Barka dai, Picabu. A cikin bayanan da aka gabatar ga post na akwai bukatar a yaren fahimta don bayyana tsarin jirgin ruwan. Littattafai da labarai waɗanda ke cikin yankin jama'a a yanar gizo za a ɗauke su azaman tushen maƙallan, za a ƙara wani abu daga mahimmin ilimin da zan bayar akan wannan batun. Zan fara da rarrabuwa na jirgi, daga baya zan ci gaba da aikin jirgin ruwan da kanta.
Da farko dai, jiragen ruwa masu rarrabuwa sun kasu kashi biyu.
Na farko: manyan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu.
Na biyu: kananan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu.
Bambancin asali ne. Ba kowane al'amari bane game da yanayin hauhawar ma'amala, dauke da damar ko yankin jirgi. Misali, ɗan ƙaramin ƙanƙara a kowane yanayi yana nufin manyan jiragen ruwa, kuma ketch ko iol, wanda zai iya girma sosai fiye da wannan ƙwanƙwasa, har yanzu ya kasance ƙarami.
Dalilin tantancewa a wannan rarrabuwa shine mast. Vesselsanan tasoshin jirgin ruwa basu da masts sama da biyu. Amma brig, brigantine, da kuma ɗalibai da yawa suna da masts guda biyu, su ma, amma suna cikin manyan jiragen ruwa.
Bambanci shi ne cewa a kan manyan tashoshin ruwa biyu masu filafili da ruwa, akwai magabacin ruwa da jigon ruwa. Wato, baya ya fi gaban girma. Ko, a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, sun zama iri ɗaya. Kuma a kan ƙananan jirage masu saukar ungulu, babban daskararre da mizzen masts. Gaba shine babba, a bayan ƙarami. Wani lokaci ana kiran ƙananan tasoshin ruwa guda ɗaya da rabi, saboda mizzen yana da ƙasa da babba.
A cikin wannan post zan yi magana game da manyan jiragen ruwa.
Da farko dai, an bambanta nau'ikan guda uku a nan: jiragen ruwa tare da makamai masu saukar ungulu kai tsaye, jiragen ruwa tare da makamai masu saukar ungulu da jiragen ruwa tare da makamai masu hade. Za mu yi la'akari da su da tsari.
1. Jirgin ruwa dauke da jirgi mai kai tsaye
Bari mu fara da jirgin jirgi. Kuma dole ne in faɗi yanzun nan cewa rikice-rikice yakan haifar da sunan "mai jirgin ruwa". Ko da a cikin littattafai kan al'amuran teku. Idan kun karya "nau'ikan jiragen ruwa" a Intanet, to, za mu ga: "bataliyar", "jirgin ruwa", "corvette", "sloop", "brig", "haushi" da sauransu - duk a tarin juzu'i ɗaya. Amma wannan ba daidaitaccen daidaituwa ba ne.
Gaskiyar ita ce cewa babu wasu abubuwan ra'ayi kamar "yaƙi", "corvette", "sloop" (lokacin da ta zo ga jirgi mai mas uku) a cikin halayen safarar makamai. Wadannan tsinkaye ne na soja. Wannan shi ne sunan jiragen ruwa daban-daban masu girma yayin da sojojin ruwa ke ci gaba da zirga zirgar jiragen ruwa. Sun bambanta da juna a cikin girman da adadin bindigogi.
Mafi girma shine yaƙe-yaƙe (yaƙi). Don haka ake kiransu saboda galibinsu sun yi yaƙi, ana jeri ne a layin yaƙi. Yawansu akwai sittin da ɗari zuwa talatin da kwatankwacin nauyi (dangane da wannan, an rarraba jiragen ruwan yaƙi zuwa sahu). An samu bindigogin ne a kan biyu, uku, wani lokacin kuma manyan baskunan hudu (decks). Saboda haka sunan: "jirgin ruwa kwana biyu", "jirgin ruwa na kwana uku".
Shipsarancin jiragen ruwa na layin jirgin ruwa wasu jiragen ruwa ne - jiragen ruwa. Akwai bindigogi arba'in zuwa sittin a wurin. Mafi sau da yawa, bindigogin suna kan bene biyu, amma suna iya tsayawa akan ɗaya idan jirgin mai ƙarancin ƙarami ne. Jiragen saman, tare da jiragen yaki, sun halarci manyan yaƙe-yaƙe. Amma su ma an yi amfani da su don kai hare-hare da jiragen ruwa na jirgi guda.
An dauki Corvette a matsayin "ƙaramin" dangane da maharin - har zuwa bindigogi arba'in. Mafi sau da yawa, corvettes sune farfadowa da jiragen ruwa na manzo.
Kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin wannan dangin shine dabbar slop ɗin. Makaman manyan bindigogi - daga bindiga ɗaya da rabi zuwa uku. Gunsan bindigar yawanci ana samunsu ne (kamar a kan kan jirgin wuta) a kan bene. Ayyukan ɗakunan bangon sun yi kama da waɗanda ruhunan gidan: manzo, farfadowa, sabis ɗin sabis.
Bambanci a cikin girman da karfin makaman bama-bamai, fadace-fadace, frigates, corvettes da sloops sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin yanayin tafiya. Dukansu suna ɗauke da makaman jirgi masu sulke. Wannan shi ne abin da suke faɗi game da tasoshin tare da akalla masts uku da duk masts tare da madaidaiciya safil (ban da, ba shakka, jirgin ruwan hafel, mizzen ko mizzen counter, wanda yake da mahimmanci don motsawa).
Dole ne a tabbatar da cewa dokokin ruwan teku na buƙatar irin wannan jirgin ruwa kawai don a kira ma'anar jirgin ruwa. Sauran jiragen ruwa ya kamata a kira su jirgin ruwa. A cikin yarukan yarukan yarukan Yarbanci, ana samun cin zarafi, ko da tsakanin matuƙan jirgin ruwa. Amma yanzu muna magana ne game da rarrabuwa a cikin ruwa.
Idan ya zo kan tekun ruwa, jirgin ruwa da jirgi iri ɗaya ne. A takaice dai, jirgin ruwa jirgi ne, wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da jigilar makamai.Don haka, dangane da kayan aikin jirgi, yaƙi, yaƙe-yaƙe da kifayen jirgin ruwa su ma jirgin ruwa ne Kuma a lokacin, lokacin da jirgi mai saukar ungulu ya bace daga tekuna, bambancin yawan bindiga shima ya bace. Kuma jiragen ruwan kawai suka rage.
Don haka jirgin jirgi jirgi ne mai yawan masts daga uku zuwa biyar kuma yana tafiya da safarar kai tsaye akan dukkan masts.
Jirgin ruwa wani jirgin ruwa ne mai masts biyu (na gaba da babban jirgin ruwa) da safarar kai tsaye a kan masts ɗin biyu (kuma, ban da ragowar jirgin ruwan, groan matattarar jirgin saman, wanda kamar hafel ke tashi a kan jirgin ruwan mai ƙwanƙwasa, yana taimakawa rawar daji). A zamaninmu, 'yan boko haram sun kusan shuɗe. Daga ƙarshe sai matuƙan jirgin ruwan nan suka ƙarasa da cewa ya fi dacewa, zai fi sauƙi don sarrafa jiragen ruwa masu kama da jirgin ruwa - brigantines. Amma zan ba da labarinsu a ƙasa. Yanzu akwai brig daya. Wannan jirgin ruwan Ingila ne. Cadwararrun 'yan kasuwa a teku
Nau'i na uku shine Bark.
Ganga, kamar jirgin ruwa mai fulawa, na iya samun masts uku, huɗu ko biyar. Bambanci shine cewa masten mast a barque ya bushe. Wato, babu hayaniya a kai, sai dai jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu da bututun ruwa.
2. Jiragen jirgi masu dauke da manyan makamai
A cikin manyan jiragen ruwa dauke da manyan makamai, nau'in na daya shine malami.
Malami masanin jirgi ne da ke dauke da jirgi biyu (foresail da mainsail), mas uku ko sama da haka, wanda akwai sabbin jiragen ruwa. Da alama dai komai yana da sauki. Amma wahalar ita ce cewa akwai ire-ire iri a tsakanin ɗalibai. Abin nufi anan shine ba masts daban-daban ba. Batun shine wanda aka sanya sails akan waɗannan masts. Zan ba da misalin wasu daga cikinsu. Idan a kan malami babban jirgi shine Bermuda, ana kiran shi - Bermuda schooner.
An yi walƙiya a goshin wasu ɗaliban Bermuda, kuma wani lokacin jirgin ruwa mai madaidaiciya, ɗan gajeren zango akan mast. Amma taƙaitaccen bayanin bai shafi halayen nau'in jirgin ruwa ba, saboda ana ɗaukar shi jirgin ruwa ne na taimako. Yana da kyau a cikin iska mai kyau, lokacin yanka yankuna ba suyi aiki sosai ba.
Akwai sauran nau'ikan malamin firam na asali - restsail. Waɗannan su ne waɗanda babban bututun jirgi kusa da yanki ba su da masts ɗin ba, amma tsayawa kan tsayawar zamansa. Waɗannan manyan almara ne. Kuma safarar da aka samu a masts irin wadancan ɗaliban suna da sifofin da ba'a saba dasu na alwatika mai juyawa ba. Bayani na musamman wanda aka fizge biyu na roba (ana kiran shi Wishbone). Babu kwayaye a wurin, zai iya tsoma baki tare da zama. Kuma a ƙarshen mast, sail shine Bermuda.
Faliban Hafel sune suka fi yawa.
A farkon karni na ashirin an samu wani cigaba a cikin irin wadannan jiragen. Musamman a Amurka da Kanada. Koyaya, ya fara dawowa a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A shekara ta 1880, an ƙaddamar da malamin masanin ƙasa karo huɗu na duniya, William L. White. Daga nan sai daliban hafel biyar-harma shida masu masifa suka fara bayyana. Sun kasance masu dacewa a cikin cewa sun ɗauki kaya da yawa kuma a lokaci guda ba sa buƙatar babbar ƙungiyar - ba kwa buƙatar hawa kan yadudduka. Sun kasance masu sauri sosai kuma sun dace don motsawa cikin bututun iska.
Duk waɗannan halayen suna yin wahayi zuwa ga jigilar daskararru sosai cewa a ƙarshe an gina ƙwararren malamin makaranta tare da masti bakwai a Amurka. Ta kasance tsawon tsayi mita dari.
Har yanzu akwai ɗaliban ɗalibai masu ɗauke da shasha akan farkon, kuma wani lokacin akan wasu masts. Marseilles, brahmsels, wani lokacin bom-brahmsels, ana sanya su a kan waɗannan tsarukan. Saaran saukar jiragen ruwa, mafi mahimmanci, akan waɗannan jiragen ruwa har yanzu suna kange, hafed, saboda haka ba a rarrabe su a matsayin jirgi tare da makamai masu zuwa kai tsaye. Kuma tun da akwai marseille da brahmsel akan irin wannan malamin, ana kiranta haka: marseille ko brahmsel.
3. Jiragen ruwan hade
Nau'in farko shine brigantine. Sunansa ya fito ne daga kalmomi biyu: “brig” da “malama”. Wani lokacin sukan ce haka: "schooner brig." Wannan jirgin ruwa, kamar mai sintiri, yana da masts guda biyu. Kuma a kan farkon jirgin ruwan, kamar mai keke, akwai madaidaitan layin: furenil, marseille, for-brahmsel da sauransu. Kuma babban abin sani shine kamar a kan wani malamin firamari: tare da saan tsibirin-trisel da Mainsail-Mainsail. Akwai brigantines tare da Bermuda grotto, amma da wuya.
Wani lokacin rikicewar brigantines da malamai na marseille. Gaskiyar ita ce a kan ƙananan gefen malamin Marseille za su iya sanya ƙarin jirgi kai tsaye - taƙaice. Sannan nan da nan kuma ba za a iya rarrabe shi da brigantin ba. Har sai kun ga hoton hafel-foriselle a takaice.
Don haka brigantine (ko malanta - brig) jirgin ruwa ne mai masts guda biyu, tare da sails kai tsaye a kan gaba da kan tebur a kan babban abincin.
Barquentine yayi kama da brigantine. In ba haka ba, a dalibi-haushi. Amma tana da ƙalla sau uku. Akwai hudu. A gaban mast na, barcentins suna da sail kai tsaye, akan duk sauran - suna zanawa.
Rubutun ya ƙunshi kalmomin marine, ba tare da su yana da wahala a rubuta komai ba. A wasu wuraren, za a yi bayanin su dalla-dalla, tunda lokacin ƙoƙarin bayyana, ƙarin sharuɗɗa sun fito kuma an riga an shimfiɗa dogon post ɗin. Ina fatan duk rubutun zai iya fahimta kuma yana iya kasancewa mai fahimta ga mutum gaba daya jahilci al'amuran ruwa.
Zance na gaba zai kasance game da rarrabuwa da kananan jiragen ruwa. Godiya ga waɗanda suka ƙware da yawa rubutu kuma karanta har zuwa ƙarshe.
Rarraba Jirgin Ruwa
Babban abin ƙarfafawa don haɓaka jiragen ruwa shine zamanin manyan abubuwan binciken ƙasa na ƙarni na XV-XVI. A wannan lokacin, wuraren kewayawa da ɗawainiya kafin jiragen ruwa ke canzawa da cika fuska. Kuma, sabili da haka, akwai sababbin buƙatu don zane da halayen sarrafa jirgi. Tun daga wannan lokaci, ci gaba da haɓakawa da rikitar da makaman jirgi ya fara, ƙari iri-iri na musamman suna fitowa jirage masu saukar ungulu.
Farawa daga ƙarni na XVII-XVIII, tare da haɓakar ma'anar ma'anar ruwan teku, akwai buƙatar gaggawa na rarrabuwar dukkanin tasoshin ta nau'in. Babban fasalin rarrabawa ga jiragen ruwa shine nau'in kayan saukar jirgi da aka girka musu. Signsananan alamun nau'in jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu sun kasance adadin masts da manufarta, kuma don jiragen yakin har ila yau caliber da yawa na manyan makamai. Yi la’akari nau'ikan jirage masu saukar ungulu tare da makamai daban-daban.
Duk nau'ikan makaman jirgi daban-daban za'a iya kasasu zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku bisa ga nau'in safarar jiragen ruwa:
Bugu da kari, al'ada ce a rarraba dukkan tasoshin:
Manyan waɗanda sun haɗa da waɗanda suke ɗauka aƙalla sau biyu. Vesselsanan tashoshin jirgin ruwa masu ɗauke da 1 ko ɗaya da rabi ana amfani da masts kamar al'ada (zaɓin shine lokacin da ɗayan masts ɗin ke da ƙasa sosai).
Kujerar Balaguro
“Prussia” jirgi ne mai sau biyar tare da abin kara ƙarfe duka. A da, shi ne mafi girma a jirgin ruwa a duniya tare da kai tsaye, da kuma jirgi mai masifa biyar da ke cikin wannan aji a cikin jirgin ruwan ɗan kasuwa. Jirgin ruwan mai saukar ungulu ya gina ne a shekarar 1902 bisa umarnin kamfanin safarar jiragen ruwa na Hamburg Layes. Hamburg ita ce tashar jirgin ruwa ta gida. Ba kamar sauran mutane ba, jirgin ruwan na Prussia bai taba samun injunan injin taimako ba. Tsawon jirgin ya kasance mita 147, girmansa yakai mita 16.3, gudun hijira shi ne tan 11,150, girman jirgin ruwan shine 5,081 rt (tan yin rijista), filin jirgi shine murabba'in mita 6,806, shekarun aikin yana daga 1902 zuwa 1910.
“Faransa II” jirgin ruwan Faransa ne mai hawa biyar da aka kera shi. Wannan jirgin ruwan jirgin ruwa ana daukar shi daya daga cikin mafi girma a tarihin tukin jirgin ruwa. "Faransa ta biyu" aka ajiye shi a cikin jarkokin jirgi "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" a cikin Bordeaux na Faransa a cikin 1911. Tsawon jirgi mai saukar ungulu yakai mita 146.20, girmansa yakai mita 17, gudun hijira shine 10,710 tan, girman jirgi shine 5,633 RT, girman sawayenshi yakai mita 6,350.
"R.C. Rickmers" jirgin ruwa mai lamba biyar ne mai tashar jirgin ruwa, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ciniki. Tsawon jirgi mai saukar ungulu yakai mita 146, fadinsa yakai mita 16.3, gudun hijira shine ton 10,500, girman jirgi shine tan 5,548 rajista, filin jirgi shine 6,045 murabba'i.
Masanin kimiyya “Thomas W. Lawson” - shi kaɗai ne jirgin ruwa mai hawa bakwai a duniya. An gabatar da shi a cikin garin Quincy a cikin 1902. Shahararren maharbin nan Daon Crowley da gaske yana son ƙirƙirar jirgin ruwan mafi girma a duk faɗin duniya, sabili da haka ya zama mai jan hankali da marubucin ra'ayin ginin. Tsawon jirgi mai saukar ungulu yakai mita 144, girmansa yakai 15 mita, gudun hijira shine 10,860 tan, girman jirgin ruwan shine 5,218 rt, yankin sawayenshi yakai mil 4,330, girman sikirin malamin nan Thomas W. Lawson shine 5.218 (jimlar), wanda 137 (brt) a waccan lokacin ya fi girma Prussia mai mashin, wanda aka yi shi a cikin 'yan watanni kafin malamin Thomas. W. Lawson. "
Royal Clipper jirgi ne mai lamba biyar, jirgi mai hawa hudu, wanda aka gina a cikin hoton Prussia (1902 - 1910). Sigmund Horen, ƙwararren masanin Poland ne a cikin kayan aikin jirgi, kuma jirgin ruwan da kansa ya fara aiki a cikin 2000. Jirgin ruwan dogo mafi tsayi a duniya yana karbar fasinjoji 227. "Royal Clipper" na iya kaiwa zuwa saurin hawa 20. Tsawon jirgin ya kai mita 134.8, girmansa yakai mita 16.5, gudun hijira shi ne tan 5,061, girman jirgi ya kai 4,425 rt, filin jirgi yakai mita 5,202.
Potosi jirgi ne mai safarar kayayyaki guda biyar, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1895 bisa umarnin kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Hamburg Layes. Hanyar jirgi ta wuce tsakanin Jamus da Chile. Tsawon jirgi mai saukar ungulu shi ne mita 132.1, girmansa mita 15.1 ne, gudun hijira shi ne tan 8,580, girman jirgin ruwa ya kai 4,026 rt, yankin sail kuma yakai muraba'in kilomita 4,700.
Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” - shahararriyar mashahuri ta ƙarshe, wacce aka gina a 1921 ta filin jirgin ruwa dan ruwan Scotland "Ramage da Ferguson" wanda kamfanin Danish na gabashin Asiya ya jagoranta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a Copenhagen. Tsawon katangar ya kai mita 131.9, fadin murabba'in 15 ne, gudun hijira shi ne tan 7,900, girman jirgin ruwa yakai 3,901 rt, filin jirgi yakai muraba'in kilomita 4,644
“Faransa I” ita ce ɗayan manyan shagunan filaye biyar. An gina jirgin ruwan dakon kaya a cikin 1890. Shine jirgin ruwan jirgi na Farko na Farko da na biyu a duniya a wannan zamanin. Jirgin yana da tsayi tsawon mita 133, tsawonsa mita 14.9, kuma yana da tanadin tan 7,800.
Wyoming wani yanki ne mai zurfi shida, mita 125, maɓallin digiri biyu wanda aka gina da farko daga itacen Kanada. A wancan lokacin, girmansa ne na aikin jirgi na katako. Wyoming shine jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya. Tsawon jirgin ya kasance mita 137, fadinsa mita 15 ne, gudun hijira shi ne tan 8,000, girman jirgin shine 3,731 rt, filin jirgi mai nisan mita 3,700 ne.
Babban Ripablic shine babban katako na katako na ƙarni na 19. Mashahurin mashahurin jirgin ruwan Amurka mai suna Donald Mackay ne ya gina ta. Clipper “Babban Jamhuriyar” ba daidai yake da girma ba. Mafi yawan wadanda suka shirya fim din Amurka na karni na 19 sun kai tsawan mita saba'in 70 kuma ana ganin su ne mafi girma a duniya; masu amfani da Turanci sunkai kimanin mita 60. Tsawon Babban Ripablik ya kasance mita 101.5.5, fadin kifin yakai mita 16.2, kuma matsakaicin tsinkaye yakai tan 4556. Tsawon Babban Jamhuriyyar girma ya kai mita 70. Yankin filayen jirgin ruwan shine murabba'in murabba'in 6070.
"Viking" itace haɓaka mai karfe huɗu, wanda aka gina a cikin 1906 a Copenhagen. Ita ce jirgin ruwa mafi girma da aka taɓa ginawa a Scandinavia. Tsawon Viking yakai mita 118, girmansa yakai mita 13.9, gudun hijira shi ne tan 6,300, girman jirgi ya kai 2,959, kuma saurin murabba'in mita 3,690 ne.
Sedov wani masanin kayan masarufi ne wanda aka gina a cikin 1921 a karkashin sunan Magdalene Vinnen II. Tun daga 1936, sunan ya canza zuwa “Kommodore Johnsen”. Kuma a cikin 1945, Burtaniya ta tura jujin zuwa cikin USSR kuma an sake masa suna don girmamawa ga shahararren mai binciken gidan Russia mai suna Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. A yau, Sedov shine ɗayan manyan jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya. Tsawon - mita 117.5, nisa - mita 14,6, gudun hijira - tan 7,320, girman jirgi - 3,556 rt, filin jirgi - mashigin mita 4,192.
Unionungiyar ita ce jirgin ruwan horar da sojojin ruwan Sojan Peru. Jirgin ruwan yana da ƙarfe huɗu mai ƙyalli. An gina Theungiyar a cikin 2014 ta theungiyoyin Ma'aikata na Shipyard Marine Shipyard na Peru, wanda kuma ake kira da SIMA. Tsawon katangar ya kai mita 115.75, fadin murabba'in 13.5 ne, gudun hijira ya kai tan 3,200, filin jirgi yakai mita 4,324 a cikin murabba'in.
Kruzenshtern babban haushi ne, jirgi na jirgin ruwan horo na Rasha. An gina shi a cikin 1925-1926 a Jamus.A lokacin zuriya, an sanya sunan Padua, amma a cikin 1946 ta zama mallakar USSR kuma an sake masa suna don girmamawa ga shahararren matukin jirgin nan na Rasha Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Port of rajista na jirgin ne Kaliningrad. Tsawon jirgi mai saukar ungulu shi ne mita 114.5, fadinsa yakai mita 14,4, gudun hijira yakai tan 5,805, girman jirgi mai lamba 3,064 ne, kuma saukin jirgi yakai mita 3,900. Jirgin ruwan ya yi jigilar fasinjoji da juzu'an-duniya. Travelungiyar tafiye-tafiye na Mikhail Kozhukhov yana ba da damar ta musamman ba kawai don ziyarci Kruzenshtern ba, amma don tafiya zuwa Kruzenshtern.
Pamir jirgin ruwa ne mai masted da yawa. A wani lokaci, jiragen ruwan da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa, wadanda suka karɓi suna "tashi" P ", sun sami karɓuwa a duk duniya. Wannan jerin jiragen ruwan an gina su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 bisa ga umarnin kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Jamus “F. Laeisz ”. Bark "Pamir" yana ɗayansu. Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 114.5, fadin murabba'in 14 ne, gudun hijira shine tan 3,910, girman jirgin ruwan shine 3,020 Mercury, yankin sail kuma murabba'in mita 3,800 ne.
“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” jirgin ruwan horar da sojojin ruwan Sojan ne. Ana amfani dashi azaman cibiyar horarwa don ƙwararrun Makarantar Naval. Elcano shine mafi yawan masaniyar ilimi a fagen atisayen jirgin ruwa a duniya. Dangane da nau'in makamin jirgi, "Elkano" yana nufin ɗaliban ƙwallan sama (marseille), a goshin gaba yana ɗaukar jiragen ruwa huɗu da kwatankwaci uku, akan raguna uku - kawai safarar jiragen ruwa. Jirgin ruwan an tsara shi kuma an gina shi ne a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Echevaryeta da Larinaga a Cadiz, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a 5 Maris, 1927. An samo sunan malamin a bayan Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), matukin jirgin farko na farko wanda ya tashi zuwa duniya. Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 113, fadin murabba'in 13, gudun hijira shine tan 3 670, girman jirgi shine 2 464 RT, filin jirgi mai nisan mita 3153.
Esmeralda jirgin ruwan horar da sojojin ruwan teku ne na Chilean da aka gina a tsakiyar karni na 20. An ajiye shi a farfajiyar jirgin ruwan Cadiz a cikin 1946, kuma bayan shekaru shida aka sayar da jirgin zuwa Chile a matsayin wani ɓangare na biyan bashin Spain ga ƙasar. A ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1953, aka harba jirgin, kuma a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1954, an daga tutar Chilean. Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 113, fadin shi ne mita 13, gudun hijira shine tan 3,673, girman jirgi shine 2,400 RT, filin jirgi mai nisan mita 2,935.
"Mir" jirgi ne mai horo uku, jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya bisa ga karɓar jiragen ruwa na horo, ko "jirgin ruwa" a cikin safarar makamai - jirgi mai cikakken makamai, wanda na Admiral S.O. Makarov State University of the Sea and River Fleet (St. Petersburg), kuma tun daga 2014, zuwa Rosmorport. An gina Mir a filin jirgin ruwa na Gdansk a cikin 1987. Tsawon jirgin ruwa mita 109.6, daftarin jirgin ya kai mita 6.6, matsakaicin zangon jirgin ruwa yakai muraba'in mita 2771, tsayin daka na tsaka mai tsayi mita 49.5. Ya kama mutane 200.
"Fata" jirgi ne mai koyar da abubuwa uku. Jirgin ruwa mai cikakken safarar makamai yana cikin jeri na jirgin ruwa. Kamfanin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya na yanzu mallakar reshen karamar hukumar Far Eastern Basin reshen "ROSMORPORT". Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 109.4, fadin murabba'in 14 ne, gudun hijira shine tan 2,297, filin jirgi shine mita 2,768 a murabba'in.
Horar da jirgi mai saukar ungulu “Kyauta matasa” jirgin ruwa ne na jirgin ruwa na Poland guda uku, mai jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu. An gina shi a Gdansk Shipyard mai suna bayan Lenin kuma an ƙaddamar dashi a 1982. Wanda ya fara magajin jirgin ruwa na tatsuniyar “Lwow” (“Lviv”) an fara shi ne a kasar Ingila a shekarar 1869, daya daga cikin jiragen ruwan da ke fara zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na farko. Tsawon - mita 108.8, nisa - mita 13.94, ƙaura - 2 946 tan, ƙarar jirgin ruwa - 2 384 RT, jimlar jirgin ruwa mai nisa - 3 015 mita murabba'i.
“Pallas” jirgi ne mai horarwa uku (jirgin ruwa dauke da cikakkun makamai, wanda aka jera a matsayin rakodi a cikin rijista, wani lokacin ana kiransa mai jirgin ruwa a cikin 'yan jaridu), mallakar Jami’ar Fasaha ta Masanin Kasuwanci ta Far Eastern (Vladivostok). Tsawon - mita 108.6, nisa - mita 14, matsugunni - tan 2,284, jimlar jirgin ruwa mai nisan mil 2,771.
"Khersones" - horar da jirgi mai mas uku uku (jirgin ruwa mai cikakken makamai kai tsaye), sansanin horo na reshen Sevastopol na Jami'ar Maritime ta jihar mai suna Admiral F.F. Ushakova (tashar rajista - Sevastopol). Tsawon jirgin ruwan mai nisan mita 108.6, fadinsa yakai mita 14, gudun hijira yakai tan 2,987, jimlar jirgin ruwa mai nisan mita 2,770.
Jirgin ruwan Libertad jirgin ruwan horo ne na Sojan Ruwa na Argentina. An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1950s a filin jirgin ruwan San Diego kusa da La Plata kuma ya zama ɗayan manyan jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya. An fara amfani da farkon shigowa cikin teku a shekarar 1962. Fiye da fiye da 800 dubu nautical mil (1.5 miliyan kilomita), ziyarci kusan tashar jiragen ruwa 500 a cikin fiye da 60 kasashen. Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 103.7, girmansa yakai mita 13,8, gudun hijira yakai tan 3,765, jimlar matattarar murabba'in mita 3,652.
Amerigo Vespucci jirgin ruwan horar da Jirgin Italiya ne. Jirgin ruwan jirgi mai hawa uku “Amerigo Vespucci” - a tunatar da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu mai hawa 50-60. XIX karni. An ƙaddamar da shi a watan Fabrairu 1931 a Naples. Tsawon jirgin ruwa shine mita 100.6, fadin murabba'in 15.56, gudun hijira shine tan 4,146 tan, girman jirgin shine 3,545 rt, kuma jimlar matattarar jirgin ruwa shine 2,580 murabba'i.
Stadsraad Lemkul jirgi mai saukar ungulu uku ne, wanda aka gina, a shekarar 1914. An sanya shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bergen. Shi ne mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a jirgin ruwa a Norway. Tsawon jirgin ruwa ya kai mita 98, fadin murabba'in 12.6, gudun hijira shine tan 1516, girman jirgin ruwan shine 1,701 rt, kuma jimlar jirgin ruwan yakai murabba'in mita 2,026.
“Eos Yacht” malami ne mai aji uku da ke da makamai irin na Bermuda. Schooner na daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu a duniya. Kamfanin mallakar kafafen watsa labarai ne, billionaire Barry Diller, matar mai zanen kaya Diana von Furstenberg. Tsawon jirgin ruwa mai girman mita 92.92, nisa - mita 13.47, matsugunni - tan 1,500, jimlar jirgin ruwan - murabba'in mita 3,600.
Jirgin jirgi kai tsaye dauke da makamai
Jirgin saman madaidaiciya sune mafi tsufa tsofaffin abubuwa, waɗanda ake amfani dasu tun zamanin da. An sanya su a cikin Masar, Phoeniyanci, Girkanci, jiragen ruwan Polynesian da Roman da kwale-kwale tun kafin zamaninmu. Basu rasa dacewar su a wannan lokacin namu ba. Babban fasalin su shine siffar quadrangular - a cikin nau'i na rectangle na yau da kullun ko trapezoid. Babban sandar an haɗa su da karkiya ko hafel, da ƙananan zuwa albarku, ƙaramin karkiya ko kai tsaye zuwa bene.
Amfanin jirgi kai tsaye shine sauƙi na aiki tare da su, suna da sauƙin sakawa da cirewa. Suna da kyakkyawar ƙarfin tuƙi a cikin iska mai kyau, duk da haka, tare da gefen da bututun iska yana da matukar wahala ko ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da su ba. Don motsi, angarancin yanayi tsakanin shugabanci na iska da jirgin jirgin zai tashi sama da 65-67 game da hakan, kuma wannan yana haifar da girgiza kai ba zai yiwu ba. Sunan safkunan ya dogara da sunan masts ɗin da akan sanya su da kuma matsayin serial a cikin tiers.
Nau'in Jirgin Ruwa, tare da rinjaye kai tsaye sails:
- Jirgin ruwa. A wannan yanayin, muna nufin "jirgin ruwa" ba a matsayin jirgi gaba ɗaya ba, amma sunan wanda ke tsara babban jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da masts uku ko fiye. A lokaci guda, ya kamata su sami keɓaɓɓun zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa.
- Barque. Hakanan yana iya samun masts sama da 3, amma ya bambanta da jirgin saboda ya kasance yana kashe filafili akan tebur na mizzen, yayin da a ragowar kuma yana da safarar jiragen ruwa kawai.
- Jirgin haya ne karamin jirgin ruwa. Koyaya, koyaushe yana da masts biyu kawai.
Sailboats tare da makamai na oblique
An kirkiro safarar jiragen ruwa na Skew da yawa daga saurin safwan, kawai a tsakiyar zamanai. Na farkon ya fara amfani da su, mai yiwuwa, matuƙan jirgin ruwan larabawa ne. Daga gare su, Turawa suka karɓi jirgi mai saukar ungulu, inda ya bazu ko'ina a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ƙari ga waɗancan kai tsaye. Amfani da rashin amfani da jirgi mai saurin hawa kan madaidaiciya shine yiwuwar motsi tare da gefen kai har ma da gefen iska. Manyan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda ke da babban jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ana kiran su ɗalibai. Ya danganta da fasalin ƙira, su, bi da bi, sun kasu zuwa nau'ikan da yawa:
- Hafelnaya. An sanye shi da wani jirgi mai ruwan duffle, wanda aka shimfida tsakanin gaffle a saman da albarku a ƙasan, kuma an sanya murfin gaban gaba kai tsaye zuwa firi mast ɗin.
- Bermuda Jirgin ruwa na wannan nau'in suna da nau'i na alwatika. An kafa tushe a kan albarku, da kuma jagoran gaba - a kan mast.
- Staysail - wannan nau'in ya haɗa da ɗalibai waɗanda galibin sails ɗin jirgin ruwa ne (dolen da aka ɗora a kan hedkwata a gaban masts).
- Marseille - tare da jiƙan slat, amma ban da shi an sanye shi da jirgin ruwan-kai tsaye.
Yin hukunci da jirgin ruwan yakinsu, za a danganta su da nau'ikan nau'in guda biyu daidai ga jiragen ruwan nau'ikan hade. Amma, a cikin al'adar tarihi ta teku, an sanya sunan "malamin ilimi", wanda ke ma'anar su jirgi mai ɗauke da manyan makamai.
Sauraran Makamai Hada-hada
Jirgin ruwa mai haɗaɗɗun abubuwa ya haɗa da waɗanda nau'ikan sail biyu ke wakilta a kusan daidai gwargwado. Wannan ya hada nau'ikan jiragen ruwa biyu:
- Burgistin jirgin ruwa ne mai masted 2, kuma a kan mainmast an sanya shi oblique, kuma a kan foremast kawai madaidaiciya sails.
- Barkentina - yana ɗaukar akalla masts 3. A saman mast akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kai tsaye, a kan duk masu zuwa - na musamman tsaf.
Kananan jiragen ruwa da ire-irensu:
Saan ƙaramar jirgin ruwa na iya ɗaukar masus 1 da 2 (ɗaya da rabi). Jirgin ruwa 2-masted sun haɗa da ketch da iols. Dukkan jinsunan suna ɗaukar mizzen da manyan kananun kaya, kuma sun bambanta a wurin mai samin mai kara. A Ketch, yana a bayan masten mast, yayin da a Iola yana gaban. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan jirage biyu suna da yankin mizzen daban-daban. A Ketch, yankinsa ya wuce 15% kuma yana iya kaiwa zuwa ¼ na jimlar kwarin. A cikin iol, girman mizzen yana da ɗan matsakaici, kuma da wuya ya wuce 10% na jimlar warin. Duk ketch da iol na iya ɗaukar jigilar hafel ko Bermuda - a wannan yanayin ana kiransu "Bermuda ketch", ko, misali, "hafel iol".
Single mast kananan sailboats sun kasu kashi biyu:
- M. Ya na da guda mast motsi zuwa tsakiyar. Tabbataccen sail na safarar jiragen ruwa: mainsail (hafel ko Bermuda), ƙuƙwalwa, ƙwallan sitiri da jibs. Kamar sauran ƙananan jiragen ruwa, dangane da nau'in grotto, akwai hafel ko Bermuda.
- Sloop yana da jirgi mai santsi a kan babban ƙwayar mast, kuma shine kawai sitsail. A cikin wasu halaye, an saka ƙarin topsel sama da gaffle grotto.
- Kat, wani karamin jirgi mai saukar ungulu yana da mafi sauƙi makamai, ya ƙunshi ɗaukar jirgi guda ɗaya.
Kari akan haka, yaztsin jirgi na zamani ana iya rarrabe su da nau'in kayan da ake yin sa kamar haka:
- Karfe.
- Fiberglass.
- Itace.
- Reinforced sumunti.
Ta hanyar adadin hulls, jirgi mai saukar ungulu na iya zama abin hawa guda, mai hullum biyu (catamarans) har ma da sau uku. Da gaban keel kananan jirage masu saukar ungulu akwai:
- Keel - suna da babban keel, suna wasa da mai daidaitawa, suna hana jirgin ruwa yaduwa a lokacin da yake tashi. Yana ƙaruwa da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar canza tsakiyar nauyi ƙasa da layin waterline.
- Sailboats. Tana da daggerboard - keel mai dagawa, wanda za'a iya cirewa idan ya cancanta, ta haka ne za a rage daftarin jirgin.
- Abubuwan da ake kira "jayayya" yachts, haɗuwa cikin ƙirayensu ab advantagesbuwan amfãni na nau'ikan biyu na sama.