Hoto 15. expaƙƙarfan sifaffen tsari na ɗimbin ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ƙarfi, keɓatawa kowane 4 hours.

Don ci gaban jama'a ya zama daidai da wannan ƙirar, ba zai zama dole a koyaushe a koyaushe, i.e. matsakaicin yawan zuriya ga kowane mutum yakamata ya kasance tsayayye (idan r = 0, i.e., yawan haihuwa yana daidai da mace-mace, to yawan jama'a baya ƙaruwa).

Dangane da darajar r, karuwar adadin mutane na iya zama cikin sauri kuma a hankali. C. Darwin ya kirkiri damar damar haɓakar al'ummomin halittu daban-daban lokacin aiwatar da tsarin ƙimanin. Dangane da ƙididdigar sa, yawan zuriyar giwaye ɗaya - dabbobi masu kiwo a hankali - zai kai miliyan 19 a cikin shekaru 750. Idan muka juya ga halittun da ba su da tsawo ba kuma suna haɓaka da sauri, lambobin za su fi ban sha'awa. A cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke rarraba kowane minti 20, biomass na iya samar da daga kwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya bayan sa'o'i 36, wanda zai rufe duk duniya tare da fenti 30 cm lokacin farin ciki, kuma bayan wasu sa'o'i 2 tare da rufin 2 m.

"Tunda ba kwayoyin cuta ko giwaye suka rufe duniya da ci gaba ba, a bayyane yake cewa a zahiri yanayin yanayin yawan kwayar halitta ko daya baya faruwa, ko kuma ya faru, amma ga wani dan gajeren lokaci, sakamakon raguwar lambobi ko isa matakin tsayuwa. "(Gilyarov, 1990, shafi na 77).

A dabi'a, ana ganin an sami ƙarancin yawan adadin jama'a a cikin kankanen lokaci na rayuwarsu yayin yanayi mai kyau, lokacinda ake wadatar da albarkatu koyaushe. Don haka a cikin layukan yanayi latitude a cikin bazara bayan da kankara ta narke a cikin farfajiya na ruwa ya ƙunshi abinci mai yawa. Don wannan, bayan dumama ruwan akwai saurin karuwa a yawan diatoms da algae kore. Koyaya, hakan yana hanzari ya daina amfani da waɗannan albarkatun sama kuma, ƙari, zooplankton yana fara cin algae sosai (shine, ta hanyar daidaita yawan jama'a "daga ƙasa" da "a sama").

Misalin karin yawan al'umma shine tarihin gabatar da reindeer zuwa tsibiran. Don haka daga mutane 25 (maza 4 da mata 21) aka kawo a 1911 zuwa tsibirin St. Paul (Tekun Bahar), a shekarar 1938 an kirkira yawan deer 2,000. Koyaya, sannan lambobi suka ragu, kuma a shekarar 1950 mutane 8 kawai suka tsira. Dalilin rushewar jama'a shine cin zarafin shuka - alaƙar phytophage (duba 8.3) saboda rashi hanyar haɗin na uku a cikin sarkar abinci - maƙiyin.

Tsarin dabaru na yawan ci gaban jama'a, aka bayyana ta hanyar S-dimbin Tsara (ci gaban jinkiri - saurin haɓaka - jinkirin girma, Hoto 16), kuma masanin ilmin lissafin dan asalin P.F. ya gabatar da shawarar a farkon karni na 19. Verhulstom, sannan a cikin 20s. Masana kimiyyar Amurka R. Perle da L. Reed sun sake gano su. P.V. Turchin yayi la'akari da wannan ƙirar a matsayin nuna dokar "kame kai don ci gaban kowane alƙarya."

Hoto 16. Tsarin dabaru na yawan ci gaban jama'a. K - lambar iyaka

Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar ci gaban jama'a na iya zama da bambanci sosai: albarkatun abinci, sakamakon cunkoson jama'a (a cikin ƙwanƙwasawa, ƙaruwar haɓakar haihuwa yana raguwa), guba mazaunin mazaunin ta hanyar ɓoyewar cikin mahaifa, cin ƙarar jama'a ta hanyar magabata, da dai sauransu.

Koyaya, wannan tsarin shine ainihin ra'ayi, tunda ba kasafai ake bayyana shi a yanayi ba. Mafi sau da yawa, bayan yawan jama'a ya kai ga farantin (ya kai iyakar K daidai da adadin albarkatun), raguwar kwatsam a cikin adadin ya faru, sannan kuma yawan adadin mutane yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri. Don haka, yanayin aikinsa an hada shi da maimaita hanyoyin haɓaka.

Ana lura da irin kuzarin hawan keke, alal misali, a cikin yawan mutanen tundra lemmings waɗanda ke ciyar da mosses da lichens. Sun ci gaba da rayuwarsu a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna cinye abincin abincinsu har suka daina ba da labari, daga nan suka fara mutuwa daga mutumin da ba shi da abinci. Bayan mosses sun girma, an fara sabon sawa a adadin lemunan.

Canjin yanayin girma a cikin yawan jama'a na yuwu ne a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi, cututtukan fata da magabata.

Akwai wani zaɓi na musamman don tsara ƙimar yawan jama'a, wanda ake kira "dama", i.e. wadanda basu dace da '' daidai '' dokokin da aka bayyana ta hanyar wani ka'idojin bayani ko kayan amfani da dabaru ba.

Masu bincike (r-Strategists) suna fuskantar barkewar tashin hankali yayin da albarkatu masu yawa suka bayyana. Haka kuma, ci gaban lambobi yana faruwa ne ko dai saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane daga hutu na kasashen waje (ka ce, bankin ƙasa) na fara haɓaka, ko kuma saboda "saukowa" mai yawa a cikin matakan ƙwai (ka faɗi, ƙudaje waɗanda suka hau kan gawar dabba). Tunda gasar saboda yawan albarkatu ta yi rauni, tunda aka kashe adadinsu, adadin ya mutu gaba ɗaya.

Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, tsire-tsire masu saurin binciken suna ƙaruwa a cikin gasa, amma natsar da kai ba ta faruwa (kamar a cikin itatuwan violet), kuma girman mutane yana raguwa sau goma da daruruwan lokuta. A lokaci guda, tsire-tsire suna wucewa gaba ɗayan rayuwar kuma sun sami damar haifar da tsaba.

J. Harper (Harper, 1977) ya kira wannan nau'in tsarin adadin yawan tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara "filastik" kuma ya bambanta shi da yankan-kai. Wadannan nau'ikan ka'idoji biyu na yawa a cikin yawan tsire-tsire suna da alaƙa ta hanyar canji: a yawancin jinsin tare da dabarun sakandare, tare da karuwa da yawaitar jama'a, duka raguwa a cikin girman mutane da lalata kansa yana faruwa lokaci guda.

Dangane da ilimin waɗannan dokokin, an gina ma'anar darajar kuɗi don shuka shuka na tsirrai. Da farko, tare da karuwa a yawan shuka, amfanin gona ya girma, amma sai ya fara raguwa. An zaɓi ƙwayar shuka wanda ya ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Koyaya, wasu lokuta akan ɗan ɗan jujjuya shi yadda tsire-tsire masu ciyawar za su iya lalata ciyawar. Tare da haɓaka ƙwayar herbicidal, wannan ba lallai ba ne.

Hoto 17. Dogaro da yawan alkama game da yawan shuka yayin ingantaccen yanayin muhalli.

1. Bayyana ƙayyadaddun samfurin yawan ɗimbin jama'a.

2. Me yasa ba a taɓa ganin tsarin girma a cikin yawan al'umman duniya ba?

3. Wadanne matakai ne tsarin rayuwar dan Adam ya bunkasa?

4. Me ke haifar da sauyin yanayin haɓakar ɗabi'a?

5. Waɗanne alƙarya ne ake kira dama?

7.4. Abun da ya shafi yawan jama'a

Za'a iya fahimtar ɓarkewar yanayi yayin da yawan isan adam ke bambanta: tare da “fara” lokaci-lokaci yawan jama'a suna buɗe sarari, ko tare da ci gaba da "kwararar jama'a" lokacin da wasu mutane suka mutu wasu kuma suka sami sarari sarari (halin da ake ciki na "tashar" wanda adadin mutane ke barin Fasinjoji ana biyan diyyatan sabbin bakin haure). Sakamakon haka, a cikin al'ummomin daban daban tare da kirgawa-na lokaci guda, an bayyanar da tsarin tsarin shekarun daban

Ba zai yiwu a tantance cikakken matsayin mutum a cikin jinsuna ba. Ba shi da wahala a yi wannan domin bishiyoyi, ta amfani da matattarar ruwa na musamman, wanda ake amfani da shi don fitar da shafi na itace - ainihin kuma ƙididdige adadin zoben itace a kai. A cikin wata itaciya ta wani irin yanayi a cikin takamaiman yanayi (i.e., tare da ɗayan bonitet), yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade shekarun tare da daidaituwa na shekaru 5 ta diamita daga cikin akwati. A cikin conifers, shekaru an ƙaddara shi da yawan adadin harbe a cikin akwati. Koyaya, a cikin ganyayyaki, ƙayyade cikakkar shekarun yana da wahala, sabili da haka an kimanta “yanayin shekarunsu” (mataki).

A cikin manyan tsire-tsire na spore (ferns, horsetails, rawanin), matakai na spores, gametophyte girma, matasa sporophytes da girma sporophytes fice.

Experiencewarewa mai zurfi don gano jihohin da ke da alaƙa da tsirrai ta tarawa ta hanyar botanists na alƙaluma (LB Zagolugova, OV Smirnova, LI Zhukova da sauransu, tebur 7).

Tebur 7 Har ila yau, yanayin jigilar tsire-tsire na fure-fure na fure (a cewar Zhukova, 1987)

Kirgawa mai wahala

A cewar Mizin, a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, akwai masu farautar daji miliyan 2-2.2, kuma a farkon lokacin tarihin akwai ma. Yanzu an sanya sunayen ƙungiyoyi biyu na waɗannan ungularsu a cikin Littafin Ruwan Raha na Federationungiyar Rasha, kaɗan kaɗan - a cikin Littattafai na Red of 23 yankuna na Rasha. A cikin sabon bugun littafin Rashan Rakiya, za a fadada jerin rarar da ke buƙatar kariyar ta musamman.

Mizin ya lura cewa yanzu ba a gudanar da binciken sararin samaniyar ba, wanda, kamar yadda yake a lokutan Soviet, zai rufe dukkan yankuna. "Akwai damuwa kan cewa yawan magudin daji da muke da shi ya wuce gona da iri. Ba mu samun amintattun bayanai kan lambarta," in ji shi.

Don haka, a cikin yankin Murmansk sun dawo cikin ƙididdigar sararin samaniya kawai a yanzu, bayan shekaru 15 na katsewa. Kamar yadda Dmitry Kask, shugaban sashen kula da lissafi da saka idanu kan abubuwan dabbobin daji na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun kasa na yankin Murmansk, za a gudanar da wadannan ayyuka cikin tsari a cikin Maris 2017. "Kula da iska ya ba da cikakken hoto na garken barewa, amma tun 2001, saboda karancin kudade, ba a aiwatar da shi ba," in ji Kask.

A Taimyr kadai, inda aka fara lissafin iska ta farko a 1959, kula da yawan dabbobi daga sama ya kama ta ta hanyar girbi, da Kulawar Hijira na Muhalli da Muhalli, Yankin Arewa, Gosokhotnadzor da reshen yanayi. Yanzu binciken sararin samaniyar kan mashigin teku ba a za'ayi shi ba saboda tsadar tsada - awa daya na jirgin helikofta na Mi-8 yana da nauyin 200,000 rubles.

"A cikin yankin Turai na kasar, mummunan halin da ake ciki ya sami ci gaba tare da sake komawa ciki da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji. Karewar daji da kuma bautar da ba a san su ba sun haifar da rage yawan dabbobi zuwa sau biyar zuwa goma," in ji Mizin.

Bayan Uungiyoyin Urals, ƙungiyar mafi girma ta daji ta zaune a cikin Gundumar Krasnoyarsk - a Taimyr.

"Yanzu muna kiyasta dabbobin gidaun dubu 400-500, a 2000 yawan mazauna daji ya haura miliyan 1. A wannan lokacin, ya ragu idan har lamarin ya ci gaba, ya zuwa shekarar 2020, a cewar hasashen, yawan jama'ar na iya raguwa zuwa mutum dubu 150 zuwa 200. Bayan haka kuma, makomar malama za ta zama abin tashin hankali, "in ji Leonid Kolpashchikov, shugaban sashen kimiyya na reshen Taimyr.

Deer ya mutu saboda dalilai mabambanta: alal misali, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan adadin karnukan karnuka a cikin tundra sun ƙaru sosai, amma babban abin da ke jawo hakan shi ne farautar mata. Masu binciken farauta 800 ne kawai ke da nauyin kilomita 800,000 na Taimyr. "Staffan ƙaramar jami'an binciken masu farautar ba su sami damar sarrafa kamun kifin daji ba, wanda aka gudanar tare da keta lokaci, girma da kuma hanyoyin samarwa. Gabaɗaya, yanayin kamun kifi ya karu a lokaci guda kamar yadda karuwar farauta da ba a sarrafa ta ba daga ko'ina cikin dabbar daji daga Yakutia zuwa Yamal" - bayyana Kolpashchikov.

Innokenty Okhlopkov, sakataren kimiyya na Cibiyar Matsalolin Kwayoyin halitta ta Cryolithozone ya ce, "A cikin Yakutia, mafi yawan yan Yango-Indigirian a cikin 80s an rage ninki goma zuwa dabbobi dubu 2," in ji Innokenty Okhlopkov, sakataren kimiyya na Cibiyar Matsalolin Halittu ta Cryolithozone.

Shotgun da gatari

A cewar Kolpashchikov, manoma suna girbin barewa a cikin Taimyr ta hanyar manoma da kuma yawan yankunan dake kusa da Yakutia, daga bangon hagu na Yenisei, daga Koda. A yankin masana'antu na Norilsk kadai, a gefen dama na Kogin Yenisei da kuma a cikin matakan Putorana Plateau, mafarauta fiye da dubu suna farauta a lokacin bazara.

A shekara ta 1971-1990, lokacin da aka sami tsarin kasuwanci na kera wani iri, a cikin garin Taimyr masu bautar dabbobi sun haɗu da dabbobi kimanin dubu 10 a shekara. Yanzu - 45-50 dubu deer (rabin adadin adadin dabbobin da aka kama kuma suka mutu saboda dalilai daban-daban). "Mafi yawan sashin garken an rushe shi, a sakamakon haka, tsarin jima'i da tsarin shekarun garken sun canza, karancin marayu sun samu," in ji Kolpashchikov.

"Yawan jama'ar Taimyr na fuskantar mummunan hallakarwa, a ganinmu. Yawancin mutanen da ke dauke da makamai da dusar kankara sun karu sosai. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an fara aiwatar da girbi ango da barewa," in ji Mizin.

Mafi yawan lokuta wannan yakan faru ne a tsallaka kogin, a cikin ruwa barewar ba ta da wata kariya. Malamai masu kusantar dabbobi suna kan babura, suna yankan tururuwa tare da gatari da kyankyashe, sau da yawa tare da kashin gaban goshi. Yawancin maza productiveaƙa masu yawan gaske suna mutuwa a cikin wannan tsarin dabbanci.

A cewar Ma'aikatar Kula da dabbobi ta Taimyr, daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Agusta 2015, an karɓi tanƙai 61 na ƙawannin gida daga yankin Taimyr. A cikin 2016, kimanin tan 20 na kayayyakin antler an sayo su a cikin kogin Khatanga da Kheta (Gabashin Taimyr) shi kaɗai. A cewar Kolpashchikov, a gabashin Taimyr babu adadi mai yawa na gida, wanda ke nufin cewa aƙalla an samar da wani ɓangare na angers ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga masu zuwa daji lokacin bazara lokacin da aka haramta farauta.

Wata matsala ita ce toshewar hanyoyin da ke girma a kan hanyoyin ƙaura, wanda magudanar ruwa ta yi ƙarni da yawa. Ba koyaushe hanyoyi bane, bututun bututu da sauran abubuwa masu layi wadanda aka gina yayin la'akari da "bukatun" dabbobi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gina abubuwan wuce gona da iri. Dore ya shiga cikin matsala ta wucin gadi kuma ya mutu, bai kai wurin makiyaya ba, ko kuma ya zama saukin farauta ga masu kiwon dabbobi.

Ceto don dako

A cewar Mizin, kwararru sun yarda cewa "yawan raguwar daji shine" an rage shi sosai ", kuma ana buƙatar matakai na musamman don adana wannan ƙimar dabba. "A matsayin matakin fifiko, ya kamata a rage ka'idodin farauta a cikin daji. Kada farautar farauta daga kaka zuwa bazara, amma a cikin watanni na hunturu," in ji masanin kimiyyar.

Masana sun lura da raguwar aikin jihar a tsarin tsara farauta da dabbobi. Wajibi ne a karfafa iko a kan bayar da lasisi da kuma samar da dabbobi, a maido da tsarin tattara bayanai ingantattu, musamman, a duk lokacin binciken sararin samaniyar Rasha, da kuma sarrafa fitarwa daga kayan albarkatun kasa da kuma juya shi a kasuwannin gida.

A cewar Kolpashchikov, a cikin Taimyr yana yiwuwa a dauki hotunan manyan mutane tare da taimakon karamin jirgin sama kuma a san adadinsu ba kawai, har ma da shekarunsu da kuma tsarin jima'i. Tare da waɗannan sakamakon, masana kimiyya sun sami ikon yin lissafin adadin dabbobin akan wani ƙira da aka yi aiki shekaru da yawa.

"Don tseratar da yawan jama'ar Taimyr, ya zama dole a tsara tsauraran iko a kan masifar, ta hana farauta dabbobin daji da kuma girbin ambaliyar," in ji masanin kimiyyar, ya kara da cewa mafi tsauraran matakan akan bangaren Gosokhotnadzor sun zama dole dangane da masu kiwon dabbobi.

Source TASS

Mafarin daji a cikin yankin Nenets mai Ruwa ya ɓace saboda laifin masu ba da fata. Girman yawan mazaunin daji na Timan ya ragu sosai. Irin wannan hoton ya ga kwararrun da suka gudanar da rajista na hunturu game da magudanan dabarun gwaji a yankin Yammacin Yankin Nenets. Wannan binciken shine irinsa na farko cikin shekaru da yawa. A cewar WWF, a cikin NAO a 2010 akwai dabbobi daga 4.5 zuwa 5,000, kuma a halin yanzu babu dabbobi sama da 500 da suka rage.

Idan muka yi magana game da yawan mutanen Timan, to, a ƙarshen 70-80s na ƙarni na karshe, akwai daga ƙaho dubu 12 zuwa 15, yanzu akwai kusan dubu ɗaya da rabi.

Bidiyo: Amsar littafi mai haske - kiwo na kamun kai - kimiyya

A watan Nuwamba, Kamfanin White Buffalo, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta dogara da shirye-shiryen bincike na dabbobi da dabbobin, tana shirin ba da dabbar da ke da fararen fata 40 da ke zaune a Cincinnati, gami da Dutsen Storm Clifton Park, nan da mako guda. da kuma Sashin Halittu na Laboito Woods.

A cikin Cincinnati, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na rage adadin barewa mai fararen fata.

Shugaban kamfanin na White Buffalo ya ce, kamar yadda ake tsammani, adadin farin gizirin fari, bayan nasarar aiwatar da shirin, zai ragu da kashi 40 cikin 100 a shekaru biyu masu zuwa.