. An kwatanta su da karuwar tashin hankali kuma yankuna suna yankuna.
Yawancin mutane suna da yankinsu na kansu. Mace suna zaune a cikin tafkuna masu ruwa, inda kowannensu ya mamaye yanki mai nisan mil 1 tare da kare shi daga mamayar abokan hamayya. Maza suna da abubuwa da yawa: sun haɗa da yankuna na mata da yawa da tafki wanda ya dace don kiwo da ruwa mai ɗaci.
Maza suna kiyaye dukiyoyinsu daga abokan hamayyarsu, kuma idan suka tsallaka iyakar ƙasarsu, sukan yi faɗa a cikin yaƙar mutuwa, suna ƙarewa mutuwa ko mummunan rauni na ɗaya daga cikin abokan adawar. Ga mace, macen maciji sun fi amana: ba wai kawai ba sa rikici da su ba ne, a wasu lokuta, har ma da raba musu abubuwan da suke nema.
Kada kukan tsoron mutane suke yi, sai dai kawai suna kaiwa waɗanda suka nuna damuwa ne kuma sun matso kusa dasu ko kuma su tsokane su.
Dimorphism na jima'i
Mace tazarar mace tana da ƙanƙanta fiye da maza: suna iya zama rabi gwargwadon tsayin su, kuma nauyin su zai fi sauƙi sau goma. Jaarfewar mata ba ta da girma kuma ba ta da yawa, kuma lafiyar jiki ba ta da ƙarfi kamar ta maza.
Launin wakilan wannan nau'in ba ya dogara sosai akan jima'i kamar tsufa da kuma sinadaran sinadaran ruwan da ke tafkin mazauna wurin da suke zaune.
Habitat, mazauni
Saboda iyawar yadda macijin ya zama keke don tafiya mai nisa a cikin teku, wannan halittar takan gurguzu tana da mazauni mafi girma a tsakanin duk macijin. An rarraba wannan nau'in akan wani babban yanki, wanda ya fito daga tsakiyar yankuna na Vietnam, tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gabashin Indiya, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, arewacin Australia da New Guinea. Hakanan ana samun shi a tsibiran Malay Archipelago, a kusa da tsibirin Borneo, a kan Caroline, Solomon Islands da Vanuatu Island. Ya kasance yana zaune a cikin Seychelles, amma yanzu an gama lalata shi a can. A baya an samo shi a gabashin gabar Afirka da kuma Kudancin Japan, amma a halin yanzu, mutanen wannan nau'in basa zaune a ciki.
Koyaya, wuraren da aka fi so daga cikin waɗannan mafarautan sune raƙuman daji na mangoro, deltas da ƙananan rafi na koguna, har da lagoons.
Hadin gwiwa mai rarrafe
Wannan abincin mai rarrafe shine mai farashi wanda ya mamaye mafi girman matsayi a sarkar abinci a yankuna da yake zaune. Yana faruwa da ya kai wa wasu manyan masu farauta hari: kifaye da manyan kuliyoyi, kamar damisa. Abincin thean cuban ya ƙunshi kwari, amphibians masu matsakaici, crustaceans, ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe da kifi. Mutanen da suka manyanta ba su da wayoyin hannu kuma ba su da tsufa don farauta da ƙananan ganima, saboda haka, mafi girma kuma ba saurin sa dabbobi ba.
Ya danganta da wani yanki na mazaunin sa, yana iya farautar barewa, boars daji, tapiro, kangaroos, kwararon Asiya, buffaloes, gauras, bantens da sauran manyan herbivores. Wadanda abin ya shafa su ma magabatan ne - damisa, bears, dingoes, mai lura da alamomin zaki, tsafe-tsafe, wani lokacin kifayen sharks. Zasu iya ci da magabatansu - alal misali, orangutans ko wasu nau'ikan birai, wani lokacin kuma mutane. Karku manta da yadda za a ciji, ko kuma gwanayen wasu, ko na dabbobi da irinsu.
Kowa da ke zaune a cikin teku ko a bakin bakin kogi suna kama da manyan kifaye, macizai na teku, kunkuru, tekuna, kifayen tsuntsaye, da tsuntsayen teku, idan sun kama su.
Macizai masu cin nama ba sa cin naman da ya lalace, amma ba sa raina cin abinci: ana iya ganinsu sau da yawa suna ciyar da gawawwakin gawawwakin.
Abincin mata yana da bambanci sosai: ban da manyan dabbobi, yana kuma haɗa da ƙananan dabbobi, irin su crustaceans da matsakaitan sikelin.
Kiwo da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo na waɗannan dabbobin suna farawa ne a lokacin damina, lokacin da ba ta yi zafi ba, kuma ƙasa ta cika da danshi. Wani maciji mai rikicewa macen aure ne da ke da yawa: ana iya samun mace sama da 10 a cikin maza.
Mace sun isa balaga tun suna shekaru 10-12, a cikin maza wannan yana faruwa sosai daga baya - yana dan shekara 16. A lokaci guda, mata ne kawai waɗanda suka kai masu girma daga mita 2.2 da maza waɗanda tsawon jikinsu ba kasa da mita 3.2 ya dace da haifuwa.
Kafin sanya ƙwai 30 zuwa 90, mace ta gina gida, wanda shine asalin abubuwan ƙazanta na wucin gadi da ganyayyaki, wanda tsayinsa yakai mita 1 zuwa 7 a diamita. Don hana a hana a zubar da gida ta kogunan ruwa, macen macen ta kafa shi a kan tsauni. Sakamakon lalacewar ganyayyaki, ana kiyaye kullun zafin jiki na kimanin digiri 32 a cikin gidan kada.
Jima'i na zuriya mai zuwa ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki a cikin mazauni: idan ya kai kimanin digiri 31.6, to maza sun fi yawa. A lokuta, idan akwai wasu karkacewa daga wannan zafin jiki, to sai an sami ƙarin mace daga ƙwai.
Lokacin shiryawa yana kimanin watanni 3, amma tsawon sa, gwargwadon zafin jiki, na iya bambanta sosai. Duk wannan lokacin, mace tana kusa da gida kuma yana kare shaƙewa daga masu yuwuwar.
Chingaƙƙarfan ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda nauyinsa ya kai gram 70 da tsayin 25-30 cm, suna kiran mahaifiyarsu da sautin hawaye, wanda ke taimaka musu su fita daga gida, bayan wannan sai su tura su zuwa ruwa a bakinsu. Sannan mace ta lura da zuriyarta tsawon watanni 5-7 kuma, idan ya cancanta, ta tashi don kare shi.
Amma duk da damuwar mahaifiyar, ƙasa da 1% na ƙwayoyin da aka tsame daga ƙwai sun tsira har zuwa lokacin balaga.
Yatsun da suka yi girma amma ba su girma ba sau da yawa suna mutuwa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da tsofaffi da kuma manyan mutane, kuma wasun su kan sami mutanen da ke cin naman mutane a cikin danginsu.
Abokan halitta
Crowararrun mutane macizai ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri. Wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama wadanda ke fama da manyan manyan sharks, don haka, ban da mutane, ba su da abokan gaba.
Matasa matasa, kuma musamman qwai, sun fi fuskantar hadari. Za a iya lalata mazaunin kuzari ta hanyar masu duba da aladu, da kuma kunkuru, ƙwanƙolin ƙwararrun ruwa, mashaya, filawoyi, dabbar ruwa, gishiyoyi, manyan kifayen ƙwararrun cuban sandan. Abinda ya faru shine ƙarami, manya manya ma sukan yanka dabbobi. A tekun, sharks suna haifar da haɗari na musamman ga matattun kwaizo.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
A halin yanzu, yaduwar kwale-kwale na cikin mafi ƙarancin nau'in halitta. Yawan jama'arsu sun ragu sosai a karni na 20: an lalata wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe a Thailand, kuma a kudu Vietnam, kusan 100 daga cikinsu suka tsira. Amma yawan mutanen Ostireliya ya yi yawa kuma ya ƙunshi kifayen 100,000 - 200,000. Taimakawa da yawan dabbobin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma da gaskiyar cewa a yanzu ake guguwa da yawu a kan gonaki.
A halin yanzu, cinikin raye-raye ko rabewa, da kuma wasu sassan jikinsu, an hana shi ne idan masu dabbobi masu rarrafe suka fito daga namun daji in ban da na Indonesiyawan Ostireliya da wadanda ake samu a Papua New Guinea. Amma ga dabbobin da aka barnatar da kansu don dalilai na kasuwanci, wannan bukata ba ta amfani, amma a wannan yanayin, ana buƙatar izinin fitarwa da su.
An dauki karnukan gishirin Saltwater a matsayin ɗayan manya mafi hatsari a duniya. Wadannan manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu nisan mita 7, suna da zama a Kudancin Asia, Oceania da Ostiraliya. Ba za a iya kira su da kyau ba, duk da haka, gaskiyar cewa waɗannan halittu masu rarrafe sun sami nasarar tsira daga halakar da yawa kuma sun rayu har zuwa yau a kusan asalin su, kuma, fasalin rayuwar su, kula da offspringa andan da haɓaka sabon abu ga yawancin halittu masu rarrafe suna sa su. mai ban sha'awa har ma da ɗan cute dabbobi.
Take
Kimiyyar halittar kimiyya ta Lat.porosus (a zahiri "nostril") an ba shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kuncin tsoffin karnukan an rufe shi da bututun ƙarfe.
Wannan macijin ya karbi sunan '' tsefe '' na Rashanci don nau'i biyu masu karfi wanda yake kafe daga idanunsa zuwa kusan gabanin uku na kasadar. Wasu sunaye da aka yi amfani da su a wasu lokutan suna nuna fasalin rayuwar sa: “crocodile teku”, “agui cannibal”, “crocodile”, “salti”, “estoarine crocodile” ko “Indo-Pacific crocodile”.
Juyin Halitta
An yi imani da cewa duk macilolin zamani, gami da Kocin Crocodylus - zuriyar euzuhius crocodilomorphs masu kama da su, waɗanda suka rayu a kusa da wuraren ajiyar kanana na Gondwan kimanin shekaru miliyan 98 da suka gabata kuma suka tsira daga Creace - Paleogene.
Burbushin Isisfordia duncani, wanda aka samo a yammacin Queensland a cikin gabar ruwan teku wanda ya taɓa wanzu a can, duk da cewa ya fi ƙanƙan da hamma, amma ta wasu alamu hakan yayi kama da irin wannan zamanin. Wataƙila Isisfordia duncani ta yi rayuwa iri daya, kuma tsarin aikinta na nuna cewa ta sami damar yin “juyawa”. An yi imanin cewa wannan wakilin reshe ne na juyin halitta wanda ke haifar da kai tsaye ga macizai na zamani.
Sakamakon cikar rikodin burbushin halittu, yana da matukar wahala a tantance lokacin da ya faru a cikin tsefewar hazo kamar wata nau'in halitta. Mafi tsohuwar farkon shaidar burbushin yawu yakai shekaru miliyan 4.0- 4.5.5. Koyaya, a cewar masana kimiyya, Kocin Crocodylus - wani sabon nau'in halittu, ya taso ne daga miliyan 12 zuwa miliyan 6 da suka shude. Daga Queensland, an san yanki daga cikin ƙananan muƙamuƙin wucin gadi na kusan mitak 6,1 da ke zaune a cikin Pliocene.
Dangane da sifofin ilimin halittar halittar mutum, ciyayi mai kama da zamani ya yi kama da Sabon Gari (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Philippine (Kwakwalwar zuciya) da Ostiraliya (Crocodylus johnstoni) tsabtataccen ruwa. Amma bincike game da kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa macijin da aka haɗu da shi yana da alaƙa da kusancin Asiya nau'ikan Asiya, kodayake zuwa ɗan kaɗan kaɗan da suke da alaƙa da juna. Marsh sun shafi juna (Cikakkun ƙwayoyin cuta) da Siamese (Crocodylus siamensis) crocodiles - da alama shine mafi kusancin dangi na sawu.
Jini na da cikakken tsari a 2007.
Wataƙila rarar asali da kuma matsayin nau'in hadaddun
A halin yanzu, yawancin majiyoyi suna da'awar cewa karkataccen kada ya haifar da rashi. Kodayake, dogaro da akasari game da bambancin halittar halittar halittu, wasu masana kimiyya sun yanke hukuncin cewa ba kawai kewaya bane C. porosus, amma kuma gaskiyar cewa haruffan maciji haƙiƙa hadadden jinsin halitta ne. A shekara ta 1844, S. Muller da G. Schlegel sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana macijin da ke zaune a Java da Kalimantan a matsayin sabon jinsi, wanda suka sanya wa suna Crocodylus raninus. C. raninus daga baya suka karɓi sunan "Bahaki na Indonesian", ko kuma "Azo a ƙasar Bornean." A cewar Ross (1992), Crocodylus raninus abin dogaro ya banbanta da Siamese da combed crocodiles a yawan sikeli mai iya motsawar mutum da gabannin huɗun kwano huɗu a bayan kwanyar, waɗanda yawanci basa nan cikin yawu. A yanzu haka dai, har yanzu ba a san matsayin wannan nau'in ba. Wani yunƙurin don ware sabon nau'in, wannan lokacin da ya samo asali daga Ostiraliya, Wells & Wellington (1985) ne suka yi shi, ya dogara da lura da manya-manyan manya manya manya manya da kwayoyi. Misalin irin wannan “jinsin” wani maci ne mai sunan maciji mai suna "Sweetheart", wanda aka nutsar dashi a shekarar 1979 sakamakon yawan kwayayen bacci da ya faru lokacin kamawa. Daga baya, wannan "ra'ayi", ake kira Crocodylus pethericki, ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ƙwararrakin maza masu haɓaka da keɓaɓɓu waɗanda ke ci gaba da canje-canje a kan yanayin rayuwa. Wells da Wellington, duk da haka, sun kasance masu iya dacewa suna bayar da shawarar cewa karnukan kwale-kwalen Australiya na iya zama da bambanci da kwayayen Asiya don ba da dalilin matsayinsu.
Yankin
Yankakken maciji yana da mafi tsayi a tsakanin yananan zamani, wanda akasari ake bayanin shi da ikonsa na rufe manyan nisan teku da ruwa. Yankin dabbar ya tashi daga Sri Lanka da gabashin Indiya, gami da tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya, har zuwa tsakiyar yankuna na Vietnam (inda yake, yanzu ba kasada ba), kuma ya wuce kudu, ya ratsa iyakar yawancin jihohin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, har ya zuwa Arewacin Ostiraliya. A Kudancin Ostireliya, ba a samun karnukan kwale-kwale ba, saboda yanayin bushewa da ƙarancin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara, kodayake wasu lokuta na gano kwayoyi guda ɗaya na kudu da mazauninsu na asali sanannu ne a tarihi.
Mafi yawan lokuta, ana samun karnukan kwale-kwale a bakin gabar arewacin Australia, a tsibiran Papua New Guinea da Indonesia. Yankunan da ke da ɗorewa suna wanzu a Philippines, Palau, Vanuatu da Solomon Islands. Za'a iya samun ƙananan namunnun yawu a tsibiri da yawa a cikin Tekun Indiya.
A da, an samo karnukan kwale-kwale a cikin Seychelles (inda yanzu aka lalata su), kuma a zamanin tarihi har ma sun zauna gabashin gabar tekun Bahar Maliya. An sami wasu mutane a wani ɗan nesa nesa daga mazaunun talakawa - alal misali, a gabar tekun kudancin Japan.
Kyakyawar teku ita ce ɗayan ukurori uku da za'a iya samu a Indiya, sauran biyun sun zama ruwan dare akan nahiya, ƙaramin yanki, da kuma gifin cin kifi.
Anatomy da ilimin halittar jiki
Kamar sauran crocodiles, zuciyar maƙarƙaciyar yawu tana da ɗakuna huɗu, wanda ke ba da damar samar da isasshen ƙwayar jini. Yana da bawul na musamman wanda ke kula da hada jini da jijiyoyin jini. Latterarshen ya zama dole don dogon ruwa. Yawancin lokaci, macijin da aka haɗu yana mutuwa tsawon mintuna 2-5, amma idan ya cancanta, zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa minti 30, kuma tare da rage aiki - har zuwa awanni biyu. Matsakaicin daidaituwa na mataccen maciji yana kan matsakaici 36% sama da na Mississippi alligator da Austracato-crocodile na Australiya, amma a matsayin dabba mai jini-sanyi, har yanzu yana da ƙarancin motsi kuma yana iya tafiya ba tare da abinci na dogon lokaci ba. Hatta sabbin sasan kisa suna iya rayuwa ba tare da abinci ba har tsawon kwanaki 58, yayin da asarar kashi 23 cikin ɗari na adadinsu. Kiba mai nauyin kilogram 200 tana buƙatar abinci sau biyar ƙasa da zaki ɗaya mai nauyin ɗaya. Matsakaicin matsattsen tsintsiya don abinci shine 4% na jikin mutum a mako.
Fata fata yana sanye da takaddun masu karɓa na musamman waɗanda ke amsa canje-canje a matsin ruwa kuma sun sami damar gano kasancewar mahaɗan ƙwayoyin kowa a ciki.
Jaws suna da iko mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke basu damar riƙe manyan dabbobi. A Combed kada a mafi yawan lokuta yana da hakora 64-6 - 36 - a cikin babban muamu da kuma 28-30 a kasan. Hakoran sabbin canwarkoki sunatse da ƙanƙanuwa, amma tare da shekaru, masu girma dabam da kuma haƙoran haƙoran crocodiles suna canzawa da muhimmanci. Hakoran tsofaffi suna da tsawo, kaifi, kauri da ƙarfi, sunada kyau don soki da matse nama. Hakora a gindin muƙamuƙi sun zama maras nauyi kuma ana nuna su da haɓaka ƙarfi, tun da yake suna murƙushe ƙyallen da ƙasusuwa. Yankin hakori na huɗu akan ƙananan muƙamuƙin maciji mai tsayi game da 5 m na iya kaiwa kusan 9 cm ba tare da tushe ba, babban aikinsa shine yaga fatar mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin naman.
Duk da cewa kwakwalwar karuwai ta kusa da ta dabbobi masu shayarwa (ba ta wuce 0.05% na yawan nauyin jikin mutum ba), abu ne mai matukar rikitarwa a tsarin, mafi yawan abin tunawa ne na tsuntsu. Kututtukan ruwan Saltwater suna da ikon koya ta haɓaka halayen haɓaka, na iya koyan bibiyar hanyoyin ƙaura, kuma suna da yalwar harshe na jiki da kewayon sautuka fiye da yadda aka yi imani da shi.
Kamar kowane crocodiles, yananan comcodile yana da fararen muryoyin tsoka a cikin kasusuwa kuma yana da babban ƙarfi ta jiki. Muscle ya mallaki fiye da 50% na nauyin jikin duka, koda a cikin matasa mutane. Ba kamar sauran hanyoyin kwantar da hankula masu yawa na sanyi ba, tsokoki na karkatattun abubuwa suna inganta suyi aiki cikin yanayin zazzabi mai yawa kuma basa asara ƙarfi koda da yawan zafin jiki. Tare da matsanancin motsa jiki, crocodiles sun dogara da metabolism na anaerobic, wanda aka tsara don ƙarancin ƙarfi. Haka kuma, karfin iska, yana da karancin iko, amma ya fi tsayi, ba su da cigaba a cikinsu fiye da dabbobin da ke da dumin jini. Kodayake wannan bambanci ba shi da girma kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya ya ba da shawara: a zazzabi na 30-33 ° C, metabolism metabolism ya zama 30-40% na jimlar tsoka na matasa rago, kuma damar aerobic na manyan mutane kawai yana ƙaruwa saboda karuwar allometric a cikin yawan huhu. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin yanayin metabolism da kuma ƙayyadaddun ƙwaƙwalwar anaerobic, karnuka suna rabu da lactic acid ɗin da tsokoki suka samar da shi na dogon lokaci. A cikin tsintsiyar da aka combed na yin nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 180, murmurewa bayan cikar gajiya yawanci yakan ɗauki kimanin awa 2. Wannan an rabu dashi ta hanyar cewa crocodiles suna da tsayayya sosai ga canje-canje a pH a cikin jini kuma suna sanya ɓangare na lactic acid a cikin osteoderm da ƙasusuwa na kwanyar. Theaƙƙarfan girma, mafi girman adadin lactate a cikin jini wanda zai iya canja wurin: wannan yana bayyana mahimmancin ƙarfin jimrewa tare da haɓaka girmansa: manyan mutane sun sami damar dagewa na tsawon awanni 2 ko sama da haka (don share cikakken namiji, zai iya ɗaukar fiye da 6 awanni), yayin da mutane masu nauyin kilogram 0.4 zuwa 180 suka yanke jiki na tsawon minti 5 zuwa 30, bi da bi. Manyan macijin da ake kira combedodiles ana ɗauka a matsayin masu cin nasara a tsakanin duk hanyoyi na tsaye a cikin adadin lactic acid da zasu iya tarawa a cikin tsokoki da jini ba tare da cutar da kansu ba. Amma a halin yanzu, saboda canji mai mahimmanci a cikin pH na jini, haɗarin yiwuwar rikice-rikice na metabolism (lactic acidosis) shima yana ƙaruwa. Kwayoyin mutuwar manyan samfurori masu mahimmanci (masu nauyin sama da kilogiram 700) bayan tsawan tsawo da rashin inganci na iya alaƙa da wannan cin zarafin.
Binciko
Duk da gaskiyar cewa yawu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari yawu ya fi na sauran gwanayen abinci na gaskiya gwanayen gishiri, amma hanyoyin su na osmoregulation basu da bambance-bambance. Akwai ƙwayoyin gishirin gishiri da kuma keratinizing epithelium na bakin ciki, wanda ke hana yaduwar ion da asarar ruwa. Cararrakin aiki a cikin osmoregulation an buga shi ta hanyar cesspool.
Crowararrun macizai na zamani na iya aminta na tsawon watanni a teku ba tare da cutar da kansu ba. Hatta lokuta an san wuraren da an sami lu'ulu'u a cikin ruwa sau biyu kamar gishiri kamar yadda ruwan tekun na yau da kullun yake. Koyaya, basu iya shan ruwan gishiri kuma basa yin wannan ko da tsananin rashin ruwa ne. Madadin haka, karnuka suna rage asarar ruwa kuma zasu iya karɓar shi da abinci. Ga matasa dabbobi, matsalar rashin ruwa a jiki ita ce mafi muni: ƙididdigar rayuwa ta rayuwa ba tare da samun damar zuwa abinci ko ruwa mai sabuwa ga macijin da ke da nauyin 100 g kimanin kwanaki 21 ne, ga saurayi mai nauyin 1 - 50 days, ga saurayi wanda ke nauyin kilo 10 - kimanin kwanaki 116 tare da mutuwa bushewa har zuwa kashi 33% na nauyin jiki.
Ciji ƙarfi
Macijin da aka hako shine mai yiwuwar samun saƙar mafi karfi a masarautar dabba. Estimatedididdigar ƙarfin matattarar ƙwaƙwalwar babban macen maciji mai nauyin kilogram 138 shine daga 27,531 zuwa 34,424 Newtons, wanda yayi daidai da nauyin kilogram 2809.3-3512.7. An samo mafi kyawun sakamako yayin amfani da auna matsin lamba daga cikin yuyyun mutum mai mita mita 4.59 wanda ke da nauyin kilo 531, wanda ke cikin gidan zana - 16414 N, ko kimanin kilo 1675. Don haka, wannan shine mafi girman cizo da aka auna a kowace dabba, in banda matsanancin kilo 2268, wanda ya ba da misalin karwan mita 5 na Nile.
Ko ta yaya, akwai ra'ayi cewa matsin lamba da ya haifar da taɓar babban kifayen whales ko maniyyi whales na iya wuce wannan ƙimar da ta riga mai ban sha'awa. Amma ba a tabbatar da wannan ba.
Matsakaitan masu girma dabam
Tsawon sabbin luwatsun ya kusan cm 25-30, wanda nauyinsa yakai 70 g (matsakaici - 28 cm da 71), kuma a shekara ta biyu matasa kaho suka girma zuwa 1 m a tsayi kuma yayi nauyi kimanin kilogiram 2.5.
Crowararrun lu'ulu'u na manya suna da mahimmancin nuna girman jima'i a tsakanin duk tsintsiyar zamani. Maza yawanci suna iya zama kusan sau biyu kuma sau goma fiye da mace .. Abokan macijin maza masu tsayi yawanci yakan daina yin girma lokacin da suka kai mita 3.9-6, yayin da tsawon lokaci na maza suke a lokacin kammala girma shine 4.6 -5.2 m 6 kuma fiye da samfurori na mita ba su da wuya. Mace cikakke ne yawanci daga 3.1 zuwa 3.4 m tsawon, yayin da yawancin matayen da ba su fara yin kwanciya ƙwai yawanci ba sun kai mita 2.7 a tsayi kuma suna kimanin 80 80. A cikin nazarin daya a Ostiraliya a 2013, mutane biyar da aka kama da kwalaba masu rikicewa da suka mamaye wani yanki sun kai tsawon 4.03 zuwa 4.31, yayin da sauran maza ukun waɗanda ke jagorancin rayuwar rayuwar maza sun kasance daga 3 , 73 zuwa 3.89 m a tsayi, kuma mata manya sunada tsawon 2.91 zuwa 2.93.
Girman nau'ikan karnuka, duk da haka, na iya bambanta sosai a cikin al'ummomin daban daban, dangane da lafiyar su, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta, matsayin fallasa abubuwan dalilai, da albarkatun muhalli da ake amfani da su. Babban abubuwanda ke tantance nauyin jikin su shine tsayi da tsayin shekaru. Maza manya, a matsayinka na mai mulki, suna da nauyi sosai fiye da maza samari, koda kuwa sun kai tsayi iri ɗaya. Ake kama da mafi yawanci suna saurin daji. Sarakunan hawa Sarawak suna da wutsiya masu gajeru kuma galibi suna da nauyi sama da crocodoles na Australiya mai tsayin daka. Maballin yawon mitane 5-5 yayi daidai da nisan nisan nisan milki hudu tsawon tsayi 4. Matsakaicin tsintsiyar da aka yi nazari a 1998 sun banbanta daga kilogram 32 zuwa 1010 tare da tsawan mita 2.1 zuwa 5.5, yayin da 4.2 , Mutane 4,3, 4.6 da 4.9 mita waɗanda aka auna 383, 408, 520 da 660 kg, bi da bi.
Macen kogin na Nile tayi gasa tare da tsefewa, amma rahotanni har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 game da manya-manyan mutane na kunnuwa na Nile ba abin dogara bane. Kari akan haka, mazan manya na kunnuwa na Nasiha, a matsayinka na mai iko, ƙasa kaɗan ne kamar na maza. Koyaya, idan muka yin la’akari da yadda ake fadakar da mutumcin jima'i na rikice-rikicen crocodiles - wato, yin lamuran matsakaici suna la'akari da jinsi ɗaya, to a matsakaita bazai yuwu girma da yawa irin karfin kogin Nilu da ma wasu mutane, alal misali, Hawayen karnuka na Orinok da baƙon karyar.
Matsakaicin matsakaici
Matsakaicin girman da macen sawwakoki na maza zasu iya kaiwa shine batun tattaunawa tsakanin masana. Aka maimaita kwararar kwararan hujjojin kasancewar gwanayen fiye da mita bakwai ba bisa ka'ida na rayayyun ragowar halittu masu rarrafe ba. Yawancin wasu bayanan ba zai yiwu ba wajen tabbatarwa da tabbatar da kimiyya. Adam Britton na daukar mafi girman samfurin dogaro da aka dogara da shi na babban kada, wanda aka kashe a 1983 a Papua New Guinea. Yawancin likitocin dabbobi, ciki har da Jerome Montecki, sunyi lissafin girman wannan samfurin daga kwanyar da fata ta adana. Dangane da lissafinsu, tsawon kadawar ya kai kimanin 6.2 m, wanda yayi daidai da girman wani babban samfurori, wanda aka dogara da shi a Ostiraliya a 1974.Koyaya, fatar wannan samfurin ya bushe, kuma a zahiri, kasancewa sabo, ya kasance mafi ƙarancin cm 10. Kari akan haka, hanyar kara tsawon kwanyar da fata da aka adana a cikin kanta tana rage jimlar kada. Daga wannan ne yake zuwa cewa a lokacin rayuwa kada ya ninka tsawon 6.3 a tsayi, kuma wannan katon ya wuce kilogram 1360.
Koyaya, kasancewar katakarar kwayoyi masu girma, tsawon sa wanda ya kai akalla mita 7, ba ya cikin shakku a tsakanin yawancin masana. Misali, a cewar Britton, kwanyar wata karamar kundi wacce ke da fadin cm cm 76 daga Gidan Tarihi ta London wacce ake zaton mallakar wata dabba ce mai tsawon 6.84. Wasu masanan kimiyya sunyi la'akari da ingantaccen bayani game da rikakkun yawu 6.7 m ko ma 7.3 tsawo.
A lokaci guda, mafi girman sananniyar macijin macen mata ya kai mita 4.2 kawai kuma tsawonsa ya kai kimanin kilogram 400. A shekarar 2014, an kama wata mace mai tsayi ta 3.96 m kuma an sa mata suna tare da tashoshin rediyo akan Borneo.
Manyan manya da aka ambata da tsayi fiye da 6 m kuma nauyinsu ya wuce kilo 1000 a cikin manya da yawa an lura a farkon da ƙarshen karni na 20, amma saboda farauta da ba'a sarrafa shi ba da kuma yaren farauta a wannan lokacin, yanzu irin waɗannan mutane suna da wuya sosai. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon raguwar halittar yawancin al'ummomin da kuma gaskiyar cewa karnukan daji na buƙatar lokaci mai yawa da kuma babban filin samar da abinci don samun irin waɗannan manya manya. Koyaya, ɗayan binciken da aka yi a Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan wakilan nau'ikan jinsunan da ke zaune a cikin kogin Ostiraliya sun fi dacewa a cikin lokacinmu sun kai daga 6 zuwa 7 m tsayi kuma suna nauyin kilogram 1000 zuwa 2000. Hakanan ana iya samun manyan karnuka a cikin Filin National Bhitarkanika, Indiya. A cikin wannan shakatawa, cike yake da koguna da manyan wasanni masu yawa, an samar da yanayi mai kyau don wadatar giwayen katako. Shugaban Orissa ya ba da tabbacin cewa wurin shakatawa gida ne na daya daga cikin manya-manyan kukan duniya, idan ba su fi girma ba. Dangane da sabon kididdigar da aka samu, karnuka 1462 suna zaune a wurin shakatawa, wanda 203 manya ne. Dangane da ƙididdigar marasa ƙarfi, crocodiles suna da tsawon 4.9 zuwa 5.5 m, biyar suna da tsawon 5.5 zuwa 6 m, da uku kuma - fiye da 6 m.
Misalai na manya
Anan ana tattara bayanai akan kujerun combed tare da tsawon fiye da mita 6.
- An harbe wani macijin maciji a cikin Bay na Bengal a 1840 yana da tsawon mita 10.1, yana da ciki na tsawon mita 4.17 kuma yana da nauyin kilogram 3,000. Koyaya, kwanyar ta juya ya zama tsawon cm 66.5 kawai kuma yana nuna a fili cewa asalin da aka nuna yana ƙaruwa ne sosai, kuma a zahiri wannan samfurin bai wuce 6 m ba tsawon.
- James R. Montgomery, wanda ya jagoranci dasa roba a Borneo daga 1926 zuwa 1932, ya ce ya gani, ya kashe, ya kuma auna tsintsayen sama da nisan mita 6.1. Ya ce daya daga cikin irin samfuran da ya samo a kann zurfin shine 10.05 m. Duk da haka, babu wanda ya iya tabbatar da waɗannan alƙaluman, tunda ba ɗayan karnukan da Montgomery ke ɗauka ba.
- Akwai bayanai game da auna kwanyar kwankwakakken miya kamar tsayin 100 cm.
- Wani macizo mai kama da aka yiwa lakabi da Krys croc, wanda aka harbe a Queensland a shekarar 1957, an bada rahoton tsawon mita 8.6. Amma duk da girman shahararsa, rashin ragowar abin dogara da kwararrun masana ke sa mutum ya yi shakku sosai kan gaskiyar girman girman da aka nuna masu. Don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, an kuma sanya wani mutum-mutumi na wannan crocodile.
- A shekarar 2017, an ba da rahoton yawu biyu na kwale kwale a cikin Kogin Darwarunga da Roper River. An kira su "D-rex" da "Roper Ripper", masu sa ido suna tantance su akan mita 8.6 da 8 bi da bi. Koyaya, masana da suka bincika hotunan waɗannan karnukan suna shakkar cewa zasu iya zama sama da mita 4-5.4 a tsayi.
- Mutumin, an kashe shi ne bayan yajin awa shida da ma’aikatan shuka suka yi a 1823 a Jalajala da ke tsibirin Luzon, Philippines, wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya kai tsawan mita 8.2. An yi zargin cewa doki ya kasu kashi takwas kuma an samo kilogiram 68 na manya-manya masu girman jiki a ciki. Amma gwargwado ragowar da aka kiyaye (kwanyar tare da dorsal na tsawon 66 cm) yana nuna cewa a zahiri wannan macen bai wuce mita 6 ba.
- Mai yiwuwa an taɓa ganin yawon 8-mita a cikin 2010 a cikin yankin Normanton (Ostiraliya), an ɗauki hotuna da yawa, duk da haka, girman kifin ba zai iya zama mai dogaro ba.
- Kwanyar kwancen kwaya mai rarrafe mutum mai suna Potassium, wanda aka kashe a shekarar 1962 a Kogin Dhamra, Orissa, Indiya, an tabbatar dashi asalin mallakar dabba ne 7.01-7.32 m.Domin dogara da dorsal kwanyar tsawon 73.3 cm, wannan kada. wataƙila ya kasance daga 6.6 zuwa 7 m tsawon.
- An ba da rahoton cewa an kama bakin macizo 7,6 m a Calcutta a kan Kogin Hooghly. Koyaya, kwanyar da take da tsawon cm 75 cm tana nuna cewa da alama dabbar ba ta wuce mita 7 ba.
- An hango karnukan maciji biyu masu tsayi sama da 7.2 a gandun dajin Bhitarkanika a shekarun 1970s. Koyaya, an kimanta wadannan kimar “ido ne” kuma baza'a iya daukar amintattun su ba.
- A shekara ta 2006, Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya lura da wata matattarar kukan da ke da tsayin 7.01 m da nauyinsa ya kai kilogram 2000 wanda ke zaune a gandun dajin Bhitarkanika da ke Orissa, kodayake ba a bayyana ainihin abin da aka lura da wannan bayanan ba. An san cewa da yawa wasu madawwamai aƙalla akalla mudu 6 na zaune a cikin wannan wurin shakatawa a yau.
- A cikin kogin Ord, an hango gwanayen rago game da tsawon mita 7 kuma an auna shi da kayan aikin Laser in anjima kwanan nan.
- Dangane da kimar Adam Britton, mafi girma daga cikin kwancen karfen kwale-kwalen da ke cikin gidan kayan gargajiya (Gidan kayan gargajiya na Paris), wanda ya kai cm cm, mallakar wata dabba ce mai tsawon 6.84 m tare da farkon ayyana tsawon 7 mita. A cikin tarin kayan gargajiya, akwai wasu croanyen kwanya-kwanciyar kwanya mai kwanciyar hankali wanda yawansu ya wuce 65 cm, mai yuwuwar gwanayen sama da mita 6.
- S. Baker (1874) ya yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin Sri Lanka a cikin 1800s, kusan crocodiles 6.7 ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Koyaya, a cewar Littafin Guinness Book of Records, mafi girman samfuran da aka sani da aminci da aka sani daga wannan tsibiri shine cannibal daga gabar gabas, wanda ya kai tsawon mita 6.
- Rangers na Australiya sun lura da misalin matattara irin na 6.7 kwanan nan akan Kogin Bull, Arewacin Ostiraliya.
- Girman da aka bayar da rahoto mafi girma na sawu daga Papua New Guinea, wanda aka ɗauka amintacce ne na littafin tarihin Guinness, an nuna shi ne a 6.32 m. An kashe dabbar a watan Mayu 1966 a gaɓar arewa maso gabas. Wannan macijin yana da giram na 2.74 m.
- Wani babban kwaro kwaro daga New Guinea an same shi ya mutu a 1983. Dangane da fata da aka adana, an kimanta girman tsirar kamar yadda yakai 6.2 m, yayin da kwanyar wannan kunkuni tana da tsawon kafa 72 cm. A rayuwa, wannan macijin mai yiwuwa ya wuce tan 6.3 a tsayi, tunda fatar da aka auna ta bushe.
- Tsawon mafi dadewa da aka tabbatar da irin kwaro daga Australia ana bayar da rahoton ne a 6.2 m. An kashe shi a Kogin Mary a Arewacin Territory a 1974.
- Masanin kifin maciji na Australiya Graham Webb ya auna kwancen digiri na digiri sau 66.6 cm wanda ke da macen kwanon da aka harba tare da tsayin jiki ban da shugaban 548 ± 8 cm. Tsawon dabbar ya kasance aƙalla 6.15 m. A wannan yanayin, kwanyar ta kasance kusan 1 / 9.23 na jimlar crocodile.
- Lolong wani babban katako ne wanda aka kama a Filifins a 2011 kuma ya mutu a 2013. Da farko, an auna shi ba daidai ba da mita 6.4 kuma an auna shi a kilo 1075. Cikakken cikakken bayani na Adam Britton ya nuna cewa Lolong ya kasance tsawon 6.17 ko 6.095 m (ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na ma'auni biyu), matsakaicin girman girman sa shine 45 cm, kuma tsawonsa yakai cm 70. Ya kasance mafi girman kukan duka. waɗanda aka taɓa kama da rai kuma aka ci gaba da kai su bauta.
Rayuwa
Bambanci mafi kyawu a cikin rayuwar rayuwar yawu ta hanyar lalacewa daga yadda wasu kada ya mutu shine yadda ake rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri. Kodayake duk tsintsiya madaurinki daya da gavials suna da daidaitawa iri guda don cire gishiri mai yawa, ban da karfen da yake rikicewa, karnukan da aka nuna daga Neotropics suna zuwa kullun a buɗe.
Yankin gishiri yana da kyau a cikin ruwa mai rikitarwa, saboda haka ana samun sau da yawa a cikin yankunan bakin teku, estuaries, estuaries da lagoons kuma, kamar yadda kuka sani, yana da ikon motsa nesa mai nisa daga gabar teku don neman abinci ko sabon wurin zama. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna fitar da gwagwarmayar abincin su, sharrin damisa, daga ruwan gabar teku, waɗanda ba zasu iya jure yanayin farin ciki ba, ƙarfin hali da halayyar gwanayen. Don haka, yayin farawar kunkuru na Australiya kusa da tsibiran bakin dutse, da wuya ka iya haɗuwa da kifayen teku da ke nesa da bakin tekun kuma babu shakka zai bar waɗannan ruwan idan sawu ya cika bakin tsibiran. A tsibirin Rhine, akasin haka, daukacin lambobin tabarau da yawa suna taruwa don ciyar da lokaci, tunda tana can nesa nesa daga nahiyar fiye da tsibirin ɗan tonon dutse, kuma ya fi wahalar da yawu ta isa gare ta.
Lokaci da aka ɓoye cikin buɗewar teku an ƙaddara shi da yawan ƙyallen ko algae akan jikin kada. Kamar tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura suna amfani da yanayin zafi, kukan teku suna amfani da ramin teku don tafiya mai nisa. A cikin binciken daya, an yiwa tagulla 20 tare da masu amfani da tauraron dan adam, 8 daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin tekun budewa, inda guda daya ya yi tafiyar kilomita 590 cikin kwanaki 25. Wani samfurin, mai tsawon 4.84 m m, swam 411 km na kwanaki 20. Ruwaya a gefen rafi yana ba da damar karɓar karnukan don adana sojojin, sabuntawa wanda zai ɗauki lokaci mai yawa. Kututtukan ruwan Saltwater suna iya katse musu tafiye-tafiyensu, suna kasancewa cikin hanyoyin kariya daga wayoyin ruwa mai karfi, har sai sun kama halin yanzu ta hanyar da suke bukata.
A saukakkun ruwan gishiri na lokaci-lokaci suna hawa da kuma tsarin kogin. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, daidaikun mutane waɗanda ba su da yankinsu ba suna yin haka. Wannan nau'in ba shi da karbuwa sosai don motsawa akan ƙasa kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba a samun shi a tsawan sama da mita 250 sama da matakin teku. Yayin yin iyo, kafaɗun macijin da aka saƙa ana matsa shi zuwa gaɓoɓin kuma ana aiwatar da motsi saboda motsi kamar-wutsiya. Gudun sauri na yin iyo shine 3.2-4.8 km / h, amma bin ganima babban macijin ya isa zuwa saurin kilomita 29 / h. A doron kasa, sahunnuna masu rarrafe suna motsawa, sabanin wasu karnuka, da wuya su hau kan kafaɗunsu su ɗaga hancinsu daga ƙasa. Shortafafun ƙafafunsu an tsara su don motsi na dogon lokaci akan ƙasa, sabili da haka macijin da aka haɗu suna guje wa ƙananan kwari da datti, waɗanda zasu iya zama tarko a gare su. Duk da wannan, a takaice masu nisa suna iya samun hanzarin kai gudu zuwa 10-11 km / h lokacinda suke kan tudu. A cikin ruwa mara zurfi, inda macizo zai iya haɗu da motsi tare da motsin ƙafa, saurin sa da ɓacin rai ya zama abin burgewa da gaske.
Tsarin zamantakewa
Hadaddiyar dawwama ba ta zama ta zaman jama'a ba kamar sauran sauran kukan, ana kuma ganin ta fi tashe-tashen hankula da ƙasa a tsakanin su. Yawan fa'idodin jima'i da aka ambata shi ne sakamakon karuwar gasa na maza ga mata.
Mata sukan mamaye karamin yanki (tare da yankin da baikai mil daya ba) a cikin wani tafkin ruwa, yana haɗa shi zuwa wurin da aka fi so, sannan kuma kare shafin daga mamayar sauran mata. Maza suna manne da yanki mai yawa, wanda dole ya hada da yankuna mata da kuma babban tafki na ruwa wanda ya dace da kiwo. Suna kishin kare ta daga wasu maza, yawanci suna fada da su, a wasu lokutan ma suna kawo karshen munanan raunuka, da yanke hannuwan hannu ko ma mutuwar daya daga cikin abokan hamayyar. A cikin rikice-rikice na yankuna, rikice-rikice-rikice-maza yakan haifar da daɗaɗa-kai mai ƙarfi ga juna, ƙarfin abin da ya isa ya yanke naman abokan hamayya da karya ƙasusuwa. Akasin haka, suna yiwa mace haƙuri da haƙuri, wani lokacin ma sukan raba musu ganima. Yankin ƙasa da rashin haɓakar sahunn macizai ga juna yana ƙaruwa sosai yayin lokacin kiwo. Maza wadanda ba sa iya kare yankinsu ana tilasta su ɓoye a cikin mafi yawan 'yan uwansu masu nasara, inda daga ƙarshe suka mutu cikin aiki, ko kuma aka tilasta musu fita zuwa teku, inda suke motsawa a bakin tekun kuma hawa bakin kogin don bincika wuraren samar da ruwa mai kyauta. Yaran dabbobin da basu da yankin su galibi sun fi jure wa juna. Hakanan an rage matakin zaluntar karnukan fursunoni, amma mummunan fada tsakanin su na iya kasancewa.
Dangane da samfurin binciken mutane 29, sama da 80% na lalatattun gwanayen tare da tsawon mita 3 ko fiye da aka ambata raunin raunin da aka samu a cikin rikici tare da dangi akan jikinsu. A cikin samfuran kasa da mita 2 tsayi, irin waɗannan cututtukan sun kasance masu saurin zubewa. Duk da gaskiyar cewa raunin da mahaukaci ya ci a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na wucin gadi na iya zama mai wahala sosai, tsarinsu na rigakafi zai taimaka wajen nisantar da guba na jini da sauri kuma zai warkar da kusan raunuka ba tare da barin wani ɓoye bayyananne daga gare su ba.
Koyaya, yayin wani lokaci, wasu macizai masu rikicewa zasu iya barin yankunansu kuma su tafi wuraren ciyar da kullun, alal misali, zuwa wurin cin kifaye ko kuma a cikin kunkuru na bakin teku. A can za su iya jure wa juna a kusa, duk da cewa rikice-rikicen abinci ba zai yiwu a yanke hukunci gaba daya ba. Hakanan za'a iya tattara dimbin kwayayoyin bakin kishi kusa da manyan gawawwakin, suna hawan kogin. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, mazaje da yawa za su yi faɗa da juna don ganima, su kuma kori ƙwararrun karnuka. A Sri Lanka, akwai wawayenda ake yin jita-jita suna dab da dabbobin ruwa.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Kamar yawancin karnuka, sawu masu rikice-rikice ba su da ma'ana a cikin zaɓi na abinci kuma saboda jinkirin metabolism da suke gudanarwa ba tare da abinci na dogon lokaci ba. Saboda kewayonta mai yawa, bambanci mai ƙarfi a cikin girman da canje-canje na ongenetic, kewayon dabbobi daban-daban suna cikin abincin karnukan da aka haɗu. Manya ne mafi tsinkaya a cikin yanayin halittunsu kuma suna kammala sarƙoƙin abinci da yawa lokaci guda.
Abubuwan cin abinci na kananan yara tare da matasa na yawu ya zama abin bincike don samun cikakken bayanai fiye da abincin manya. Halin tashin hankali na manyan karnuka, rashin wadatar mazauninsu da rashin iyawa na amfani da natsuwa don rage saurin lalacewa, suna sa cakuda macizai suna da wahalar nazarin dabbobi. Abincin da ake zargi da cin abinci na manya an gina shi ne a kan shaidar tabbatattun shaidun gani da lura da kimiyya a cikin yanayi, ba kan cikakken binciken abubuwan da ke ciki ba.
Ana farauta ɓataccen kukan, yawanci a yamma. Hanyar farauta da yayi amfani da ita tana da yawa kuma tana iya bambanta da ta sauran crocodiles. Ba kamar, alal misali, fadama ko ma kifin kifayennnnn, kamar bakinciki ba sa farautar ƙasa. Yayin farautar birai da rhesus, an hango su yayin da suke kokarin murkushe birai a cikin ruwa tare da taimakon harbin. Cwukoki suna haɗu da ƙananan ganima kaɗan cikin duka ko kuma da manyan guda da yawa.A yanayin gargajiyanci ga yawancin macizai na ainihi, manyan dabbobin ƙasa, an kama macijin yana jira a rami mai ruwa yana nitsar da ruwa, idan ganima yana kusa, yakan kai hari, ya kama shi ya jefa shi cikin ruwa, inda yafi wahala dabba ta iya tsayayya. Akasin haka, ya kama babban kifi a cikin ruwa, in ya yiwu ya ja shi zuwa bakin tekun. Dabbobin da aka kama suna kashe macijin ne tare da taimakon dambarwar jajiyoyi, girgiza kai mai karfi da kuma abin da ake kira "jujjuyawa mara nauyi" - jujjuyawa jujjuyawa a gefen gindinta, ta kwance damarar wanda ke cikin ruwan ta kuma lalata jikin ta ya hade ta hanyar hada karfi da karfin ruwa, karfi da nauyin jikin kada. Strengtharfin ɓoyayyen maciji yana da irin wannan ƙarfi wanda zai iya murƙushe huhun huhun tare da yatsun sa ko kuma ya murƙushe harsashin kunkuru. Lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya mutu, kada maƙiyin ya fashe wani ƙyalli daga shi sai ya haɗiye shi. Abincin da aka ciyar dashi zai iya ɓoye abincin don abincin da zai ci daga baya, kodayake wannan na iya haifar da yawan cin ƙwaryar daga ƙananan dabbobi kamar su kunkuru ko kuma masu saka idanu.
Wani bincike na isotopic da ke tattare da tsoka irin na khalifa daga Kakadu National Park a cikin 2018 ya nuna cewa karnukan ya kasance tsakanin mita 0.85 zuwa 4.2 (tsawonsa 76% wanda ya wuce mita 2.5 a tsayi kuma 44% sun kusanci mita 2.5). sama da mita 3 a tsayi) na ciyar da dabbobin dabbobi ne musamman, musamman - an gabatar da boars na daji da buffaloes, wanda kanada girma daga 53% zuwa 84% na abinci a cikin yawan jama'a.
Rage cin abinci na matasa
Croan karnukanda aka haife su an ciyar da kan ƙananan dabbobi, alal misali, ƙananan kifi, kwaɗi, kwari da ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa. Lokacin da crocodiles suka kai tsawon mita 1,5.5, ƙananan invertebrates sun daina taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincinsu, kuma babban sashin abincin ya zama kifi, manyan invertebrates (mollusks da crustaceans), tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Nazarin Isotopic sun nuna cewa, tare da tsawon ƙarancin mita 2.2, karnuka suna ciyar da kifi da dabbobin ƙasa a cikin ƙananan trophic, yayin da tsawon 2.2-3.2 m (wanda yayi daidai da girman manya mace da yara maza), crocodiles suna cin abinci masu kifi. An sani cewa ko da kananann macilan, ba kamar tsoffin karnukan ruhu ba, suna iya cinn ciyayi masu guba ba tare da barazanar guban ba. A tsakanin crustaceans, crocodiles galibi suna cin manyan kifaye, musamman a cikin mazaunan mangoro. Tsakanin tsuntsaye, da tsuntsayen ruwa, kamar gewunan ƙafafun kafafu na sheqa ko herons, galibi suna zama ganima, kuma tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe - yawancin nau'ikan macizai na kusa-da-ruwa ko kuma mashaya, ƙarancin yawu da ƙananan kunkuru. Wani lokaci har ma da tsuntsayen tsuntsaye ko jemun za a iya kama su da macizai a saman ruwa, haka kuma masu yawon bude ido suna yawo a gefen ruwan, gami da nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke motsawa kamar dako. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, matasa crocodiles galibi suna kama dabbobi da ke yin la'akari da kusan kilo 10, musamman ma sandunan. Koyaya, koda a wannan zamani suna da ikon kashe dabbobi kusa da girman: a Orissa, Indiya, an rubuta shi a matsayin matasa na matattarar yawo da tsayin 1.36 zuwa 1.79 m da nauyin 8.7 zuwa 15.8 kg awaki na gida har zuwa kashi 92% na nauyinsu. Hakanan zasu iya kama ƙananan ungulates, kamar deer na Asia ko deer alade, birai daban-daban, kamar cynomolgus birai, nosach da gibbons, porcupines, wallabies, mongooses, civet, jackals, hares, badgers, marten marten, otters, cat- anglers da sauran smallanana ko matsakaitan sized. Isotopic karatu ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adanan ƙasa na iya taka rawa a cikin abincin karnuka tare da tsawon 80 cm.
Abincin miya
Kayan macizai masu balaguro bazai yi watsi da ƙananan dabbobi ba yayin da akwai damar da ta dace don kama su. Amma gabaɗaya, ba su da isasshen isa don kama ganima da ta dabbobi kuma sabili da haka ba a kula da dabbobin da ke ƙasa da wani girman lokaci. Manyan comabiyoyin maciji sun fi dogaro da kasancewar manyan dabbobi a cikin yanayin ƙasa fiye da matasa, duk da cewa abincin mata yana kasancewa iri daban daban saboda ƙananan su. Abincin manya da ake amfani da shi kamar kifayen, ya danganta da mazauninsu, ya haɗa da deer (kamar zambars), boars daji, Malayan tapirs, kangaroos, orangutans, damisa, bears, karnuka (dingoes), Pythons, amo na kare, kunkuru mai ruwa, kwararar Asiya, bantens, buffaloes, guna da sauran manyan dabbobi. Awaki, dawakai, shanu, buffalo, da aladu an kawo su wurare da yawa (kamar Australiya), a tarihinta macijin ya zauna, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama daji. Yanzu wannan sabon kayan abinci yana da matukar tursasawa ga ajiye manyan kifayennnn daji nesa da manyan dabbobin ruwa na tekun. A cikin Kakadu National Park, aladun daji da buffalos an san su ne tushen tushen abincin manya, kamar yadda karnukan daji ke farautarsu a lokutan rani. Kowane irin dabbobi na gida - kaji, awaki, tumaki, aladu, karnuka, kuliyoyi, dawakai, raƙuma da shanu za su iya cinye su idan an ga dama. A Ostiraliya, shanu suna da yawa daga tsarin abincin tsofaffin comcodiles a cikin mazauna da yawa - wasu manyan ranakun sun ba da rahoton cewa karnukan cin naman shanu sama da 300 kowace shekara, ko shanu 1-2 a rana.
Wani dattijo wanda aka yiwa maciji wani mutum ne mai matukar karfi wanda ya iya cin nasara da dabba da ya wuce ta nauyi. A wani lamari mai dogaro da kai, an kama babban dutsen Suffolk wanda ke da nauyin ton wanda zai iya jan nauyi sama da kilogiram 2000 a bakin, ya jawo shi zuwa cikin ruwa ya kashe babban macijin wanda bai dace da minti daya ba. Manyan bijimai da bijimai masu yawa, waɗanda zasu iya yin awo sama da tan, haka nan rhinos ɗin Indiya, ana iya ɗaukarsu matsayin dabba mafi girma a ƙasar da macijin da aka haɗu don abinci. Kawai wani nau'in kukan zamani mai girma da kuma ƙarfi wanda ya isa ya iya kaiwa hari ga irin wannan babban ganima shine ya kama kogin Nilu. Amma saboda yanayin ƙasa, sabanin kada macen kogin Nilu, wanda ke iya kaiwa hari babban ganima tare da dangi, mawuyacin hali yakan farauta shi kaɗai.
Ba kamar kifi ba, kifayen da sauran dabbobi masu ruwa, yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa ana samunsu ne kawai a kusa da ruwa, sabili da haka crocodiles da gangan suna neman wuraren da masu haɗarin ke fuskanta (misali, wuraren shayar da naman sawa). A Sumbawa, an san yawu wanda ke kashe daddare, da ke yanke shawarar yin zirga-zirga tsakanin babbar tsibiri da tsibirin da ke kewaye da ita, musamman a lokutan ƙaura na lokaci.
Madadin Wutar Lantarki
A shekara ta 2011, an sami rahoto game da mummunan hari na macen maciji mai kimanin mita 4.2 akan wata tsohuwar mace Bengal mai shekaru 5-6 a Sundarban. A tarihi, ma'amala tsakanin waɗannan manyan mahara za ta iya zama tazara - matafiya na ƙarnuka da suka gabata sun yi magana a kan gwagwarmayar kukan tsuntsaye da damisa dabam dabam. A cikin yanayin dazuka da ke cikin ciyawar daji, tigers suna cikin haɗarin barazanar hare-hare ta hanyar katako don haka yi ƙoƙarin nisanta daga wuraren da ke da haɗari. An lura cewa damisa suna hana mazaunan dabbobi wuraren kiwo a inda damuna ke sauka a rana yayin hunturu.
Ga macijin da aka haɗu, cin naman mutane yana da halayyar mutane. Kari akan haka, suna dabi'un mamaye duk wasu nau'ikan karnukan macijin da zasu iya haduwa dasu a cikin daji, kuma in ya yiwu, har da gangan su kama su ci su. A Ostireliya, Yaro-yatsun-kunkuntar Australian a cikin fada sau da yawa yakan zama ya rikice ga yawu, kuma ana yin rubuce-rubuce game da tsinkayar kazaman mutane manya a cikin Sri Lanka. Nazarin a Sri Lanka ya nuna cewa kada kukan gutsiyoyi suna guje wa haɗuwa da karnukanda keɓaɓɓu ta hanyar ɗora gawarwakin ruwa waɗanda ke nesa da manyan hanyoyin kogin da kuma gabar teku, musamman ƙananan tafkuna. Koyaya, crowararwuna macizai na iya tashi tsaye don kansu, kuma a cikin yanayi na rage croanwarkoki masu lalatattu a Sri Lanka, ana samun su da tausayawa tare da ƙarshen. Barazanar tsinkayar kai tsaye ta hanyar lalatattun yawu kuma na iya iyakance sakewa da keɓaɓɓe na yaudara, Filipino, New Guinean da Siamese, amma saboda ƙarancin ilimin halayen waɗannan dabbobin a yanayin rayuwa, akwai ƙarancin shaida. An yi imanin cewa gasa ta kai tsaye tare da yawu za ta iya zama sanadin lalacewar manyan rafuffukan Australiya daga zubin mecocuchae, kamar su Pallimnarchus .
An yi imanin cewa matattun macizai sun cika sarƙoƙin abinci da yawa lokaci guda, farauta filaye da dabbobin ruwa, da na ruwa. Akwai wata shaida da ke nuna cewa macilai masu farauta ba kawai kusa da bakin tekun ba, har ma a cikin bakin teku - a cikin hanjinsu an samo ragowar kifayen da suke rayuwa 'yan nisan mil daga ƙasa. Bayanan na Isotopic sun nuna cewa manyan kunnuwa sun fi kama abincin dabbobi fiye da kanana. A cikin ruwa da tekun bakin teku, manyan mutane masu kamun kifi suna cin nama a manyan kifayen (misali, ƙaramin kifayen tekun Indiya, katifik da katon teku), macizai na teku, kunkuru mai zurfi (gami da wakilai mafi girma na zamani: kunkuru da kunkuru mai bakin ruwa), bakin teku, digongs, dolphins, stingrays (gami da manyan pilonos) da kifayen yankuna daban-daban. Mafi yawan rubuce-rubucen ayyukan tsinkaye dangane da kunkuru da sasansu, waɗanda yawanci ana kama su yayin lokutan canjin a bakin tekun, har ma da keɓaɓɓun katako na Turai da kifayen bakin teku, waɗanda ke yin iyo a ruwa kogin kogi har ma da ruwa a cikin koguna. A Arewacin Ostiraliya, har ma an yi rikodin maganganun sautin rikice-rikice na kifin fata a kan manyan farin kifayen, kuma masunta na gida sun ce sun ga wannan fiye da sau ɗaya a baya. Croaukatattun kurkuman suna ciyar da daɗewa a cikin ruwan gishiri, amma suna iya cin katako, ƙanana da ƙananan kifi
Kamar sauran karnukan, mawuyacin kwale kwalen ba ya ƙin ɗaukar kaya, duk da cewa sun guji naman da ya lalace. Kusa da bakin tekun Kimberley, kwale-kwale sau da yawa suna ciyar da gawawwakin khalifan kifin hular.
Kai hari kan mutane
Kawancen gwal suna iya kallon mutane a matsayin waɗanda za su iya cin nama kuma saboda haka sun sami suna kamar dattarar mutane saboda kyawawan dalilai. Sakamakon ƙarfinsa, girmansa da saurinsa, tsira bayan kai hari ta hanyar kai harin da ya zama kamar ba zato ba tsammani. Yayinda Amurka ta kirkiro da manufofin yin tarayya tare da alligators, hanyar kawai ingantacciyar hanyar kare kai daga kada macizai shine kauracewa kasancewarsu kusa da mutane, saboda karnukan wannan nau'in suna da matukar tayar da hankali kuma kusan basa tsoron mutane, koda kuwa an tsananta dasu lokaci na farauta.
Yawancin hare-hare na lalatattun yawu akan mutane a cikin tafkuna da gishiri ana yin rikodin a kowace shekara, har ma ana kaiwa hare-hare kan ƙasa, amma da wuya kuma yawanci saboda zunuban ɗan adam. Cikakken bayanin harin ya takaita ne ga rahotanni daga yankuna da suka ci gaba a Australia, inda mutane daya ko biyu ke mutuwa a cikin kisa kowace shekara. Daga shekarar 1971 zuwa 2013, adadin mutanen da kisa ya kashe a Ostiraliya 106. Irin wannan "karancin" adadin mutuwar sakamakon sakamako ne na kokarin jami'an kula da namun dajin ke tattare da kama "crocodiles" (mutane kusa da mazaunan mazaunan), koyon ka'idodin dabi'un lokacin da barazanar karnuka ke haifar da sanya alamun gargadi. Koyaya, wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa yunƙurin ƙauracewa wuraren zama masu haɗari a cikin wuraren da mutane ke rayuwa basu da inganci, kamar yadda karnuka ke iya samun hanyar komawa ƙasarsu ta asali. A cikin yankin Darwin daga 2007 zuwa 2009, 67-78% na "matsalolin crocodiles" an gano su maza ne. Yawancin shari'o'in hare-hare masu kwazo a kan mutane a yankuna na waje da Australia ba a ba da rahoton su, kamar yadda suke faruwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ko a yankunan karkara. Ba a san adadin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar Ostireliya. Koyaya, zarge-zargen da ake yadawa cewa haruffan karkara suna da alhakin dubban rayukan mutane a kowace shekara watakila ƙari ne kuma wataƙila kamfanonin fata ne, ƙungiyoyin farauta da sauran hanyoyin da za su iya amfana daga mummunan fahimta game da crocodiles. An lasafta crocodles na Nile da alhakin rayuwan mutane da yawa fiye da karnukan da aka haɗu. Wannan na faruwa ne saboda yawan jama'a a Afirka waɗanda ke dogara da yankuna na gabar teku fiye da yawancin ƙasashen Asiya, kuma, ba shakka, a Ostiraliya. An sani cewa wasu yananan maciji na iya zama abincin mutane. Mafi mashahuri sanannan irin kwayoyi masu cinye mutane shine abin da ake kira Bujan Senan.
Hadarin da ke tattare da yawu ya ta'allaka ne yayin da suke kaiwa hari mafi yawan lokuta kusa da bakin tekun ko a cikin ruwa mai kyau, inda yawan mutane ke sakkowa kuma “wanda aka azabtar” yasan kasancewar hadarin latti. Hatta maikon da ke da wadataccen abinci zai iya kai hari ga mutum, yana jin barazanar ƙasarsa, zalunci ko a gaban wani tashin hankali na waje, kamar hawan injin gudu. Kuma ko da yake irin waɗannan hare-hare ba sau da yawa kamar waɗanda aka yi don dalilai na abinci (kada a yi ƙoƙarin yin "tsoratar da mai laifin"), mutane sukanyi mummunan rauni, wasu lokuta basu dace da raunin rayuwa ba. “Wanda aka kashe” da macijin don ya kare yankin za a ci shi bayan wani lokaci kuma ana iya boye shi a wani wuri. Ko yaya, yanayin yanki na karkatattun abubuwa ba zai yiwu ba a cikin wuraren da mutane ke ziyarta akai-akai.
Hare-hare marasa kan gado galibi suna da alaƙa da crocodiles ƙasa da m 3. Tsawan kai hare-hare yawanci lalatattun yawo ne daga mita 4 ko fiye. Dukkan rajista a cikin Ostiraliya hare-hare na kada kai masu tsayin mita 4,5 ko sama da haka sunyi asara. Manyan macijin, idan ana so, zai iya ciji wani mutum cikin biyu. Mutuwa yawanci ana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ƙarfi, alamomin gabobin jiki da lalacewar ɓangaren kashin baya, aƙalla sau da yawa — profuse zub da jini, firgita zafi ko biye dashi yayin nutsuwa cikin ruwa. Farfaɗowar waɗanda suka rayu daga hare-hare masu hatsari galibi yana rikitarwa ta hanyar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haifar da bakin mutum na dabbobi masu rarrafe.
A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1945, an kashe luwatsun da aka kashe kimanin sojojin Japan kimanin 1,000 a tsibirin Ramry, a cikin Littafin Guinness Records ana ɗaukar wannan shari'ar a matsayin mafi girman harin dabbobin daji a kan mutane, duk da cewa a halin yanzu ana takaddama game da wannan batun:
“Kimanin sojojin Jafanawa dubu ne suka yi kokarin kwace wani hari daga sojojin ruwan Burtaniya, mai nisan mil goma a gabar ruwa, a cikin tsaunukan mangoro, inda dubunnan kwayoyi suka zauna. Daga baya aka kama sojoji ashirin a raye, amma karnuka ne suka cinye shi. Littafin Sojojin da ke dawo da shi ya kara dagula lamarin yawan kunama da cizon sauro wadanda su ma suka auka musu, ”in ji littafin Guinness. Masanin dabi'un halittar Bruce Wright, wanda yake taka rawa a yaƙin sashin Ingilishi, ya ce galibin sojojin na ƙungiyar sojojin Japan din sun cinye karnukan ne: “Wannan daren shi ne daren da ba a taɓa samun wani daga cikin mayaƙan da ya taɓa jin sa ba. Wani kururuwa mai ban tsoro Jafanawa da aka watsa a cikin wani ruwa mai narkewa na baki, wanda aka cakuda shi a bakin manyan halittu masu rarrafe, da kuma sautin kararrakinn yawo na macizai sun zama gidan wuta. Irin wannan gani, ina ji, mutane kalilan ne za su iya gani a duniya. Da gari ya waye, zangon sun tashi don tsabtace abin da karnukan suka bar ... na sojojin Japan 1 da suka shiga fadamomin Ramri, kusan 20 aka samu da rai. ” .
Matsayin jama'a
Kawancin Saltwater yana da ƙimar kasuwanci (ƙimar fata), kasancewarsa kamun kifi da kiwo akan gonakin macijin. An kuma kashe kudaje saboda sha'awar kai hari ga mutane. Haɓakawar ɗan adam na mazaunin gandun daji na farauta da farauta mai lalacewa daga 1945 zuwa 1970 ya rage yawan nau'in halittu a ko'ina. A bayyane yake an gama lalata da shi a Thailand, a kudancin Vietnam yawan mutanen suna da iyaka ga dabbobi 100. A Indiya da Myanmar, akwai shirye-shirye don kula da yalwar jinsunan, gami da tarin ƙwai da kuma horar da matasa rakumi a gonaki. Bayan dakatar da neman karnukan daji, duk kuwa da yawan yuyuwan da suka rayu har zuwa lokacin balaga, yawan mutane sun girma cikin sauri. Jagora a fagen kare namun daji shine Ostiraliya, inda mafi yawan nau'ikan wannan nau'in suke rayuwa a kan jihohin Yammacin Australiya, Queensland da Arewacin Territory - mutane kimanin 100,000 - 100,000 ne.
An tattara jerin gwanon kwalaben a cikin littafin littafi mai suna Janhaus ƙananan haɗari.
Kullum ana samun karuwar gishirin a cikin gidan zoos ko kuma gonaki na musamman. Koyaya, kwanannan an tabbatar dashi sau da yawa cewa a cikin macijin da ke kama mutane, yawan halayen halaye da cuta iri iri, kamar jinkirin ci gaban da ba'a bayyana ba, galibi ana samun sa. Tsawon rayuwar macizai masu rikitarwa basa cikin shekaru 57 bai wuce shekaru 57 ba, yayin da yake cikin daji, a cewar wasu rahotannin, na iya ninkawa har sau biyu.