Masana kimiyya sun gano yadda zazzabi a Tekun Atlantika ya canza kafin ƙuguwar taro a ƙarshen Cretaceous. Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da cewa dalilinsa na iya zama sakamakon haɗakar abubuwa guda biyu: fashewar volcanoes na Indiya da faɗuwar asteroid.
Conclusionwararrun baƙi na Amurka daga Jami'ar Florida, waɗanda aka buga labarinsu a cikin jaridar Nature Communications.
Tun daga shekarun 1980, abin da ake kira tasirin sakamako ya samu karbuwa sosai tsakanin masanan kimiyyar Yammaci. Ta yi bayanin yawan bacewar a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous (kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata), wanda aka ɓace ga dinosaur da sauran kwayoyin, a matsayin masifar kwatsam da ta faru sakamakon faɗuwar asteroid Chiksulub a yankin Yucatan.
Kwanan nan, duk da haka, masana da yawa sun ƙarasa ga cewa sakamakon wannan abin da ya faru ba shi da ƙima da za a iya bayanin halakar ƙungiyar da yawa a duniya. Don adana tasirin tasirin, masana kimiyya sun haɗu da shi tare da kayan wutar lantarki. Sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin asteroid ya zo daidai da fashewar Tashar Deccan, babban lardin volcanic a Indiya.
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa a ƙarshen Cretaceous, an sami ƙaruwa biyu a yawan zafin jiki na ruwa a tekun Atlantika. Da farko, zazzabi ya tashi sama da digiri 14 a Fahrenheit, wanda, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya yi daidai da barkewar tarkacen Deccan, saboda yawan carbon dioxide da ke shiga cikin yanayin, wanda hakan ya haifar da tasirin kwayar halitta. Bayan shekaru 150,000, ƙarami mai tsalle a zazzabi ya faru - marubutan sa sun faɗi faɗuwar asteroid.
Marubutan sun bayyana cewar "dumamar yanayi ta yanayin dumamar yanayi ne sakamakon karuwar wutar lantarki da ta haifar da karuwar girgizar kasa kuma hakan ya sanya su kara kula da wannan bala'in da ya barke a lokacin faduwar asteroid," in ji mawallafin. A cewar masu binciken, karafunan zafin jiki guda biyu da suka yi rikodin su suna cikin yarjejeniya mai kyau tare da rakumar ruwan guda biyu, wanda sauran masana kimiyya ke magana a kai.
Tuno, kwanan nan masana kimiyyar binciken dabbobi sun nuna cewa dinosaurs sun faɗi cikin lalata tun da daɗewa kafin faɗuwar asteroid ɗin, bisa zargin su da lalata halayen su. Saboda haka, wannan mummunan bala'in da ya faru ba zai iya zama babban dalilin ɓarnatar da abubuwan cin abinci daga fuskar duniya ba.
Karin Tsawaita
Tare da abubuwan dinosaurs marasa amfani na avian, ci gaban ruwan zavropsids, wanda ya hada da mosasaurs da plesiosaurs, dinosaurs na tashi (pterosaurs), mollusks masu yawa, gami da ammonites da belemnites, kuma ƙananan algae masu yawa sun kasance ƙare. Gabaɗaya, 16% na iyalan dabbobi masu ruwa (47% na dabbobin ruwa) da 18% na iyalai masu shinge na ƙasa, gami da kusan duka manya da matsakaici, sun mutu. Dukkanin yanayin halittun da suka kasance a cikin Mesozoic sun lalace gaba daya, wanda daga baya ya haifar da rikicewar ƙungiyoyin dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda ya ba da nau'i mai yawa a farkon Paleogene saboda yantar da yawancin ilimin muhalli.
Koyaya, yawancin rukuni na shuke-shuke da dabbobi a matakan daga tsari da sama sun tsira daga wannan lokacin. Don haka, kananan sauropsids, kamar macizai, kunkuru, ƙwaƙwalwa da tsuntsayen, har da crocodilomorphs, gami da crocodiles da suka rayu har wa yau. Mafi kusancin dangin ammonites sun tsira - nautilus, dabbobi masu shayarwa, murjani da tsire-tsire na ƙasa.
Akwai zaton cewa wasu abubuwan da ba na avian (hadrosaurs, theropods, da sauransu) sun wanzu a yammacin Arewacin Amurka da Indiya na wasu ƙarin miliyoyin shekaru a farkon Paleogene bayan lalata su a wasu wurare (Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Haka kuma, wannan zaton bashi da wata ma'ana tare da kowane irin yanayi na lalacewar tasirin.
Sanadin lalata
A karshen 1990s, har yanzu babu wani ra'ayi guda daya game da dalilin da kuma halakar wannan lalata.
A tsakiyar shekarun 2010, ƙarin nazarin wannan lamari ya haifar da ra'ayoyi a cikin al'umman kimiyya cewa babban abin da ya haifar da lalacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene shine faduwar jikin sama, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar da ƙirar Chiksulub a cikin Yucatan Peninsula, sauran abubuwan ra'ayi ana ɗauka kamar marmar. A halin yanzu, ba a musanta wannan batun ba, amma wasu da yawa, madadin ko dalilai na haɗin gwiwa an gabatar da su wanda kuma zasu iya taka rawa a ƙarshen lalata.
Abubuwan Lafiya
- Tasirin sakamako. Rushewar asteroid shine ɗayan juzu'ai na yau da kullun (wanda ake kira "Alvarez hypothesis", wanda ya gano iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene). Ya dogara ne akan kusancin daidaituwa tsakanin lokacin kirkirar dutsen chkinxxub (wanda shine sakamakon meteorite game da 10 kilomita a cikin girman kimanin miliyan 65 da suka shude) akan Yucatan Peninsula a Meziko da lokacin ƙare yawancin nau'in dinosaur. Bugu da kari, lissafin samaniya na samaniya (wanda ya danganta da kallon halittun asteroids) ya nuna cewa meteorites sunfi girman kilomita 10 haduwa da Duniya akan matsakaici sau daya a kowace shekara miliyan miliyan 100, wanda yake girman girman sa, a bangare guda, zuwa hadaddiyar gwanayen da aka sani, hagu daga cikin meteorites, a daya bangaren kuma, lokacin tazara tsakanin kololuwar gabobin halittar halittu a cikin Phanerozoic. An tabbatar da ka'idar ta hanyar karuwar abun ciki na iridium da sauran platinoids a cikin wani bakin ciki a iyakar iyakokin cretaceous na Cretaceous da Paleogene, wanda aka lura a yawancin sassan duniya. Wadannan abubuwan suna maida hankali ne a cikin shimfiɗar shimfiɗar da keɓaɓɓun andasa kuma suna da wuya a fagen farfajiya. Ta wani bangaren, tsarin sunadarai na asteroids da comets sun fi dacewa daidai da yanayin tsarin hasken rana, wanda iridium ya fi karfin matsayi. Ta amfani da kayan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta, masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa kimanin dala tiriliyan 15 na ash da soot an jefa su cikin iska, kuma duhu ne a Duniya kamar ƙwallan wata. Sakamakon rashin hasken, tsire-tsire sun yi saurin raguwa ko kuma an hana yin amfani da photosynthesis na shekaru 1-2, wanda hakan na iya haifar da raguwar yawan oxygen a cikin sararin samaniya (yayin da Duniya ke rufe daga hasken rana). Zazzabi a naika ya fadi da 28 ° C, a cikin tekuna - da 11 ° C. Rashin phytoplankton, muhimmin abu ne game da sarkar abinci a cikin teku, ya haifar da lalata zooplankton da sauran dabbobin ruwa. Ya danganta da lokacin da aka ɓoye cikin ɓarnawar ma'adinan sulfate, yawan zafin ƙasa na shekara-shekara a duniya ya ragu da 26 ° C, har tsawon shekaru 16 zafin jiki ya ƙasa +3 ° C. Kwantawa tsakanin kauri daga cikin yuyuwar tasiri ko kuma tasirin tasiri da kuma ƙarfin tsallewar Paleocene pelagic, ƙirar juyawa mai cm-cm a cikin zurfin Chicxulub, gami da sashi na sama tare da alamomin rarrafe da haƙa (en: Gano burbushin), wanda aka kafa ƙasa da shekaru 6 bayan faduwar asteroid. Labarin da ya bayyana rushewa ta faduwar jikin sama yana tallafawa ta hanyar girman yanayin juzu'i a matakin acidity na saman farfajiya na tekun a Cretaceous - Paleogene kan iyaka (raguwa a pH na 0.2-0.3), saukar da nazarin isotopic shesshe na burbushin halittun foraminifera. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, matakin acidity ya kasance tabbatacce a cikin shekaru dubu 100 na Cretaceous na ƙarshe. Sharparin yawan acidity ya biyo bayan tsawon lokacin karuwa a alkalinity (karuwa a cikin pH ta hanyar 0.5), wanda ya ƙare har zuwa shekaru dubu 40 daga iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene. Dawowar acidity a matakin farko ya dauki sauran shekaru dubu 80. Ana iya bayanin irin wannan abin mamaki ta hanyar raguwar amfani da alkali sakamakon ƙonawar ƙwayar calcining plankton saboda saurin gurɓatar ruwa saman ruwa ta hanyar ruwan sama na SO.2 kuma KADAxkama a cikin yanayi sakamakon wani yajin aiki na mota.
- Siffar “tasiri mai yawa” (eng. Yawancin tasirin tasirin tasirin), ya shafi huduba da yawa. Ana amfani dashi, musamman, don bayyanawa cewa ƙarshen halakar bai faru lokaci guda (duba sashin Lafiyayyun Tsarin Magana). Kai tsaye a cikin falalarta ita ce gaskiyar cewa meteorite wanda ya kirkiro dutsen Chiksulub ya kasance ɗayan gutsattsarin jikin wata sama. Wasu masana kimiyyar ilmin halitta sun yi imani da cewa tudun Shiva da ke gabar tekun Indiya, tun daga kusan lokaci guda, sakamakon faduwar wani babban hadadden meteorite ne, har ma ya fi girma, amma wannan mahangar ra'ayi tana iya tatat. Akwai sasantawa tsakanin hasashen tasirin daya daga cikin meteorites - karo tare da tsarin meteorites biyu. Tsarin ɓarna na Chiksulub ya dace da irin wannan tasirin idan duka meteorites sun kasance ƙarami, amma tare suna da kusan iri ɗaya da girma kamar yadda maganadis ɗin meteorite guda ɗaya ya faɗi.
- Wani fashewa mai fashewa ko fashewar gamma-rayyar da ke kusa.
- Tarin duniya tare da tauraro mai wutsiya. Ana la'akari da wannan zaɓi a cikin jerin "Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs." Shahararren masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafin Amurka Lisa Randall ya danganta da tunanin wani yar waka mai wari da ke fadowa duniya da tasirin duhu.
Abiotic na ƙasa
- Thearuwar aikin wutar dutsen, wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya shafar biosphere: canji a cikin tsarin iskar gas, tasirin hayaki wanda iskar carbon dioxide ta haifar yayin fashewar, canjin yanayin haskaka ƙasa sakamakon fashewar ash (sanyin volcanic). Wannan tallafin yana da goyan bayan wata shaida ta labarin ɗan adam wanda ya haifar da fashewar magma tsakanin shekaru miliyan 68 da 60 da suka shude a ƙasar Hindustan, wanda ya haifar da samuwar tarkuna.
- Sharparin raguwa sosai a matakin teku wanda ya faru a ƙarshen lokacin (Maastrichtian) na zamanin Cretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
- Canja a yanayin shekara da na yanayi. Wannan zai iya dacewa musamman idan zato na rashin daidaituwa irin ta dinosaur, wanda zai buƙaci yanayin dumama, yana da inganci. Kayayyaki, kodayake, bai yi daidai da lokaci ba tare da canjin yanayi, kuma, bisa ga binciken zamani, dinosaurs sun kasance mafi yiwuwa dabbobi masu cike da dumin jini (duba nazarin halittar dinosaur).
- Tsalle mai tsayi a cikin filin magnetic duniya.
- Oversupply na oxygen a cikin yanayin duniya.
- Sharp sanyaya daga cikin teku.
- Canja a cikin abun da ke cikin ruwan teku.
Duniya biotic
- Epizooty babban annoba ne.
- Dinosaurs ba zai iya dacewa da canji a cikin nau'in ciyawar ba kuma an lalata shi ta hanyar alkaloids da ke kunshe a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure (tare da, duk da haka, sun haɗu har dubun-dubatar shekaru, kuma ya kasance daidai da bayyanar tsire-tsire na fure cewa nasarar juyin halittar wasu ƙungiyoyin dinosaurs na herbivours da suka mamaye sabon biome na ciyayin steppes yana da alaƙa. )
- Yawan halittun dinosaur sun rinjayi yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko, yana lalata abubuwan ƙwai da ƙwai.
- Bambancin juzu'in juzu'in juzu'in halittar dinosaurs na dabbobi marasa ma'amala da dabbobi masu shayarwa. A halin yanzu, dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa masu Cretaceous sunyi kadan, yawancin dabbobi ne. Ba kamar zavropsids ba, wanda, godiya ga yawancin fannoni na ci gaba, ciki har da bayyanar sikeli da gashinsa, qwai a cikin kwasfa mai yawa da haihuwar rayuwa, sun sami damar kware sabon yanayi a lokaci guda - wurare masu bushewa daga wuraren shakatawa, dabbobi masu shayarwa basu da wata fa'ida ta juyin halitta idan aka kwatanta da su zamani masu rarrafe. Matsakaitan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na akalla dinosaur ya yi kama da na dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar yadda isotopic, ilmin kimiya ya nuna, ilimin tarihin da labarin ƙasa. Ya kamata a lura cewa yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe mafi mahimmancin dabarun mallakar tsuntsayen farko, waɗannan rukunin suna da bambance-bambance a matakin iyalai da umarni, maimakon azuzuwan, a cikin maganganun bayanan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin umarni daban-daban na wannan aji na sauropsids.
- Wani lokacin hangen nesa ya fito cewa wani bangare na manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe a ruwa ba zai iya yin tsayayya da gasa da irin nau'ikan kifayen da ke fitowa a lokacin ba. Koyaya, har ma a cikin Devonian, kifayen kifi sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu game da abubuwan ci gaba mai zurfi, kasancewar kifayen kifayen sun shiga bango. Sharks, manya-manyan kuma masu ci gaba a kan asalin majalisun su, sun tashi ne a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous bayan raguwar plesiosaurs, amma da sauri sun maye gurbinsu da Mosasaurs waɗanda suka fara mamaye filayen komai.
Sigar "Biosphere"
A cikin rubutun kisa na Rashanci, sigar biosphere na "babbar halaka", gami da ofarfin dinosaurs da ba avian, sun shahara. Ya kamata a sani cewa yawancin masana ilimin burbushin halitta waɗanda suka inganta shi ƙwarewa ne a cikin karatun ba dinosaur ba, amma wasu dabbobi: dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari, da sauransu. A cewarta, manyan abubuwanda suka tabbatar da kauda halayen dinosaurs da ba masu avine da sauran manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe sune:
- Fitowar tsirrai masu fure.
- Canjin yanayi sanadiyyar sanadin lalacewa ta ƙasa.
Ana bibiyar jerin abubuwan da suka faru zuwa ga halakar kamar haka:
- Ciyawa masu tsire-tsire, waɗanda ke da ingantaccen tsarin ci gaba kuma suna amfani da haɓakar ƙasa, da sauri maye gurbin sauran nau'in tsire-tsire ko'ina. A lokaci guda, kwari da suka kware wajen abinci iri iri suka bayyana, kuma kwari, wadanda suke “daure” ga nau’in ciyawar da suka rigaya, sun fara mutuwa.
- Abubuwan tsire-tsire masu gudana a sama suna samar da Turf, wanda shine mafi kyawun mai hana mahaɗan lalacewa. Sakamakon yaduwar su, gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma, saboda haka, shigar abinci mai gina jiki zuwa cikin teku ya ragu. “Pleoshin abinci” na teku wanda abinci ya haifar da mutuwar wani ɓangare na algae, wanda shine babban mai samar da kwayar halitta a cikin teku. Tare da wannan sarkar, wannan ya haifar da cikakken rushewar yanayin halittun ruwa kuma ya haifar da tsaurarawar ruwa a cikin teku. Guda ɗaya ɗin kuma ta shafi manyan dinosaurs masu tashi, waɗanda, bisa ga ra'ayoyin da ake da su, suna da alaƙa da teku.
- A cikin ƙasa, dabbobi suna rayayye sun ci taro mai kore (ta hanyar, dinosaurs na herbivorous ma). A cikin ƙaramin aji, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (kamar su berayen zamani) suka bayyana. Fitowar su ta kai ga bayyanar masu dabbobin da suka dace, wanda kuma ya zama dabbobi masu shayarwa. Dabbobin masu kananan dabbobi masu cin nama ba masu hadari bane ga dinosaur, amma sun ci ƙwai da cuba ,an, suna haifar da ƙarin matsaloli a cikin haihuwa don dinosaurs. A lokaci guda, kariyar zuriya ga manyan dinosaur ba zai yiwu ba saboda mafi girman bambanci a cikin manya manya da sasan.
Abu ne mai sauki a tsayar da kariya daga masarar (wasu dinosaurs a cikin marigayi Cretaceous suna aiwatar da ire-iren wadannan halayen), kodayake, lokacin da theansa girman zomo ne, kuma iyayen sunada girman giwa, za'a sare shi da sauri fiye da kariya daga hari. |
- Saboda tsananin ƙuntatawa game da matsakaicin girman kwai (saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin harsashi) a cikin manyan nau'in dinosaur, an haife sa mucha mai yawa fiye da manyan mutane (a cikin jinsuna mafi girma, bambancin taro tsakanin manya da wasa wasan sau dubbai).Wannan yana nufin cewa duk manyan abubuwan dinosaur a cikin haɓakar haɓaka dole ne su canza saurin abincinsu akai-akai, kuma a farkon matakan haɓakawa dole ne suyi gasa da nau'ikan da suka kware a wasu azuzuwan girman. Rashin canjin kwarewa tsakanin tsararraki kawai ya kara matsalar wannan matsalar.
- Sakamakon kwararowar mahaifa a ƙarshen Cretaceous, tsarin iska da raƙuman ruwa sun canza, wanda ya haifar da wasu kwantar da hankali a kan babban ɓangaren ƙasar da karuwa a yanayin sanyin yanayi, wanda ya shafi yanayin rayuwa sosai. Dinosaurs, a matsayin ƙungiyar na musamman, sun kasance masu haɗari ga irin waɗannan canje-canje. Dinosaurs ba dabbobi masu dumin jini ba, canjin yanayin zafin zai iya zama muhimmiyar rawa ga rushewar su.
Sakamakon duk waɗannan dalilai, an kirkiro yanayi mara kyau don dinosaurs marasa avian, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da bayyanar sabon nau'in halitta. “Tsohuwar” nau'in dinosaurs ta wanzu a wani lokaci, amma sannu a hankali ya lalace gaba ɗaya. A bayyane yake, babu wata gasa ta kai tsaye tsakanin dinosaur da dabbobi masu shayarwa; sun mamaye aji daban-daban, suna kan layi ɗaya. Sai kawai bayan bacewar dinosaur ne dabbobi masu shayarwa suka kama halayen halittar muhalli, kuma har yanzun nan ba nan da nan ba.
Abin mamakin shine, ci gaban dabarun farko a cikin Triassic ya kasance tare da graduarewar hankali na yawancin cututtukan, mafi girman nau'ikan sune ainihin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Daidaitawa
Abubuwan da aka ambata a sama zasu iya haɗu da juna, wanda wasu masu bincike ke amfani da shi don gabatar da nau'ikan maganganu iri iri. Misali, tasirin wani babban meteorite na iya haifar da haɓaka a cikin ayyukan volcanic da sakin ƙura mai yawa da toka, wanda tare zasu iya haifar da canjin yanayi, wannan kuma, zai iya sauya nau'in ciyayi da sarkar abinci, da sauransu, canjin yanayi Hakanan ana iya lalacewa ta hanyar ragewar teku. Duban volcanoes ya fara fashewa tun kafin meteorite ya fadi, amma a wani lokacin akai-akai da kananan fashe-fashe (mita dubu dubu 71 a shekara) sun ba da girma da girma-da yawa (Mita miliyan 900 a kowace shekara). Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa canji a cikin nau'in fashewar zai iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar meteorite wanda ya fadi a lokaci guda (tare da kuskure na shekaru 50 dubu).
An sani cewa a wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, ana lura da yanayin jima'i na zuriyar akan kwai kwanon ɗakin zazzabi. A shekara ta 2004, gungun masu bincike daga Jami'ar Leeds ta Burtaniya, karkashin jagorancin David Milleangle. David Miller), ya ba da shawarar cewa idan irin wannan lamari ya kasance halayen dinosaurs, to canjin yanayin onlyan matakai kaɗan na iya tsokanar haihuwar wasu jinsi ɗaya (namiji, alal misali), kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana sa ƙarin haihuwar ba zai yiwu ba.
Hypothesis flaws
Babu ɗayan waɗannan maganganun da zai iya bayanin cikakken cakudaddun abubuwan da ke tattare da lalacewa ta abubuwan dinosaurs da ba na avian da sauran nau'ikan a ƙarshen Cretaceous ba.
Babban matsalolin nau'ikan da aka jera sune kamar haka:
- Hypotheses yana maida hankali ne akan musamman nau'i, wanda, a cewar wasu masu binciken, ya tafi daidai da na lokacin da ya gabata, amma a lokaci guda sabbin nau'ikan halitta sun daina kasancewa cikin tsarin rukunin kungiyoyin.
- Duk abubuwan ban sha'awa (lafazin tasirin), gami da na ilmin taurari, basu dace da lokacin da ake tsammanin lokacinsa ba (kungiyoyi da yawa na dabbobi sun fara mutuwa tun kafin Cretaceous, kuma akwai shaidar kasancewar Paleogene dinosaurs, masallacinta da sauran dabbobi). Sauyawa daga cikin ammonites guda zuwa siffofin heteromorphic shima yana nuna wasu irin rashin kwanciyar hankali. Wataƙila yawancin jinsuna sun riga sun lalace ta hanyar wasu matakai na dogon lokaci kuma sun tsaya akan hanyar ƙarewa, kuma masifar ta hanzarta hanzarta aiwatarwa.
- Wasu maganganun basu da isasshen shaida. Don haka, babu wata hujja da aka gano cewa ashe yanayin duniyar magnetic yana shafar biosphere, babu wata hujja mai gamsarwa da zata iya tabbatar da cewa Maastricht din da ya shafi matakin Tekun Duniya zai iya haifar da kwararar bakin haure a daidai wannan lokacin, kuma babu tabbataccen tsalle a cikin zafin jiki na teku daidai wannan lokacin, kuma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba. cewa bala'in girgizar kasa wanda ya haifar da samuwar tarkacen Deccan ya yaɗu, ko kuma ƙarfinta ya isa canje-canjen duniya a sararin samaniya da abubuwan rayuwa.
Rashin daidaituwa na fasalin biosphere
- Fayilolin Mai amfani da Wikimedia
- Portal "Dinosaurs"
A cikin tsari na sama, fasalin yana amfani da ra'ayoyin tunani game da ilmin kimiya na jiki da halayen dinosaurs, yayin da ba a kwatanta duk sauyin yanayi da halin da suka faru a cikin Mesozoic, a ƙarshen Cretaceous, sabili da haka baya bayanin kwarjinin dinosaur a lokaci guda akan nahiyoyin da aka ware daga juna.