Mai shayar zinare ko mai son kudan zuma (Merops apiaster) - tsuntsu mai wakiltar dangin mai son kudan zuma (Meropidae). Tana sauka a Kudancin Turai, kuma ta tashi zuwa hunturu a Afirka, Arabia ko Indiya. Mai cin zalin zinare wani tsuntsu ne mai haske mai cike da haske kuma mai daukakakkiyar tsuntsaye wanda yake cin naman kwari a sama. Ta fi jin daɗin cin ƙudan zuma. Masu kula da kudan zuma na zamani ba bisa la'akari da wata kwaro, saboda, ban da ƙudan zuma, mai cin kudan zuma yakan kama sauran kwari, alal misali, wasps da karnukan kudan zuma.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Masu cin kudan zuma suna ciyar da kwari mai kwari: wasps, ƙudan zuma, dabbar daddawa, kwari da ƙwaƙƙwaran mulmula. Yana kama ganima a kan tashi. A wani lokaci, wannan tsuntsu da yardar rai yake cin ƙudan zuma. Mai shayar kudan zuma na neman ganima daga babban wuri - shinge mai wicker, dogaron tarho, dutse ko reshen itace bushewa. Ganin abin da ya farauto, nan da nan ya shiga cikin iska ya kama shi. Tsuntsu yana murkushe sassan chitinous na murfin, ciki ba zai iya narke su ba.
Rayuwa
Lean ƙwayar zinare - garken tsuntsaye, gida a cikin mazauna da ke lamba daga dubun zuwa dubbai da yawa. A lokacin farauta, rukunin dangi suna zama a cikin su tare da ɗaya ko da yawa matasa tsuntsaye waɗanda ba su kai ga balaga ba, abin da ake kira "mataimaka". Tare suna haƙa minks, gina gida, suna yin kajin har ma suna tashi zuwa kudu, sun kasance dangi guda a cikin rayuwar farauta ta gaba. Saruruwan ɗumbin kudan zuma masu launin haske a cikin jirgin sama - kyakkyawar gani wurin halitta. Tsuntsayen suna bayyana da'irori, soar, suna gangarowa daga manyan tsaunuka suna rera taken waƙa da su - "harsasai-harsasai." Tare, garken kudan zuma suna fitar da ko da karnuka kamar su baƙar fata daga mazaunansu, suna kewaye ƙwai da ƙananan kajin.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Schur ko nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta - gama gari, mallakar dangin finch, tsari na Passeriformes da asalin halittar Schur. Mafi kusa ga dabi'ar halittar Schur ja da kullun mara nauyi. Shchurov daga bullfinches an bambanta shi da babban beak.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa beak na schura gajere ne, mai jujjuyawa kuma yayi kama da ƙugiya, an kira tsuntsayen "parrots na Finnish". Ana kuma kiran su da "Finnish roosters" saboda kyawawan kaya masu launin ja. Kuma tsuntsu ya sami sunan "Schur" saboda kewayon muryarsa, kukan tsuntsun yayi kama da sautin "schu-uuu-ur."
Bidiyo: Schur
A cikin yanayin Schur, ana rarrabe nau'ikan biyu: Schur na kowa da rhododendral schur. Karl Linnaeus shi ne ya fara bayyana yadda aka saba a shekarar 1758. Zamuyi bayanin wannan tsuntsu daki daki. Masanin ilimin dabi'ar halitta dan kasar Ingila Brian Hodgson ne ya fara bayyana wannan rukunin jirgi a shekarar 1836.
Dangane da launi, launuka biyu na schur daidai suke, amma rhododendron a cikin girman yana da ƙasa da talakawa, tsawon jikinsa bai wuce 20 cm ba.hina, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma suna zaune a wannan Schur. Yana son zama a ƙarshen ɓangarorin dazuzzuka, bunching a cikin juniper da thickets rhododendron, sabili da haka yana da irin wannan suna.
Gwanin ƙwayar cuta ta yau da kullun tana da keɓaɓɓu da laushi, ana rarrabe ta daga mafi kusancin dangi ta wani katako mai tsayi da ƙugiya a gindin da wutsiya wacce take da tsawon gaske idan aka kwatanta ta da duka jikinta. Tsawon jikin gashin da yake gashinsa ya kai 26 cm, kuma babban taro yana bambanta tsakanin girma zuwa gram 50 zuwa 65. Ya yi daidai da girmansa ga mai zane, launinsa kuma yayi kama da na mara nauyi.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Yaya squint yake?
Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin schur ba wai kawai a cikin gwanin waka ba ne, wanda ya kebanta ne kawai ga maza, har ma da launi, a tsakanin sojan sama ya fi yawaita da kuma nuna kwarewa, saboda suna bukatar kyakkyawa da kyan gani domin burge abokansu da suka zana.
A kai da nono na maza, bayyananniyar kyandir mai walƙiya tana fitowa fili. A cikin ɓangaren baya, sautunan launuka kuma suna bayyana, kuma fenti da fika suna fenti cikin launin ruwan kasa-da-launin ruwan kasa, ciki na da launin toka. Duk fuka-fuki da wutsiya suna da layi tare da kwance a baki da fari ratsi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Maza matasa sun bambanta da launi daga waɗanda suka manyanta. A bangaran kai, baya da kirji, kawunan fuka-fukan su daga launin ruwan-hoda zuwa sautunan launin shuɗi.
Kayan mata ba su da haske da launuka, tana da kyau sosai, amma kyakkyawa ce kuma tana da kyan gani. Inda mahaya dawakai suka ringa haske, tsuntsayen mata sukan mamaye launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. Gabaɗaya, a kan asalin yanayin yanayin hunturu, peaches suna da kyan gani da m, kamar fure mai haske akan rassan dusar ƙanƙara.
Mun gano girman schur, amma idan muka kwatanta shi da girman da dangi mafi kusa, feathery ta fi finches, bullfinches da greenfinches a cikinsu. Wings na Schura a cikin kewayon daga 35 zuwa 38 cm, kuma tsawon wutsiya ya kai 9 cm.
Ana iya ganin launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin farjin bera na schura, kuma beak ɗin ya fi sauƙi. Hannun tsuntsaye suna da tsarin launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa, kuma iris na idanu suna da launin ruwan kasa. Schur yana da wadataccen danshi mai kyau, an daidaita shi da yanayin sanyi.
Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin
Tsuntsu mai matsakaici (daga alamar farawa) tare da walƙiya mai haske, mai launi, wacce launuka shuɗi, kore da rawaya suka fito. A cikin lokacin farauta, mutum zai iya lura da mafi yawan lokuta a cikin jirgin sama guda biyu, a cikin nau'i-nau'i da kananan garke a kan makiyaya, bankunan koguna da kananan koguna, koguna, a cikin bazara da damina - garken daga goma zuwa da dama, a kudu na kewayon - daruruwan tsuntsaye. An kwatanta shi da saukar da sauka sama da makiyaya ko wani wurin farauta, a cikin abin da fuskoki da dama ke buɗe fuskoki tare da tsawan lokaci. Yayin farauta yana yin kaifi-pirouettes mai kaifi, masu bin kwari masu tashi, waɗanda sun isa kan tashi. A damina da ƙarshen bazara, ana iya ganin tsuntsaye zaune a cikin wayoyi kusa da hanyoyi.
Kasancewar kudan zuma shine mafi yawanci za a iya ganewa a gaba ta hanyar kukansu - abubuwan da suka dace, musamman idan sun bayyana a wuraren farauta a lokacin bazara, lokacin farauta, da lokacin hijira. Kusa da na kusa, musamman a kusa da arewacin iyakar kewayon, suna ƙoƙarin suyi shuru (sabili da haka kwararru ba sa lura da waɗannan tsuntsayen masu launi), yayin da suke hutawa a kan gabar koguna a nan kusa da mazaunin.
Bayanin
Canza launi. Namiji mai shekaru yana dan shekara daya. Gaban goshi fari ne. Wani lokacin ma firan gashin, mafi yawan lokuta daga firam, suma suna da sauki. A saman kai, kambi da baya na kai (hula) daga haske ne zuwa launin ruwan fata zuwa duhu. Iyakar “gaban” wannan hula an iyakace ta kunkuntar, gashin madaidaicin launuka na fuka-fukai tare da kogunan kore da kuma tsakiyar tsakiyar alkalami. Fuka fuka-fukin guda ɗaya ko kuma tsarkakakke suna nan a cikin wani kunkuntar tsattsarka daga sama zuwa ido da kuma daga ƙasan kusurwar bakin har zuwa ƙarshen alwatiƙar baki, yana fita daga beki zuwa ido, kuma daga ido zuwa ƙarshen hula. Abubuwan da ke kuncin kumatun su farare ne, wani lokacin ma da hasken rawaya ko kuma farin kaya. Kunnen haske ne, daga haske zuwa rawaya mai haske zuwa launin fata mai launi. Gaba ɗayan goiter 2-2.5 cm daga tushe na mandible akwai kunkuntar baƙin ƙarfe wacce take kwantar da haske (rawaya ko ruwan lemo) daga hucin kore na ɓangaren wuyansa da ciki. Gashin jikin fuka-fukan kirji da ciki suna da fiyoyinsu masu launin kore da kusan kafaffun baki, rabe da launin toka mai tsami. Wasu lokuta a cikin tsuntsaye na balagaggu babu wani maɓallin baƙar fata a baki ɗaya, kuma ɓangaren ƙananan haske mai haske yana canzawa sosai zuwa launin kore na ƙananan ɓangaren wuyansa. A bayansa, hasken motsin rai mai sauƙin motsi yana ɗauka da sauƙi cikin tsarin motsi na kore da fuka-fukan ƙyallen a baya. A baya na baya maras nauyi ne kore. Backarsashin baya mai launin baki ne ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Gashin tsuntsaye daga kore zuwa haske kirjin. Primary fly-bluish-kore, tare da fifikon sautunan kore kuma akan reshe da kuma reshen fika na farko. The fi na flywheel (na farko, sakandare da kuma na firamari) baki ne. A lokaci guda, launin fata yana ɗaukar 1/10 na alkalami a firamare, 1/5 a sakandare da kuma 1/3 zuwa 1/3 a sakandare. Manyan ƙananan fikafikan ɓoye suna launin ruwan kasa. Gashin fuka-fukan suna da da elongated, buffy-rawaya, wasun su a wasu tsuntsaye masu rufin fure. Helkwatan (akwai 12 daga cikinsu) masu launin shuɗi-shuɗi. Tsarin tsakiya shine mm 13-15 fiye da sauran. Theayoyin igiyoyi suna da launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa. Theasan da ke rufe murfin fikafikan wuta ne, ƙwalƙwallan yana da rawaya mara haske.
Babban bambanci tsakanin mata manya a ƙarƙashin shekara guda daga maza ɗaya na shekaru shine cewa gashin fuka-fukan sun fi sauƙi, a cikin wasu mutane sun zama mara nauyi, ɗan farin-ciki mai laushi ko launin rawaya mai kauri. A cikin launi na mazan manya masu shekaru biyu ko fiye, ana maye gurbin kore da shuɗi, shuɗi mai duhu, a wasu mutane - haske ko ma launin shuɗi. Gefen fila (scapular) launuka masu haske, a wasu launuka ruwan launi (orange).
Launin mace shekaru biyu ko fiye da haka yana kama da launi na maza mai shekara ɗaya, kodayake a mafi yawancin halayen, fuka-fuka (ƙyalli) gashin fuka-fukai ne marasa ƙarfi: sun fi wuta, fitila (fili) fiye da gashin fuka-maza. Aƙalla lokacin da farauta ke cikin ɗa namiji na ɗan shekara ɗaya tare da tsohuwar mace, ɗayan koyaushe yana yin nasarar rarrabe jima'i na tsuntsaye ta fuka-fukan da aka nuna, ba wai kawai ya ɗauke su ba, har ma ta hanyar lalata daga nesa zuwa 200 m.
Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a lokacin da suka tashi daga nesan, i.e. a kwanakin 25-30, ana bambanta su da mafi yawan launuka maras kyau tare da rashi mai kama da canza launi da aka bayyana a sama. Ya kamata a sani cewa "maƙogwaron" baƙar fata da ke gudana a saman goiter kuma yana daidaita kansa daga wuya yana da fadi fiye da manya. Tabbas yana cikin dukkanin kajin kuma ya kasance aƙalla har zuwa farkon molt; wasu daga cikin gashin fuka-fukan da ke ciki suna da kololuwa masu duhu. Tsarin gashin tsuntsaye daban-daban. Gefen ya kasance ya fi guntu fiye da na tsuntsaye manya, kuma yana da mafi girma game da beak.
Pupilsaliban tsuntsaye na kowane zamani baƙi ne. Bakan gizo na tsuntsayen manya-manya ne launin ja ko duhu. Gashin manyan tsuntsaye baƙi ne, wasu suna da launin toka-toka, da wuya matte. A mafi yawan lokuta, launin baki ne mai tsananin gaske. Metatarsus mai launin ruwan kasa-baki ko launin ruwan kasa-baki da launin ruwan kasa-brown. Ba a lura da shekaru da bambance-bambancen jinsi a launi na tibia da metatarsus ba.
Kayan kyankyasai sun tsere tsirara tare da buns of fluff a kan kambi na kai da kwalin. Idanun sun buɗe a ranakun 5-6. Bakan gizo a wannan lokacin baƙi ne mai duhu ko duhu. Fata na jiki, baki, ƙafar ƙafa, metatarsus masu launin shuɗi ne. Gefen bakin bakin rawaya ne ja. Gefen ya fara duhu daga bakin daga kwanaki 6-7 na rayuwa, a wannan ranan, fatar kan ta baya da fuka-fuki sun sami launi mai haske-mai haske. Ciki mai launin shuɗi. Haɓaka haɓakar hemp yana tashi daga 5-6 zuwa ranakun 16-17. A ƙarshen wannan zamani, goge ya bayyana, wanda ya kasance har zuwa ranakun 20-22 na rayuwa suka zama cikakkar gashin fuka-fukai, ci gaban su, ya kasance har zuwa kwanaki 27-35.
A cewar S. Kramp (Cramp, 1985), launuka masu haske na damuna yayin bazara a ƙarƙashin tasirin rana sun zama sanannen iska. Mai yiwuwa wannan ya kasance irin wannan ne ga mai shayar kudan zuma, wanda ke zaune a kudanci. A kowane hali, abubuwan lura a kusa da arewacin iyakar iyaka, da kuma nazarin kayan tattarawa, ba su tabbatar da wannan abin mamakin ba.
Mai ci kudan zuma: bayanin
Wannan tsuntsu (bayan wani mai shayar kudan zuma) nasa ne dangin kudan zuma. Tana da sunaye - scrofula da jaundice. Gefen yana da tsawo (3.5 cm) kuma dan kadan ya dan kara zuwa kasa. Shugaban a cikin yankin baki ya zama fari, kuma a kambi - launin shuɗi-kore. Wani yanki mai launin baƙar fata yana ratsa ido zuwa gaban baki daga kunne. Iris ja ne. Plarfafa a cikin makogwaron rawaya mai launin shuɗi ne, rabuwa da kirji ta wani fiɗa mai baƙar fata. A baya ana fentin ocher rawaya. Fuka fuka-fukan kudan zuma shine kore, shudi da launin ruwan kasa, wutsiyar nau'ikan weji mai launin shuɗi-shuɗi tare da gashin fuka-fukai a cikin adadin guda goma, guda biyu (na matsakaici) suna da tsawo. Kafafu suna da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.
An bambanta mace daga namiji ta fuskar kasancewar launin shuɗi mai launin kore a baya. Goshin samari mai cin kudan zuma yana da launin shuɗi, da kuma a kirjin su basu da madaurin baƙar fata. Gwargwadon mai son kudan zuma ya fi abin ci da yawa. Weight - 50 grams. Zaka iya bambance wadannan tsuntsayen daga wasu tsuntsayen ta hanyar kyawun su, mai kaurin haske, fikafikan tare da nuna, beaks mai dan kadan da kuma gajere. Wurin da suke zaune a wuraren, ana binne su a cikin tudu ko kuma yashi.
Rarraba da wurin zama
Wannan nau'in tsuntsu mai ƙaura yana nufin ƙaura daga kan nesa. A lokacin rani, tsuntsu irin ƙwaro da ke zaune a Turai (kudu da kudu maso gabas) da kuma a Asiya (kudu maso yamma), kuma a cikin hunturu yakan tashi zuwa Afirka (kudu da hamadar Sahara), Kudancin Arabia da Gabashin Indiya. An sani cewa a cikin wuraren da lokacin bazara ke gajere da laima, mai cin kudan zuma baya rayuwa. Matsayi mafi kusa da wannan tsuntsu shine yankuna na Arewacin Afirka, wasu yankuna na Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya da Afirka ta Kudu.
Ya kamata a sani cewa a Italiya yawan waɗannan tsuntsayen (kusan 5-10 dubu nau'i biyu) mazaunin, suna hawa zuwa tsayin mita 500 sama da matakin teku.
Ina Schur yake zaune?
Hoto: Schur a Rasha
Schur mazaunin gandun daji ne mai fuka-fuki. Yana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu dumu-dumu da ƙasashen Turai da na Arewacin Amurka. Smallan ƙaramar jama'a sun zaɓi ɗungunan faiga, na Asiya, da gandun daji saboda makanninsu. Schur kuma ya zauna a tsaunukan Siberian.
Ba abin mamaki ba ana kiran tsuntsayen "parrots na Finnish", saboda sun zaɓi Finland don zama. A kan sararin samaniya na ƙasarmu, Pike yana fitowa a ƙarshen kaka (a watan Nuwamba), lokacin da sanyi na farko ya fara kama kuma rassan bishiyoyin da ke ɓoye. A kan irin wannan yanayin baya mai haske, tsuntsayen suna da kyan gani kuma ana ganinsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don samun zuriya, Schur yana gina mazaunan nasa ne kawai a cikin dazuzzukan daji.
Suna ƙoƙarin guje wa wuraren cunkoso, amma wani lokacin ana iya haɗuwa da su a wuraren shakatawa na birane, a cikin lambuna, a cikin shirye-shiryen gida .. Don rayuwa mai farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali, tsuntsaye suna buƙatar tushen ruwa kusa da wurin da za a dawwamar da su. A doron kasa, ba da tuki ba sa motsi, suna neman kariya a rawanin bishiyoyi masu tsayi, kuma akwai wuraren da tsuntsaye suke yin tsuntsaye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Shchura kawai tayi sha'awar iyo a cikin tafki, koda a cikin hunturu suna neman wuraren ruwa da mutane basu buɗe ba. Kuma ga tsuntsayen da ke cikin bauta, an shirya wurare na musamman don ɗaukar hanyoyin ruwa.
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, rhododendral schur yana ƙaunar yin sulhu a gefuna, inda akwai dazuzzuka da rhododendron da yawa.
Yanzu kun san inda Schur yake. Bari mu ga abin da wannan tsuntsu yake ci.
Tsarin da girma
Ga mai cin kudan zuma na zinare, yana yiwuwa a sami bayanai daga ma'aunin tarin abubuwa da kuma sikelin ciki. An samo na ƙarshe a cikin yankin Oksky Zap. V.V. Lavrovsky, I.V. Gavrilova, N.A. Prishchepenok da L.S. Klimova, haka kuma marubucin (Table 14-16).
| Tsarin Bird | Yankin, shekaru | Daula | N | Sigogi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reshe | wutsiya | baki | hannu | nauyi | ||||
| Tsuntsaye manya | OGZ, ƙarshen Yuli - | maza | 12 | 146,02 | 119,24 | 38,49 | — | 56,14 |
| sama da shekara 1 | Agusta 1954-1958, 1962–1964 | mace | 10 | 145,06 | 119,33 | 38,23 | — | 53,26 |
| Tsuntsaye manya | Ibid., 1972-1987, | maza | 116 | 149,93 | 116,86 | 36,08 | 12,7 | 54,84 |
| Shekara 1 | Yuli | mace | 119 | 145,23 | 112,13 | 35,12 | 12,53 | 52,94 |
| Tsuntsaye manya | Ibid., 1972-1987, | maza | 78 | 147,01 | 118,0 | 36,7 | 12,98 | 55,77 |
| sama da shekaru 2 | Yuli | mace | 60 | 148,7 | 122,87 | 35,32 | 11,63 | 53,03 |
| Kungiyar matasa | Daula | Sigogi | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reshe | wutsiya | hannu | baki | ||||||||||
| n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | ||
| Saurayi | maza | 46 | 110–152 | 138,7 | 33 | 78–105 | 94,1 | 18 | 12–16 | 14,3 | 53 | 26–34 | 30,1 |
| (Watanni 1.5-6) | mace | 71 | 107–149 | 137,7 | 53 | 85–105 | 93,5 | 21 | 12–16 | 14,2 | 77 | 25–36 | 29,9 |
| Manya | maza | 74 | 114–157 | 145,8 | 58 | 96–141 | 121,1 | 33 | 13–17 | 15,2 | 78 | 26–42 | 33,8 |
| (Shekaru 1-2) | mace | 66 | 116–154 | 142,3 | 48 | 92–132 | 112,9 | 26 | 13–16 | 14,7 | 63 | 26–42 | 32,8 |
| Manya | maza | 68 | 137–159 | 150,2 | 57 | 112–142 | 128,2 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,7 | 74 | 26–41 | 34,5 |
| (Shekaru 2 ko fiye) | mace | 71 | 135–154 | 145,7 | 55 | 107–139 | 120,4 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,5 | 65 | 26–39 | 33,0 |
| Ba tare da nuni ba | maza | 54 | 140–157 | 146 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| shekaru | mace | 29 | 138–150 | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Babu jima'i da shekaru | — | — | 140–156 | — | — | 102–153 | — | — | 13–14 | — | — | 27–35 | — |
| Babu nuni | maza | 25 | 148–158 | — | 25 | 106–127 | — | 25 | 11–13 | — | 25 | 32–38 | — |
| shekaru | mace | 23 | 142–151 | — | 23 | 106–122 | — | 23 | 11–13 | — | 23 | 29–35 | — |
| Daula | Sigogi | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsayin jiki | Wingspan | Weight | |||||||
| n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | |
| maza | 12 | 215–260 | 240,3 | 12 | 436–460 | 439,6 | 6 | 39,5–51,4 | 47,4 |
| mace | 14 | 220–277 | 239,1 | 14 | 400–471 | 432,1 | 12 | 45,6–56,1 | 48,1 |
| maza | 16 | 241–290 | 268,8 | 17 | 410–484 | 450,4 | 10 | 42,4–62,5 | — |
| mace | 15 | 220–274 | 251,3 | 13 | 410–498 | 436,6 | 11 | 42,9–59,7 | 50,9 |
| maza | 14 | 270–300 | 283,0 | 13 | 430–475 | 449,3 | 12 | 45,0–62,0 | 55,3 |
| mace | 11 | 230–285 | 255,3 | 10 | 415–445 | 426,7 | 9 | 47,2–60,4 | 53,7 |
| maza | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 50–60 | 55 |
| ? | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45–56 | — |
| maza | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 52 | — |
| mace | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 62 | — |
Jirgin sama
Jirgin mai son kudan zuma yana da tsufa da sauri. Sau dayawa tana bude fikafikanta da sauri, sannan tayi hawan girma. Jirginta, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yayi kama da jirgin hadari da kuma tauraro.Wani lokacin tsuntsu yakan daskare shi na wani lokaci a cikin iska sannan kuma, da sauri yana buɗe fikafikan sa, yakan fara jujjuyawa kamar kalma ko ƙarama. Da safe ko da rana, a lokacin zafi da rana, ga ƙudan zuma sun hau zuwa sama suna tashi da irin wannan tsinkayen da ba za a iya ganin su da ido tsirara ba.
Me schur yake ci?
Maɓallin menu na Schur ya bambanta sosai, a ciki za ku iya ganin duka shuka mutane da abincin asalin dabbobi. A cikin mutane da suka manyanta, abincin shine yawanci mai cin ganyayyaki kawai, kuma haɓaka matasa na buƙatar furotin mai yawa, don haka kwari sun fi rinjaye akan menu.
Schur ba ƙi ci:
- tsaba na coniferous da deciduous itatuwa,
- matasa harbe da ganye
- buds
- daban-daban berries
- kwayoyi
- bishiyar itace
- kwari
- kwari larvae
- barkono a cikin yanayin dakatar animation.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abubuwan da aka fi so na schurov sune berries na rowan da juniper, har ma da kwaro na Pine.
Shchura ana iya kiransa mataimaki a gandun daji, saboda yakan fitar da wasu kwari masu cutarwa - gwoza, tsutsotsi da tsutsa - tare da ƙwanƙwasa ƙyallen daga haushi. Tun da abincin kaji galibi ake samu yananan, tare da abubuwan da aka zartar da Schur, yakan yada ragowar zuriyarsu zuwa wasu yankuna inda sabbin matasa suka fara girma.
Shchurov, a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, dole ne a ciyar da shi da kwayoyi daban-daban:
- hazelnuts
- gyada
- Kaya da walnuts,
- hazel.
A cikin abincin abincin kaji, ban da gaurayawan hatsi, harbe na bishiyoyin coniferous da deciduous, berries daban-daban, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu dole ne su kasance. Suna ciyar da tsuntsayen tare da cuku gida, dafaffen qwai da nama, suna ƙara kayan abinci masu ƙarfi a cikin abinci. Domin tsuntsu dutsen ya kula da haskakawarsa, lallai ne ya kasance akwai wadataccen abun cikin carotene a cikin abincin.
Muryar mawakiyar Zina
Babu shakka duk mai shayar kudan zuma - tsuntsaye masu haske da launuka masu kyau. Amma suna jan hankalin kansu da sautin nesa mai kama da yanayin “pru-u-hipp”, wadanda aka buga a yayin yaye. Mafi yawan wuraren buga tsuntsu kira iri-iri a cikin yanayi daban-daban, kodayake ana shuru ne, ana sauraresu nesa nesa. Waɗannan gajerun abubuwa da sauti: "squint", "crru", "crru". Haka kuma, wadannan tsuntsayen suna buga su akai-akai. Idan an sami babban itace da busasshen itace a gefen gandun daji, ɓarna a kan garken kudan zuma a ƙwanƙolin reshe kuma sai a ɗan saki wata irin ƙara mai kururuwa game da kansu.
Miƙa
Ba a kuma yi bincike game da hana makiyaya kudan zuma ba. A cikin manya, a bayyane yake, molt guda biyu a shekara: m kuma cika. Na farko yana daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa Satumba. Tsuntsayen tashi daga hunturu, suna canza ƙananan fuka-fuka biyu. Na biyu faruwa a cikin hunturu, daga Janairu zuwa Maris. A wannan lokacin, ana maye gurbin fuka-fukai da wutsiya. A bayyane yake, matasa sun fara yin molt kawai a filayen hunturu, amma a wuraren farauta suna fitowa da riga cikin cikakken girma na tsufa.
A mai cin kudan zuma na zinare, aƙalla kayayyaki uku ana rarrabe su: kayan ƙuruciya, har zuwa watanni shida, tsofaffi, farauta a karon farko, i.e. daga shekara 10 zuwa shekara 1.5, manya a cikin na biyu, na uku da kuma shekaru masu zuwa. Ana yin Shedding a shekara, daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa Maris. Daga cikin samfurin St Petersburg akwai baƙi da aka tara a watan Agusta-Nuwamba, tare da waɗanda suka fara maye gurbinsu da gashin fuka-fuki, kuma ba tare da alamun yin zina ba. A sakamakon haka, ganyen ƙudan zuma ya faɗo a tsakiyar hunturu kuma molting gaba ɗaya ya ƙare da farkon ƙaurawar bazara zuwa wuraren kiwo. An gabatar da makircin zinaren kudan zuma na zinare (Fry, 1984) (Tebur 17).
| Tsarin Bird | Bangaren kabewa | Watanni | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agusta | Satumba | Oktoba | Nuwamba | Disamba | Janairu | Fabrairu | |
| Saurayi (1-10 watanni) | |||||||
| Penna | = = | === | == | ====== | == == | == == | == |
| Daidaici | — | Ni | II III | IX V VI | VII VIII | Ix x | — |
| Orarami | — | — | 12 | 11 13 10/1 | 9 2 8 | 3 7 4 | 6 5 |
| Matatar ruwa | — | — | — | 1/2 6/3 | 4 5 | — | — |
| Manya da suka wuce shekara 1 | |||||||
| Penna | = = | ====== | — | == | = = = = | = = = = | = = |
| Daidaici | III | II / IV I / V | — | VIVII VIII | IX | X | — |
| Orarami | 13 | 12 11 | 1 | 10 2 9 | 3 8 4 | 7 | 5 6 |
| Matatar ruwa | — | — | 1/2 | 5/6 | 3/4 | — | — |
| Maza fiye da shekaru 2 (col. ZIN RAS, ZM MSU n = 47) | |||||||
| Penna | — | = = = = = = | = = = = | — | — | — | — |
| Daidaici | III / II | Kashi (V) | I / V VI | — | — | — | — |
| Orarami | — | 12/13 | 11/1 10 | — | — | — | — |
| Matatar ruwa | — | — | 1(2) 5/6 | — | — | — | — |
Yin hukunci da tarin kayan ZM MSU da ZIN RAS, rage tsuntsayen sama da shekaru 2 ya fi na shekarun shekara daya girma.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Mai gida mai shayar kudan zuma wakiltar dogon rami na kwance. Yana haƙa, galibi na namiji. An saka rami mai zurfi na 1-1.5 zurfin ciki kuma cm 5 a diamita .. Kimanin kilogiram 7 na ƙasa ne tsuntsaye suka jefa su yayin tono. Aikin gini yakan dauki sati biyu. Tsuntsayen suna aiki ta hanya: tono awa ɗaya ko biyu, sannan shirya hutu na tsawon lokaci ɗaya.
Wani rami da aka haƙa shine batun gardama tsakanin dangi. Ba kowane tsuntsu yake so ya haƙa irin wannan rami ba, idan akwai dama don samun ta da ƙarfi. Wasu mutane da suka yanke shawarar kirkiro zuriya, dole sai sun doke gidansu.
Babban ma'aunin lokacin zabar namiji don ƙirƙirar zuriya shine damar ciyar da kajin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa saurayin ya bi da mace kamar yadda ya kamata. Bayan mace ta yi zabi, mating na faruwa. A cikin kamawa na iya zama daga ƙwai 4 zuwa 10. Suna ƙanana kaɗan, asali mai launin ruwan hoda da launi. Yayinda suke kyankyashe, launin ya zama mafi fadada.
Mace tana sanya kwai, kuma namiji yakan sami abinci. Wasu lokuta iyaye na gaba suna canza matsayin. Kuma wannan ya faru na kusan wata ɗaya. Chickks an haife shi tsirara. Suna fara cin abinci mai ƙarfi daga farkon kwanakin, zaɓi na halitta yana faruwa, kuma kajin mafi rauni ya mutu tare da rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
Bayan wata daya, kajin sun bar mahaifansu. Shuka kajin kudan zuma matasa ku taimaka dangi daga broods da suka gabata. Suna samun abinci don takwarorinsu matasa, suna taimaka wa doke gida daga mafarauta.
Ba kamar yawancin tsuntsaye ba, mai cin kudan zuma bai damu da murfin “bene” na gida ba. Ba sa ɗaukar madauran ɓoye, mura da ganye a cikin rami. Yayin aiwatar da kyankyasar, mace zata iya hana kwaro ya ragu: fuka-fuki, kafafu, wadanda suka samar da kyakkyawan zuriyar dabbobi da ke bayanta.
Tsuntsayen da ke cikin ganima ba sa haifar da barazana ga mai hana kudan zuma. An sauƙaƙe wannan ta hanyar babban burrows, don tsari wanda tsuntsaye suke ciyar da lokaci da ƙoƙari. Karnuka ko dawakai na iya hargitsa gida. Koyaya, kwai ɗaya yana cin nauyin gram 5-7, kuma ma babban yalwa baya iya ɗaukar ɗanɗano. Rayuwar rayuwa kusan shekaru 4 kenan.
Hijira
Mai cin zinare shine irin tsuntsu mai ƙaura. Yawan jama'a ne kawai ke zaune a Kudancin Afirka za a iya kira. Aƙalla, bayanai game da motsi na waɗannan tsuntsaye har yanzu ba a same su ba. Kafin tashi, mai shayar kudan zuma ya tattara cikin garken manya da kananan tsuntsaye, adadi daga 20 zuwa 100 ko sama da mutane. Ta hanyar taron wadannan tsuntsayen a kaka, sukan yanke hukunci ne game da hijirar mai cin kudan zuma, kodayake a zahiri ana lura da inda suka ciyar. Tsuntsaye da farko suna kusa da mazaunan, sannan su faɗaɗa yankin jirgin kuma galibi suna tsayawa kusa da abubuwan farin ciki. Daga nan sai su tashi, wataƙila nesa mai nisa - zuwa wasu cikas (alal misali, tsaunin Georgia), shawo kan su sannan, bayan ciyarwa, ci gaba zuwa kudu. Hijira kanta tabbas yana cikin dare, kodayake a kan wasu hanyoyin daban daban na Caucasus, a cikin tsaunukan yankin Tsakiyar Asiya, Lebanon da Misira, an lura da cewa tsuntsaye suna motsawa a wasu wurare yayin rana (Radde, 1884, Meinertzhagen, 1930, Leister, Sosnin, 1942) , Sudilovskaya, 1951, da dai sauransu).
A Kogin Oka, a cikin yankin Oksky Zap., Inda kajin kudan zuma ke tashi daga ramukarsu a lokacin daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa Agusta 10-15, tsuntsaye sukan taru a garken kuma suna zama a wurin kiwo har zuwa Satumbar 10-15. A cikin irin waɗannan garken akwai ƙananan tsuntsaye na gida da na manya (bayanai masu alamar). A lokaci guda, ana lura da zoben ƙungiyar kudan zuma akan Oka ta matasa da manya a Arewa. Caucasus (Tervropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory) da kuma a cikin Colchis Lowland. Taron Oka ya zama mai kiran kudan zuma a Colchis da sauran yankuna kusa da Transcaucasia kwanan wata akasari daga Satumba da shekaru goma na 1 ga Oktoba. A watan Oktoba, mafi yawan (92.5%) na tsuntsayen ringi an sami gabas. bakin tekun mediteriter. Ba a yin rikodin haɗuwa da tsuntsayen ringi a watan Nuwamba-Janairu. Kuma kawai a watan Fabrairu kawai an samo mai cin kudan zuma a Rhodesia a 18 ° N .
Hoto 60. Tsarin ƙaura na kaka na jama'ar Oka na beeanyen kudan zuma:
a - yankin fararen fata na yawan jama'ar Oka, b - mazaunin tsuntsu a watan Satumba-Oktoba, c - mazaunin tsuntsu a watan Oktoba, d - yanayin ƙaurawar kaka, e - sautin tsuntsu a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu (Rhodesia).
Ba a fayyace yanayin yanayin bazara na mai son kudan zuma ba. Kuna yanke hukunci ne ta fuskoki uku na tsuntsayen ringi, mutane daga yawan mutanen Oka na masu cin kudan zuma suna dawowa bazara zuwa rukunin wuraren farauta kamar yadda suke a cikin kaka.
Farkon haɗuwar bazara na waɗannan tsuntsayen a Crimea, zuwa Kudu. Ukraine, a cikin Carpathians, kusa da Kursk, Voronezh kuma a cikin yankin Ryazan. An yi rikodin su daga kwanakin ƙarshe na Afrilu zuwa 20 ga Mayu. A lokaci guda, zuwan waɗannan tsuntsaye a Transcaucasia, Asia ta Tsakiya da Urals an yi bikin. Tabbas, don mafi yawan yankuna na kudu da kewayon, dan lokacin farkon abin da ya faru yana da halayyar, amma idan aka kwatanta bayanan rubuce-rubuce da yawa, rahoton maganganu na masanan kayan tarihi, abubuwan lura na asali da kayan kayan halayyar ɗan adam yana nuna cewa bambancin bayyanar tsuntsaye a duk wannan sararin yankin ba ya wuce kwanaki 20-25. Sudilovskaya, 1951, Dementyev, 1952, Vorontsov, 1967, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Lugovoi, 1975, Kostin. 1983, da sauransu).
Tarin tarin ZIN RAS ya ƙunshi samfurin mace mai shekaru biyu, wanda aka samu a ranar 24 Afrilu a Mesopotamia. Bugu da kari, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, an sami mai cin kudan zuma a cikin giyar. Syr Darya. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1950, A. I. Ivanov (1953) an kama wannan tsuntsu a cikin Kyzyl-Agach zap.
A cikin shekaru goma na farko na Mayu, an hakar mai-kudan zuma: Mayu 2 - a cikin Tbilisi, 8 ga Mayu (1912, K.A. Satunin) - a cikin Vost. Georgia, 3 ga Mayu - a Repetek West., Mayu 4 - a Armenia, Mayu 4 (1911) - kusa da Armavir, Mayu 2 da 5 - a Uzbekistan, Mayu 8 (1903) - a Kushka, Yumai (1950) .) A.I. Ivanov ya harbe wani mutum da mace sama da shekara biyu kusa da Uralsk. A cikin shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu, an haife kudan zuma a Uzbekistan (Mayu 11, 12, 15 - N. A. Severtsov), 16 ga Mayu da 19 (1888) - a Ashgabat (Grum-Grzhimailo), Mayu 17 - a cikin tashar. Cool zuwa arewa. Caucasus, 19 ga Mayu (1881) - a Orenburg (N. A. Zarudny).
Tare da kimanin adadin daidai shekaruna na shekaru ɗaya da tsofaffi, yawan haɗuwar su ya bambanta kaɗan lokacin lokacin bazara (Table 18). Tsuntsaye mai shekaru daya a lokacin bazara lokacin ƙaura yayi dogon lokaci a cikin hunturu idan aka kwatanta shi da tsofaffi, waɗanda ke hanzari ga wuraren farauta.
| lokacin bazara | shekara shekara n = 119 | biennial da mazan n = 128 |
|---|---|---|
| Afrilu | — | 2 |
| Ina shekaru goma na Mayu | 2 | 9 |
| Shekaru II na Mayu | 10 | 20 |
| Shekaru III na Mayu | 27 | 25 |
Habitat
A cewar A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951), wuraren bude kofofin da ke hade da koguna da kogunan da ke da shingayen yumbu da aka rufe da bishiyoyi, dajin kwari, ko ma bishiyoyi daban. A tsakiyar yankin na Yankin Turai yana zaune a kwarin kogin Oka, Khoper, Don, Moksha, Sura, Sviyaga. Yakan zauna tare da yashi, yumbu ko dutse mai cike da rafi na bakin kogi, tare da gefuna, kwari, ramuka, amma ba da nisa daga hanyar kogin. A kan rafin ƙananan ƙananan koguna (Pra, Pronya a yankin Ryazan, Piana, suruka a yankin Nizhny Novgorod, Alatyr a Chuvashia, Tsna, Vorona a cikin yankin Tambov) - kawai a cikin yankunan estuarine. A cikin lokacin kiwo, ana ajiye shi cikin kwarin kogi, dama zuwa bankunan filaye na biyu.
Kusan ba a taɓa faruwa ba a cikin gandun daji mai yawa, ko da yake a lokacin wucewa ana lura dashi, alal misali, a tsakiyar dajin Meshchersky, kilomita 25-30 daga manyan wuraren zama, amma ba ya tsaya a nan. A cikin tsaunukan ƙauyuka yana fifita ƙasashe masu ƙanƙantar da ƙasa. Ba ta tashi cikin tsauni ba: a cikin Caucasus - har zuwa 1,500 m, a cikin Caucasus - har zuwa 2,000 m, a Armenia - har zuwa 2,500 m (Leister, Sosnin, 1942). A Semirechye ya isa tsaunin deciduous dutsen, i.e. ya hau zuwa 1,800 m (Zarudny, Koreyev, 1906, Schnitnikov, 1949), duk da haka, ba a nuna gaskiyar asalin ta ba. A cikin Tajikistan, an samo shi a kan inda ake yin shimfidar wuri a tsaunin da ya kai 1800-1900 m (Ivanov, 1940, Sudilovskaya, 1951). A cikin rabin jeji, ya zama kamar bakin kogunan koguna, koguna, cike da ciyawar daji. Wani lokaci ana samun sa a cikin hamada, kuma mafi sau da yawa a cikin yashi fiye da tsakuwa. A Kazakhstan, har ila yau yana zaune tare da bakin tekuna tare da rairayin bakin yumɓu, da wuraren zama, filaye, lambuna da lambunan dafa abinci a cikin shimfidar ƙasa. A cikin jerin hotunan Tien Shan halayyar wuri ne na al'adu. A cikin garuruwa, ba ya tsayawa, amma a bayan gari ya saba. Yakan daidaita a nan cikin rami na zahiri da kuma a cikin lakalen babban laka na manyan sassan jikin mutum. A cikin oases da ƙananan rafi na koguna a cikin hamada a cikin wasu yanayi har ma suna zaune daga cikin shuɗi, suna haƙa rami a kusurwa zuwa saman duniya (Korelov, 1970). Ga Aljeriya da kuma Iberian Peninsula, irin waɗannan ƙauyuka na masu cin naman kudan zuma sun fi halayyar haɓaka daga tsaunukan tuddai (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985).
Kusan dukkanin masu binciken sun lura da jan hankalin ƙudan zuma ga apiaries. A tsakiyar Rasha, mazaunin wuraren cin kudan zuma (ambaliyar ruwa) da apiaries suna cikin wurare guda ɗaya (makiyayan makiyaya). A cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa babu manya manya, amma har yankuna kalilan (tsawan dutse, kwari, da sauransu) wadanda suka dace da mazauninta. A sassa biyu na kogin. Idanun da ke da tsawon 107 da kilomita 111 a 1975, adadin ƙwaro ya kusan ɗaya (burushi 3.9 da 3.6 a kowace kilomita 10 na kogin). Ya kasance akwai apiaries 21 a farkon, kuma kawai 4 a cikin na biyu. Yawan ƙwaro a cikin sashin farko ya kasance 42, a cikin na biyu - 40. A matsakaita, akwai burrows 2 a cikin kowane ɗaya, kuma 10 a cikin na biyu. Saboda haka, ana tsare kudan zuma-mai ci zuwa apiary wurare ba a tabbatar a nan.
Lambar
A cikin yanki na rarrabawa a Rasha da yankuna makwabta, ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ɗakunan da suka dace, wasu lokuta suna da yawa. Yawan nau'i-nau'i na kiwo yana raguwa zuwa kan iyakokin arewa na kewayon. Jimlar ƙudan zuma na zinare, farauta, alal misali, a cikin yankin Ryazan. a shekarun 1970 da 80s bai wuce nau'ikan 350-400 ba (asalin bayanan). Daga A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951), wannan nau'in ya kai babban girma a Ukraine kudu da Kharkov da Dnepropetrovsk, a cikin wani yanki na Crimea da kuma a Arewa. Caucasus, kuma a Gabas. Transcaucasia. A Volga, tsuntsaye da yawa daga gida zuwa bakin Samara Luka. A yankin Syzran ya saba, a yankin Penza. nests a wurare, galibi a kudancin yankin. A kan kogin Urals suna da faɗi a ciki. A cikin app. rabin Kazakhstan, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan Kyrgyzstan, a cikin kwarin kogi da ƙananan layin Uzbekistan, Tajikistan da kuma ko'ina cikin Turkmenistan - suna da yawa (Puzanov et al., 1942, 1955, Shnitnikov, 1949, Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Strautman, 1954, Yanushevich and et al., 1960, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Ivanov, 1969, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Kostin, 1983, da sauransu).
N.P. Dubinin (1953) ya hadu ne a lokacin yawon shakatawa a lokacin farauta a yankuna daban-daban na Nizh. Urals daga 2 zuwa 15 kudan zuma - a kowace rana (a matsakaita - tsuntsaye 11.2). A lokacin hijirar kaka, yawan masu cin kudan zuma a wannan yankin yana ƙaruwa har sau goma (daga 26 da kuma taro 45 zuwa 1,200 a rana). A cikin Tajikistan, a ƙafafun Zerafshan Range. sama da nau'i-nau'i 110 cikin 1 ha an lura, rafin kogin yana da yawaitar jama'a. Miyan tare da yalwar lokkutuka da laka. An lura da manyan larduna (ɗari) a kan babbar hanyar Dushanbe-Termez, manyan ƙauyuka suna kan gangaren kudu na Gissar Range. har zuwa girman 1,600 m sama da matakin teku (Abdusalyamov, 1971).
A wajen Vost. Akwai takamaiman bayanai na Turai don ƙasashen da ke gaba. A Faransa - daga nau'i 100 zuwa 1,000, a Austria a cikin 1959-1960. - game da nau'i-nau'i 20, a cikin 1965 - ba a haɗuwa ba, a 1978 - 30 nau'i-nau'i. A cikin Hungary a 1949 an kiyasta adadin a 1,271 nau'i-nau'i, a cikin 1955 - nau'i-nau'i sama da dubu 2, a 1977 - nau'i-nau'i 1350. A Italiya, Spain, Girka, a tsibiran Corsica da Sardinia, a cikin Cyprus, a cikin Isra'ila da Maroko, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma ba shiga cikin tsaunuka ba, yana da wuya a tsibirin Girka (Cramp, 1985). Ya danganta da kimar adadin tsuntsayen masu wucewa da ke kan Gibraltar da gabashin Rum Ch.Fry (1984) ya kiyasta cewa jimlar yawan masu cin kudan zuma bayan lokacin kiwo a cikin kewayonta kusan mutane miliyan 13 ne. Idan 2/3 daga cikin tsuntsayen matasa ne, to matsakaicin yawan da ya fara farawa kowace shekara ana iya kiyasta kusan miliyan biyu.
Canja lambobi tsakanin kewayon. Bayanin sauye-sauye a yawan masu cin zalin zinare a kan iyakar arewacin iyakarta a hannun Yankin A. S. Ptushenko (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ya yi imanin cewa a cikin shekaru 170 da suka gabata, masu shayar da kudan zuma sun bayyana ko dai a cikin yankin Yankin Moscow ko kuma sun ɓace daga nan. A ƙarshen XVIII - farkon karni na XIX. mai cin kudan zuma wani tsuntsu ne mai wahalar gani a nan kuma wataƙila yana da sheƙarta. Aikin Dvi-gubsky (Dwigubsky, 1802), inda aka ruwaito shi, an buga shi a farkon karni na 19. To, har zuwa 70s. XIX karni., Bayanai game da wannan nau'in a lardin Moscow sun ɓace. Mai son kudan zuma a okr. Moscow a cikin 1879, lokacin da ƙaramin garken waɗannan tsuntsaye suka zauna a kwarin kogin. Moscow, kusa da ƙauyen Mazilovo. A lokacin rani na 1884, an sadu da mai sha kudan zuma a Moscow kanta (Menzbier, 1881-1883, Lorenz, 1894, Satunin, 1895, wanda aka ambata ta Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Yin nazari game da kuzarin rarraba kudan zuma a ƙarshen XIX da farkon ƙarni XX. a cikin Ryazan makwabta, Lipetsk, Tambov yankuna, da kuma a cikin waɗanda ke kudu da Kursk, Voronezh da Tula, E. S. Ptushenko ya zo ga ƙarshe wanda aka bayyana a sama. Ba tare da tambayar ingancin cikar E. S. Ptushenko ba, ya kamata a lura cewa sauye sauye a cikin yawan kudan zuma a lokacin da aka bayyana shi da alama ba su da mahimmanci. Yana da mahimmanci a sake jaddada cewa mai sha kudan zuma, aƙalla a iyakar iyakokinta, "yayi ƙoƙari" ya zama mara hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu (duba sama). Yana yiwuwa tare da wannan fasalin ɗabi'arta da alama "kasawa" an haɗa su cikin jerin alamu na shekara-shekara na adadinta.
Yawan mashaya kudan zuma na gogewa shekara-shekara da hawa-hawa na tsawon lokaci. Tare da karuwa da yawan tsuntsaye, kewayon ya faɗaɗa. Sabbin masarautun tsuntsaye sun samar da yankuna na arewa. A cikin 1958-1965 kudan zuma ya koma arewa, wanda aka tabbatar dashi ta hanyar nazarin sakamakon ringi da sake kamawa. Matsakaicin, yawan mutane zuwa arewa na tsawan shekara daya ya kai kilomita 1 (Priklonsky, 1970). Nan gaba, wannan ci gaba ya ragu, kuma a cikin 1980s. kuma gaba daya ya tsaya. Sannan, dangane da yanayi mai canzawa, yankin ya kankace kamar. Gabaɗaya, zamu iya bayyana ƙaramar fadada iyakar iyakokin kudan zuma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.
Yawancin marubutan sun lura da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin yawan nau'in (Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Puzanov et al., 1955, Ivanov, 1969, da sauransu). A cikin kusancin Oksky Zap. yawan mai cin kudan zuma yana da akalla sau hudu amplitude na oscillations a cikin shekaru daban-daban. V.V. Lavrovsky (2000) ya yi imanin cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda tanadin sa tare da ciyarwar asali. Anan, mai shayar da kudan zuma yana kan iyakar arewa da rarraba ta. Domin 1956-1991 yawan ramuka na tsawon kilomita 200 a gefen kogin. Oka ya tashi daga 160 zuwa 25. Masu binciken da suka yi nazarin avifauna na yankin Ryazan. a karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 (Turov et al.), Kullum ba a rubuta mai cin kudan zuma ba. Muna da sha'awar bayyana wannan yanayin ta fasalin halayensa da aka bayyana a sama da kuma gaskiyar cewa waɗannan marubutan sun yi aiki da yawa a arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar Ryazan Territory. Dangane da N.P. Dubinin (1953), mai shayar kudan zuma yana shimfida iyakokin kewayonsa kuma yana ninka lambobin sa a qarshen kogin. Ural. Dangane da V.N. Bostanzhoglo (1887), an rarraba shi kawai har s. Krasnoyarsk, ba haɗuwa gaba kudu. N.A. Severtsov da G.S. Karelin ba su lura da mai cin kudan zuma ba a wannan yankin. A cikin shekarun lura na N.P. Dubinin, an lura da shi a ƙasan. hanya ta Urals a matsayin talakawa kuma wani lokacin tsuntsaye masu yawa da yawa. A. N. Formozov (1981) ya danganta fadada kewayon kudan zuma ga cigaban lalacewar kasar gona da haɓakar cibiyar rafin yankin a cikin yankin Volga Upland.
Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali
Kudan kudan zuma - garken tsuntsaye. Ya bayyana a cikin garken da ya ƙunshi duka tsuntsaye da yawa (5-15) da lambobi da yawa (150-1000) mutane (Korelov, 1948, 1970, Dubinin, 1953, bayanan asali). Pretty da sauri bayan bayyanar tsuntsaye sun kasu kashi biyu. Akwai zatonsu da suke ajiyewa nau'i-nau'i, har ma yayin da suke cikin fakitoci yayin ƙaura da lokacin hunturu. Koda a farkon farawar, ana yawan samun tsuntsaye ba daya bayan daya, amma da mutane da yawa. A cikin manyan yankuna na Asiya ta Tsakiya, Spain da Aljeriya, yayin katsewar gini, ramuka sukan “rushe” a cikin garken kuma suna motsa 2-5, wasu lokuta kilomita 10-18 nesa daga mazaunin mallaka (Korelov, 1970, Fry, 1984). Sannan suka koma bakin aikinsu. Dalilin da ya sa tsuntsayen tashi su na iya zama mutum ya ziyarci ƙauyen, maƙiyi, da kuma wasu lokuta yanayi da ba zai iya fahimtar mutane ba.
Mafi yawan bayyane mai cin kudan zuma lokacin lokacin shiryawa. A wannan lokacin, macen da ke zaune a gida ke ciyar da namiji. Idan namiji yana yin incub da rana, shi da kansa ya bar gida zuwa ɗan gajeren lokaci ya ciyar da kanshi. Koyaya, irin wannan rashi ne da wuya. Namiji yakan zauna akan mazauni tare da masonry ba tare da hutu ba, har sai da matarsa ta canza shi. Yawancin lokuta an lura lokacin da, lokacin mutuwar mace a cikin matakan ƙarshe na shiryawa, namiji ya kula sosai da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, sannan kuma ciyar da kajin. A cikin irin waɗannan halayen, adadin namiji ya rage zuwa ƙarshen ƙaddamarwa zuwa 40-46 g Babu wani daga waɗannan mazajen da ya bayyana a cikin mazauna na shekaru masu zuwa - da alama sun mutu (bisa ga bayanan bayanai game da tsuntsaye 15,000 a cikin mazaunin a 1956-1985, ciki har da gami da maza 7 da ke ciyar da brood shi kaɗai).
L. V. Afanasova da Yu .. Volkova (1989) sun lura da halayen tsuntsaye mataimaka a matakin ciyarwa na ƙarshe. Su ba su balaga ba (a cewar marubutan) mata. Sauran marubutan sun kuma ba da rahoton wanzuwar mataimakan (Dyer, Andras, 1981, wanda aka kawo sunayensu daga Afanasova, Volkova, 1989, Cramp, 1985, Malovichko, Konstantinov, 2000).
A lokacin ciyar da kajin, tsuntsayen da ke cikin mazaunan suka zauna su kadai da kuma a kananan kungiyoyi. Kololuwa masu ciyar da kajin suna faruwa a sanyin safiya da yamma. A wasu lokutan, 'yan mulkin mallaka basu lura da lokacin shigowar ƙauyen zuwa wuraren abinci ba. Idan rami guda ta gaji da damuwa, misali, an kama tsuntsu mai ciyar da shi ciki kuma an tarko shi a cikin rami, yawancin masu cin kudan zuma suna tarawa kusa da irin wannan rami. Sukan tashi kusa da ƙofar rami, suna nuna damuwarsu a sarari. Koyaya, wannan halin bai daɗe ba. Bayan mintina 10-15, garken ƙudan zuma ya tashi a cikin iska ya tafi wuraren farauta. Kuma a sa'an nan, idan duk abin da ke "lafiya" a cikin mazauna, za su ci gaba da ayyukansu na yau da kullun.
A ƙarshen lokacin haihuwar, lokacin da kajin suka zama babba kuma suka yi taɓowa daga ramin, iyayen ba su da kulawa. Lokacin da mutum ya bayyana kusa da wata daula, sai suyi da'irar sama da ramuka, sannan su tashi sama, su kawo abinci su tashi zuwa wani rami da wuri-wuri. A cikin waɗannan halayen, an fara tashi daga kajin daga cikin ramuka. Wani lokacin akwai jinkirtawa, mai yiwuwa ne ya motsa ta hanyar halayen manya, “gargadi” kawunansu game da haɗarin. An lura da tashin farko a cikin ƙarancin kitse, tare da ci gaba da kasancewa mutane kusa da naƙasassu. A cikin shekarun wadataccen abinci, idan mutane lokaci-lokaci suna ziyartar mazauna yankuna, ba da jinkiri ba.
Bayan tashi, mai cin kudan zuma ya haɗu cikin garken tumaki, inda duka tsuntsayen manya da ƙananan tsuntsaye suke nan. Irin waɗannan dabbobin a farkon zama a kusa da mazaunan, suna kwana a cikin daji kusa, ba su da yawa a cikin burrows, to, ana cire su a kan nesa mai nisa. A wannan lokacin, suna tashi a waje da kewayon. An rubuta su a bakin rafin. Belaya, kusa da Izhevsk (a kan Kama), a cikin yankin na garin Semenov (yankin Nizhny Novgorod, bayanan asali). A tsakiyar da ƙarshen watan Agusta, a cikin arewacin kewayon, ga ƙudan zuma fara ƙaura. A cikin wasu garken, manya da yara tsuntsaye sukan tashi.
Abubuwan bandeji sun nuna kaunar da iyaye ke yiwa junan su. A cikin nau'i-nau'i, 16, tsuntsaye biyu waɗanda aka samo su a yankin alamar shekaru na gaba bayan ringing, a lokuta biyu kawai abokin tarayya ya canza. A sakamakon haka, "aminci" ga abokin tarayya a cikin kudan zuma shine mai kashi 88%.
A cikin halayen nuna kyautar kudan zuma na zinare, ciyar da al'ada al'ada ce. Lokacin fara'a, maza sukan kawo abincin mace - mazari, dame ko lemo. An kashe kwari ta hanyar busawa da ƙulli (Formozov et al., 1950). A wannan lokacin, elytra ya watse daga irin ƙwaro. Sannan namiji ya ba da izinin ci ga mace. Tana ɗaukar shi kuma ta ci shi, bayan wannan dabbar ta hanyar canjin ta ke faruwa. Maza suna nuna ganima, kamar dai suna tabbatar da cewa sun sami damar ciyar da d. A. Wannan halayen ana lura dashi a cikin tsuntsayen cikin duka kewayon (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985, asalin.).
Hoto na 61. Abubuwa na canjin halaye na mai cin zalin zinare (a cewar: Fry, 1984).
Bayan makonni 2-5 bayan barin mazaunin da kajin, garken kudan zuma ke motsawa zuwa wuraren tsayawa akan hanyar ƙaura. Abun lura da bandeji ba sa bamu izinin tsawon lokacin zaman tsuntsaye a irin wadannan wuraren.
Mai yiyuwa ne wasu ɓangarorin hanyarta yayin ƙaura daga mai shayar da kudan zuma suka shawo kan tsaunukan tsaunuka (Dolnik, 1981) - sama da mil dubu uku da uku a saman farfajiyar ƙasa. Amma a wasu wurare suna tashi ƙasa. Fiye da Fiye da Dandalin Caucasus. a Jojiya da Abkhazia, ƙudan zuma suna tashi a wani tsauni na 50-200 m, a kowane lokaci suna kewaya saman inda jirgin yake, lokaci-lokaci suna gangarawa zuwa kwari koguna da rafuffuka, kwari, da sauransu. A lokacin hunturu, mai shayar kudan zuma yakan kasance a cikin manyan garken. Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da kwari cikin kwarin kogi, kan caji, a cikin dazuzzukan savannah, a kan ƙasar noma. Suna kwana a cikin babban garken bishiyoyi da shukoki, tare da kogin kogi da cikin kwarin kogi (Fry, 1984).
Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa
A lokacin farauta, mai cin kudan zuma bashi da makiya a cikin tsuntsayen da suka farauto. A cikin Oksky app. daga dubun dubunnan rukunoni masu zurfi, ragowar gidaje da cin naman tsuntsayen a shekarar 1954-1990. babu yadda aka samu ragowar mai shan kudan zuma. A lokaci guda, munyi nazari game da sinadarin abinci mai baƙar fata, bazzard, goshawk, sparrow hawk, gwoza, saker falcon, kestrel, cheglok, farin fari, fari, da muguwar ƙasa, da watar filin. A wani yanki na mai shayar da kudan zuma, an lura da farauta farauta, a mafi yawan lokuta - ba a yi nasara ba. A lokaci guda, da dama dolan ruwan sha aka kwashe kullun anan. Kwakwalwar kudan zuma tare da kajin tsofaffi za a iya haƙa daga sama ta hanyar fox ko kare.
Daga cikin dabbobin da ke lalata masu cin kudan zuma a Kazakhstan, ana kiransu macizai da cheglock. Tsohon ya hau cikin mayuka kuma yana ci kajin, yayin da na biyun ke cin naman mai cin kudan zuma a lokacin hijira (Korelov, 1970).
Batun anthropogenic yana da babban tasiri akan nasarar kudan zuma. A wuraren mulkin mallaka, inda aka lura da tasirin sa, nasarar kiwo mai cin kudan zuma ya ninka ƙasa da inda mutane ba sa iya kusancin wurin. Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau akan mai ƙudan kudan zuma ana aiki ta hanyar tasiri na rashin daidaituwa, lokacin da, saboda damuwar ɗan adam, tsuntsayen ke ciyar da kajin ba sau da yawa, suna yin birgima fiye da haka, suna jefa mawuyacin hali, galibi suna cinye kansu ko jefa abincin da aka kawo wa kajin kusa da ramuka saboda tsoron hawa cikin ramin a gaban mai sa ido. A yayin yanayin yanayi mara kyau, tasirin wannan abin yana daɗa ƙaruwa.
Larvae Diptera, Lepidoptera, da Coleoptera (Kirichenko, 1949, Hicks, 1970), kazalika da manya na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun liesarfin Sternopteryx da Oxypterum (bayanan asali) an samo su a cikin burrows da kuma zuriyar gidan kudan zuma. M.N. Korelov (1948, 1970), kazalika da S.M. Kosenko da E.M. Belousov (keɓaɓɓiyar sadarwa) a Tsakiyar Asiya a cikin nunin masu kudan zuma na zinare a cikin nazarin zuriyar dabbobi, a tsakanin sauran kwari, an sami adadin tururuwa masu yawa (janareto) Myrmica, Lasius, Formica). Yana yiwuwa waɗannan kwari su faɗi cikin zuriyar dabbobi kamar yadda mazauna cocin ke tattara abinci. An lura da irin wannan alaƙar tsakanin mai shayar kudan zuma da tururuwa a tsakiyar tsakiyar Oka (bayanan asali).
Musamman maƙarƙashin mahaifa Sternostoma coremani da Ptilongssoides triscutatus, waɗanda aka samo a Moldova (Shumilo, Lunkashu, 1970), Yankin Ryazan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, da Kyrgyzstan (Butenko, 1984), suna zaune a cikin kogon hanci na ƙudan zinare.
S.V. Kirikov, yana nufin lura da A.P. Firdausi, ta nuna cewa mai son kudan zuma yana kula da sanyi kuma ya mutu lokacin da sanyi ya dawo lokacin bazara (Ural South). Mutuwar kudan kudan zuma A.P. An lura da aljanna kusa da Orenburg a ƙarshen Mayu 1904. A cikin Oksky app. an lura da dawowar yanayin sanyi tare da dusar ƙanƙara a Mayu 20-23, 1974. A wannan karon, mai shayar da kudan zuma ya bayyana. Koyaya, ba a yi rajistar mutuwar su ba. A cikin yankin da ke sarrafa kogin. Oka, yawan masu cin kudan zuma a 1974 ya fadi da kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da 1973, amma har yanzu ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma na lokacin daga 1957 zuwa 1975. Yawan 1972, adadin kiwo ya haɓaka da 17% idan aka kwatanta da 1974.
Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya
Wasu masana kimiyya sun danganta kudan zuma ga kwari mai kiwon kudan zuma. Sun ba da shawarar kore mai cin zalin gwal daga apiaries, lalata su, toshe ramuka a cikin tsakiyar farauta, da dai sauransu. (Petrov, 1954, Budnichenko, 1956).
An kafa shi ne ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke kunshe a cikin ciki, I.K. Pachossky (1909) ya yanke hukuncin cewa mai son kudan zuma yana da amfani kuma ya kamata a kiyaye shi. A.I. Osterman (1912) ya bi wannan ra'ayi. Akasin haka, A.A. Brauner (1912) ya ɗauki wannan tsuntsun yana da lahani sosai, kodayake bai ba da shawarar shafe ta ba. Daga baya, sauran marubutan daga wannan yankin (Yakubanis, Litvak, 1962) sun ba da shawarar rage yawan kudan zuma a Transnistria zuwa mafi ƙaranci. Yu.V. Averin da A.M. Ganya (1970) sun baiyana ra'ayoyi game da masu son kudan zuma, suna bayar da tsoro don tsoratar da tsuntsayen da amfani da wargajewar su kusa da apiaries. A cikin 1980-1990s. kawai a yankin Odessa A kowace shekara, ana kashe ƙudan zuma dubu 3 da 5 a cikin Ukraine (Gorai et al., 1994).
S. G. Priklonsky ya kirkiri tasirin kudan zinare akan yawan ƙudan zuma a yankin Oksky Zap. (Yankin Ryazan). Mai kiwon kudan zuma a cikin wannan yanki a cikin 1958-1990 a kowace shekara suna cin kimanin mutane miliyan 2.5-5 na ƙudan zuma na gida, wanda ya kai 0.45-0.9% na yawan mutuwar ƙudan zuma a shekara. Koyaya, an gudanar da waɗannan karatun ne a kan iyakar arewa da iyaka, inda adadin masu shayar kudan zuma kadan ne. A wuraren ƙaura yawan, mai shayar da kudan zuma yana iya haifar da wasu lalacewar kiwon kudan zuma. A nan yana da ma'ana don tsoratar da tsuntsaye daga apiaries, a baya don kafa kudan zuma tare da dangin kudan zuma don hunturu. Irin wannan gwargwado shine mafi dacewa, kodayake tabbas zai buƙaci haɓaka samar da abinci ga ƙudan zuma don hunturu kuma, sabili da haka, zai haifar da raguwar samarwa (zuma).
An jera zinare na kudan zuma a cikin Littafin Lissafi na Jamhuriyar Belarus da kuma Litattafai da yawa na Red ofisoshin sassan Tarayyar Rashanci: Bashkortostan, Mari El, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Kirov da kuma Yankunan Nizhny Novgorod. da Altai Territory. Koyaya, a mafi yawan yankuna na Rasha, ba a ba da matakan musamman don kare wannan nau'in ba.
Shin kun san hakan.
A cikin ɗakin shayarwa na mai shayar kudan zuma, akwai ragowar ragowar kwayoyi na chitinous, wanda jikin tsuntsun nan baya sha.
- Masu shayar da kudan zuma da ke rayuwa a cikin Afirka na wurare masu zafi suna yin rukuni tare da tsarin zamantakewa mai ban sha'awa. Wannan shine ɗayan al'ummomin tsuntsaye masu ci gaba.
- A cikin Afirka, mai shayar kudan zuma, a matsayin gida, sau da yawa kan yi amfani da ƙyamar aardvark.
- Dukkanin jinsunan masu son kudan zuma yawanci suna rayuwa ne a kananan kungiyoyi - iyayen mahaifa, daya ko fiye da wasu tsuntsayen da basu kai shekarun balaga ba. Iyali na iya samun membobi 12.
- Wani lokaci, kudan zuma a Yankin Tsakiyar Turai. A cikin 1990, a Jamus (Baden-Württemberg ƙasar), fiye da nau'i-nau'i 12 na tsuntsayen kudan zuma na tsuntsaye.
- Don ciyar da kanta da karenta, mai son kudan zuma dole ne ya kama kusan kwari 225 kowace rana.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Schur mazaunin gargajiya ne na matsanancin yankuna na arewacin, baya jin tsoron yanayin sanyi kuma yana shirye don ɗaukar matakan ruwa har ma a lokacin sanyi. Waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su da ƙaura, kuma suna da mazauni, kuma suna da nono. Dukkan abubuwan sun dogara da yanayin yanayi na yanki da wadatar abinci. A cikin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi, pike ta tashi zuwa wurare mafi yankuna, amma ba a cire su da nisa daga yankuna masu rayuwa ba.
A cikin ƙauyukan ɗan adam, Schura da wuya ya gani, yana son wuraren zaman jama'a da wuraren shakatawa. Amma, bayan da ya sadu da wani mutum, Schur baya jin damuwa da yawa kuma yana bi da biyun cikin amincewa, yana barin sa a wani nesa kusa don mutum yai tunanin kyawunsa da jin waka.Roulades ana rera su ne kawai daga maza waɗanda suke shirye don komai don jawo hankalin abokin tarayya.
A cikin jirgin, squint yana da datti kuma mai yurok; yana jujjuya abubuwa cikin sauƙi tsakanin rassa masu yawa, suna yin zane-zanen acrobatic. Da zaran tsuntsu ya mamaye, ya zama mara nauyi kamar kadangaggu, ya rasa nutsuwa da alheri. Saboda wannan, squint da wuya ya zauna a ƙasa, saboda babban a cikin rassan yana ji akan raƙuman ruwansa da lafiya, sun fi son su zauna a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi.
Singing of Schurov sosai musamman a lokacin bikin aure, amma maza ba sa rabuwa da waƙar duk shekara. Moarfin tsuntsun ya haɗa da muryar raɗaɗi da kuka mai ban dariya, da alama akwai baƙin ciki kaɗan da melancholy, amma wannan alama ce kawai, yayin wasan kwaikwayon mazan suna aiki kuma suna ƙoƙari su nuna kansu kawai daga gefen mafi kyau.
Habitat da fasali
Wannan karamin tsuntsu yana cikin rukunin crayfish, dangin kudan zuma. Yawancin mutane suna zaune a cikin yanayin zafin yanayi na Afirka, kuma ana samun wannan nau'in a kudancin Turai, Asiya, Madagascar, New Guinea da Ostiraliya.
Matsayi mai cin zinare, wanda yake tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura, kuma yana tashi zuwa Afirka mai zafi ko Indiya don hunturu. Iyakar arewa zuwa rarrabuwa a Turai shine yankin arewacin Iberian Peninsula, arewacin Italiya. Tana zaune kusan dukkanin Turkiya, Iran, Arewacin Iraki da Afghanistan.
Mediterraneanasashen Rum masu ɗamara kusan kusan gida ne ga masu cin kudan zuma. Gida akan yankin Afirka a kan iyakar arewa na 30⁰ arewa. A cikin yankin Turai na Rasha ba sa zaune a arewacin arewacin lardin Ryazan, Tambov, Tula. Gidajen mai shayar da kudan zuma ya mamaye kwarin kwarin Oka, Don, Sviyaga.
Rarraba heterogeneous, foci. Therarin thermophilic da ke rayuwa a hamada da rabin hamada mai son kudan zuma. Matsayi da yawa nau'in kudan zumamai suna akasari bisa ga bayyanar. Mafi na kowa shine zinari. Wata ƙaramar tsuntsu ce mai yawan ci.
Jikin yana da tsayi tsawon cm 26, gemu shine 3.5 cm, nauyi shine gram 53-56. Tana kama, kamar sauran membobi na iyali, masu ɗimbin kyau - shuɗi, shuɗi, rawaya a cikin ɓoyayyen ya sa ɗan kudan zuma ya zama mafi kyawun tsuntsu a Turai.
A cikin hoto, kudan zuma kore
Kuna iya magana game da launi iri-iri na waɗannan tsuntsaye na dogon lokaci. Suna da hula a kawunansu, cheeks, makogwaro, ciki da kirji, dawo da launuka masu yawa, nadhvost, tashi da gashin fuka-fukai. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa bayyanar launi ta rinjaye, launi gashin fatar ma ta canza tare da shekaru. A cikin kananan tsuntsaye, shi ne dimmer. Da kyau, kuma, kamar yadda aka zata, maza sun fi maza kyau sosai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Lokacin bikin tsuntsaye a Schurov yana faruwa a ƙarshen bazara. Da wuya, ana iya lura da shi a cikin Maris, amma wannan yakan faru lokacin da bazara ke da zafi mara kyau. Schur cavalier yana da hankali sosai, yana nuna hali kamar mutum, yana kasancewa a kusa da wanda aka zaɓa, yana yawo a kusa da ita a cikin da'ira yana rera wakokin sautin wakoki, mai kama da sautin sarewa.
Bayan an yi ma'amala da juna, mace da kanta ta ci gaba da ba da sheda, malamin ba shi da hannu a aikin ginin, amma wannan ba laifin nasa ba ne, mahaifiyar da ke gaba da gaba ta hana shi yin hakan. Ana gina gida a farkon lokacin bazara, an sameshi sosai, mace tana sanya shi daga gangar jikin domin sanya shi aminci. Tsarin kanta yayi girma sosai kuma tana da siffar kwano wanda aka gina da ƙananan twigs, ruwan ciyawa iri iri. A ƙasan gida akwai shimfidar fuka-fukin gashin taushi wanda aka yi da ulu, gansakuka, kayan kayan lambu, gashin fuka-fuki.
Slour na schur yana kirgawa daga kananan kwayoyi uku zuwa shida, harsashi wanda yake da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da dige masu duhu. Lokacin shiryawa yana kimanin makonni biyu. Aa kawai mace mai launin fatar tana ƙyashe ƙwai, mahaifinsa na gaba yana ba wa abokin tarayya abinci, saboda mace a zahiri ba ta barin wurin zama. Bayan jarirai sun kyankyasar, namiji ya ci gaba da ciyar da wasu daga cikin mata da yara, waɗanda a koyaushe suke cikin sheƙun farin ciki.
Kajin sabon jarirai sanye da riguna mai launin toka, suna da abinci mai ban sha'awa, suna kururuwa da ƙarfi kuma suna buƙatar kari. Abincinsu yana cike da kowane nau'in kwari, wanda ya sa jarirai masu fuka-fuka ke girma cikin sauri. Lokacin da suke da makonni uku, sun riga sun yi tashin jirgi na farko, kuma lokacin da suke shekara daya da rabi, kajin sun sami cikakken 'yanci, sun bar yankin da suke zaune don neman ingantacciyar rayuwa. Shekarun Schurov da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin rayuwar ya kama daga shekaru 10 zuwa 12.
Nesting
Don wani lokaci bayan jirgin, duka mai cin zalin zinare da sauran tsuntsayen wannan dangin sun zauna, to sai a fara tarawa kusa da wuraren da aka saba zaune (kusa da kwari, koguna, koguna kogin). Wasu lokuta kungiyoyi da dama suna shirya mazaunin kusancinsu da juna, amma galibi mafi girma yankuna (har zuwa ɗaruruwan ɗari nau'i) a kan dutse ɗaya. Idan babu sassan sassan da suka dace, tsuntsaye na iya yin sirara a jikin saman kasa. Koyaya, sun fi jan hankali zuwa tsawan tsauni zuwa tsayin mita 3-5.
Abokan gaba na Schura
Hoto: Yaya squint yake?
Schur karami ne mai girman gaske kuma yana da launi mai laushi, don haka ana iya ganin shi daga nesa ta fuskoki daban-daban waɗanda ba sa ƙin cin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Sau da yawa Schurov yana kubutar da gaskiyar cewa sun fi so su rayu sosai a kambi na bishiyoyi, ba kowane dabba ne zai iya zuwa wurin ba. Birdsan ƙaramin tsuntsaye suna ba da sheƙarsu daga kwatancen don ta wahalar da su. Abokan Schurov a cikin daji sun haɗa da owls, martens da kuli na tsinkaye.
Tabbas, haɓakar matasa masu ƙwarewa da ƙananan kajin suna da saurin cutarwa kuma suna da haɗari ga hare-hare. Amma mace a zahiri ba ta barin jariran, jarirai duka ke da uba wanda yake kula da shi a karon farko, saboda haka jariran a koyaushe suna ƙarƙashin kariyar mahaifiya, wanda ke ceton rayukan su.
Ga abokan gaban Schurov kuma ana iya kirga su mutanen da ke cutar da tsuntsayen da ayyukan rashin tunani da nufin yardar mutum kawai. Ta hanyar tsoma baki a cikin halittun halittun mutum, jawo ruwan jikin mutane, gina hanyoyi da birane, yankan gandun daji, gurbata yanayin yanayin tsuntsaye, mutane suna rikita rayuwar tsuntsaye, wanda hakan ke cutar da yawan su.
Kada ku manta game da amincin waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsaye, waɗanda tare da su kuma zasu iya wasa da wargi mai ban tsoro. Wasu schuras sun sami nasarar ɗaukar asali cikin zaman talala, har ma sun sami zuriya, sun zama gabaɗaya kuma suna da wadatar rayuwa, yayin da wasu suka mutu a cikin keji, saboda har yanzu ba za su iya jurewa asarar 'yancin tsuntsu da' yanci ba.
Socket na'urar
Suna ɗan shirya rami a ɗan ɗan lokaci. Maza da mata sun haƙa su da beransu, kuma suna harhaɗa ƙasa da ƙafafunsu, suna komawa baya ga mafita. Yawancin tsuntsayen suna yin wannan aiki a safiya da maraice na yamma (daga misalin 9 zuwa 10 da 17 zuwa 17). Dukkanin aikin shirya gida yana kwanaki 10 zuwa 20, ya danganta da ƙurar ƙasa. Duk tsawon lokacin wannan aikin, tsuntsaye suna jefa kimanin kilo 12 na ƙasa daga ramin.
Tsawon ramin da aka gama shine 1-1.5 m (wani lokacin har zuwa 2 m). A cikin Caucasus, zaku iya samun burrows har zuwa 60 cm zurfi. A ƙarshen sa, mai cin zalin zinare yana shirya wasu faɗaɗa - ɗakin shaƙatawa, inda ya shimfiɗa mata kusan 6-7 a watan Afrilu-Yuni. Su duka iyayen sun yi awon gaba da su tsawon kwanaki 20. 20-25 kwanaki bayan kyankyashe, sai kaji yara sun tashi daga inda iyayen suke. A shekara guda kawai, an kammala kama ɗaya.
Kudan zuma da kuma kudan zuma
Aya daga cikin ƙudan zuma kudan zuma lokacin cin ƙudan zuma kawai za su iya cin kusan 1000 a rana. Inda akwai inda apiaries suke, kusan kashi 80-90% na kwari da waɗannan tsuntsayen suke ci sune ƙudan zuma. Idan muka lura cewa daya gidan kudan zuma mai tashi sama da mutane 30,000, to, mai cin kudan zuma shi kadai yana lalata kusan kashi 2-3%. Abun kudan zuma mai cin kudan zuma a lokacin bazara na iya lalata ƙudan zuma har dubu 2, kuma gaba ɗaya garken (kusan tsuntsaye 100) na iya juya gaba ɗaya apiary (kusan iyalai 50).
Akwai lokuta idan aka sami ƙudan zuma har guda 180 a cikin goiter ɗaya, a cikin harshe akwai yalwarsu. Abin sha'awa shine gaskiyar cewa guba baya aiki akan waɗannan tsuntsayen. Esudan zuma suna da cutarwa ga kiwon kudan zuma kuma suna nesa da apiary, kamar yadda suke kama ƙudan zuma yayin jirginsu zuwa ga tsirrai na zuma. Suna kawo babban lahani a cikin Yuli-Agusta kuma har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Dangane da fa'idodin kudan zuma a cinikin kwari da ke cutar da gandun daji da aikin gona, zamu iya cewa yana da kankanta.
Game da hatsarorin tsuntsaye da kariya ga ƙudan zuma daga gare su
Baya ga gaskiyar cewa ƙudan zuma yawo a cikin fakitoci zuwa apiaries suna da ikon lalata adadi mai yawa na tattara ƙudan zuma, don haka rage tarin zuma, akwai ƙarin cutar daga gare su. Beesudan zuma zinare kuma suna lalata masu lalatattun abubuwa, suna haifar da babbar illa ga narkar da iri da haɓakar Clover.
Abin takaici, kare ƙudan zuma daga wannan tsuntsu ya dogara ne akan halakar kuɗaɗen ta kowane fanni. Akwai ma shawarwari don halakar da tsuntsaye manya da kajin daidai a cikin ciyayi tare da chloropicrin ko carbon disulfide. Irin wannan mummunan yanayin ana yin sa a lokacin bazara, kusan nan da nan bayan fitowar tsuntsaye daga wuraren hunturu. A maraice, lokacin da dukkanin tsuntsayen ke cikin burrows, suna jefa kwallaye daga tawul, wanda aka riga aka soya da shi ta hanyar, zuwa cikin mazauninsu kuma ya rufe su da ƙasa. Karkashin tasirin gas, mai shayar da kudan zuma ya lalace. Wannan mummunar hanya ce don yaƙar tsuntsaye. Hakanan daya daga cikin matakan araha don taimakawa kare tsuntsaye daga wadannan tsuntsaye shine harbirsu daga bindiga.
A yau, kudan zuma suna zazzabi a zahiri tare da gunaguni game da matsaloli a cikin apiaries. Suna da alaƙa da wasps, mice, moths, ƙaho, har ila yau, tare da mai cinye zakin zinare. Za su cinye kowane mutum. Amma ba za su bar ƙudan zuma ba ”- kalamai a kan majalisun. Dangane da irin wannan sake dubawa, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa ga masu kiwon makiyaya wadannan tsuntsayen mummunan bala'i ne.
Sauran matakan kare tsuntsaye
Baya ga hanyoyin yakar zalunci da aka bayyana a sama, za a iya ɗaukar wasu matakai don hana lahani daga rayuwar mai-kudan zuma:
- A watan Yuni-Yuli (lokacin haifuwa a cikin tsuntsaye) daga apiaries zuwa manyan yawan kudan zuma, ya zama dole a kula da nesa da akalla kilomita 3. Wannan yakamata ayi la'akari dashi.
- Idan babu yiwuwar motsa apiaries, tsuntsaye ya kamata a tilasta su canza wurin mazaunan, suna lalata burrows kuma rufe hanyoyin fita su (kawai bayan ƙarshen lokacin haifuwa).
- Lokacin da mai cin kudan zuma ya bayyana a kusa da apiaries, suna iya jin tsoro daga nan tare da taimakon tsuntsaye na abin farauta ko harbi guda.
Kammalawa
Masu cin zalin zinare (ko na Turai) na ɗaya daga cikin birdsan tsuntsayen da ke farautar ƙudan zuma, wasps, bumblebees har ma da ƙahonin. Saboda wannan matsanancin abinci na abinci, wannan kyakkyawan tsuntsun mai ban mamaki shima ana kiran shi mai shayar kudan zuma. Abin takaici, wannan tsuntsu tana haifar da lahani mai yawa ga kiwon kudan zuma, wanda kuma dole ne a lasafta shi. A bayyane yake, wannan tsuntsu baya cikin haɗarin lalata nau'i. Kuma wannan haƙiƙa ne, aƙalla muddin kudan zuma ya wanzu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Schur - tsuntsayen, galibi yan arewa, suna zaune a yankuna tare da yanayin sanyi. Wannan bawai bane cewa zaku iya haduwa da Schur ko'ina, kamar ayaba, ba yaduwa sosai kuma yana ƙoƙarin nisanta daga mazaunan ɗan adam. Yana da wuya a ga shchurov kawai saboda tsuntsayen suna zaune a wuraren da ƙafafun mutum ba su da tsayawa sau da yawa, kuma kusan duk lokacin da tsuntsaye suka yi yawa a kambi na itacen.
Abin ƙarfafa ne cewa ba a jera IUCN a cikin Jerin Layi ba, wannan kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai ban mamaki ba ya fuskantar halaka, kuma ba a ɗauki matakan kariya na musamman dangane da yawan adadin Schur. A kan yankin kasarmu, Schur ba wai shi jinsin Red Book bane, wanda ba zai yi farin ciki ba sai dai ya yi farin ciki. A cikin Littafin Layi na Duniya, Schur yana cikin jerin jinsunan da ke haifar da ƙarancin damuwa.
Tabbas, saurin tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam wanda ke da alaƙa da gandun daji, ginin hanyoyi, ginin matsugunnin ɗan adam da lalata yanayin gaba ɗaya, ya shafi rayuwar wakilai da yawa na fauna, gami da Schurov, amma ya zuwa yanzu waɗannan tsuntsaye masu haske a cikin matakan kiyayewa na musamman ba su buqatar shi. Ana fatan cewa wannan halin, game da adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen, zai ci gaba da dorewa.
A ƙarshe, Ina so in ƙara hakan schur a cikin kyakyawar kyawunsa mai kyawu da ban sha'awa. Ba za ku iya tsaga kanku da kanku ba, kuna kallon hoton wannan tsuntsun da yake zaune a kan rassan toka ko kuma itacen ash. Schuras, kamar fure mai launi, fure akan bishiyoyi a cikin hunturu, suna yin ado da yanayin yanayin hunturu na monochrome. Tsayawa a kan wani bango na farin dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara, don dacewa da rukunin rowan da kuka fi so, suna kama da kama-karya, masu tsaurin ra'ayi da ɓarna, suna ɗora da ƙarfi da haɓaka.
